2009 Lecture 16 - Revision history

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References

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 * most common penis abnormality (1 in 300) from a failure of male urogenital folds to fuse in various regions and resulting in a proximally displaced urethral meatus.
 * The cause is unknown, but suggested to involve many factors either indivdually or in combination including: familial inheritance, low birth weight, assisted reproductive technology, advanced maternal age, paternal subfertility and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Infants with hypospadias should not undergo circumcision.
 == References ==

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Textbooks

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	* '''Human Embryology''' (2nd ed.) Larson Ch10 p261-306		* '''Human Embryology''' (2nd ed.) Larson Ch10 p261-306
	* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346		* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346


	~~[[File:Lectopia-icon.jpg\|300px\|left]]~~

	~~Unit: Embryology: Early & Systematic Development (ANAT2341) [http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=153 Course Link]~~

	~~Paste this link to subscribe to this Podcast http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/podcast.lasso?ut=153&feed=1&ao=1&key=bdd62b0859db4b600542ce34917f85e5~~

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Textbooks

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	* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346		* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346


			[[File:Lectopia-icon.jpg\|300px\|left]]

			Unit: Embryology: Early & Systematic Development (ANAT2341) [http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=153 Course Link]

			Paste this link to subscribe to this Podcast http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/podcast.lasso?ut=153&feed=1&ao=1&key=bdd62b0859db4b600542ce34917f85e5



			:'''Lecture Audio''' Lecture Date: 22-09-2009 Lecture Time: 12:00 Venue: BioMed E Speaker: Mark Hill [http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=153&id=48842 Genital]

	== Three Stages ==		== Three Stages ==

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Primordial Germ Cells

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	* thought to be the first population of cells to migrate through the primitive streak in early gastrulation.		* thought to be the first population of cells to migrate through the primitive streak in early gastrulation.
	* This population of cells then lie at the hindgut yolk sac junctional region and later migrate into the germinal ridge in early embryonic development.		* This population of cells then lie at the hindgut yolk sac junctional region and later migrate into the genital ridge (germinal ridge) in early embryonic development.
	* It is not the primordial germ cells which respond to SRY presence or absence, but the supporting cells within the developing gonad.		* It is not the primordial germ cells which respond to SRY presence or absence, but the supporting cells within the developing gonad.

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	* The paramesonephric duct (red, left) grows forming the oviduct (uterine horn) and the end opens into the peritoneal cavity and terminates in fimbria (finger-like extensions). Away from the ovary, the two paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline to form the uterus.		* The paramesonephric duct (red, left) grows forming the oviduct (uterine horn) and the end opens into the peritoneal cavity and terminates in fimbria (finger-like extensions). Away from the ovary, the two paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline to form the uterus.
	* The cortical sex cords (orange) form after the primary sex cords degenerate and mesothelium forms secondary cords. The surrounding connective tissue (pink) differentiates to form follicle cells.		* The cortical sex cords (orange) form after the primary sex cords degenerate and mesothelium forms secondary cords. The surrounding connective tissue (pink) differentiates to form follicle cells.
			==Internal Genital Tract==
	==~~Fetal~~==		[[File:Stage_22_Urogenital_1l.jpg\|thumb]]
	[[File:Paramesonephric_duct.jpg\|thumb\|Paramesonephric duct]]		[[File:Paramesonephric_duct.jpg\|thumb\|Paramesonephric duct]]
	~~[[File:Fetal uterus growth.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal uterus growth]]~~
	~~[[File:Stage_22_Urogenital_1l.jpg\|thumb]]~~

	* late embryonic male genital development and now in fetal development we will firstly observe early fetal female development.

	~~==Internal Genital Tract==~~
	* Week 7 – duct regression or preservation begins		* Week 7 – duct regression or preservation begins
	* All embryos initially form 2 paired indifferent duct systems		* All embryos initially form 2 paired indifferent duct systems
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	* The embryonic origin of the vagina has been a historically hotly debated issue with several different contributions and origins described.		* The embryonic origin of the vagina has been a historically hotly debated issue with several different contributions and origins described.
	* One description shows the vagina arising by downward growth of Wolffian and Mullerian ducts. The sinovaginal bulbs are the caudal ends of the Wolffian ducts. Vaginal development is also under negative control of androgens.		* One description shows the vagina arising by downward growth of Wolffian and Mullerian ducts. The sinovaginal bulbs are the caudal ends of the Wolffian ducts. Vaginal development is also under negative control of androgens.

			==Fetal==
			[[File:Fetal uterus growth.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal uterus growth]]

			* late embryonic male genital development and now in fetal development we will firstly observe early fetal female development.


	==External Genitalia==		==External Genitalia==

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Fetal

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	[[File:Paramesonephric_duct.jpg\|thumb\|Paramesonephric duct]]		[[File:Paramesonephric_duct.jpg\|thumb\|Paramesonephric duct]]
	[[File:Fetal uterus growth.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal uterus growth]]		[[File:Fetal uterus growth.jpg\|thumb\|Fetal uterus growth]]
			[[File:Stage_22_Urogenital_1l.jpg\|thumb]]

	* late embryonic male genital development and now in fetal development we will firstly observe early fetal female development.		* late embryonic male genital development and now in fetal development we will firstly observe early fetal female development.

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Male Genitalia Development

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	===Male Genitalia Development===		===Male Genitalia Development===
			[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1027 Endocrinology - Box 6.6 The roles of testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)]

	This looped animation shows the development of external male genitalia from the indifferent external structure, covering the approximate period of week 9 to 12.		This looped animation shows the development of external male genitalia from the indifferent external structure, covering the approximate period of week 9 to 12.

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External Genitalia

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	==External Genitalia==		==External Genitalia==
	[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGDlabXYXX_4.htm External Genital]		[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGDlabXYXX_4.htm External Genital] \| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1026 Endocrinology - Diagram of the development of the external genitalia]

	* The external genitalia are initially identical and undergo male and female differentiation under the influence or absence of modified steroidal sex hormone.		* The external genitalia are initially identical and undergo male and female differentiation under the influence or absence of modified steroidal sex hormone.

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Female Gonadal Development

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	[[File:Female_gonad_2.mov‎]] This looped animation shows the development of the female gonad showing cortical sex cords.		[[File:Female_gonad_2.mov‎]] This looped animation shows the development of the female gonad showing cortical sex cords.

	The mesonephric duct (purple) degenerates, small remnants may remain as epoophoron and paroophoron (in the mesentry of the ovary) and Gartner's cycts (near vagina).		* The mesonephric duct (purple) degenerates, small remnants may remain as epoophoron and paroophoron (in the mesentry of the ovary) and Gartner's cycts (near vagina).
			* The paramesonephric duct (red, left) grows forming the oviduct (uterine horn) and the end opens into the peritoneal cavity and terminates in fimbria (finger-like extensions). Away from the ovary, the two paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline to form the uterus.
	The paramesonephric duct (red, left) grows forming the oviduct (uterine horn) and the end opens into the peritoneal cavity and terminates in fimbria (finger-like extensions). Away from the ovary, the two paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline to form the uterus.		* The cortical sex cords (orange) form after the primary sex cords degenerate and mesothelium forms secondary cords. The surrounding connective tissue (pink) differentiates to form follicle cells.

	The cortical sex cords (orange) form after the primary sex cords degenerate and mesothelium forms secondary cords. The surrounding connective tissue (pink) differentiates to form follicle cells.

	==Fetal==		==Fetal==

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Male Gonadal Development

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	This looped animation shows the development of the male gonad showing medullary sex cords.		This looped animation shows the development of the male gonad showing medullary sex cords.

	The paramesonephric duct (red, left) degenerates under the influence of Mullerian duct inhibitory factor (MDIF) secreted by sertoli cells (differentiated by SRY expression).		* The paramesonephric duct (red, left) degenerates under the influence of Mullerian duct inhibitory factor (MDIF) secreted by sertoli cells (differentiated by SRY expression).
			* The mesonephric duct (purple) differentiates under the influence of Testosterone secreted by Leydig cells. Within the testes these mesonephric tubules grow towards the medullary sex cords and will form the rete teste. The mesonephric duct extending out of the gonad forms the ductus deferens.
	The mesonephric duct (purple) differentiates under the influence of Testosterone secreted by Leydig cells. Within the testes these mesonephric tubules grow towards the medullary sex cords and will form the rete teste. The mesonephric duct extending out of the gonad forms the ductus deferens.		* The medullary sex cords (orange) form testis cords that later differentiate into solid seminiferous tubules which become hollow and actively produce spermatazoa during puberty.

	The medullary sex cords (orange) form testis cords that later differentiate into solid seminiferous tubules which become hollow and actively produce spermatazoa during puberty.

	The tunica albuginea (white) covers the testis and bands extend inward to form connective tissue septa.		The tunica albuginea (white) covers the testis and bands extend inward to form connective tissue septa.