Template:Neural Tube Defects - Potential risk factors table1

From Embryology
Neural Tube Defects - Potential risk factors
Maternal nutrition Alcohol use, Caffeine use, low folic acid, Low dietary quality, Elevated glycaemic load or index, Low methionine intake, Low serum choline level, Low serum vitamin B12 level, Low vitamin C level, Low zinc intake
Other maternal factors smoking, maternal hyperthermia, Low socio-economic status, Maternal infections and illnesses (TORCH, viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection), maternal diabetes, Pregestational obesity, Psychosocial stress, Valproic acid use
Environmental factors Ambient air pollution, Disinfectant by-products in drinking water, Indoor air pollution, Nitrate-related compounds, Organic solvents, Pesticides, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Table data from review[1] (see original review for references)
  1. Copp AJ, Adzick NS, Chitty LS, Fletcher JM, Holmbeck GN & Shaw GM. (2015). Spina bifida. Nat Rev Dis Primers , 1, 15007. PMID: 27189655 DOI.