2015 Group Project 1 - Revision history

Z8600021 at 19:56, 23 October 2015

2015-10-23T19:56:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:56, 24 October 2015
Line 533:		Line 533:

	<references/>		<references/>




			{{2015ANAT2341 footer}}

Z8600021: Protected "2015 Group Project 1" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

2015-10-23T19:18:49Z

Protected "2015 Group Project 1" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 05:18, 24 October 2015
(No difference)

Z3292373: /* Glossary */

2015-10-23T16:14:58Z

Glossary

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:14, 24 October 2015
Line 520:		Line 520:
	'''Homoplasmy''' When a cell line contains only one mitochondrial DNA.		'''Homoplasmy''' When a cell line contains only one mitochondrial DNA.

	'''Maternal ~~Spindle Transfer~~''' The transfer of nuclear DNA from a patient egg into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.		'''Maternal spindle transfer''' The transfer of nuclear DNA from a patient egg into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.

	'''Myopathy''' A disease of the muscle tissue.		'''Myopathy''' A disease of the muscle tissue.

	'''Ooplasmic ~~Transfer~~''' The injection of ooplasm from a donor egg into a patient egg. Leads to mitochondrial heteroplasmy.		'''Ooplasmic transfer''' The injection of ooplasm from a donor egg into a patient egg. Leads to mitochondrial heteroplasmy.

	'''Pigmentary retinopathy''' Migration and proliferation of the retinal pigment cell into the retina. Produces blindness.		'''Pigmentary retinopathy''' Migration and proliferation of the retinal pigment cell into the retina. Produces blindness.

	'''Pronuclear ~~Transfer~~''' The pre-fertilized nuclear DNA form a patient is transferred into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.		'''Pronuclear transfer''' The pre-fertilized nuclear DNA form a patient is transferred into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.

	=References=		=References=

	<references/>		<references/>

Z3292373: /* Further reading */

2015-10-23T16:13:29Z

Z3292373: /* Legal status */

2015-10-23T16:10:22Z

Legal status

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:10, 24 October 2015
Line 496:		Line 496:
	\|}		\|}

	*~~<nowiki>~~ These countries have the same law, "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine" due to their ratification of the Council of Europe's Convention.		[*] These countries have the same law, "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine" due to their ratification of the Council of Europe's Convention.

	=Further ~~Reading~~=		=Further reading=


	The ethics of creating children with three genetic parents. <ref><pubmed> 23608245</pubmed></ref>		*The ethics of creating children with three genetic parents. <ref><pubmed> 23608245</pubmed></ref>
	PMID 23608245		PMID 23608245

	Three-Parent IVF: Gene Replacement for the Prevention of Inherited Mitochondrial Diseases.<ref name=pmid24382342/>		*Three-Parent IVF: Gene Replacement for the Prevention of Inherited Mitochondrial Diseases.<ref name=pmid24382342/>
	PMID 24382342		PMID 24382342

	Mitochondrial function in the human oocyte and embryo and their role in developmental competence.<ref><pubmed> 20933103 </pubmed></ref>		*Mitochondrial function in the human oocyte and embryo and their role in developmental competence.<ref><pubmed> 20933103 </pubmed></ref>
	PMID 20933103		PMID 20933103

	Mitochondrial reshaping accompanies neural differentiation in the developing spinal cord.<ref><pubmed> 26020522 </pubmed></ref>		*Mitochondrial reshaping accompanies neural differentiation in the developing spinal cord.<ref><pubmed> 26020522 </pubmed></ref>
	PMID 26020522		PMID 26020522

	The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility.<ref><pubmed> 25421171</pubmed></ref>		*The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility.<ref><pubmed> 25421171</pubmed></ref>
	PMID 25421171		PMID 25421171

	Risks inherent to mitochondrial replacement.<ref><pubmed> 25807984</pubmed></ref>		*Risks inherent to mitochondrial replacement.<ref><pubmed> 25807984</pubmed></ref>
	PMID 25807984		PMID 25807984

	=Glossary=		=Glossary=
	'''Cortical necrosis''' ~~Break down~~ of the kidney ~~tisssue~~.		'''Cortical necrosis''' Breakdown of the kidney tissue.

	'''~~Hetroplasmy~~''' When a cell line contains two dissimilar mitochondrial DNA elements		'''Heteroplasmy''' When a cell line contains two dissimilar mitochondrial DNA elements.

	'''Homoplasmy''' When a cell line contains only one mitochondrial DNA		'''Homoplasmy''' When a cell line contains only one mitochondrial DNA.

	'''Maternal Spindle Transfer:''' The transfer of nuclear DNA from a patient egg into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.		'''Maternal Spindle Transfer''' The transfer of nuclear DNA from a patient egg into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.

	'''Myopathy''' A disease of the muscle tissue		'''Myopathy''' A disease of the muscle tissue.

	'''Ooplasmic Transfer:''' The injection of ooplasm from a donor egg into a patient egg. Leads to mitochondrial heteroplasmy.		'''Ooplasmic Transfer''' The injection of ooplasm from a donor egg into a patient egg. Leads to mitochondrial heteroplasmy.

	'''Pigmentary retinopathy''' Migration and proliferation of the retinal pigment cell into the retina. Produces blindness.		'''Pigmentary retinopathy''' Migration and proliferation of the retinal pigment cell into the retina. Produces blindness.

	'''Pronuclear Transfer:''' The pre-fertilized nuclear DNA form a patient is transferred into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.		'''Pronuclear Transfer''' The pre-fertilized nuclear DNA form a patient is transferred into a donor egg with its nuclear DNA removed, which is then fertilized and implanted via standard IVF.

	=References=		=References=

	<references/>		<references/>

Z3292373: /* Legal Status */

2015-10-23T16:04:58Z

Legal Status

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:04, 24 October 2015
Line 347:		Line 347:
	Others hold an opposite opinion. They doubt the safety of mitochondrial gene transfer techniques and believe that other safe means of reproduction already exist can be used instead. They argue that, unlike the use of donor eggs or embryos, children born with mitochondrial gene transfer techniques would have a genetic connection to three parents due to the fact that such therapies involve modification of the germline. Some mothers may feel that it is important to have a genetic link with their future child and that having this genetic link outweighs most disadvantages (e.g. health risks and high financial cost) associated with mitochondrial gene transfer techniques. Thus for these intending mothers, using egg or embryo donation is not a suitable alternative. From the children's point of view, there are also two concerns. First, children may have a troubled relationship with their parents or struggle to develop their identities they are aware that they share a mitochondrial genome with a donor. Second, children conceived through mitochondrial gene transfer may be exposed to some risks to their physical wellbeing such as the failure of donor’s mtDNA to function properly with the nuclear genes contributed by the intending parents<ref><pubmed>26239841</pubmed></ref>.		Others hold an opposite opinion. They doubt the safety of mitochondrial gene transfer techniques and believe that other safe means of reproduction already exist can be used instead. They argue that, unlike the use of donor eggs or embryos, children born with mitochondrial gene transfer techniques would have a genetic connection to three parents due to the fact that such therapies involve modification of the germline. Some mothers may feel that it is important to have a genetic link with their future child and that having this genetic link outweighs most disadvantages (e.g. health risks and high financial cost) associated with mitochondrial gene transfer techniques. Thus for these intending mothers, using egg or embryo donation is not a suitable alternative. From the children's point of view, there are also two concerns. First, children may have a troubled relationship with their parents or struggle to develop their identities they are aware that they share a mitochondrial genome with a donor. Second, children conceived through mitochondrial gene transfer may be exposed to some risks to their physical wellbeing such as the failure of donor’s mtDNA to function properly with the nuclear genes contributed by the intending parents<ref><pubmed>26239841</pubmed></ref>.

	=Legal ~~Status~~=		=Legal status=
	==Permitted==		==Permitted==

	~~Britain~~ is the only country that legally allows the inheritable genetic modification of humans. On February 24 2015, the House of Lords approved regulations. Earlier in the month, the UK House of Commons also approved the techniques that would allow the creation of an embryo with genetic material from three different people and result in inheritable genetic modification. It was passed with 382 votes in favor and 128 against. <ref> Gallagher, J. (2015). '''MPs say yes to three-person babies.''' retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31069173 at 09 Oct 2015. </ref>		The United Kingdom is the only country that legally allows the inheritable genetic modification of humans. On 24 February 2015, the House of Lords approved regulations. Earlier in the month, the House of Commons also approved the techniques that would allow the creation of an embryo with genetic material from three different people and result in inheritable genetic modification. It was passed with 382 votes in favor and 128 against<ref> Gallagher, J. (2015). '''MPs say yes to three-person babies.''' retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31069173 at 09 Oct 2015. </ref>.

	==Under ~~Discussion~~==		==Under discussion==

	In ~~USA~~ the legality of mitochondrial manipulation techniques is still under discussion. On ~~February~~ 25 and 26, 2014, public meetings that included discussion of mitochondrial manipulation techniques were held by The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). None of the seven members of the public who had contacted the FDA in advance spoke in favor of the techniques. There was no formal decision made on the efficacy of Cytoplasmic transfer, but agreements were made on further practice on animal models to provide scientific data. On January 27 2015, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) held the first in a series of meetings to fulfill the FDA’s request to consider the Ethical and Social Policy of Novel Techniques for Prevention of Maternal Transmission of Mitochondrial DNA Diseases.		In the United States, the legality of mitochondrial manipulation techniques is still under discussion. On 25 and 26 February 2014, public meetings that included discussion of mitochondrial manipulation techniques were held by The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). None of the seven members of the public who had contacted the FDA in advance spoke in favor of the techniques. There was no formal decision made on the efficacy of Cytoplasmic transfer, but agreements were made on further practice on animal models to provide scientific data. On 27 January 2015, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) held the first in a series of meetings to fulfill the FDA’s request to consider the Ethical and Social Policy of Novel Techniques for Prevention of Maternal Transmission of Mitochondrial DNA Diseases.

	==Prohibited==		==Prohibited==
Line 496:		Line 496:
	\|}		\|}

	* These countries have the same law "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine" due to their ratification of the Council of Europe's Convention		*<nowiki> These countries have the same law, "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine" due to their ratification of the Council of Europe's Convention.

	=Further Reading=		=Further Reading=

Z3292373: /* Ethics */

2015-10-23T15:59:40Z

Ethics

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:59, 24 October 2015
Line 343:		Line 343:
	=Ethics=		=Ethics=

	Some people believe that the ~~Mitochondrial Gene Transfer~~ techniques are ethical. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics in the UK examined the ethical issues and wrote in a report that “Due to the health and social benefits to individuals and families of living free from mitochondrial disorders~~, …~~ we believe that if these novel techniques are adequately proven to be acceptably safe and effective as treatments, it would be ethical for families to use them, if they wish to do so and have been offered an appropriate level of information and support.”. <ref> Watts, G; Braude, P; Flinter, F; Harding, S; Lewens, T; Parker, M. (2012). '''Novel techniques for the prevention of mitochondrial DNA disorders: an ethical review.''' retrieved from http://nuffieldbioethics.org/report/techniques-prevention-mitochondrial-dna-disorders-ethical-review/conclusions-ethical-considerations/. at 23 Oct 2015. </ref>		Some people believe that the mitochondrial gene transfer techniques are ethical. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics in the United Kingdom examined the ethical issues and wrote in a report that “Due to the health and social benefits to individuals and families of living free from mitochondrial disorders . . . we believe that if these novel techniques are adequately proven to be acceptably safe and effective as treatments, it would be ethical for families to use them, if they wish to do so and have been offered an appropriate level of information and support.”<ref> Watts, G; Braude, P; Flinter, F; Harding, S; Lewens, T; Parker, M. (2012). '''Novel techniques for the prevention of mitochondrial DNA disorders: an ethical review.''' retrieved from http://nuffieldbioethics.org/report/techniques-prevention-mitochondrial-dna-disorders-ethical-review/conclusions-ethical-considerations/. at 23 Oct 2015. </ref>

	Others hold an opposite opinion. They doubt the safety of ~~Mitochondrial Gene Transfer~~ techniques and believe that other safe means of reproduction already exist can be used instead. They argue that unlike the use of donor eggs or embryos, children born with ~~Mitochondrial Gene Transfer~~ techniques would have a genetic connection to three parents due to the fact that such therapies involve modification of the germline. Some mothers may feel that it is important to have a genetic link with their future child and that having this genetic link outweighs most disadvantages (e.g. health risks and high financial cost) associated with ~~Mitochondrial Gene Transfer~~ techniques. Thus for these intending mothers, using egg or embryo donation is not a suitable alternative. From the ~~childrens~~ point of view, there are also two concerns. First, children may have a troubled relationship with their parents or struggle to develop their ~~identity~~ they are aware that they share a mitochondrial genome with a donor. Second, ~~Mitochondrial Gene Transfer~~ conceived ~~children~~ may be exposed to some risks to their physical ~~well-being~~ such as the failure of donor’s mtDNA to function properly with the nuclear genes contributed by the intending parents. <ref><pubmed>26239841</pubmed></ref>		Others hold an opposite opinion. They doubt the safety of mitochondrial gene transfer techniques and believe that other safe means of reproduction already exist can be used instead. They argue that, unlike the use of donor eggs or embryos, children born with mitochondrial gene transfer techniques would have a genetic connection to three parents due to the fact that such therapies involve modification of the germline. Some mothers may feel that it is important to have a genetic link with their future child and that having this genetic link outweighs most disadvantages (e.g. health risks and high financial cost) associated with mitochondrial gene transfer techniques. Thus for these intending mothers, using egg or embryo donation is not a suitable alternative. From the children's point of view, there are also two concerns. First, children may have a troubled relationship with their parents or struggle to develop their identities they are aware that they share a mitochondrial genome with a donor. Second, children conceived through mitochondrial gene transfer may be exposed to some risks to their physical wellbeing such as the failure of donor’s mtDNA to function properly with the nuclear genes contributed by the intending parents<ref><pubmed>26239841</pubmed></ref>.

	=Legal Status=		=Legal Status=

Z3292373: /* Technical Progression */

2015-10-23T15:55:24Z

Technical Progression

Show changes

Z3292373: /* 2010s */

2015-10-23T14:46:48Z

2010s

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:46, 24 October 2015
Line 36:		Line 36:
	===2010s===		===2010s===
	::* '''2010, United Kingdom''' - Craven et al. show that pronuclear transfer could eliminate defective mitochondria<ref><pubmed> 20393463 </pubmed></ref>.		::* '''2010, United Kingdom''' - Craven et al. show that pronuclear transfer could eliminate defective mitochondria<ref><pubmed> 20393463 </pubmed></ref>.
	::* '''2011, United Kingdom''' - Leading researcher Edward Bernardi dies of mitochondrial disorder ~~Leighs Disease~~.		::* '''2011, United Kingdom''' - Leading researcher Edward Bernardi dies of mitochondrial disorder Leigh Syndrome.
	::* '''2014, United States''' - Public meetings to discuss mitochondrial manipulation techniques were held by FDA. There was no formal decision made on the efficacy, but agreements were made on further practice in animal models to provide scientific data.		::* '''2014, United States''' - Public meetings to discuss mitochondrial manipulation techniques were held by FDA. There was no formal decision made on the efficacy, but agreements were made on further practice in animal models to provide scientific data.
	::*'''2015, United Kingdom''' - Regulations to allow the open use of three person IVF via [[2015 Group Project 1#Pronuclear transfer\|pronuclear transfer]] in fertility clinics comes into affect in the UK<ref> The Human Ferilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulation 2015, 29.10.15, UK, sourced http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2015/9780111125816/introduction 02.10.2015</ref>.		::*'''2015, United Kingdom''' - Regulations to allow the open use of three person IVF via [[2015 Group Project 1#Pronuclear transfer\|pronuclear transfer]] in fertility clinics comes into affect in the UK<ref> The Human Ferilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulation 2015, 29.10.15, UK, sourced http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2015/9780111125816/introduction 02.10.2015</ref>.

Z3292373: /* Mitochondrial mutation and benefits of mitochondrial donation */

2015-10-23T14:45:01Z

Mitochondrial mutation and benefits of mitochondrial donation

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:13, 24 October 2015
Line 501:		Line 501:


	*The ethics of creating children with three genetic parents. ~~<ref><pubmed> 23608245</pubmed></ref>~~		*The ethics of creating children with three genetic parents. PMID 23608245
	PMID 23608245

	*Three-Parent IVF: Gene Replacement for the Prevention of Inherited Mitochondrial Diseases.~~<ref name=pmid24382342/>~~		*Three-Parent IVF: Gene Replacement for the Prevention of Inherited Mitochondrial Diseases. PMID 24382342
	PMID 24382342

	*Mitochondrial function in the human oocyte and embryo and their role in developmental competence.~~<ref><pubmed> 20933103 </pubmed></ref>~~		*Mitochondrial function in the human oocyte and embryo and their role in developmental competence. PMID 20933103
	PMID 20933103

	*Mitochondrial reshaping accompanies neural differentiation in the developing spinal cord.~~<ref><pubmed> 26020522 </pubmed></ref>~~		*Mitochondrial reshaping accompanies neural differentiation in the developing spinal cord. PMID 26020522
	PMID 26020522

	*The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility.~~<ref><pubmed> 25421171</pubmed></ref>~~		*The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility. PMID 25421171
	PMID 25421171

	*Risks inherent to mitochondrial replacement.~~<ref><pubmed> 25807984</pubmed></ref>~~		*Risks inherent to mitochondrial replacement. PMID 25807984
	PMID 25807984

	=Glossary=		=Glossary=