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From Embryology

Table of Contents

Introduction To Microscopic Technic

Microscope and Its Accessories 17

Microscopic Preparations . 21

Methods of Maceration 22

Fixing Methods , 23

Infiltration and Imbedding 27

Paraffin 27

Celloidin 30

Celloidin-Paraffin 32

Microtomes and Sectioning 32

Further Treatment of the Section 38

Fixation to the Slide and Removal of Paraffin 38

Staining 41

Section Staining 41

Staining in Bulk 46

Methods of Impregnation 47

Preparation of Permanent Specimens , 52

Methods of Injection . . 53

Reconstruction by Means of Wax Plates 55


General Histology.

I. The Cell

Cell-body 59

Nucleus 62

Nuclear and Cell-division 64

Mitosis or Karyokinesis (Indirect Cell-division) 64

Prophases 66

Metaphases 68

Anaphases 69

Telophases ... 70

Heterotypic Form of Mitosis ; . . 70

Amitosis 70

Process of Fertilization 71

Chromatolysis 74

Technic for the Cell 74

II. Tissues

Epithelial Tissues 80

Simple Epithelium . . . 82

Simple Squamous Epithelium 82

Simple Cubic Epithelium 82

Simple Columnar Epithelium 83

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 83

Stratified Epithelium . . . . 83

Stratified Squamous Epithelium 84

Transitional Epithelium 85

Stratified Columnar Epithelium 85

Glandular Epithelium 87

Unicellular Glands 87

Multicellular Glands 88

General Consideration of the Structure and Classification of Glands ... 88

Tubular Glands 89

Alveolar Glands 91

Remarks on the Process of Secretion 92

Neuro-epithelium 92

Mesothelium and Endothelium 92

Technic for Epithelial Tissues 94

Connective Tissues 96

Mucous Connective Tissue 100

Reticular Connective Tissue loo

Fibrous Connective Tissue 101

Adipose Tissue 107

Cartilage 108

Bone 112

Structure of Bone 112

Development of Bone 116

Technic for Connective Tissues 126

Muscular Tissues 134

Nonstriated Muscle-cells 134

Striped Muscle-fibers 136

Development of Voluntary Muscle-fibers 144

Cardiac Muscle '. 145

Technic for Muscular Tissue 147

Nervous Tissues 148

Nerve-cells or Ganglion Cells ; Cell-bodies of Neurones 149

Nerve-fibers 157

Peripheral Nerve Terminations 162

Technic for Nervous Tissues 180


Special Histology.

I. Blood And Blood-Forming Organs, Heart, Blood-Vessels, And Lymph- Vessels.

Blood and Lymph 1 86

Formation of Blood 186

Red Blood-corpuscles 187

White Blood-corpuscles 191

Blood Platelets Thrombocytes ' 194

Behavior of Blood-cells in the Blood Current 196

Lymphoid Tissue, Lymph-nodules, and Lymph-glands 196

Spleen . . 202

Bone-marrow 207

Thymus Gland 2IO

II. Circulatory System.

Vascular System 213

Heart 213

Blood-vessels 216

Arteries ... 216

Veins 219

Capillaries 220

Anastomoses, Retia Mirabilia, and Sinuses 222

Lymphatic System 223

Lymph-vessels 223

Lymph-capillaries, Lymph-spaces, and Serous Cavities 224

Carotid Gland (Glandula Carotica, Glomus Caroticum) . . 225

Technic for Blood and Blood-forming Organs 226

Technic for Circulatory System 235


III. Digestive Organs.

Oral Cavity 235

Teeth 238

Structure of the Adult Tooth 238

Development of the Teeth 243

Tongue 247

Lingual Mucous Membrane and Its Papillae 247

Taste-buds 249

Lymph-follicles of the Tongue (Folliculi Linguales) and the Tonsils ... 251

Pharyngeal Tonsil 251

Glands of the Oral Cavity 253

Salivary Glands 255

Parotid Gland (Serous Gland) 255

Sublingual Gland (Mucous Gland) 255

Submaxillary Gland (Mixed Gland) 4 258

Small Glands of the Mouth 259

Pharynx and Esophagus 262

Stomach and Intestines 264

General Structure of the Intestinal Mucous Membrane 264

Stomach 266

Small Intestine 274

Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus . . . 281

Blood, Lymph, and Nerve Supply of the Intestine 283

Secretion of the Intestine and the Absorption of Fat 288

Liver .... 289

Pancreas 298

Technic for Digestive Organs 303

IV. Organs Of Respiration.

Larynx 309

Trachea 310

Bronchi, their Branches, and the Bronchioles 311

Terminal Divisions of Bronchi and Ultimate Air-spaces 313

Thyroid Gland 319

Parathyroid Glands 321

Technic for Organs of Respiration 322

V. Genito-Urinary Organs.

Urinary Organs 323

Kidney 323

Pelvis of the Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder 336

Suprarenal Glands 339

Technic for Urinary Organs and Suprarenal Body 342

Female Genital Organs 344

Ovum 344

Ovary 344

Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 354

Male Genital Organs 361

Spermatozoon 361

Testes 362

Excretory Ducts 367

Spermatogenesis 372

Technic for Reproductive Organs 378

VI. The Skin and its Appendages.

Skin (Cutis) 379

Hair 389

Nails 394

Glands of the Skin 396

Sweat-glands 396

Sebaceous Glands 398

Mammary Glands . 400

Technic for the Skin and Its Appendages 403


VII. The Central Nervous System.

Spinal Cord 406

Cerebellar Cortex 413

Cerebral Cortex . . 416

Olfactory Bulb 421

Epiphysis and Hypophysis 422

Ganglia 424

General Survey of the Relations of the Neurones to One Another in the Central

Nervous System 431

Neuroglia 434

Membranes of the Central Nervous System 436

Blood-vessels of the Central Nervous System 439

Technic for Central Nervous System 440

VIII. Eye.

General Structure 446

Development of the Eye 446

Tunica Fibrosa Oculi 448

Sclera 448

Cornea ... 449

Vascular Tunic of the Eye . 452

Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris 452

Internal or Nervous Tunic of the Eye 457

Pigment Layer 457

Retina .... 457

Region of the Optic Papilla 460

Region of the Macula Lutea 460

Ora Serrata, Pars Ciliaris Retinas, and Pars Iridica Retinae 461

Miiller's Fibers of the Retina 462

Relations of the Elements of the Retina to One Another 462

Optic Nerve 464

Blood-vessels of the Optic Nerve and Retina 465

Vitreous Body 467

Crystalline Lens 467

Fetal Blood-vessels of the Eye 468

Interchange of Fluids in the Eyeball 469

Protective Organs of the Eye 469

Lids and Conjunctiva 469

Lacrimal Apparatus 473

Technic for the Eye 474

IX. Organ of Hearing.

External Ear 476

Middle Ear 478

Internal Ear 480

Utriculus and Sacculus 482

Semicircular Canals 483

Cochlea . 484

Organ of Corti . 489

Development of the Labyrinth 496

Technic for Organ of Hearing 497

X. Organ of Smell.

Technic for Nasal Mucous Membrane 5

XI. General Considerations of the Special Sense-Organs.