Talk:Book - Brain and behavioural development

From Embryology


Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1. The development of the human nervous system Martin Berry

Introduction 6

Neurogenesis 7

Migration , 11

Differentiation of neuronal processes 12

Foliation 15

Development of the cerebellum 18

Cerebral neocortex 23

Hippocampus 31

Diencephalon 35

Brain stem and spinal cord 36

Conclusions 38

References 39

Chapter 2. Comparative aspects of brain growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan and John W. T. Dickerson

Introduction 48

Cellular growth 49

Brain lipids 55

Brain metabolism 61

Animal models and human brain development 66

References 67

Chapter 3. Effects of malnutrition on brain growth and development J. W. T. Dickerson, A. Merat and H. K. M. Yusuf

Introduction 73

Brain size 74

Brain composition 76


Cellular growth

Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition Effects of postnatal malnutrition Myelin lipids and myelination

Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition Effects of postnatal malnutrition Malnutrition and synaptic development Malnutrition and energy metabolism Fatty acids and brain development Malnutrition and brain protein Amino acids and neurotransmitters

Brain function—behaviour and intelligence 100

References 103

Chapter 4. Effects of hormonal and other factors on growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan

Introduction Thyroid hormones

Neonatal hypothyroidism—animal studies Hypothyroidism and behaviour Hypothyroidism in primates Hypothyroidism (cretinism) in children Hyperthyroidism Other hormones

Corticosteroids and brain growth

Growth hormone

Insulin

Neiwe growth factor (NGF)

Environment—hormones and behaviour Toxic substances

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

Cannabis and development

Smoking

Drugs

Lead

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5. Cortical activity in behavioural development Cherry Thompson

Introduction 131

The EEG in the young premature infant 134

The middle months of the premature infant 137

Changes after birth—the first year of life 146

Changes into childhood 154

Conclusions 161

References 162

Chapter 6. Asymmetry of cerebral hemispheric function during development Andrew W. Young

Introduction

Organization of function in the adult brain 168


The concept of lateralization

Developmental studies 173

Neuroanatomical asymmetries Noninvasive methods Auditory presentation Visual presentation Tactile presentation

Studies of asymmetries in infants for processing auditorily or visually presented stimuli Asymmetries of motor control and lateral preferences Studies of the consequences of cerebral injury at different ages 189

Age and the extent of recovery from unilateral cerebral injuries


The claim of the equipotentiality of the cerebral hemispheres for language acquisition Differences across age in the nature of aphasic symptoms The possible involvement of the right hemisphere in the early stages of language acquisition

Overview and conclusions 193

References

Chapter 7. Determinate and plastic principles in neuropsychological development Denis M. Parker

Introduction 203

The context within which damage occurs during development 206

Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical maturation Neuropsychological evidence concerning functional maturation Interactive effects and their interpretation The consequences of early brain damage 214

Global and specific processing Aphasia in children The plasticity of the developing brain

Conclusions 227

References 229

Chapter 8. Sex differences in brain development: process and effects Miranda Hughes

Introduction 233

Pre-natal sex differences in development 234

Hormonal action

Sex differences in brain differentiation

Behavioural effects of sex differences in brain differentiation

(i) Sexual behaviour

(ii) Non-sexual behaviour

Hormonal anomalies in human development

Personality

Cognitive ability

Sex differences in post-natal brain development


How different are sex differences? 252

Towards a model of human sex differences 254

Summary 257

References 257


Contents

Introduction

  1. The development of the human nervous system Martin Berry
    1. Introduction
    2. Neurogenesis
    3. Migration
    4. Differentiation of neuronal processes
    5. Foliation
    6. Development of the cerebellum
    7. Cerebral neocortex
    8. Hippocampus
    9. Diencephalon
    10. Brain stem and spinal cord
    11. Conclusions
    12. References
  2. Comparative aspects of brain growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan and John W. T. Dickerson
    1. Introduction
    2. Cellular growth
    3. Brain lipids
    4. Brain metabolism
    5. Animal models and human brain development
    6. References
  3. Chapter 3. Effects of malnutrition on brain growth and development J. W. T. Dickerson, A. Merat and H. K. M. Yusuf
    1. Introduction 73
    2. Brain size 74
    3. Brain composition 76
    4. Cellular growth
    5. Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition
    6. Effects of postnatal malnutrition
    7. Myelin lipids and myelination
    8. Effects of intra-uterine undernutrition
    9. Effects of postnatal malnutrition
    10. Malnutrition and synaptic development
    11. Malnutrition and energy metabolism
    12. Fatty acids and brain development
    13. Malnutrition and brain protein
    14. Amino acids and neurotransmitters
    15. Brain function—behaviour and intelligence
    16. References
  4. Effects of hormonal and other factors on growth and development Brian L. G. Morgan
    1. Introduction
    2. Thyroid hormones
    3. Neonatal hypothyroidism—animal studies
    4. Hypothyroidism and behaviour
    5. Hypothyroidism in primates
    6. Hypothyroidism (cretinism) in children
    7. Hyperthyroidism
    8. Other hormones - Corticosteroids and brain growth, Growth hormone, Insulin, Nerve growth factor (NGF)
    9. Environment—hormones and behaviour
    10. Toxic substances - Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, Cannabis and development, Smoking, Drugs, Lead
    11. Conclusions
    12. References
  5. Cortical activity in behavioural development Cherry Thompson
    1. Introduction
    2. The EEG in the young premature infant
    3. The middle months of the premature infant
    4. Changes after birth—the first year of life
    5. Changes into childhood
    6. Conclusions
    7. References
  6. Asymmetry of cerebral hemispheric function during development Andrew W. Young
    1. Introduction
    2. Organization of function in the adult brain
    3. The concept of lateralization
    4. Developmental studies
    5. Neuroanatomical asymmetries
    6. Noninvasive methods
    7. Auditory presentation
    8. Visual presentation
    9. Tactile presentation
    10. Studies of asymmetries in infants for processing auditorily or visually presented stimuli
    11. Asymmetries of motor control and lateral preferences
    12. Studies of the consequences of cerebral injury at different ages
    13. Age and the extent of recovery from unilateral cerebral injuries
    14. The claim of the equipotentiality of the cerebral hemispheres for language acquisition
    15. Differences across age in the nature of aphasic symptoms
    16. The possible involvement of the right hemisphere in the early stages of language acquisition
    17. Overview and conclusions
    18. References
  7. Determinate and plastic principles in neuropsychological development Denis M. Parker
    1. Introduction
    2. The context within which damage occurs during development
    3. Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical maturation
    4. Neuropsychological evidence concerning functional maturation
    5. Interactive effects and their interpretation
    6. The consequences of early brain damage
    7. Global and specific processing
    8. Aphasia in children
    9. The plasticity of the developing brain
    10. Conclusions
    11. References
  8. Sex differences in brain development: process and effects Miranda Hughes
    1. Introduction
    2. Pre-natal sex differences in development
    3. Hormonal action
    4. Sex differences in brain differentiation
    5. Behavioural effects of sex differences in brain differentiation (i) Sexual behaviour (ii) Non-sexual behaviour
    6. Hormonal anomalies in human development
    7. Personality
    8. Cognitive ability
    9. Sex differences in post-natal brain development
    10. How different are sex differences?
    11. Towards a model of human sex differences
    12. Summary
    13. References


British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Brain and behavioural development.

1. Developmental psychology

I. Dickerson, John W. T.

II. McGurk, Harry CL \f

155 BF701

Index

IV-Acetylneuraminic acid 57, 61, 92 amino acids 96-100 alanine 98

y-amino-butyric acid (GABA) 87, 97, 98 aspartic acid 97, 98 branched chain 64,100 glutamic acid 64, 87, 97 glutamine 97,98 glycine 97,99 histidine 99 methionine 64 taurine 64,97 threonine 64 valine 64 animal models 66 anoxia 93 aphasia 191-192 age differences in 191 in children 219-225 jargon aphasia 220 ATPase, Na + K + 92 axon density 59 axon systems 29

behaviour 59, 92,100 birth 66,74

blood brain barrier 62, 63, 64 brain cells: astrocytes 49 ependymal 18 germinal 7,8 glial 56 glioblast 7 Golgi 18 granule 19

neuroblast 7, 9,11, 23, 25 neurones 49, 51, 55, 58, 74 oligodendroglia 49 Purkinje 14,18,20,21,49 pyramidal 25, 27, 30 radial glia 7 satellite 82 stellate 28, 29, 30 brain composition 76-100 brain differentiation 233, 238-242 and non-sexual behaviour 241-242 and sexual behaviour 239-241 sex differences in 238-239


brain injury 203-228 and behaviour 203-228 and developmental context 206-214, 227 and immature nervous system 214 and intelligence 212, 215-219, 228 and mature nervous system 214 and recovery 212-228 and reorganization 203-227 brain size 74-76 brain stem 36 human 53, 55, 60, 78, 84 neurones: catecholamine 36 caudate nucleus 36 dopaminergic 36 5-hydroxytryptamine 36 indolamine 36 monoaminergic 36 substantia nigra 36 rat 50,51,59,60,89

callosal agenesis 227 canalization 254 cannabis 121 cellular growth 49-55 astrocytes 49

DNA and cell number 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 glial cells 49, 74 human brain 51,53,58 hyperplasia 49,77,110 hypertrophy 49,77 lipid/DNA 49 neurones 49,51,55,58,74 oligodendroglia 49 protein/DNA 49 rat brain 50 RNA/DNA 49 satellite cells 82 theory 53,76 cellular migration 23 cerebellum, development of 18 external granular layer 18, 19, 22 Golgi cells 18 human 53, 55, 60, 78, 81, 84 internal granular layer 21, 22 molecular layer 21 rat 50, o9, 60 synapses 21


263


INDEX


264

cerebral localization of function 204-205, 214, 251

cerebral neocortex 23-31 cerebrum :

human 53,78,81 rat 50,51

circadian rhythm 149,157 CNS maturation 146,156, 206-212 and brain injury 203 cortical plate 25, 26 corticosteroids 82 and brain growth 115 cretinism 113 critical periods 48,49, 74

dendrites 58,59,74,87,88,110 growth of 11,14,26,27,29 diencephalon 35-36 dietary carbohydrate 99 dietary protein 99 DNA polymerase 54 DNA synthesis 53, 54, 55 drugs 122 dysarthria 220

EEG 131-161,206-209 analysis of 133,134,135 as index of mental function 159,160 effects of drugs upon EEG 131 hemispheric differences in 156 hypersynchrony 156 in premature infants 134-146 in sleep 139

pathological patterns 154 rhythmicity of 155,156, 207 silent periods 155 sleep spindles in 151,152 temporal and spatial pattern of 132,133 environment 101, 117 epigenetic landscape 254-255 evoked potentials 136-137, 143-145,156, 158-161

as index of intelligence 161 as index of mental function 160 changes in latency of 158

face recognition 182 foetal alcohol syndrome 118-120 growth failure 118,120 malformation 118 neurological disturbances in 119 nutrient deficiencies in 120 foliation 15-17 lissencephaly 17 mechanism 16 microgyria 17


forebrain:

human 52, 55, 60, 84, 89 rat 59, 60, 85

gangliosides 57, 58-60, 89, 90 disialo- 55,58,59,85,86,89,91 monosialo- 58, 59, 85, 86 trisialo- 58, 59, 85, 86 turnover 59,86 genetic potential 73 glycoproteins 57 growth:

catch-up 74,81 spurt 74

of brain in different species 66 growth hormone 116 guinea pig brain growth 51, 66

hand preference 168 head circumference 76, 81 hemiplegia 209-210

hemispheric asymmetry 156, 168-194, 207, 251

and touch 184-186

contralateral organization of 168-173

development of 173-189

effects of injury and 189-192

hand preference and 170,172

in adults 170

in motor activity 186-189

in reading 180

left hemisphere injury 217, 222 levels of processing and 179 methods of study 174-192 perceptual ability and 171-173 right hemisphere injury 217, 222 sex differences in 250-252 spatial ability and 171-173 hemispheric equipotentiality 190 hemispheric lateralization 172,193, 251 and skill acquisition 194 hermaphroditism 235,244 pseudohermaphroditism 244 higher auditory systems 208 hippocampus 31-34 Ammon’s horn 32 dendritic growth 34 rat 50,51 hormones 233-250

and brain differentiation 233 and personality 247 and cognitive ability 234 postnatal 233 prenatal 233,234-235 and sex differences in behaviour 233 hormonal action 237-238


INDEX


265


hormonal anomalies 242 and behavioural development 242 =246 human brain 51,53,55,56,62,66 brain stem 53, 57, 78 cerebellum 53,57,78,81 cerebrum 53, 78, 81 forebrain 52,55,57,85,91 hyperthyroidism 114 hypothyroidism in children 113-114 hypothyroidism, neonatal 110-114 effects on behaviour 112 dendrites 110 DNA 110 enzymes 112 hyperplasia 110 myelination 111 neurones 110 oxygen consumption 111 phospholipids 112 protein biosynthesis 111 RNA 110 rat cerebellum 110 sensory cortex 110

insulin 117 intelligence 73, 100 intersex conditions 235-236

‘K’ complex 152,157 Korean children 101,102

layer establishment 24 lead 122

light-for-dates (LFD) 76, 79, 83 lipids 55

cerebrosides 56,57 cholesterol 55 cholesterol esters 55, 84, 87 fatty acids 55, 93 essential 95 esterified 100 long chain 95 short chain 94

gangliosides 57, 59, 60, 85, 89, 90

glycolipids 55,57

grey matter 55, 57, 58, 59

human brain 55

phospholipids 55,57

proteolipid 57

white matter 55, 57, 61

malnutrition 73, 77, 85, 87, 93, 97,102 malnutrition, effects on: brain amino acids 98 brain protein 95 brain weight 75


malnutrition, effects on :—continued cholesterol esters 84 dendritic development 89 DNA 78,79,80,81 energy metabolism 93 gangliosides 89, 90, 91 myelin maturation 85, 86 myelination 83,85 Na + K + ATPase 92 potassium 93 satellite cells 82 synaptic development 87 marginal layer 23 Mass Action Principle 203, 214, 216 metabolism 61-66 amino acids 64

y-aminobutyrate (GABA) shunt 63 blood flow 61 energy 61 glucose 62,63

hexose monophosphate shunt 62 3-hydroxybutyrate 62 hypoxia 62 ketones 61,93 migration 11,21,23,25 migration failure 11 milk 61

monkey brain growth 49, 51, 66 myelin 55 cerebrosides 56,57 cerebroside sulphate 56, 83, 84 formation 56, 74, 82-87 lipids 55,82-87 maturation 85 in multiple sclerosis 87 oligodendroglial cells 56,57 proteins 57 quantitation 56 myelinization 56, 147,156, 207

nerve growth factor (NGF) 117

neuroblast migration 25, 26 neurogenesis 7 germinal cells 7 germinal epithelium 7, 8, 9 migratory phase 9 neuroblasts 7, 9,11 proliferative phase 7 radial glia 7, 11,23,24 neuronal processes, differentiation 12-15 neurotransmitters 36, 59, 87, 88 acetylcholine 87,88 amino acids 87, 96 amino acids as precursors 64, 96 epinephrine 87,88 histamine 87


266


INDEX


neurotransmitters —continued 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 36, 61, 87

synthesis of 64, 87, 88, 99 oedema 76

ornithine decarboxylase 55

parietal hump 152 perceptual ability 171,212 phenylketonuria 96 pig brain 51, 59, 66, 81, 83 brain stem 51, 60 cerebellum 51,60 forebrain 60

placental transfer of fatty acids 94 plasma amino acids 97 plasticity 15,28

protein energy malnutrition (PEM) 76, 81, 87,100,102

protein synthesis 53, 54, 55, 65, 95 Purkinje cells, cerebellum 14,18, 20, 21 putrescine 55

rabbit brain growth 66 brainstem 51 cerebellum 51 cerebrum 51 rat brain growth 66 brain stem 50, 51, 59, 60, 90 cerebellum 50, 51, 59, 60, 82 cerebrum 50, 51, 83 forebrain 59,60 hippocampus 50, 51, 83 reflexes 147 Babinski 147 Moro 147 spinal cord 142 rehabilitation 84,95 Reifenstein’s syndrome 244 RNA:

alkaline RNase 54 rRNA 55 tRNA 66 turnover 54,95

school performance 101 sex differences 233-257 and cognitive ability 247 and evolutionary pressure 252-253, 256 and IQ 248-25C and personality 247 and socialization 253-254 in postnatal brain development 250-252


sex differences —continued of maturation in rat 251 sheep brain growth 66 sialoglycoproteins 58 sleep 139-161 active 142,145, 149-154,157 consolidation of 157 deprivation of 153 quiet 143, 145,149-154, 157 spindles 151,152

time occupied by 145,148-153,157 smoking 122

social background 101, 102 spatial ability 171,212,227 speech and language 169-178,183-184, 190-193,219-225, 227 and hemispheric dominance 169-173, 175-179,186,190-193 and right cerebral hemisphere 191 right ear advantage in 175-177 spermidine 55 spermine 55 spinal cord 36 synaptogenesis in 38 stellate cells 28, 29 stereology 89 stimulation 91, 92,103 sudden infant death syndrome 153 synaptic growth 55, 89 synaptogenesis 38, 59, 74 synaptosomes 58, 87, 88

telencephalon 9,12, 24 thymidine incorporation 93 thyroid deficiency 82 thyroid hormones 109, 110-115 tomboyism 245 toxic substances 118-123 alcohol 118 cannabis 121 drugs 122 lead 122 smoking 122 trace scanning 180 transcription 95 translation 95 Turner’s syndrome 243, 249

undernutrition 74, 86, 92 intrauterine 77, 79, 82, 83, 86, 93 postnatal 81, 82, 83, 86

vertex sharp wave 152 vulnerable period 48, 67,101