2011 Lab 6 - Postnatal - Revision history

S8600021: /* Skull Sutures */

2011-09-01T00:46:12Z

Skull Sutures

@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 == Skull Sutures ==
 [[File:Human_skull_lateral_simplified.png|thumb|Adult Skull]]
-[[File:Skull CT normal sutures.jpg|600px]]
+{|
 The bones enclosing the brain have large flexible fibrous joints (sutures) which allow firstly the head to compress and pass through the birth canal and secondly to postnatally expand for brain growth. (More? [[#Molecular_Skull_Sutures|Molecular Skull Sutures]]) These sutures gradually fuse at different times postnatally, firstly the metopic suture in infancy and the others much later. Abnormal fusion (synostosis) of any of the sutures will lead to a number of different skull defects, leading to disruption of brain development. (More? [[#Abnormal_Synostosis|Abnormal Synostosis]]) In old age all these sutures are generally completely fused and ossified.

S8600021: /* Fetal Head Growth */

2011-09-01T00:36:11Z

Fetal Head Growth

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 1 September 2011
Line 18:		Line 18:

	==Fetal Head Growth==		==Fetal Head Growth==
			{\|
	[[File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph02.jpg\|~~600px~~]]		\| [[File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph02.jpg\|400px]]
			\| [[File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg\|400px]]
	[[File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg\|~~600px~~]]		\|}

	:'''Links:''' [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|Historic - Human Fetus (CRL 43mm) Skull]]		:'''Links:''' [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|Historic - Human Fetus (CRL 43mm) Skull]]

S8600021 at 00:35, 1 September 2011

2011-09-01T00:35:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 1 September 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{2011Lab6}}		{{2011Lab6}}

			==Introduction==

			[[File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal Head (12 weeks) showing bone and cartilage]]

			The Skull is a unique skeletal structure in several ways: embryonic cellular origin (neural crest), form of ossification (intramembranous and endochondrial) and flexibility (fibrous sutures).
			* The cranial vault (which encloses the brain) bones are formed by intramembranous ossification.
			* While the bones that form the base of the skull are formed by endochondrial ossification.
			* The bones enclosing the brain have large flexible fibrous joints (sutures) which allow:
			# the head to pass through the birth canal
			# postnatal brain growth

			* ossification continues postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s.
			* in old age the sutures separating the vault plates are often completely ossified.
			* Flexible fibrous sutures allow growth of the brain to be accomodated by '''calvarial plate growth'''.
			* Recent molecular studies have show that '''noggin''' (a BMP antagonist) is involved in closure of these sutures.

			==Fetal Head Growth==

			[[File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph02.jpg\|600px]]

			[[File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg\|600px]]

			:'''Links:''' [[Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.48\|Historic - Human Fetus (CRL 43mm) Skull]]

			== Skull Views ==

			{\| class="prettytable"
			\| [[File:Skull anterior.gif]]
			\| [[File:Skull_superior.gif]]
			\| [[File:Skull lateral view.gif]]

			\|-
			\| anterior view
			\| superior view
			\| lateral view

			\|-
			\| showing anterior fontenelle, sutures, mandible
			\| showing anterior fontenelle, sutures
			\| showing suture, mandible

			\|}

			== Skull Sutures ==
			[[File:Human_skull_lateral_simplified.png\|thumb\|Adult Skull]]
			[[File:Skull CT normal sutures.jpg\|600px]]

			The bones enclosing the brain have large flexible fibrous joints (sutures) which allow firstly the head to compress and pass through the birth canal and secondly to postnatally expand for brain growth. (More? [[#Molecular_Skull_Sutures\|Molecular Skull Sutures]]) These sutures gradually fuse at different times postnatally, firstly the metopic suture in infancy and the others much later. Abnormal fusion (synostosis) of any of the sutures will lead to a number of different skull defects, leading to disruption of brain development. (More? [[#Abnormal_Synostosis\|Abnormal Synostosis]]) In old age all these sutures are generally completely fused and ossified.

			At the molecular level, accelerated suture intramembranous ossification can be mediated through a dual role of β-catenin in both the expansion of osteoprogenitors and the maturation of osteoblasts.<ref><pubmed>17113065</pubmed></ref> These researchers also show that disruption of Axin2/β-catenin signaling alters the regulation of the downstream transcription target, cyclin D1, in the canonical Wnt pathway.Pubmed: 21108844


			'''coronal suture'''

			'''lambdoid suture'''

			'''metopic suture''' begins at nose and runs superiorly to meet sagittal suture and fuses during infancy (fusion beginning at 3 months and completes by 6 to 8 months of age) before all other cranial sutures.

			'''sagittal suture'''

			== Abnormal Synostosis ==
			There are several skull deformities caused by premature fusion (synostosis) of different developing skull sutures. Suture abnormalities are classified as either "simple" (only one suture involved) or "compound" (two or more sutures involved).


			{\| class="prettytable"
			\| <center>[[File:Oxycephaly.jpg\|300px]] </center>

			<center>Oxycephalus (historic image from Hess, 1922) </center>
			\| * '''craniosynostosis''' premature cranial suture fusion, results in an abnormal skull shape, blindness and mental retardation.
			* '''oxycephaly''' (tower skull) results from premature coronal suture synostosis.
			* '''plagiocephaly''' results from asymmetric coronal suture synostosis, incidence is approximately 1 in 300 live births.
			* '''lambdoid synostosis''' results from premature lambdoid suture synostosis, a rare abnormality (incidence is approximately 3 in 100,000 live births) which displaces ear posteriorly towards the fused suture.
			* '''caphocephaly''' results from premature sagittal suture synostosis.
			* '''trigoncephaly''' (wedge skull) results from metopic suture synostosis.



			\|}

			=== Craniosynostosis ===
			Attenuation of signaling pathways stimulated by pathologically activated FGF-receptor 2 mutants prevents craniosynostosis.<ref><pubmed>17132737</pubmed></ref> "Craniosynostosis, the fusion of one or more of the sutures of the skull vault before the brain completes its growth, is a common (1 in 2,500 births) craniofacial abnormality, approximately 20% of which occurrences are caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGF receptors (FGFRs). ...These experiments show that attenuation of FGFR signaling by pharmacological intervention could be applied for the treatment of craniosynostosis or other severe bone disorders caused by mutations in FGFRs that currently have no treatment."

			=== Craniofrontonasal Syndrome ===
			Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is a human X-linked developmental disorder caused by a mutation in ephrin-B1 affecting mainly females. Characterised by abnormal development of cranial and nasal bones, craniosynostosis (premature coronal suture fusion), and other extracranial anomalies (limb [[P#polydactyly\|polydactyly]] and [[S#syndactyly\|syndactyly]]).
			{\| class="prettytable"
			\| [[File:Craniofrontonasal syndrome.jpg\|600px]]
			\| (a) Facial view showing marked hypertelorism, divergent squint, and central nasal groove (subject age, 1 year).


			(b) Three-dimensional computed tomographic skull reconstruction (subject age, 8 months) showing right unicoronal synostosis, lateral displacement of orbits, and central defect between frontal bones. Note bony ridge at site of obliterated right coronal suture (arrowhead); the left coronal suture is patent (arrow). f, frontal bone; p, parietal bone.


			(c) Longitudinal splitting of the nails is frequent.
			\|-
			\| Craniofrontonasal syndrome<ref><pubmed>15166289</pubmed>\| [http://www.pnas.org/content/101/23/8652.full PNAS Link]</ref>
			\| '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=304110 OMIM - Craniofrontonasal Syndrome]
			\|}

			== Skull Bone Histology ==
			A histological image of a skull bone formation by Intramembranous ossification.

			[[File:Intramembranous_ossification_centre.jpg]]

			== References ==
			<references/>

S8600021: Created page with "{{2011Lab6}} {{2011Lab6}} {{Glossary}} {{Footer}}"

2011-09-01T00:26:45Z

Created page with "{{2011Lab6}} {{2011Lab6}} {{Glossary}} {{Footer}}"

New page