2009 Group Project 2 - Revision history

Z8600021 at 22:07, 26 April 2012

2012-04-26T22:07:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:07, 27 April 2012
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	<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 95%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This page is an undergraduate science embryology student [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Group_Projects\|Group Project 2009]].</div>		<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 95%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This page is an undergraduate science embryology student [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Group_Projects\|Group Project 2009]]. See also [[Fly Development]].</div>
	=== FLY ===		=== FLY ===
	==Drosophila Melanogaster==		==Drosophila Melanogaster==

S8600021 at 03:45, 1 September 2010

2010-09-01T03:45:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 1 September 2010
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			<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 95%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This page is an undergraduate science embryology student [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Group_Projects\|Group Project 2009]].</div>
	=== FLY ===		=== FLY ===
	==Drosophila Melanogaster==		==Drosophila Melanogaster==

Z3217015: /* Genetics of Drosophila */

2009-10-15T01:53:46Z

Genetics of Drosophila

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 15 October 2009
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	As you can see in the blue image to the right, depicting the female and male chromosome maps, the Y sex chromosome is bent almost in half. This bending restricts the effect the chromosome has on gene expression and thus the Y chromosome is usually ignored.		As you can see in the blue image to the right, depicting the female and male chromosome maps, the Y sex chromosome is bent almost in half. This bending restricts the effect the chromosome has on gene expression and thus the Y chromosome is usually ignored.


	Although there are many varieties of the Drosophila fly, only the melanogaster has been shown here.		Although there are many varieties of the Drosophila fly, only the melanogaster has been shown here.

Z3217015: /* Current Embryology Research on Drosophila */

2009-10-15T01:48:38Z

Current Embryology Research on Drosophila

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 15 October 2009
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	===Genetics of Postnatal Cardiac Function.===		===Genetics of Postnatal Cardiac Function.===
			Wolfe et al. (2008), Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for genetics of postnatal cardiac function. PMID 19802348

	Most of the genetic pathways studied in the drosophila melanogaster for heart conditions are in development of the heart. Recent research by MJ Wolf and HA Rockman focus on structure and function of the adult heart to hopefully try and understand human heart failure more. In the Wolf experiment they looked at the adult drosophila melanogaster for genes and pathways which cause dilated cardiomyopathy.		Most of the genetic pathways studied in the drosophila melanogaster for heart conditions are in development of the heart. Recent research by MJ Wolf and HA Rockman focus on structure and function of the adult heart to hopefully try and understand human heart failure more. In the Wolf experiment they looked at the adult drosophila melanogaster for genes and pathways which cause dilated cardiomyopathy.

	===Drosophila and Parkinson's disease===		===Drosophila and Parkinson's disease===
			Cox RT, Spradling AC. (2009) Clueless, a conserved Drosophila gene required for mitochondrial subcellular localization, interacts genetically with parkin Disease Models and Mechanisms, 2(9-10); 490-499 PMID 19638420

	Experiments conducted by Cox et. al. have located a gene in Drosophila, called the clueless gene (clu), which encodes a protein that is related to proteins in humans. It has been found that clu mutations affects the clustering of mitochondria within the cell. These mutations resemble the mutations scene in human cells of sufferers with Parkinson's disease. This discovery provides a basis for the further analysis of similar genes in humans.		Experiments conducted by Cox et. al. have located a gene in Drosophila, called the clueless gene (clu), which encodes a protein that is related to proteins in humans. It has been found that clu mutations affects the clustering of mitochondria within the cell. These mutations resemble the mutations scene in human cells of sufferers with Parkinson's disease. This discovery provides a basis for the further analysis of similar genes in humans.

	===The evolution of visual systems===		===The evolution of visual systems===
			Erclik T, Hartenstein V, McInnes RR, Lipshitz HD (2009) Eye evolution at high resolution: the neuron as a unit of homology. Developmental Biology, 332(1); 70-79 PMID 19467226

	Erclik et. al. have identified similarities in the neuronal cell types of the visual systems of vertebrates and Drosophila. This identification provides a basis for the study of the evolution of complex visual systems, as the origin of such a system is more easily traced back down the evolutionary tree. This could potentially provide a basis for the future treatments of genetic damage or physical traumas to the eye, as retinas could potentially be grown from derivatives of Drosophila visual neuronal cells.		Erclik et. al. have identified similarities in the neuronal cell types of the visual systems of vertebrates and Drosophila. This identification provides a basis for the study of the evolution of complex visual systems, as the origin of such a system is more easily traced back down the evolutionary tree. This could potentially provide a basis for the future treatments of genetic damage or physical traumas to the eye, as retinas could potentially be grown from derivatives of Drosophila visual neuronal cells.

	===Alzheimer's model of disease from Drosophila===		===Alzheimer's model of disease from Drosophila===
			Crowther DC, Page R, Chandraratna D, Lomas DA (2006) A Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods in Enzymology, 412; 243-255 PMID 17046662

	One of the underlying factors that induce the onset of Alzheimer's in humans is the excess production of proaggregatory peptides. A secretion signal peptide has been identified by Crowther et. al. in Drosophila that controls the synthesis of this peptide. The identification of such a gene means that researchers can manipulate different pathological pathways to observe the phenotypes produced. This means that the progression of the disease in Drosophila can help us to understand the progression of the disease in human patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease.		One of the underlying factors that induce the onset of Alzheimer's in humans is the excess production of proaggregatory peptides. A secretion signal peptide has been identified by Crowther et. al. in Drosophila that controls the synthesis of this peptide. The identification of such a gene means that researchers can manipulate different pathological pathways to observe the phenotypes produced. This means that the progression of the disease in Drosophila can help us to understand the progression of the disease in human patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

	===The use of Drosophila as a model for the development of human traits===		===The use of Drosophila as a model for the development of human traits===
			Mackay TFC, Annholt RRH (2006) Of Flies and Man: Drosophila as a Model for Human Complex Traits Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 7;339-367 PMID 1675648

	There are a number of genes that are shared between Drosophila and humans. The phenotypes of variations in a variety of genes of Drosophila are easily observed, and as a result of the closeness of some genes, it is relatively easy to observe the effect of a variety of factors on the expression of some genes. Mackay et. al. are examining how genetic mechanisms affect the expression of some genes in humans producing defined phenotypic traits.		There are a number of genes that are shared between Drosophila and humans. The phenotypes of variations in a variety of genes of Drosophila are easily observed, and as a result of the closeness of some genes, it is relatively easy to observe the effect of a variety of factors on the expression of some genes. Mackay et. al. are examining how genetic mechanisms affect the expression of some genes in humans producing defined phenotypic traits.

	===Using the Drosophila genome and colon cancer===		===Using the Drosophila genome and colon cancer===
			Firestein R, Hahn WC (2009) "Revving the throttle on an oncogene: CDK8 takes the driver seat." Cancer research, Oct 6. PMID 19808961

	This study establishes that the WNT/beta catenin as a key initiator in colon cancers. The researchers in this study have used Drosophila models of WNT/beta catenin activation of transcription in the nucleus to establish that CDK8 is a key oncogene, regulating WNT/beta catenin transcription in colon cancers. In this study, the similarity of the drosophila and human methods of transcription activation have been used to the researchers advantage, resulting in this critical finding. This discovery of the role of CDK8 in the regulation of transcription means that new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of colon cancers can be developed.		This study establishes that the WNT/beta catenin as a key initiator in colon cancers. The researchers in this study have used Drosophila models of WNT/beta catenin activation of transcription in the nucleus to establish that CDK8 is a key oncogene, regulating WNT/beta catenin transcription in colon cancers. In this study, the similarity of the drosophila and human methods of transcription activation have been used to the researchers advantage, resulting in this critical finding. This discovery of the role of CDK8 in the regulation of transcription means that new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of colon cancers can be developed.

			===Drosophila and neurodegenerative diseases===
	~~'''~~Drosophila and neurodegenerative diseases~~'''~~		http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090622171501.htm#

	Fruit flies have been used to study neurodegenerative diseases in humans.		Fruit flies have been used to study neurodegenerative diseases in humans.

Z3217015: /* Drosophila Melanogaster */

2009-10-14T22:19:27Z

Drosophila Melanogaster

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 15 October 2009
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	=== FLY ===		=== FLY ===
	==Drosophila Melanogaster==		==Drosophila Melanogaster==
	[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|~~250px~~\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]		[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|350px\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]

	Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.		Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.

Z3217015: /* Drosophila Melanogaster */

2009-10-14T22:19:16Z

Drosophila Melanogaster

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 15 October 2009
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	=== FLY ===		=== FLY ===
	==Drosophila Melanogaster==		==Drosophila Melanogaster==
	[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|~~150px~~\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]		[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]

	Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.		Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.

Z3217015: /* Drosophila Melanogaster */

2009-10-14T22:19:07Z

Drosophila Melanogaster

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 15 October 2009
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	=== FLY ===		=== FLY ===
	==Drosophila Melanogaster==		==Drosophila Melanogaster==
	[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|~~300px~~\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]		[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]

	Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.		Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.

Z3217015: /* Drosophila Melanogaster */

2009-10-14T22:18:50Z

Drosophila Melanogaster

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 15 October 2009
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	=== FLY ===		=== FLY ===
	==Drosophila Melanogaster==		==Drosophila Melanogaster==
	[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|~~right~~\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]		[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|top\|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]

	Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.		Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.

Z3218146: /* References */

2009-10-14T14:02:11Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:02, 15 October 2009
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	14. Wolfe et al. (2008), Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for genetics of postnatal cardiac function. PMID 19802348		14. Wolfe et al. (2008), Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for genetics of postnatal cardiac function. PMID 19802348

			15. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090622171501.htm#

	==Glossary==		==Glossary==

Z3218146: /* Using the Drosophila genome and colon cancer */

2009-10-14T14:01:13Z

Using the Drosophila genome and colon cancer

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 ===Using the Drosophila genome and colon cancer===
 This study establishes that the WNT/beta catenin as a key initiator in colon cancers. The researchers in this study have used Drosophila models of WNT/beta catenin activation of transcription in the nucleus to establish that CDK8 is a key oncogene, regulating WNT/beta catenin transcription in colon cancers. In this study, the similarity of the drosophila and human methods of transcription activation have been used to the researchers advantage, resulting in this critical finding. This discovery of the role of CDK8 in the regulation of transcription means that new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of colon cancers can be developed.
 ==Helpful links==