2011 Lab 3 - Abnormalities - Revision history

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	===Maternal Diet - Folate===		===Maternal Diet - Folate===

			[[Image:folatefruit.jpg]] [[Image:folate.jpg]]

	Research demonstrated that that supplementation of maternal diet with folate reduces incidence of NTDs (More? [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]])		Research demonstrated that that supplementation of maternal diet with folate reduces incidence of NTDs (More? [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]])

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Neural Abnormalities

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	[[File:Mouse- chuzhoi mutant.jpg\|thumb\|Mouse mutant showing neural tube closure defect]]		[[File:Mouse- chuzhoi mutant.jpg\|thumb\|Mouse mutant showing neural tube closure defect]]

	:'''Links:''' [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]		:'''Links:''' [[Neural System - Abnormalities]] \| [[Abnormal_Development_-_Folic_Acid_and_Neural_Tube_Defects\|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

	==Neural Tube Defects (NTD)==		==Neural Tube Defects (NTD)==

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Neural Abnormalities

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	[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png\|thumb\|Australian Birth Statistics]]		[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png\|thumb\|Australian Birth Statistics]]
	[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg\|thumb\|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]		[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg\|thumb\|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]
	~~See also~~ [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]		[[File:Mouse- chuzhoi mutant.jpg\|thumb\|Mouse mutant showing neural tube closure defect]]

			:'''Links:''' [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

	==Neural Tube Defects (NTD)==		==Neural Tube Defects (NTD)==
	* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.		* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.

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			{{Template:2011Lab3}}

	==Neural Abnormalities==		==Neural Abnormalities==
	[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png\|thumb\|Australian Birth Statistics]]		[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png\|thumb\|Australian Birth Statistics]]
	[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg\|thumb\|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]		[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg\|thumb\|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]
	See also [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]		See also [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]
	===Neural Tube Defects (NTD)===		==Neural Tube Defects (NTD)==
	* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.		* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.
	* '''Dysraphism''' is the term often used to describe the defective fusion of the neural folds. The position and degree of failure of fusion will result in either embryonic death or a range of different neural defects. The way (mode) in which the human neural tube fuses has been a source of contention. In humans, fusion appears to initiate at multiple sites but the mode is different from that found in many animal models used in developmental studies. Severity dependent upon level within the tube and degree of failure (caudal - [[S#spina bifida\|spina bifida]]; cranial - [[A#anancephaly\|anancephaly]])		* '''Dysraphism''' is the term often used to describe the defective fusion of the neural folds. The position and degree of failure of fusion will result in either embryonic death or a range of different neural defects. The way (mode) in which the human neural tube fuses has been a source of contention. In humans, fusion appears to initiate at multiple sites but the mode is different from that found in many animal models used in developmental studies. Severity dependent upon level within the tube and degree of failure (caudal - [[S#spina bifida\|spina bifida]]; cranial - [[A#anancephaly\|anancephaly]])

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Neural Abnormalities

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	[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png\|thumb\|Australian Birth Statistics]]		[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png\|thumb\|Australian Birth Statistics]]
	[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg\|thumb\|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]		[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg\|thumb\|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]
	See also [~~http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron2.htm~~ Neural Abnormalities]		See also [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]
	===Neural Tube Defects (NTD)===		===Neural Tube Defects (NTD)===
	* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.		* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.

S8600021: Created page with "==Neural Abnormalities== Australian Birth Statistics [[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg|thumb|Neural tube defect - Meningomy..."

2011-08-11T00:12:37Z

Created page with "==Neural Abnormalities== thumb|Australian Birth Statistics [[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg|thumb|Neural tube defect - Meningomy..."

New page

==Neural Abnormalities==
[[Image:Abnormal81-92-neuron.png|thumb|Australian Birth Statistics]]
[[Image:Neural_tube_defect_meningomyelocele.jpg|thumb|Neural tube defect - Meningomyelocele]]
See also [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron2.htm Neural Abnormalities]
===Neural Tube Defects (NTD)===
* Failure of neural tube closure either incorrectly or incomplete.
* '''Dysraphism''' is the term often used to describe the defective fusion of the neural folds. The position and degree of failure of fusion will result in either embryonic death or a range of different neural defects. The way (mode) in which the human neural tube fuses has been a source of contention. In humans, fusion appears to initiate at multiple sites but the mode is different from that found in many animal models used in developmental studies. Severity dependent upon level within the tube and degree of failure (caudal - [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]]; cranial - [[A#anancephaly|anancephaly]])

===Maternal Diet - Folate===
Research demonstrated that that supplementation of maternal diet with folate reduces incidence of NTDs (More? [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]])

====UK====
A randomised controlled trial conducted by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom demonstrated a 72% reduction in risk of recurrence by periconceptional (ie before and after conception) folic acid supplementation (4mg daily).

====USA====
Women who have one infant with a neural tube defect have a significantly increased risk of recurrence (40-50 per thousand compared with 2 per thousand for all births)

[[Image:USA spina bifida rates.jpg|300px|USA spina bifida rates]] [[Image:USA anencephaly rates.jpg|300px|USA anencephaly rates]]

* Food and Drug Administration (USA) in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998. The data in the above graphs show the subsequent changes in anencephaly and spina bifida rate over that period.

====Australia====

* NHMRC policy statement (1993) emphasises the need for women who are capable of getting pregnant, or who are planning a pregnancy to be advised about folate and the importance of increasing folate intake to 0.4 - 0.5mg daily.
* Food Standards (FSANZ) had allowed industry two years to prepare to add folic acid to wheat flour used in making bread. Wheat flour will contain folic acid by 13 September 2009.

'''Links:''' [http://www.health.vic.gov.au/nutrition/folate/health_prof.htm Victoria - Folate information for health professionals] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women]

----

===Embryo Stages and Events===
{| class="prettytable"
| width= "50px" | '''Day'''
| width= "100px" | '''Stage'''
| '''Event'''

|-
| <center>22</center>
| [[Carnegie_stage_10|Stage 10]]
| [[File:Stage10_dorsal1.jpg|200px]] [[File:Stage10-dorsal2.jpg|200px]]

[[Neural System Development]]
* neural folds begin to fuse near the junction between brain and spinal cord
* rostral neural tube forms 3 primary brain vesicles (week 4)

[[Neural Crest Development]]
* differentiation at spinal cord level from day 22 until day 26
* cells are arising mainly from the neural ectoderm
* trigeminal, facial, and postotic ganglia components visible [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848161 PMID: 17848161]
* migration of vagal level neural crest cells begins (7-10 somite stage)

[[Respiratory System Development]]
* Week 4 - laryngotracheal groove forms on floor foregut

|-
| <center>23</center>
|  
| [[Cardiovascular System Development|Heart]] begins to beat in humans by day 22-23, first functioning embryonic organ formed.

|-
| <center>24</center>
| [[Carnegie_stage_11|Stage 11]]
| [[File:Stage11_bf1c.jpg|200px|link=Carnegie stage 11]]

[[Endocrine - Thyroid Development|Thyroid]] thyroid median endodermal thickening in the floor of pharynx

[[Neural System Development]] rostral (or cephalic) neuropore closes within a few hours; closure is bidirectional, it takes place from the dorsal and terminal lips and may occur in two areas simultaneously. The two lips, however, behave differently.

Optic ventricle appears

|-
| <center>25</center>
| [[Carnegie_stage_12|Stage 12]]
| [[File:Stage12_bf1c.jpg|200px|link=Carnegie stage 12]]

[[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Pituitary]] Week 4 hypophysial pouch, Rathke‚Äôs pouch, diverticulum from roof

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git7.htm GIT - Liver] septum transversum forming liver stroma and hepatic diverticulum forming hepatic trabeculae [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9407542 PMID: 9407542]

[[Neural System Development]] '''caudal neuropore takes a day to close (closure is approximately at future somitic pair 31/sacral vertebra 2)'''

[[Neural System Development]] secondary neurulation begins

[[Neural Crest Development]] cardiac crest, neural crest from rhombomeres 6 and 7 that migrates to pharyngeal arch 3 and from there the truncus arteriosus [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848161 PMID: 17848161]

[[Neural Crest Development]] vagal neural crest enter the foregut (20-25 somite stage)

|-
| <center>26</center>
|  
|  

|-
| <center>27</center>
|  
|  

|-
| <center>28</center>
| [[Carnegie_stage_13|Stage 13]]
| [[File:Stage13_bf1c.jpg|200px|link=Carnegie stage 13]][[Neural System Development]] the neural tube is normally completely closed, ventricular system now separated from amniotic fluid. Neural crest at spinal level is segregating, and spinal ganglia are in series with the somites. Spinal cord ventral roots beginning to develop. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354839 PMID: 3354839]

telencephalon cavity appears

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git7.htm GIT - Liver] epithelial cord proliferation enmeshing stromal capillaries [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9407542 PMID: 9407542]

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/nose.htm Sense - Smell] Crest comes from the nasal plates[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604533 PMID: 15604533]

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skin.htm Skin] 4 weeks - simple ectoderm epithelium over mesenchyme

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skin.htm Skin] 1-3 months ectoderm- germinative (basal) cell repeated division of generates stratified epithelium; mesoderm- differentiates into connective tissue and blood vessels

|}