Talk:Book - Brain and behavioural development
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1. The development of the human nervous system Martin Berry
Introduction 6
Neurogenesis 7
Migration , 11
Differentiation of neuronal processes 12
Foliation 15
Development of the cerebellum 18
Cerebral neocortex 23
Hippocampus 31
Diencephalon 35
Brain stem and spinal cord 36
Conclusions 38
References 39
Chapter 2. Comparative aspects of brain growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan and John W. T. Dickerson
Introduction 48
Cellular growth 49
Brain lipids 55
Brain metabolism 61
Animal models and human brain development 66
References 67
Chapter 3. Effects of malnutrition on brain growth and development J. W. T. Dickerson, A. Merat and H. K. M. Yusuf
Introduction 73
Brain size 74
Brain composition 76
Cellular growth
Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition Effects of postnatal malnutrition Myelin lipids and myelination
Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition Effects of postnatal malnutrition Malnutrition and synaptic development Malnutrition and energy metabolism Fatty acids and brain development Malnutrition and brain protein Amino acids and neurotransmitters
Brain function—behaviour and intelligence 100
References 103
Chapter 4. Effects of hormonal and other factors on growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan
Introduction Thyroid hormones
Neonatal hypothyroidism—animal studies Hypothyroidism and behaviour Hypothyroidism in primates Hypothyroidism (cretinism) in children Hyperthyroidism Other hormones
Corticosteroids and brain growth
Growth hormone
Insulin
Neiwe growth factor (NGF)
Environment—hormones and behaviour Toxic substances
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
Cannabis and development
Smoking
Drugs
Lead
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Cortical activity in behavioural development Cherry Thompson
Introduction 131
The EEG in the young premature infant 134
The middle months of the premature infant 137
Changes after birth—the first year of life 146
Changes into childhood 154
Conclusions 161
References 162
Chapter 6. Asymmetry of cerebral hemispheric function during development Andrew W. Young
Introduction
Organization of function in the adult brain 168
The concept of lateralization
Developmental studies 173
Neuroanatomical asymmetries Noninvasive methods Auditory presentation Visual presentation Tactile presentation
Studies of asymmetries in infants for processing auditorily or visually presented stimuli Asymmetries of motor control and lateral preferences Studies of the consequences of cerebral injury at different ages 189
Age and the extent of recovery from unilateral cerebral injuries
The claim of the equipotentiality of the cerebral
hemispheres for language acquisition
Differences across age in the nature of aphasic symptoms
The possible involvement of the right hemisphere in the
early stages of language acquisition
Overview and conclusions 193
References
Chapter 7. Determinate and plastic principles in neuropsychological development Denis M. Parker
Introduction 203
The context within which damage occurs during development 206
Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical maturation Neuropsychological evidence concerning functional maturation Interactive effects and their interpretation The consequences of early brain damage 214
Global and specific processing Aphasia in children The plasticity of the developing brain
Conclusions 227
References 229
Chapter 8. Sex differences in brain development: process and effects Miranda Hughes
Introduction 233
Pre-natal sex differences in development 234
Hormonal action
Sex differences in brain differentiation
Behavioural effects of sex differences in brain differentiation
(i) Sexual behaviour
(ii) Non-sexual behaviour
Hormonal anomalies in human development
Personality
Cognitive ability
Sex differences in post-natal brain development
How different are sex differences? 252
Towards a model of human sex differences 254
Summary 257
References 257
Contents
Introduction
- The development of the human nervous system Martin Berry
- Introduction
- Neurogenesis
- Migration
- Differentiation of neuronal processes
- Foliation
- Development of the cerebellum
- Cerebral neocortex
- Hippocampus
- Diencephalon
- Brain stem and spinal cord
- Conclusions
- References
- Comparative aspects of brain growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan and John W. T. Dickerson
- Introduction
- Cellular growth
- Brain lipids
- Brain metabolism
- Animal models and human brain development
- References
- Chapter 3. Effects of malnutrition on brain growth and development J. W. T. Dickerson, A. Merat and H. K. M. Yusuf
- Introduction 73
- Brain size 74
- Brain composition 76
- Cellular growth
- Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition
- Effects of postnatal malnutrition
- Myelin lipids and myelination
- Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition
- Effects of postnatal malnutrition
- Malnutrition and synaptic development
- Malnutrition and energy metabolism
- Fatty acids and brain development
- Malnutrition and brain protein
- Amino acids and neurotransmitters
- Brain function—behaviour and intelligence
- References
- Effects of hormonal and other factors on growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan
- Introduction
- Thyroid hormones
- Neonatal hypothyroidism—animal studies
- Hypothyroidism and behaviour
- Hypothyroidism in primates
- Hypothyroidism (cretinism) in children
- Hyperthyroidism
- Other hormones - Corticosteroids and brain growth, Growth hormone, Insulin, Nerve growth factor (NGF)
- Environment—hormones and behaviour
- Toxic substances - Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, Cannabis and development, Smoking, Drugs, Lead
- Conclusions
- References
- Cortical activity in behavioural development Cherry Thompson
- Introduction
- The EEG in the young premature infant
- The middle months of the premature infant
- Changes after birth—the first year of life
- Changes into childhood
- Conclusions
- References
- Asymmetry of cerebral hemispheric function during development Andrew W. Young
- Introduction
- Organization of function in the adult brain
- The concept of lateralization
- Developmental studies
- Neuroanatomical asymmetries
- Noninvasive methods
- Auditory presentation
- Visual presentation
- Tactile presentation
- Studies of asymmetries in infants for processing auditorily or visually presented stimuli
- Asymmetries of motor control and lateral preferences
- Studies of the consequences of cerebral injury at different ages
- Age and the extent of recovery from unilateral cerebral injuries
- The claim of the equipotentiality of the cerebral hemispheres for language acquisition
- Differences across age in the nature of aphasic symptoms
- The possible involvement of the right hemisphere in the early stages of language acquisition
- Overview and conclusions
- References
- Determinate and plastic principles in neuropsychological development Denis M. Parker
- Introduction
- The context within which damage occurs during development
- Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical maturation
- Neuropsychological evidence concerning functional maturation
- Interactive effects and their interpretation
- The consequences of early brain damage
- Global and specific processing
- Aphasia in children
- The plasticity of the developing brain
- Conclusions
- References
- Sex differences in brain development: process and effects Miranda Hughes
- Introduction
- Pre-natal sex differences in development
- Hormonal action
- Sex differences in brain differentiation
- Behavioural effects of sex differences in brain differentiation (i) Sexual behaviour (ii) Non-sexual behaviour
- Hormonal anomalies in human development
- Personality
- Cognitive ability
- Sex differences in post-natal brain development
- How different are sex differences?
- Towards a model of human sex differences
- Summary
- References
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Brain and behavioural development.
1. Developmental psychology
I. Dickerson, John W. T.
II. McGurk, Harry CL \f
155 BF701
Index
IV-Acetylneuraminic acid 57, 61, 92 amino acids 96-100 alanine 98
y-amino-butyric acid (GABA) 87, 97, 98 aspartic acid 97, 98 branched chain 64,100 glutamic acid 64, 87, 97 glutamine 97,98 glycine 97,99 histidine 99 methionine 64 taurine 64,97 threonine 64 valine 64 animal models 66 anoxia 93 aphasia 191-192 age differences in 191 in children 219-225 jargon aphasia 220 ATPase, Na + K + 92 axon density 59 axon systems 29
behaviour 59, 92,100 birth 66,74
blood brain barrier 62, 63, 64 brain cells: astrocytes 49 ependymal 18 germinal 7,8 glial 56 glioblast 7 Golgi 18 granule 19
neuroblast 7, 9,11, 23, 25 neurones 49, 51, 55, 58, 74 oligodendroglia 49 Purkinje 14,18,20,21,49 pyramidal 25, 27, 30 radial glia 7 satellite 82 stellate 28, 29, 30 brain composition 76-100 brain differentiation 233, 238-242 and non-sexual behaviour 241-242 and sexual behaviour 239-241 sex differences in 238-239
brain injury 203-228
and behaviour 203-228
and developmental context 206-214, 227
and immature nervous system 214
and intelligence 212, 215-219, 228
and mature nervous system 214
and recovery 212-228
and reorganization 203-227
brain size 74-76
brain stem 36
human 53, 55, 60, 78, 84
neurones:
catecholamine 36
caudate nucleus 36
dopaminergic 36
5-hydroxytryptamine 36
indolamine 36
monoaminergic 36
substantia nigra 36
rat 50,51,59,60,89
callosal agenesis 227 canalization 254 cannabis 121 cellular growth 49-55 astrocytes 49
DNA and cell number 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 glial cells 49, 74 human brain 51,53,58 hyperplasia 49,77,110 hypertrophy 49,77 lipid/DNA 49 neurones 49,51,55,58,74 oligodendroglia 49 protein/DNA 49 rat brain 50 RNA/DNA 49 satellite cells 82 theory 53,76 cellular migration 23 cerebellum, development of 18 external granular layer 18, 19, 22 Golgi cells 18 human 53, 55, 60, 78, 81, 84 internal granular layer 21, 22 molecular layer 21 rat 50, o9, 60 synapses 21
263
INDEX
264
cerebral localization of function 204-205, 214, 251
cerebral neocortex 23-31 cerebrum :
human 53,78,81 rat 50,51
circadian rhythm 149,157 CNS maturation 146,156, 206-212 and brain injury 203 cortical plate 25, 26 corticosteroids 82 and brain growth 115 cretinism 113 critical periods 48,49, 74
dendrites 58,59,74,87,88,110 growth of 11,14,26,27,29 diencephalon 35-36 dietary carbohydrate 99 dietary protein 99 DNA polymerase 54 DNA synthesis 53, 54, 55 drugs 122 dysarthria 220
EEG 131-161,206-209 analysis of 133,134,135 as index of mental function 159,160 effects of drugs upon EEG 131 hemispheric differences in 156 hypersynchrony 156 in premature infants 134-146 in sleep 139
pathological patterns 154 rhythmicity of 155,156, 207 silent periods 155 sleep spindles in 151,152 temporal and spatial pattern of 132,133 environment 101, 117 epigenetic landscape 254-255 evoked potentials 136-137, 143-145,156, 158-161
as index of intelligence 161 as index of mental function 160 changes in latency of 158
face recognition 182 foetal alcohol syndrome 118-120 growth failure 118,120 malformation 118 neurological disturbances in 119 nutrient deficiencies in 120 foliation 15-17 lissencephaly 17 mechanism 16 microgyria 17
forebrain:
human 52, 55, 60, 84, 89 rat 59, 60, 85
gangliosides 57, 58-60, 89, 90 disialo- 55,58,59,85,86,89,91 monosialo- 58, 59, 85, 86 trisialo- 58, 59, 85, 86 turnover 59,86 genetic potential 73 glycoproteins 57 growth:
catch-up 74,81 spurt 74
of brain in different species 66 growth hormone 116 guinea pig brain growth 51, 66
hand preference 168 head circumference 76, 81 hemiplegia 209-210
hemispheric asymmetry 156, 168-194, 207, 251
and touch 184-186
contralateral organization of 168-173
development of 173-189
effects of injury and 189-192
hand preference and 170,172
in adults 170
in motor activity 186-189
in reading 180
left hemisphere injury 217, 222 levels of processing and 179 methods of study 174-192 perceptual ability and 171-173 right hemisphere injury 217, 222 sex differences in 250-252 spatial ability and 171-173 hemispheric equipotentiality 190 hemispheric lateralization 172,193, 251 and skill acquisition 194 hermaphroditism 235,244 pseudohermaphroditism 244 higher auditory systems 208 hippocampus 31-34 Ammon’s horn 32 dendritic growth 34 rat 50,51 hormones 233-250
and brain differentiation 233 and personality 247 and cognitive ability 234 postnatal 233 prenatal 233,234-235 and sex differences in behaviour 233 hormonal action 237-238
INDEX
265
hormonal anomalies 242
and behavioural development 242 =246
human brain 51,53,55,56,62,66
brain stem 53, 57, 78
cerebellum 53,57,78,81
cerebrum 53, 78, 81
forebrain 52,55,57,85,91
hyperthyroidism 114
hypothyroidism in children 113-114
hypothyroidism, neonatal 110-114
effects on behaviour 112
dendrites 110
DNA 110
enzymes 112
hyperplasia 110
myelination 111
neurones 110
oxygen consumption 111
phospholipids 112
protein biosynthesis 111
RNA 110
rat cerebellum 110
sensory cortex 110
insulin 117 intelligence 73, 100 intersex conditions 235-236
‘K’ complex 152,157 Korean children 101,102
layer establishment 24 lead 122
light-for-dates (LFD) 76, 79, 83 lipids 55
cerebrosides 56,57 cholesterol 55 cholesterol esters 55, 84, 87 fatty acids 55, 93 essential 95 esterified 100 long chain 95 short chain 94
gangliosides 57, 59, 60, 85, 89, 90
glycolipids 55,57
grey matter 55, 57, 58, 59
human brain 55
phospholipids 55,57
proteolipid 57
white matter 55, 57, 61
malnutrition 73, 77, 85, 87, 93, 97,102 malnutrition, effects on: brain amino acids 98 brain protein 95 brain weight 75
malnutrition, effects on :—continued
cholesterol esters 84
dendritic development 89
DNA 78,79,80,81
energy metabolism 93
gangliosides 89, 90, 91
myelin maturation 85, 86
myelination 83,85
Na + K + ATPase 92
potassium 93
satellite cells 82
synaptic development 87
marginal layer 23
Mass Action Principle 203, 214, 216
metabolism 61-66
amino acids 64
y-aminobutyrate (GABA) shunt 63 blood flow 61 energy 61 glucose 62,63
hexose monophosphate shunt 62 3-hydroxybutyrate 62 hypoxia 62 ketones 61,93 migration 11,21,23,25 migration failure 11 milk 61
monkey brain growth 49, 51, 66 myelin 55 cerebrosides 56,57 cerebroside sulphate 56, 83, 84 formation 56, 74, 82-87 lipids 55,82-87 maturation 85 in multiple sclerosis 87 oligodendroglial cells 56,57 proteins 57 quantitation 56 myelinization 56, 147,156, 207
nerve growth factor (NGF) 117
neuroblast migration 25, 26 neurogenesis 7 germinal cells 7 germinal epithelium 7, 8, 9 migratory phase 9 neuroblasts 7, 9,11 proliferative phase 7 radial glia 7, 11,23,24 neuronal processes, differentiation 12-15 neurotransmitters 36, 59, 87, 88 acetylcholine 87,88 amino acids 87, 96 amino acids as precursors 64, 96 epinephrine 87,88 histamine 87
266
INDEX
neurotransmitters —continued
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 36, 61,
87
synthesis of 64, 87, 88, 99 oedema 76
ornithine decarboxylase 55
parietal hump 152 perceptual ability 171,212 phenylketonuria 96 pig brain 51, 59, 66, 81, 83 brain stem 51, 60 cerebellum 51,60 forebrain 60
placental transfer of fatty acids 94 plasma amino acids 97 plasticity 15,28
protein energy malnutrition (PEM) 76, 81, 87,100,102
protein synthesis 53, 54, 55, 65, 95 Purkinje cells, cerebellum 14,18, 20, 21 putrescine 55
rabbit brain growth 66 brainstem 51 cerebellum 51 cerebrum 51 rat brain growth 66 brain stem 50, 51, 59, 60, 90 cerebellum 50, 51, 59, 60, 82 cerebrum 50, 51, 83 forebrain 59,60 hippocampus 50, 51, 83 reflexes 147 Babinski 147 Moro 147 spinal cord 142 rehabilitation 84,95 Reifenstein’s syndrome 244 RNA:
alkaline RNase 54 rRNA 55 tRNA 66 turnover 54,95
school performance 101 sex differences 233-257 and cognitive ability 247 and evolutionary pressure 252-253, 256 and IQ 248-25C and personality 247 and socialization 253-254 in postnatal brain development 250-252
sex differences —continued
of maturation in rat 251
sheep brain growth 66
sialoglycoproteins 58
sleep 139-161
active 142,145, 149-154,157
consolidation of 157
deprivation of 153
quiet 143, 145,149-154, 157
spindles 151,152
time occupied by 145,148-153,157 smoking 122
social background 101, 102 spatial ability 171,212,227 speech and language 169-178,183-184, 190-193,219-225, 227 and hemispheric dominance 169-173, 175-179,186,190-193 and right cerebral hemisphere 191 right ear advantage in 175-177 spermidine 55 spermine 55 spinal cord 36 synaptogenesis in 38 stellate cells 28, 29 stereology 89 stimulation 91, 92,103 sudden infant death syndrome 153 synaptic growth 55, 89 synaptogenesis 38, 59, 74 synaptosomes 58, 87, 88
telencephalon 9,12, 24 thymidine incorporation 93 thyroid deficiency 82 thyroid hormones 109, 110-115 tomboyism 245 toxic substances 118-123 alcohol 118 cannabis 121 drugs 122 lead 122 smoking 122 trace scanning 180 transcription 95 translation 95 Turner’s syndrome 243, 249
undernutrition 74, 86, 92 intrauterine 77, 79, 82, 83, 86, 93 postnatal 81, 82, 83, 86
vertex sharp wave 152 vulnerable period 48, 67,101