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Mark Hill - Lab 1 page

Student Page Here is the Student Page demonstration page I showed in the Practical class.

Use this page to practice editing and don't forget to add a topic to the 2017 Group Project 3 page.

Chicken embryo E-cad and P-cad gastrulation.png

Chicken embryo E-cadherin and P-cadherin in gastrulation[1]

 2017 ANAT2341 - Timetable | Course Outline | Group Projects | Moodle | Tutorial 1 | Tutorial 2 | Tutorial 3

Labs: 1 Fertility and IVF | 2 ES Cells to Genome Editing | 3 Preimplantation and Early Implantation | 4 Reproductive Technology Revolution | 5 Cardiac and Vascular Development | 6 CRISPR-Cas9 | 7 Somitogenesis and Vertebral Malformation | 8 Organogenesis | 9 Genetic Disorders | 10 Melanocytes | 11 Stem Cells | 12 Group

Lectures: 1 Introduction | 2 Fertilization | 3 Week 1/2 | 4 Week 3 | 5 Ectoderm | 6 Placenta | 7 Mesoderm | 8 Endoderm | 9 Research Technology | 10 Cardiovascular | 11 Respiratory | 12 Neural crest | 13 Head | 14 Musculoskeletal | 15 Limb | 16 Renal | 17 Genital | 18 Endocrine | 19 Sensory | 20 Fetal | 21 Integumentary | 22 Birth | 23 Stem cells | 24 Revision

 Student Projects: 1 Cortex | 2 Kidney | 3 Heart | 4 Eye | 5 Lung | 6 Cerebellum

Peer Reviews

Marking Criteria

Group Assessment Criteria (modified and condensed from the student page)


1. The choice of content shows a good understanding of the topic area

  • The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area
  • Project sub-heading structure is appropriate
  • No key topic areas have been missed.


2. Content is correctly cited and referenced

  • Text within the project page is correctly cited.
  • Research articles and reviews can both be used, but are clearly identified.
  • Images within the project page is correctly cited.
  • Reference list does not contain multiple copies of the same article.


3. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level

  • The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
  • The content has been designed for an university undergraduate science student level.
  • Acronyms and terms are well explained.
  • Image summaries include a useful description in the context of the project page and not simply the original legends (though these can be included).


4. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology

  • Well-structured project page showing a broad understanding of embryological development.
  • Includes relevant historic and current research.
  • Molecular signaling mechanisms are included within the project page.


5. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic

  • The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
  • Includes links to other UNSW Embryology related topic/content pages.


Suggested topic sub-headings (obtained from the student page)

  • Developmental origin
  • Developmental timeline
  • Key discoveries
  • Developmental signaling processes
  • Current research
  • Animal models
  • Abnormal development
  • Future questions

Group 1: Cerebral Cortex

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses
1. The choice of content shows a good understanding of the topic area The developmental origin of the cerebral cortex is addressed well under the sub-heading ‘Early development of the brain’.


The development timeline of the cerebral cortex is described clearly and in detail in the table of the ‘Timeline of corticogenesis’.

Abnormal development of the cerebral cortex and the associated conditions are covered in an immense amount of detail. The accompanying images and videos enhance the written information, as well as making it easier for the reader to comprehend. In addition, the sub-headings of this section compartmentalize the congenital diseases in a logical manner that highlights the link between abnormal development and specific diseases.

There are several key topic areas missing from the page:
  • There is no section covering key historical discoveries relevant to the cerebral cortex and its embryological development.
  • There is no information relating to developmental signalling processes
  • There is no section on current research in fields relevant to the embryological development of the cerebral cortex.
  • There is no section on animal models that have been used to advance scientific understanding of the cerebral cortex.
  • There is no section on future questions regarding the development of the cerebral cortex.
  • A glossary of terms has not been included.

Some sections that have been included are somewhat irrelevant to the subject matter. For example, there is a large (unfinished) section on the anatomy and functions of the cerebral cortex. While it is important to provide a bit of an anatomical background on the subject, it shouldn’t be a major focus of this assignment. Focus more on the sections mentioned above, and keep the project focused on the embryology of the cerebral cortex.

2. Content is correctly cited and referenced There have been attempts at referencing throughout the assignment. A reference list has been produced and appears mostly correct. References have not been repeated throughout the list.

Peer-reviewed primary research articles have been used in this assignment.

The student-drawn image has been cited correctly, as have most of the images used in the ‘abnormal development’ section.

Overall, referencing in this assignment is very poor. Most of the content is completely devoid of any references (see ‘introduction’, ‘anatomy of the cortex’ and ‘abnormal development), and sections that have been referenced have been referenced “by paragraph” (see ‘timeline of corticogenesis’)


Many of the sources used in this assignment are inappropriate and/or unreliable. Try to rely more on primary research articles and less on textbooks or websites.

Many of the images have been cited incorrectly and used without permission. Remember to include the full reference, the original summary and the copyright license information for each image.

3. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level The information presented is mostly at a level appropriate for peers. Images and hand-drawn diagrams have been included to facilitate the readers understanding of the subject matter. Some of the images contain useful descriptions of the subject matter, and aid in understanding of the topic. Many of the acronyms and terms used in this assignment are not well explained. Include a glossary of terms to make some of the content easier to follow and understand.
4. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology The development of the cerebral cortex was covered extensively, which is a very important learning aim of embryology. There are certain learning aims of embryology that have not been included in this assignment, such as developmental signaling processes (see criteria 1 for more information). There has been no discussion of relevant historical or current research (adding in the subheadings “key developments” and “current research” would help rectify this).
5. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic Certain aspects have been researched and presented well (such as embryological development).

Links to other pages of the UNSW embryology wiki have been included, however they have been used as references rather than just links.

Information from the UNSW embryology wiki has been used as direct sources of information. Instead they should be included to relate this particular wiki page to other areas of learning.

The small number of sources cited in the reference list demonstrates a poor and narrow approach to researching this topic. A greater library of sources should be used to create this page (mainly primary research articles).


Grade: FAIL

General Comment: While some aspects of the wiki page have been done well, the page is largely unfinished. Many sections still need to be added, and others are in need of improvement.

Group 2: Kidney

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses
1. The choice of content shows a good understanding of the topic area The embryology timeline is well written and very informative. It gives the reader a general understanding of the process of kidney development before each stage of development is covered in detail.

The topic of ‘kidney development’ is described clearly and in detail. The well-structured subheadings make this section of the wiki page easier to follow. The chosen figures also enhance the information presented, and facilitate the readers understanding.

The brief introduction to the anatomy of the kidney provides a nice introduction to the topic, and helps the reader understand the basics.

The wiki page is missing several important areas of information:
  • There is no section covering key historical discoveries relevant development of the kidneys.
  • There is no section on animal models that have been used to advance scientific understanding of kidney development
  • The page lacks a glossary of terms

Even though some information regarding signalling processes has been integrated into the 'kidney development’ section, the wiki page may benefit from a section entirely dedicated to signalling processes (this is one of Mark’s recommended sub-headings)

There is currently very little information regarding current research on the wiki page – this section needs some work.

Although the heading “future questions” has been added to the wiki page, there is no information associated with it.

2. Content is correctly cited and referenced There have been attempts at referencing throughout the assignment. A reference list has been produced and appears mostly correct. References have not been repeated throughout the list.

The reference list is comprised mainly of peer-reviewed primary research articles.

Some images have been referenced correctly – see ‘figure 3’.

Overall, referencing throughout the wiki page is poor. Some sections completely lack referencing (see ‘kidney structure’, ‘genes expressed’). Other sections have only 1 link attached to them (see ‘nephrogenesis’). Any information that is not original (in idea or structure) needs proper sentence-by-sentence citations. The most well-referenced section is the introduction to ‘developmental abnormalities’, and that still contains some uncited material.

Try not to rely on only one source of information per section (see ‘nephrogenesis’). Try to find a variety of research articles to source your material from. This will increase the quality and reliability of the information in the wiki page.

Many of the images have been cited incorrectly and used without permission (see ‘figure 1’ and ‘figure 2’) Remember to include the full reference, the original summary and the copyright license information for each image.

3. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level The information presented is mostly at a level appropriate for peers. Some background information has been provided to aid in the reader’s understanding.

The chosen visual aids make some of the more complex ideas easier to comprehend (see ‘figure 3’). Some of the images also contain helpful descriptions that aid in understanding of the material (see ‘figure 3’ and ‘figure 8’)

Many of the acronyms and terms used in this assignment are either poorly explained, or not explained at all. By including a glossary, the reader will be able to understand some of the more difficult subject areas.

No student-drawn diagrams have been included in the wiki page. Try to include some hand-drawn images, as well as other devices (e.g. tables, analogies) to aid the reader.

4. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology The ‘Kidney development’ section was well-structured and was covered in great detail.

Developmental signaling processes were addressed, which is another important learning aim of embryology.

Current research regarding kidney development has been mentioned.

There has been no discussion of key discoveries regarding kidney development.

Although a thorough understanding of certain topics areas has been demonstrated, certain areas (such as current research) still need improvement.

5. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic Certain aspects have been well researched such as anatomy of the kidney, kidney development and developmental abnormalities. No links to other pages on the UNSW embryology wiki have been included. Try linking this wiki page to other aspects of the embryology wiki.

The small number of sources cited in the reference list demonstrates a poor and narrow approach to researching this topic. A greater library of sources should be used to develop this page (mainly primary research articles).


Grade: CREDIT

General Comment: Most of the sections on the page have been done well, but some areas still need improvement.

Group 4: Eye

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses
1. The choice of content shows a good understanding of the topic area The ‘anatomy of the eye’ clearly conveys background information regarding the eye, and makes a nice introduction to the wiki page.

The embryology timeline, even if not finished yet, is very detailed and informative. This gives the reader an overall understanding of the development of the eye.

The ‘abnormal development’ section, although short, conveys information very clearly and summarises abnormal conditions well.

The well-structured sub headings of the wiki page make the information easier to follow and link together.

The wiki page is missing several important areas of information:
  • There is no information about key historical discoveries regarding development of the eye.
  • There is no section on animal models used to further understanding on eye development
  • There is no section on current research regarding embryological development of the eye
  • There is no section on developmental signalling processes of the eye
  • There is no section on future questions in research relating to eye development

Several sections are largely unfinished (see ‘development of the eye components’). Subheadings have also been added, but lack associated information (see ‘glossary’).

2. Content is correctly cited and referenced There have been attempts at referencing throughout the assignment. A reference list has been produced and appears mostly correct.

The reference list is comprised mainly of peer-reviewed primary research articles.

Images not drawn by students have been referenced correctly (see ‘figure 1’)

Overall, referencing throughout the wiki page is poor. Some sections have no in-text citations (see ‘anterior structure’). Other sections have minimal referencing (see ‘short overview’). Remember that any unoriginal ideas or information need to be acknowledged by in-text citations.

Try to obtain information from a variety of sources, rather than just relying on one or two for entire sections (see first paragraph of ‘short overview’).

The student-drawn images have not been referenced correctly. Remember to include the source that ‘inspired’ the drawing.

Some references have been repeated in the reference list (see references 11 and 12).

3. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level The information presented is mostly at a level appropriate for peers. The ‘anatomy of the eye’ section provides background information that clarifies information further down the wiki page.

The student-drawn diagrams make some difficult ideas easier to understand.

Many of the tables on the wiki page provide a clear summary of a topic (e.g. for ‘embryonic contributions’)

Many of the acronyms and terms used in this assignment are either poorly explained, or not explained at all. Be sure to include a glossary of terms.

Most of the images lack descriptions. Try adding descriptions to make the images easier to understand. In addition, there is a lack of images throughout the page. Remember to include diagrams in other sections, such as in ‘development of the eye components’.

4. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology The wiki page addresses several aims of embryology in great detail, such as embryonic development of the eye (see ‘overview of eye development’), and abnormal development. The wiki page lacks content relevant to other aims of embryology, such as current research, key discoveries and developmental signaling processes. Be sure to add some information under these sub-headings.
5. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic Certain aspects have been well researched, such as development of the eye, and the anatomy of the eye. No links to other pages on the UNSW embryology wiki have been included. Try linking this wiki page to other aspects of the embryology wiki, such as the ‘sensory development’ page.

The reference list currently lacks a wide variety of sources. Using a larger number of reliable sources (i.e. peer reviewed research articles) will ensure that this topic has been well researched.

Grade: PASS

Although some sections of the wiki page have been addressed in great detail, the page is largely unfinished.

Group 5: Lung

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses
1. The choice of content shows a good understanding of the topic area The developmental timeline is excellent; this section is very detailed and the ideas are expressed clearly. The accompanying images for each stage of development enhance the information in the table and make some of the more complex ideas easier to visualize.

The ‘lung anatomy’ and ‘lung histology’ sections provide background information that makes the rest of the wiki page easier to comprehend. The student-drawn images in these sections are really well done, and make the ideas in the text easier to understand.

The ‘animal models’ and ‘abnormal development’ sections are explained clearly and in detail. The ‘key discoveries’ component of the assignment was addressed well (I liked how it was integrated with the developmental timeline). The information in ‘developmental signaling processes’ was expressed clearly, and covered the section in adequate detail. The accompanying images also enhance the information presented in this section.

Overall, the wiki page has an excellent layout, with the chosen sub headings making the page easier to follow.

The ‘future questions’ and ‘current research’ sections of the wiki page lack content. There are some references to current research throughout the wiki page (see ‘alveolus: the functioning unit), however descriptions of the findings are often vague and there is no information included about the source (e.g. the authors, the date, the title of the research paper).

Some sections of the wiki page may be improved by adding visual aids (e.g. in ‘animal models’)

2. Content is correctly cited and referenced There have been attempts at referencing throughout the assignment. A reference list has been produced and appears mostly correct. The ‘abnormal development’ section was referenced particularly well.

The reference list is extensive, with the majority of the sources being peer-reviewed primary research articles.

Most of the images on the wiki page have been referenced correctly (see all images in ‘developmental timeline’)

Referencing throughout the wiki page is inconsistent. Many areas lack referencing entirely (see ‘lung anatomy’ and ‘lung histology’), and other sections have minimal in-text citations. Remember to cite any information that is not original (in either wording or idea)

Student drawn images from the ‘lung anatomy’, ‘lung histology’ and ‘lung cardio vasculature’ are not referenced correctly. Remember to cite the source from which the image was derived.

Some references have been repeated in the reference list (see references 15 and 16).

3. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level The information on the wiki page is written at a level appropriate for peers. The ‘anatomy of the eye’ section provides background information that clarifies information further down the wiki page.

Most of the included diagrams and tables enhance the written information.

Many of the acronyms and terms used in this assignment are either poorly explained, or not explained at all. Be sure to add definitions under the ‘glossary’ section so the reader can more easily comprehend some of the more difficult subject areas.

Some images on the page don’t have descriptions. Try adding descriptions to make the images easier to understand.

4. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology The wiki page addresses most of the relevant aims of embryology, including embryonic development, abnormal development, signaling processes, animal models and key discoveries. The wiki page lacks content relevant to other aims of embryology, such as current research. Be sure to add some information under this sub-heading.
5. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic Much of the content on the page has been well researched, particularly the developmental timeline.

The extensive reference list shows that, overall, this topic has been well researched across a wide variety of sources.

No links to other pages on the UNSW embryology wiki have been included. Try linking this wiki page to other aspects of the embryology wiki, such as the ‘lecture 11- respiratory’ page.

Grade: DISTINCTION

General Comments: This wiki page has addressed most aspects of this assignment really well. Only a few areas need some improvement.

Group 6: Cerebellum

Criteria Strengths Weaknesses
1. The choice of content shows a good understanding of the topic area The ‘basic anatomy of the cerebellum’ section is written well and in detail. It provides a solid introduction to the wiki page, as well as background information that assists in understanding other sections. The chosen visual aids enhance the written information, and allow the reader to visualize some of the more complex ideas.

The ‘signaling processes’ and ‘key discoveries’ sections were both well addressed, with the information being expressed clearly.

The developmental timeline provides a nice summary of cerebellum development, especially throughout the first trimester. The accompanying images are both relevant and useful in understanding the text.

Overall, the wiki page is structured well, with the chosen sub headings making the page easy to navigate.

The wiki page lacks some important areas of information, including:
  • ‘Future questions’ regarding development of the cerebellum
  • ‘Current research’ in relevant fields
  • A glossary of terms

Some sections could also be improved. The ‘animal models’ section has been addressed minimally, with only one example being provided. Try to include several more examples of animal models. In addition, the ‘abnormalities’ section lacks detail for some of the examples (see ‘rhombencephalosynapsis’).

Some areas of the wiki page would benefit from visual aids, such as the ‘animal models’ and ‘signaling processes’ sections.

2. Content is correctly cited and referenced Most areas of the wiki page contain some degree of referencing. ‘Cell signaling in Cerebellar development’ was the most well-referenced section.

The reference list is extensive and is mostly correct. The majority of the sources in the reference list are peer-reviewed primary research articles.

Most of the images on the page have been referenced correctly (see all images in the ‘abnormalities’ section).

Referencing throughout the wiki page is inconsistent. Some areas contain minimal in-text citations (see ‘cerebellum development’) and other sections lack referencing entirely (see weeks 3-6 of the developmental timeline). Remember to cite any and all text that is unoriginal in regard to idea or structure.

Some of the images on the wiki page have not been referenced correctly (see ‘lateral view of embryo central nervous system at 5 weeks’). In addition, the copyright section of figure 4 states that ‘copyright has been requested’; avoid uploading images until after the copyright request has been approved.

Some references have been repeated in the reference list (see references 47 and 48).

3. The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level The information presented on the page is written at a level suitable for peers.

Many of the chosen images and tables help clarify some of the more difficult concepts discussed on the page.

Many of the acronyms and terms used in this assignment are either poorly explained, or not explained at all. Remember to include relevant definitions in the ‘glossary’ section of the page.

The page currently lacks student-drawn diagrams; try to include some for the final submission (and remember to cite the source of inspiration).

4. Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology The wiki page addresses most of the relevant learning aims of embryology, including embryonic development, a developmental timeline, signaling processes, key discoveries, animal models and congenital abnormalities. There are some sections relevant to the learning aims that have not been included, such as ‘current research’ and ‘future questions’.
5. The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic Most of the content on the wiki page has been researched well, particularly the ‘basic anatomy of the cerebellum’ and ‘cerebellum development’ sections.

The reference list contains a large variety of reliable sources of information (i.e. primary research articles). This demonstrates that this topic has been well researched.

Links to other wiki pages on the UNSW embryology wiki have not been included. Try linking some sections of the page to other wiki entries, such as ‘lecture 4 – week 3’ or ‘lecture 5 – ectoderm’.

Grade: DISTINCTION

General Comments: Most sections of this wiki page have been presented at a high standard. There are only a few areas that could do with some improvement.

Cardiac Septation

This stage of heart morphogenesis refers to the development of the four main cardiac chambers from the primitive atrium and ventricle. Cardiac septation is comprised of three main events:

  • Division of the atrioventricular canal
  • Atrial septation
  • Ventricular septation


Division of the atrioventricular canal

Division of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) begins with the formation of the superior and inferior endocardial cushions, which are located on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the AVC respectively.[2] These cushions develop as mesenchymal cells invade and proliferate within swollen regions of cardiac jelly of the AVC; this mesenchyme is derived from endothelial cells that have transdifferentiated via the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Throughout the fifth week of development, the endocardial cushions project inwards and eventually fuse to partition the AVC into the left and right atrioventricular canals [1,2]. These canals will serve as the orifices in which the tricuspid and mitral valves are situated [1,2].

Atrial septation

As the AVC is undergoing division, a muscular outgrowth, referred to as the septum primum, extends inferiorly from the roof of the primordial atrium [3]. This septum partially divides the atrial chamber into left and right halves, leaving a temporary communication located between the inferior border of septum primum and the endocardial cushions known as the foramen primum [1]. As the size of the foramen primum diminishes, perforations in the superior portion of the septum primum develop as a result of apoptosis, forming a second communication between the atrial chambers called the foramen secundum [2]. Concurrently, an additional muscular septum, known as the septum secundum, projects inferiorly to the right of the septum primum [1]. Eventually, the septum secundum will extend beyond the length of the foramen secundum, generating a partial division of the atria that forms the upper boundary of the foramen ovale [3]. The development of the foramen ovale is critical as it allows oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to bypass pulmonary circulation of the embryo and directly enter systemic circulation [4]. Following birth, the foramen ovale is obliterated as the septum primum and septum secundum fuse, resulting in complete formation of the interatrial septum [1].

Stages of Atrial Septation.png


Ventricular septation

As with atrial septation, differentiation of the ventricles is initiated within week 4 of development [1]. A muscular ridge, referred to as the interventricular septum primordium, develops and extends superiorly from the caudal aspect of the primitive ventricular chamber [2]. Growth of the septum is attributed to the expansion of the ventricles, which involves the development of muscular trabeculae as cardiomyocytes proliferate within the chamber walls [3]. The end result is a partial division between the left and right ventricles, which forms the muscular portion of the interventricular septum [2]. A communication between the ventricles, known as the interventricular foramen, remains until approximately week 7 of development [5]. The foramen is obliterated by the fusion of the septum intermedium and the bulbar ridges of the bulbus cordis; this constitutes the membranous portion of the interventricular septum [1].

Abnormal Development

Ventricular Septal Defect

[1] [2]

Atrial Septal Defect

References

  1. <pubmed>27097030</pubmed>
  2. <pubmed>PMC3424040</pubmed>