2011 Lab 8 - Postnatal - Revision history

S8600021: /* Introduction */

2011-09-21T22:45:10Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:45, 22 September 2011
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

	This section gives a very brief overview of genital postnatal changes that occur in neonatal, childhood and through to puberty~~. These topics, particularly puberty, will be revisited in detail in other parts of your course~~. For sexual development at puberty, we will use resources available online from '''Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach''' (NCBI Bookshelf).		This section gives a very brief overview of genital postnatal changes that occur in neonatal, childhood and through to puberty. For sexual development at puberty, we will use resources available online from '''Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach''' (NCBI Bookshelf).

	==Newborn==		==Newborn==

S8600021: /* Male - Testosterone */

2011-09-21T22:43:40Z

Male - Testosterone

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:43, 22 September 2011
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	Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>		Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>

	* AMH production ~~by Sertoli cells~~ .		* Sertoli cells - AMH production.
	* Testosterone production ~~by Leydig cells.~~		* Leydig cells - Testosterone production
			* Spermatogonia - mitosis
			* Spermatozoa - maturation
	\|}		\|}

S8600021: /* Male - Testosterone */

2011-09-21T22:42:04Z

Male - Testosterone

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	\| [[File:Male_testosterone_and_AMH_level_graph.jpg\|600px]]		\| [[File:Male_testosterone_and_AMH_level_graph.jpg\|600px]]
	\|		\|
	~~Human~~ Male Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>		'''Male'''

			Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>

	* AMH production by Sertoli cells .		* AMH production by Sertoli cells .

S8600021: /* Male - Testosterone */

2011-09-21T22:41:26Z

Male - Testosterone

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:41, 22 September 2011
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	===Male - Testosterone===		===Male - Testosterone===
			{\|
	[[File:Male_testosterone_and_AMH_level_graph.jpg\|600px]]		\| [[File:Male_testosterone_and_AMH_level_graph.jpg\|600px]]
			\|
	Human Male Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>		Human Male Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>

	* AMH production by Sertoli cells .		* AMH production by Sertoli cells .
	* Testosterone production by Leydig cells.		* Testosterone production by Leydig cells.
			\|}

	==Additional Information==		==Additional Information==

S8600021: /* Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonad (HPG) Axis */

2011-09-21T22:40:40Z

Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonad (HPG) Axis

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 22 September 2011
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	:'''Links:''' [[Puberty Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1059 Tanner stages]		:'''Links:''' [[Puberty Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1059 Tanner stages]

	==Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonad (HPG) Axis==		===Female - Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonad (HPG) Axis===
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Menstrual_cycle.png\|600px]]		\| [[File:Menstrual_cycle.png\|600px]]
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	A similar endocrine axis is also found for regulation of the male gonad.		A similar endocrine axis is also found for regulation of the male gonad.
	\|}		\|}

			===Male - Testosterone===

			[[File:Male_testosterone_and_AMH_level_graph.jpg\|600px]]

			Human Male Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels<ref><pubmed>16544032</pubmed>\| [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-27302005000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.]</ref>

			* AMH production by Sertoli cells .
			* Testosterone production by Leydig cells.

	==Additional Information==		==Additional Information==

S8600021 at 05:23, 21 September 2011

2011-09-21T05:23:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:23, 21 September 2011
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	{{2011Lab8}}		{{2011Lab8}}
			==Introduction==

			This section gives a very brief overview of genital postnatal changes that occur in neonatal, childhood and through to puberty. These topics, particularly puberty, will be revisited in detail in other parts of your course. For sexual development at puberty, we will use resources available online from '''Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach''' (NCBI Bookshelf).

			==Newborn==
			{\|
			\| [[File:Newborn_uterus.jpg]]

			Newborn uterus anatomy
			\|
			* Female tract abnormalities tend to be rarer and when they do occur are also more difficult to detect.
			* Male abnormalities are more likely and easily detected asociated with fusion of the urogenital folds, undescended testes or hernia.
			* This topic will be discussed on the next abnormalities will be discussed in detail on the next page.
			\|-
			\| [[File:Infant_ovary.jpg\|400px]]
			\| * Ovary - Primordial follicle numbers are highest late fetal to around birth (estimated 2.5 - 7 million) and then decreasing by apopotic cell death.
			* At puberty there remain only about 400,000 and only about 10% of these will be released through reproductive life.

			(Based on data from: Hassold, etal., Environ Mol Mutagen 1996. 28: 167-175)
			\|}

			==Puberty==
			{\|
			\| [[File:Puberty growth.jpg\|400px]]
			\| Latin, ''pubertas'' = "adulthood"

			In the teen years the endocrine changes that signal sexual development trigger changes in primary sex organs and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
			* Hypothalamic expression of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a known puberty trigger.
			* Recent research suggests that an earlier signal could come from increased neuronal and hypothalamic expression of a peptide family (kisspeptins) and their receptor (G protein-coupled receptor GPR54) in the hypothalamus.
			* GnRH then signals the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to start sexual development.

			Puberty can occur over a broad range of time and differently for each sex:
			* '''girls''' - age 7 to 13
			* '''boys''' - age 9 to 15

			* Early onset of puberty (precocious) occurs more frequently in girls than boys, in contrast late onset (delayed) occurs more frquently in boys than girls.
			* The physical characteristics that can be generally measured are: genital stage, pubic hair, axillary hair, menarche, breast, voice change and facial hair.
			* In 1976, Tanner and Whitehouse established a series of descriptive stages (Tanner Stages) for primary and secondary sexual characteristic development at puberty.


			'''Study the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1059 Tanner stages] comparing the male and female physiological changes.'''
			\|}


			:'''Links:''' [[Puberty Development]] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1059 Tanner stages]

			==Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonad (HPG) Axis==
			{\|
			\| [[File:Menstrual_cycle.png\|600px]]
			\|
			'''Female'''
			* '''menarche''' (the first menstruation or a period) usually occurs after the other secondary sex characteristics
			* cycles will continue until '''menopause''' (permanent cessation of reproductive fertility).
			* The diagram shows the hormonal regulation pathway from the brain to the ovary and subsequent impact on uterine changes during the menstral cycle.

			'''GnRH''' = gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This peptide hormone is a decapeptide (10 amino acids) with a short half life (<15 minutes).

			'''LH''' = Luteinizing Hormone

			'''FSH''' = Follicle Stimulating Hormone

			A similar endocrine axis is also found for regulation of the male gonad.
			\|}

			==Additional Information==

			'''Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach.''' Nussey S, Whitehead S. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001.
			* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/#A1058 Puberty]
			* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/#A1098 Endocrine changes in puberty]
			* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/#A1101 Precocious sexual development]
			* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/#A1104 Delayed puberty]

			==References==

			<references/>

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2011-09-21T05:03:47Z

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