2012 Group Project 2 - Revision history

Z8600021: Protected "2012 Group Project 2" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2012-10-05T08:30:30Z

Protected "2012 Group Project 2" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 19:30, 5 October 2012
(No difference)

Z3330539: /* Introduction */

2012-10-04T21:50:04Z

Introduction

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	In the beginning of life and development, knowledge and discovery of surroundings is initiated through the somatosensory system. The somatosensory system has multiple components contributing to the ‘natural’ senses/responses to mechanical or external stimuli. When skin is altered, for example through stretch, receptors and neural processes become activated and lead to responses of sensory modalities. These include touch, pressure, pain and temperature.<ref name="PMID23018205"><pubmed>23018205</pubmed></ref>		In the beginning of life and development, knowledge and discovery of surroundings is initiated through the somatosensory system. The somatosensory system has multiple components contributing to the ‘natural’ senses/responses to mechanical or external stimuli. When skin is altered, for example through stretch, receptors and neural processes become activated and lead to responses of sensory modalities. These include touch, pressure, pain and temperature.<ref name="PMID23018205"><pubmed>23018205</pubmed></ref>
	These modalities allow for individuals to distinguish and recognize textures, shape, changes in temperature and degrees/levels of pain.		These modalities allow for individuals to distinguish and recognize textures, shape, changes in temperature and degrees/levels of pain.
	Receptors that stimulate the sensory modalities are mechanoreceptors, nocioreceptors and thermoreceptors. <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378 </pubmed></ref>		Receptors that stimulate the sensory modalities are mechanoreceptors, nocioreceptors and thermoreceptors. <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378 </pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID16310064"><pubmed>16310064 </pubmed></ref>
	[[File:Touch 2.JPG\|thumb\|400px\| Touch]]		[[File:Touch 2.JPG\|thumb\|400px\| Touch]]

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2012-10-04T21:46:53Z

External Links

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	[http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm Additional Pacinian Corpuscle Image 2]		[http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm Additional Pacinian Corpuscle Image 2]


	[http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscel Image 1]		[http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscel Image 1]
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	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez Comparative study between encapsulated and capsulated nerve/receptor cells]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez Comparative study between encapsulated and capsulated nerve/receptor cells]

	~~[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]~~

Z3330539: /* External Links */

2012-10-04T21:44:35Z

External Links

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	[http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm Additional Pacinian Corpuscle Image 2]		[http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm Additional Pacinian Corpuscle Image 2]

	~~Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images~~

	[http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscel Image 1]		[http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscel Image 1]
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	[http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscle Image 2]		[http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscle Image 2]

	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez Comparative study between encapsulated and capsulated nerve/receptor cells]

	[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]		[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]

Z3330539: /* External Links */

2012-10-04T21:42:19Z

External Links

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	{{External Links}}		{{External Links}}

	~~Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image~~

	1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html		[http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html Additional Pacinian Corpuscle Image 1]

	2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm		[http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm Additional Pacinian Corpuscle Image 2]

	Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images		Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images

	1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg		[http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscel Image 1]

	2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg		[http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg Additional Meissner Corpuscle Image 2]

	~~[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html~~]

	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]

Z3330539: /* Touch & Pressure */

2012-10-04T21:32:37Z

Touch & Pressure

Z3330539: /* Glossary */

2012-10-04T21:29:39Z

Glossary

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	== Glossary ==		== Glossary ==

			;Apraxia: a disorder of the nervous system, characterized by an inability to perform purposeful movements, but not accompanied by a loss of sensory function or paralysis. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apraxia]
			;Astereognosis: the inability to determine the shape of an object by touching or feeling it [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/astereognosis]
			;Cutaneous: Used for describing if a nerve, receptor or cell is affecting or associating with skin.
			;Dermis: Layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue
			;Dermal Papillae: Most superficial layer of the dermis
			;Epidermis: Most exterior/outer layer of skin
	;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.		;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
			;Neutrophins: Neurotrphic growth factors – proteins supporting the growth and survival of neurons
	;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.		;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.
	;Receptive Field: an area of the body surface over which a single sensory receptor, or its afferent nerve fiber, is capable of sensing stimuli.		;Receptive Field: an area of the body surface over which a single sensory receptor, or its afferent nerve fiber, is capable of sensing stimuli.
	;~~Astereognosis~~: ~~the inability to determine the shape of an object by touching or feeling it [http://dictionary.reference~~.~~com/browse/astereognosis]~~		;Schwann cells: Primary glia, non-neuronal cells. Supporting homeostasis in the body, neuron growth and formation of myelin.
	~~;Apraxia: a disorder of~~ the ~~nervous system, characterized by an inability to perform purposeful movements~~, ~~but not accompanied by a loss~~ of ~~sensory function or paralysis. [http://dictionary.reference~~.~~com/browse/apraxia]~~

	== References ==		== References ==

Z3330539: /* Touch & Pressure */

2012-10-04T16:41:30Z

Touch & Pressure

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	\|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>		\|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
	Formation occurs in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons.		Formation occurs in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons.
	Development is dependent on sensory innervations.		Development is dependent on sensory innervations.<ref name="PMID6203612"><pubmed>6203612</pubmed></ref>
	\| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>		\| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>
	\|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|alt=Alt\|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]		\|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|alt=Alt\|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]

Z3330539: /* Introduction */

2012-10-04T16:30:33Z

Introduction

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	These modalities allow for individuals to distinguish and recognize textures, shape, changes in temperature and degrees/levels of pain.		These modalities allow for individuals to distinguish and recognize textures, shape, changes in temperature and degrees/levels of pain.
	Receptors that stimulate the sensory modalities are mechanoreceptors, nocioreceptors and thermoreceptors. <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378 </pubmed></ref>		Receptors that stimulate the sensory modalities are mechanoreceptors, nocioreceptors and thermoreceptors. <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378 </pubmed></ref>
	[[File:Touch 2.JPG\|thumb\|~~390px~~\| Touch]]		[[File:Touch 2.JPG\|thumb\|400px\| Touch]]

	These somatosensory receptors are found mainly within layers of the skin, from superficial to deep dermal layers and some, which are found within joints and muscle tissues.<ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>		These somatosensory receptors are found mainly within layers of the skin, from superficial to deep dermal layers and some, which are found within joints and muscle tissues.<ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>

Z3330539: /* Introduction */

2012-10-04T16:29:21Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:29, 5 October 2012
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	These modalities allow for individuals to distinguish and recognize textures, shape, changes in temperature and degrees/levels of pain.		These modalities allow for individuals to distinguish and recognize textures, shape, changes in temperature and degrees/levels of pain.
	Receptors that stimulate the sensory modalities are mechanoreceptors, nocioreceptors and thermoreceptors. <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378 </pubmed></ref>		Receptors that stimulate the sensory modalities are mechanoreceptors, nocioreceptors and thermoreceptors. <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378 </pubmed></ref>
			[[File:Touch 2.JPG\|thumb\|390px\| Touch]]

	These somatosensory receptors are found mainly within layers of the skin, from superficial to deep dermal layers and some, which are found within joints and muscle tissues.<ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>		These somatosensory receptors are found mainly within layers of the skin, from superficial to deep dermal layers and some, which are found within joints and muscle tissues.<ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>
	Information is passed through these receptors, as a result of action potentials, via sensory nerves and ganglia (dosal root). Through afferent neuron synapses the periphery is able to communicate with the spinal cord, somatosensory cortex and facial regions, causing sensory recognition of stimulus. Thus creating a communication bridge between peripheral innervation by external stimulus and the central nervous system (CNS). <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>		Information is passed through these receptors, as a result of action potentials, via sensory nerves and ganglia (dosal root). Through afferent neuron synapses the periphery is able to communicate with the spinal cord, somatosensory cortex and facial regions, causing sensory recognition of stimulus. Thus creating a communication bridge between peripheral innervation by external stimulus and the central nervous system (CNS). <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:32, 5 October 2012
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	*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin		*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin
	* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations		* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations
	* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces		* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID16545520"><pubmed>16545520</pubmed></ref>
	\|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>		\|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
	Formation occurs in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons.		Formation occurs in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons.
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	*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin		*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin
	*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations		*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations
	*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations		*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
	\|Mechanoreceptors hypothesized to be derived from Schwann cells, through monkey and mouse models.<ref name="PMID2297894"><pubmed>2297894</pubmed></ref> As embryo grows, these receptors mature, axons ascend and are restricted to the dermal papillae. <ref name="PMID2297894"><pubmed>2297894</pubmed></ref> In a monkey model, Meissner’s corpuscles begin/first show signs of differentiation in the third trimester, which is between weeks 17 & 24, <ref name="PMID2297894"><pubmed>2297894</pubmed></ref> corresponding to human development by plus/minus 10 days (1week-18-25weeks), which is well passed embryonic and into fetal development.		\|Mechanoreceptors hypothesized to be derived from Schwann cells, through monkey and mouse models.<ref name="PMID2297894"><pubmed>2297894</pubmed></ref> As embryo grows, these receptors mature, axons ascend and are restricted to the dermal papillae. <ref name="PMID2297894"><pubmed>2297894</pubmed></ref> In a monkey model, Meissner’s corpuscles begin/first show signs of differentiation in the third trimester, which is between weeks 17 & 24, <ref name="PMID2297894"><pubmed>2297894</pubmed></ref> corresponding to human development by plus/minus 10 days (1week-18-25weeks), which is well passed embryonic and into fetal development.
	\| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>		\| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>
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	*Large abundance at the joints		*Large abundance at the joints
	*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces		*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces
	*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors		*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors <ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
	\|Even more so than the other mechanoreceptors of touch, very little is known about the underlying embryological development of Ruffini endings. Studies have shown the need and role which certain neurotrophic factors play, such as neurotrophin NT3 in differentiation of slow adapting subtype mechanoreceptors from dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia.<ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>		\|Even more so than the other mechanoreceptors of touch, very little is known about the underlying embryological development of Ruffini endings. Studies have shown the need and role which certain neurotrophic factors play, such as neurotrophin NT3 in differentiation of slow adapting subtype mechanoreceptors from dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia.<ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>
	\| Slow adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>		\| Slow adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID20064382"><pubmed>20064382</pubmed></ref>