2010 Group Project 3 - Revision history

Z8600021 at 03:42, 7 March 2014

2014-03-07T03:42:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 7 March 2014
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	<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This page is an undergraduate science embryology student [[Template:Projects10\|Group Project 2010]].</div>		<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This page is an undergraduate science embryology student [[Template:Projects10\|Group Project 2010]].</div>
	=Amniocentesis=		=Amniocentesis=
			:'''Links:''' [[Amniocentesis]]
	=='''Introduction'''==		=='''Introduction'''==

Z8600021 at 00:52, 22 April 2013

2013-04-22T00:52:37Z

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	==Amniocentesis vs CVS==		==Amniocentesis vs CVS==
	[[Image:Gray0034.~~gif~~\|thumb\|Developing fetus in the uterus showing the chorionic villi from which the CVS sample is taken.\|400px]]		[[Image:Gray0034.jpg\|thumb\|Developing fetus in the uterus showing the chorionic villi from which the CVS sample is taken.\|400px]]

Z8600021: /* Diagnostic Accuracy */

2012-03-31T01:25:04Z

Diagnostic Accuracy

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 31 March 2012
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	These methods do not however give a full karyotype picture, and are unlikey to replace the comprehensive TKT testing in the near future.		These methods do not however give a full karyotype picture, and are unlikey to replace the comprehensive TKT testing in the near future.

	[[image:~~220px-~~Trisomy21_graph.jpg\|thumb\|left\|alt=Alt\|Graph of statistical analysis showing links between maternal age as effect on risk of Down syndrome in live births% ]]		[[image:Trisomy21_graph.jpg\|thumb\|left\|alt=Alt\|Graph of statistical analysis showing links between maternal age as effect on risk of Down syndrome in live births% ]]

	Increasing risk of abnormalities with maternal age (35> yrs), carrier status of gene rearrangement in either parent and visible abnormal structural ultrasound diagnosis may make these molecular methods inappropriate to be offered as they currently cannot detect 20-30% of possible abnormalities <ref><pubmed>17075785</pubmed></ref>. There is debate as to the use of these methods as 'stand alone' tests, but are seen as rapid turn around diagnostic tools that can supplement TDK with a high degree of accuracy.		Increasing risk of abnormalities with maternal age (35> yrs), carrier status of gene rearrangement in either parent and visible abnormal structural ultrasound diagnosis may make these molecular methods inappropriate to be offered as they currently cannot detect 20-30% of possible abnormalities <ref><pubmed>17075785</pubmed></ref>. There is debate as to the use of these methods as 'stand alone' tests, but are seen as rapid turn around diagnostic tools that can supplement TDK with a high degree of accuracy.
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	A 1979 study of Canadian genetic centres placed alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) testing on amniotic fluid for diagnosis of neural tube defects 99.2% interpreted accurately for the condition<ref><pubmed>86382</pubmed></ref>.		A 1979 study of Canadian genetic centres placed alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) testing on amniotic fluid for diagnosis of neural tube defects 99.2% interpreted accurately for the condition<ref><pubmed>86382</pubmed></ref>.






	==Ethical Issues==		==Ethical Issues==

MarkHill at 00:46, 7 October 2010

2010-10-07T00:46:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 7 October 2010
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			<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This page is an undergraduate science embryology student [[Template:Projects10\|Group Project 2010]].</div>
	=Amniocentesis=		=Amniocentesis=

MarkHill: Protected "2010 Group Project 3": end of project ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2010-10-07T00:27:04Z

Protected "2010 Group Project 3": end of project ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:27, 7 October 2010
(No difference)

Z3292208: /* In the Lab */

2010-10-06T23:41:45Z

In the Lab

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	* In the lab the amniotic fluid sample is centrifuged to separate the fetal cells from the amniotic fluid containing lipids, proteins, glucose and electrolytes.		* In the lab the amniotic fluid sample is centrifuged to separate the fetal cells from the amniotic fluid containing lipids, proteins, glucose and electrolytes.
	* After it is centrifuged the bottom half of the separated fluid containing the fetal cells is immersed in a culture medium designed to maximize colony growth of the embryonic cells. The cells are able to grow and then stored in an incubator until the time comes to harvest them.<ref name="PMID5273905"><pubmed>5273905</pubmed></ref>		* After it is centrifuged the bottom half of the separated fluid containing the fetal cells is immersed in a culture medium designed to maximize colony growth of the embryonic cells. The cells are able to grow and then stored in an incubator until the time comes to harvest them.<ref name="PMID5273905"><pubmed>5273905</pubmed></ref> [[Image:Trisomy21female.jpg\|thumb\|alignment\|left\|250px\|A karyotype of a human female trisomy 21, a chromosomal defect.]]
	* The harvested cells are arrested in the metaphase stage of cell division which is the time of most condensation of the DNA. This means the chromosomes are able to be seen under a microscope after correctly dyed.~~[[Image:Trisomy21female.jpg\|thumb\|alignment\|left\|250px\|A karyotype of a human female trisomy 21, a chromosomal defect.]]~~		* The harvested cells are arrested in the metaphase stage of cell division which is the time of most condensation of the DNA. This means the chromosomes are able to be seen under a microscope after correctly dyed.
	* The chromosomes are stained with certain chemicals that bind to the DNA to create a characteristic and recognizable banding pattern that will be different for the varying molecular structures of the chromosomes.		* The chromosomes are stained with certain chemicals that bind to the DNA to create a characteristic and recognizable banding pattern that will be different for the varying molecular structures of the chromosomes.

Z3292208 at 23:40, 6 October 2010

2010-10-06T23:40:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:40, 7 October 2010
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	* In the lab the amniotic fluid sample is centrifuged to separate the fetal cells from the amniotic fluid containing lipids, proteins, glucose and electrolytes.		* In the lab the amniotic fluid sample is centrifuged to separate the fetal cells from the amniotic fluid containing lipids, proteins, glucose and electrolytes.
	* After it is centrifuged the bottom half of the separated fluid containing the fetal cells is immersed in a culture medium designed to maximize colony growth of the embryonic cells. The cells are able to grow and then stored in an incubator until the time comes to harvest them.<ref name="PMID5273905"><pubmed>5273905</pubmed></ref>		* After it is centrifuged the bottom half of the separated fluid containing the fetal cells is immersed in a culture medium designed to maximize colony growth of the embryonic cells. The cells are able to grow and then stored in an incubator until the time comes to harvest them.<ref name="PMID5273905"><pubmed>5273905</pubmed></ref>
	* The harvested cells are arrested in the metaphase stage of cell division which is the time of most condensation of the DNA. This means the chromosomes are able to be seen under a microscope after correctly dyed.		* The harvested cells are arrested in the metaphase stage of cell division which is the time of most condensation of the DNA. This means the chromosomes are able to be seen under a microscope after correctly dyed.[[Image:Trisomy21female.jpg\|thumb\|alignment\|left\|250px\|A karyotype of a human female trisomy 21, a chromosomal defect.]]
	* The chromosomes are stained with certain chemicals that bind to the DNA to create a characteristic and recognizable banding pattern that will be different for the varying molecular structures of the chromosomes.		* The chromosomes are stained with certain chemicals that bind to the DNA to create a characteristic and recognizable banding pattern that will be different for the varying molecular structures of the chromosomes.
	~~[[Image:Trisomy21female.jpg\|thumb\|alignment\|left\|250px\|A karyotype of a human female trisomy 21, a chromosomal defect.]]~~
	====Creating a Karyotype====		====Creating a Karyotype====
	* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.		* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.

Z3292208: /* Procedure */

2010-10-06T23:38:10Z

Procedure

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 7 October 2010
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	An amniocentesis test is most commonly performed between weeks 15 to 16 of gestation which is during the second trimester of pregnancy, however it is able to be performed anytime between weeks 14 to 20. Amniocentesis during the third trimester is strongly avoided as there is a high risk of inducing an early labor from premature rupture of membranes within the womb.<ref><pubmed>18191913</pubmed></ref>. Second trimester procedures are preferred over an early amniocentesis which is performed in the first trimester during weeks 11 to 14 as the earlier the test is performed the higher the risk of miscarriage, as much as 3 times greater. The reason an early amniocentesis option is offered to women is since the delay in tissue analysis of about 2 weeks means if an abortion is required it is physically and emotionally easier earlier on in the pregnancy. If an early diagnostic test is requested Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is suggested as it carries less risk of miscarriage and complications than amniocentesis in the first trimester.<ref>Prenatal Testing: An Amniocentesis Primer. (2004). http://www.plus-size-pregnancy.org/Prenatal%20Testing/prenataltest-amnios.htm</ref>		An amniocentesis test is most commonly performed between weeks 15 to 16 of gestation which is during the second trimester of pregnancy, however it is able to be performed anytime between weeks 14 to 20. Amniocentesis during the third trimester is strongly avoided as there is a high risk of inducing an early labor from premature rupture of membranes within the womb.<ref><pubmed>18191913</pubmed></ref>. Second trimester procedures are preferred over an early amniocentesis which is performed in the first trimester during weeks 11 to 14 as the earlier the test is performed the higher the risk of miscarriage, as much as 3 times greater. The reason an early amniocentesis option is offered to women is since the delay in tissue analysis of about 2 weeks means if an abortion is required it is physically and emotionally easier earlier on in the pregnancy. If an early diagnostic test is requested Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is suggested as it carries less risk of miscarriage and complications than amniocentesis in the first trimester.<ref>Prenatal Testing: An Amniocentesis Primer. (2004). http://www.plus-size-pregnancy.org/Prenatal%20Testing/prenataltest-amnios.htm</ref>


	===STEPS OF THE PROCEDURE===		===STEPS OF THE PROCEDURE===
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	* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.		* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.
	* Structural abnormalities that may be indicative of a genetic disorder include chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions.		* Structural abnormalities that may be indicative of a genetic disorder include chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions.







	=='''Risks'''==		=='''Risks'''==

Z3292208 at 23:36, 6 October 2010

2010-10-06T23:36:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 7 October 2010
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	* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.		* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.
	* Structural abnormalities that may be indicative of a genetic disorder include chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions.		* Structural abnormalities that may be indicative of a genetic disorder include chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions.

Z3292208 at 23:35, 6 October 2010

2010-10-06T23:35:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 7 October 2010
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	* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.		* The standard way of observing the stained chromosomes is by creating a karyotype.<ref name="PMID5273905 "/> A karyotype is a photograph taken of the chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest non-sex chromosomes (autosomal) numbered 1 to 22, with the 2 sex chromosomes placed at the end. This allows analysis to be done efficiently and any structural abnormalities to be clearly identified.
	* Structural abnormalities that may be indicative of a genetic disorder include chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions.		* Structural abnormalities that may be indicative of a genetic disorder include chromosome deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions.