2011 Group Project 11 - Revision history

S8600021 at 01:14, 19 October 2011

2011-10-19T01:14:19Z

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			{{2011ProjectsMH}}
	[[file:Oral Clefting.JPG\|700px\|right\|Cleft palate and lip]]		[[file:Oral Clefting.JPG\|700px\|right\|Cleft palate and lip]]
	='''Cleft Palate and Lip'''=		='''Cleft Palate and Lip'''=

S8600021: Protected "2011 Group Project 11": Protect from student change ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2011-10-13T06:09:03Z

Protected "2011 Group Project 11": Protect from student change ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:09, 13 October 2011
(No difference)

Z3284061: /* Genes Involved in Clefting */

2011-10-13T05:11:59Z

Genes Involved in Clefting

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 13 October 2011
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	'''Transforming Growth Factor β 3 ( TGF β3)'''		'''Transforming Growth Factor β 3 ( TGF β3)'''

	Transforming growth factor family consists of more than 30 ligands, which is believed to be involved in a numerous number of biological functions such as proliferation, differentiation, epithelium-mesenchymal transformation, and apoptosis. TFG β3 is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. This protein was detected in the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf which peaks between 14-14.5 days, prior to the contact of the palatal shelves. Potential roles of the TGF β3 in cellular adhesion, and extracellular formation during the process of palate development have been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. ~~[[File:MSX 1 Gene.JPG\|150px\|right\|thumb\|MSX 1 Gene]]~~The alteration or mutation of this factor via smoking or other factors may result in the failure of epithelial cells during the development of the palate to fuse together. Consequently, the foetus is likely to develop cleft palate abnormality. <ref name="PMID18383123"><pubmed>18383123</pubmed></ref>		Transforming growth factor family consists of more than 30 ligands, which is believed to be involved in a numerous number of biological functions such as proliferation, differentiation, epithelium-mesenchymal transformation, and apoptosis. TFG β3 is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. [[File:MSX 1 Gene.JPG\|150px\|right\|thumb\|MSX 1 Gene]]This protein was detected in the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf which peaks between 14-14.5 days, prior to the contact of the palatal shelves. Potential roles of the TGF β3 in cellular adhesion, and extracellular formation during the process of palate development have been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. The alteration or mutation of this factor via smoking or other factors may result in the failure of epithelial cells during the development of the palate to fuse together. Consequently, the foetus is likely to develop cleft palate abnormality. <ref name="PMID18383123"><pubmed>18383123</pubmed></ref>
	<ref name="PMID14729481"><pubmed>14729481</pubmed></ref>		<ref name="PMID14729481"><pubmed>14729481</pubmed></ref>
	<ref name="PMID10433915"><pubmed>10433915</pubmed></ref>		<ref name="PMID10433915"><pubmed>10433915</pubmed></ref>

Z3284061: /* Genes Involved in Clefting */

2011-10-13T05:10:28Z

Genes Involved in Clefting

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:10, 13 October 2011
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	'''Transforming Growth Factor β 3 ( TGF β3)'''		'''Transforming Growth Factor β 3 ( TGF β3)'''

	Transforming growth factor family consists of more than 30 ligands, which is believed to be involved in a numerous number of biological functions such as proliferation, differentiation, epithelium-mesenchymal transformation, and apoptosis. TFG β3 is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. This protein was detected in the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf which peaks between 14-14.5 days, prior to the contact of the palatal shelves. Potential roles of the TGF β3 in cellular adhesion, and extracellular formation during the process of palate development have been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. The alteration or mutation of this factor via smoking or other factors may result in the failure of epithelial cells during the development of the palate to fuse together.~~[[File:MSX 1 Gene.JPG\|150px\|right\|thumb\|MSX 1 Gene]]~~ Consequently, the foetus is likely to develop cleft palate abnormality. <ref name="PMID18383123"><pubmed>18383123</pubmed></ref>		Transforming growth factor family consists of more than 30 ligands, which is believed to be involved in a numerous number of biological functions such as proliferation, differentiation, epithelium-mesenchymal transformation, and apoptosis. TFG β3 is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. This protein was detected in the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf which peaks between 14-14.5 days, prior to the contact of the palatal shelves. Potential roles of the TGF β3 in cellular adhesion, and extracellular formation during the process of palate development have been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. [[File:MSX 1 Gene.JPG\|150px\|right\|thumb\|MSX 1 Gene]]The alteration or mutation of this factor via smoking or other factors may result in the failure of epithelial cells during the development of the palate to fuse together. Consequently, the foetus is likely to develop cleft palate abnormality. <ref name="PMID18383123"><pubmed>18383123</pubmed></ref>
	<ref name="PMID14729481"><pubmed>14729481</pubmed></ref>		<ref name="PMID14729481"><pubmed>14729481</pubmed></ref>
	<ref name="PMID10433915"><pubmed>10433915</pubmed></ref>		<ref name="PMID10433915"><pubmed>10433915</pubmed></ref>

Z3284061: /* Aetiology */

2011-10-13T02:33:30Z

Aetiology

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 13 October 2011
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	=Aetiology=		=Aetiology=

	Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref name="Moore"><Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>		Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref name="Moore">Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>

	Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref name="Moore "/> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>		Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref name="Moore "/> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>

Z3284061: /* Aetiology */

2011-10-13T02:31:48Z

Aetiology

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 13 October 2011
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	=Aetiology=		=Aetiology=

	Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>		Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref name="Moore"><Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>

	Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref name="Moore "/> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>		Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref name="Moore "/> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>

	Environmental factors that include the consumption of alcohol, drugs that contain Vitamin A, and dietary deficiencies are		Environmental factors that include the consumption of alcohol, drugs that contain Vitamin A, and dietary deficiencies are
	just some of the numerous potential causagents of clefting. The process during which the palatal shelves undergo fusion for instance is particularly vulnerable to the effects of multiple toxic substances, environmental pollutants or nutritional imbalances. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref><ref>Moore ~~KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.<~~/~~ref~~>		just some of the numerous potential causagents of clefting. The process during which the palatal shelves undergo fusion for instance is particularly vulnerable to the effects of multiple toxic substances, environmental pollutants or nutritional imbalances. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref><ref name="Moore "/>

	On the genetic front, clefting has been identified to be prevalent in some family lines, indicating the presence of a genetic component to the condition. In some cases, clefting has been isolated to be a byproduct of other disorders and syndromes, such as the Patau or the Stickler's syndrome. However, in many other cases, it is difficult to isolate a primary syndrome that can be attributed to cause clefting. This could possibly be attributed to the incomplete genetic understanding of midfacial development. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref>		On the genetic front, clefting has been identified to be prevalent in some family lines, indicating the presence of a genetic component to the condition. In some cases, clefting has been isolated to be a byproduct of other disorders and syndromes, such as the Patau or the Stickler's syndrome. However, in many other cases, it is difficult to isolate a primary syndrome that can be attributed to cause clefting. This could possibly be attributed to the incomplete genetic understanding of midfacial development. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref>

Z3284061: /* Aetiology */

2011-10-13T02:29:37Z

Aetiology

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 13 October 2011
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	Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>		Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>

	Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref>Moore ~~KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.<~~/> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>		Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref name="Moore "/> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>

	Environmental factors that include the consumption of alcohol, drugs that contain Vitamin A, and dietary deficiencies are		Environmental factors that include the consumption of alcohol, drugs that contain Vitamin A, and dietary deficiencies are

Z3284061: /* Aetiology */

2011-10-13T02:27:56Z

Aetiology

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 13 October 2011
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	Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>		Cleft lip and palate often occur together, however, present different aetiologies. The development of cleft palate and lip have been attributed to various genetic factors, environmental factors, or a mixture of the two. <ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</ref>

	Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref><ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</~~ref~~><ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>		Cleft lip and cleft palate have been identified to be caused by developmental problems incurred during any stage of the developmental process. The inadequate growth of the palatine shelves, the failure of the shelves to elevate at the correct time and their failure to fuse at the boundaries have been identified to be the more common factors that lead to cleft palate. On the other hand, cleft lip has been attributed to a plethora of developmental issues that include the underdevelopment of the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process. It is these developmental issues that have been blamed on environmental factors, genetic factors or an interplay between the two. <ref name="PMID15479962"><pubmed>15479962</pubmed></ref> <ref>Moore KL, Persuad TVN. The Pharyngeal Apparatus. In: Moore KL, editor. The Developing Human. 8th ed.Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. pp. 160-95.</> <ref name="PMID5673878"><pubmed>5673878</pubmed></ref>

	Environmental factors that include the consumption of alcohol, drugs that contain Vitamin A, and dietary deficiencies are		Environmental factors that include the consumption of alcohol, drugs that contain Vitamin A, and dietary deficiencies are

Z3284061: /* Genes Involved in Clefting */

2011-10-13T02:20:49Z

Genes Involved in Clefting

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 13 October 2011
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	Research interest, in the origin of cleft lip/palate as well as the genetic and environmental factors that induce the condition, picked up in the 1940s. Since then, various studies have been undertaken to elucidate the ambiguity behind this embryonic abnormality. It is widely accepted now that a combination of environmental and genetic factors contribute to the increase in likelihood of clefting of the palate or upper lip during development. Some of the genes that have been identified to have a vital role in the development of CL/CP include:		Research interest, in the origin of cleft lip/palate as well as the genetic and environmental factors that induce the condition, picked up in the 1940s. Since then, various studies have been undertaken to elucidate the ambiguity behind this embryonic abnormality. It is widely accepted now that a combination of environmental and genetic factors contribute to the increase in likelihood of clefting of the palate or upper lip during development. Some of the genes that have been identified to have a vital role in the development of CL/CP include:
	[[File:Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia.jpg\|250px\|right\|thumb\|Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia~~<ref><pubmed>PMC2841638</pubmed></ref>\|center~~]]		[[File:Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia.jpg\|250px\|right\|thumb\|Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia ]]

	'''Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) and Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat)'''		'''Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) and Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat)'''

Z3284061: /* Glossary */

2011-10-13T02:17:24Z

Glossary

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:17, 13 October 2011
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	'''Neural crest cell''' a group of specialized cells from the neuroectoderm that lies along the outer surface of each side of the neural tube in the early stages of embryonic development and give rise to certain spinal, cranial, and sympathetic ganglia		'''Neural crest cell''' a group of specialized cells from the neuroectoderm that lies along the outer surface of each side of the neural tube in the early stages of embryonic development and give rise to certain spinal, cranial, and sympathetic ganglia

	'''Neural tube'''		'''Neural tube'''is a hollow structure which form the spinal cord and brain in embryos.

	'''Neuromeric'''		'''Neuromeric'''refers to structurs known (Neuromeres) that are defined transient segments of the early developing brain in embryos.

	'''Non syndromic'''		'''Non syndromic''' is defined as a condition that is not related to a familiar pattern of symptoms (syndrome).

	'''Nucleotide'''		'''Nucleotide'''is a compound consists of nucleosides linked to a phosphate groups. They are the fundamental unit of nucleic acids like DNA.

	'''Ocular'''		'''Ocular'''refers to the eye.

	'''Odontogenesis'''		'''Odontogenesis'''refers to the process by the teeth are developed in embryos.

	'''Orbicularis oris'''		'''Orbicularis oris'''refers to the muscle surrounding the mouth.

	'''Osteocartilagenous nasal vault'''		'''Osteocartilagenous nasal vault'''refers to the bony and cartiligenous structures in the nose.

	~~'''Osteogenic blastemata'''~~

	'''Otitis media''' inflammation of the middle ear		'''Otitis media''' inflammation of the middle ear