Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development

2014-06-18T03:21:22Z

Z9902354:

{{Header}}
==Introduction==
[[File:Foundsmall.jpg|left]] [[Image:Mark_Hill.jpg|thumb|Dr Mark Hill]]
Human development is one of the most exciting topics to study not only as a medical student, but also for our fundamental understanding of the human body. Of all health issues in Medicine, fertility and reproduction is a topic that will affect everyone. This lecture is going to take you briefly through key biological concepts in human development, these will later be explored in more detail through the BGD course. I will be using simplified terms in the lecture slides (with developmental term in brackets).

:''[[Australian Statistics]] 23 January 2014 at 03:02:40 PM (Canberra time), the resident population of Australia is projected to be: 23,360,679.''
::(Similar sized countries - Mozambique, Syria, Madagascar, Romania, Australia, Cote d'Ivoire, Sri Lanka)

The lecture will be followed by a practical class introducing online resources for independent study and working through similar embryology concepts.

:'''Links:''' [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&printable=yes Printable Lecture Page] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&oldid=125526 2013] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development&oldid=117829 2012] | [[Media:2014_Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development_-_Embryology.pdf|PDF version (1.3 MB, 19 pages)]]

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Other Foundations links
|-
| [[File:Foundsmall.jpg|left]] The following lecture, practical and practical support pages for Foundations can be found on this current site.

* [[Foundations - Histology Cells and Tissues|Foundations Practical - Histology support]]
* [[Foundations - Histology Epithelia and Skin|Foundations Practical - Skin Histology]]
* [[Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development]]
* [[Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development]]
|}

===Aims===
{|
|
# Purpose of learning embryology
# Basic facts about early human development
# Appreciate differences between the conceptus, embryo and fetus
# General understanding of the term “critical periods” of development

'''Lecture Concepts:''' Embryology Education Support, Human Reproductive Cycle, First Trimester, Second and Third Trimester, Postnatal Development, Abnormal Development

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Lecture Content
|-
|
# '''Embryology Education Support''' - UNSW Embryology Online, Glossary Links, Textbooks
# '''Human Reproductive Cycle''' - Female. Male, Ovary, Ovulation, Trimesters
# '''First Trimester''' - Fertilization, Week 1, Week 2, Abnormal Implantation, Normal Implantation, Detect Pregnancy, Week 3, Gastrulation, Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm, Somitogenesis, Neuralation, Week 4, Week 4-8, Placenta
# '''Second and Third Trimester''' - Fetal
# '''Postnatal Development''' - Birth, Maternal Birth Stages, Neonatal, Childhood
# '''Abnormal Development''' - Critical Periods of Development, Diagnosis

:'''Links:''' [[Foundations_Practical_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development|2014 Practical]] | [[Embryology Textbooks]]
|}
|<mediaplayer width='320' height='260' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/ad/Found2014part1.jpg">File:Found2014part1.mp4</mediaplayer>
|}
===Four Basic Tissue Types===
[[File:Stomach_histology_001.jpg|thumb|Stomach Wall containing all 4 basic tissues.]]
Tissues and organs of the body consist of combinations of 4 basic tissue organisations:

# Epithelial
# Connective
# Muscular
# Nervous

* Where do they come from?
* How do they develop?

===Human Development Timeline===
[[File:Human development timeline graph 02.jpg]]

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Last Menstrual Period (LMP) today -> Birth Date - January 30, 2014
|-
| Gestation Calculation
* Historic - Franz Carl Naegele (1777-1851), first rule for estimating pregnancy length
* Current - Ultrasound, the most accurate staging method
* First pregnancy (primipara) 274 days, just over 39 weeks
* Subsequent pregnancies (multipara) 269 days, 38.4 weeks

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/Flab14EmbryoCalc.htm Calculate a new Birth Date]

|}
==Embryology Education Support==
===UNSW Embryology Online===

{| border='0px'
|-
| width=140px|

[[Image:Front-page-image.jpg|120px|link=http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/]]

| <mediaplayer width='360' height='410' image="http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/6/61/Human_development_001_icon.jpg">File:Human development 001.mp4</mediaplayer>
| {{Human development movie 1}}

[[Movies]]

|}

Using these resources (online navigation, organization and printing) will be covered in the introduction to the associated Practical class.

===Glossary Links===
:[[A|A]] | [[B|B]] | [[C|C]] | [[D|D]] | [[E|E]] | [[F|F]] | [[G|G]] | [[H|H]] | [[I|I]] | [[J|J]] | [[K|K]] | [[L|L]] | [[M|M]] | [[N|N]] | [[O|O]] | [[P|P]] | [[Q|Q]] | [[R|R]] | [[S|S]] | [[T|T]] | [[U|U]] | [[V|V]] | [[W|W]] | [[X|X]] | [[Y|Y]] | [[Z|Z]] | [[Numbers|Numbers]] | [[Symbols|Symbols]]

===Textbooks===
* There are many different excellent embryology textbooks
* I have included 2 that cover the clinical topics as well. [[Embryology_Textbooks|More Textbooks?]]

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! The Developing Human: Clinically oriented embryology
|-
| [[File:The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg|thumb|left|90px]]'''Citation:''' Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

:'''Links:''' [[Embryology Textbooks]] | [http://www.library.unsw.edu.au UNSW Library]

The following chapter links connect directly with a UNSW computer connection through the library, external computer access will require ZPass log-in.
|-
|
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1 Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing Human]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00002-3&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00002-3 Chapter 2 – First Week of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00003-5&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00003-5 Chapter 3 – Second Week of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00004-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00004-7 Chapter 4 – Third Week of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00005-9&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00005-9 Chapter 5 – Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00006-0&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00006-0 Chapter 6 – Ninth Week to Birth: The Fetal Period]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00007-2&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00007-2 Chapter 7 - Placenta and Fetal Membranes]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00008-4&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00008-4 Chapter 8 – Body Cavities and Diaphragm]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00009-6&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00009-6 Chapter 9 – Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00010-2&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00010-2 Chapter 10 – Respiratory System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00011-4&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00011-4 Chapter 11 – Alimentary System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00012-6&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00012-6 Chapter 12 - Urogenital System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00013-8&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00013-8 Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00014-X&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00014-X Chapter 14 - Skeletal System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00015-1&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00015-1 Chapter 15 - Muscular System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00016-3&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00016-3 Chapter 16 – Development of Limbs]

* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00017-5&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00017-5 Chapter 17 – Nervous System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00018-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00018-7 Chapter 18 – Development of Eyes and Ears]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00019-9&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00019-9 Chapter 19 – Integumentary System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00020-5&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00020-5 Chapter 20 – Human Birth Defects]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00021-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00021-7 Chapter 21 – Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00030-8&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00030-8 Appendix : Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems]
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Larsen's Human Embryology
|-
| [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|thumb|left|90px]]'''Citation:''' Larsen's Human Embryology 4th ed. Schoenwolf, Gary C; Larsen, William J, (William James). Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, c2009.

:'''Links:''' [[Embryology Textbooks]] | [http://www.library.unsw.edu.au UNSW Library]

The following chapter links connect directly with a UNSW computer connection through the library, external computer access will require ZPass log-in.
|-
|
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6 Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10002-8 Chapter 2 - Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10003-X Chapter 3 - Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10004-1 Chapter 4 - Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10005-3 Chapter 5 - Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10006-5 Chapter 6 - Fetal Development and the Fetus as Patient]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10007-7 Chapter 7 - Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10008-9 Chapter 8 - Development of the Musculoskeletal System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10009-0 Chapter 9 - Development of the Central Nervous System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10010-7 Chapter 10 - Development of the Peripheral Nervous System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10011-9 Chapter 11 - Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10012-0 Chapter 12 - Development of the Heart]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10013-2 Chapter 13 - Development of the Vasculature]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10014-4 Chapter 14 - Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10015-6 Chapter 15 - Development of the Urogenital System]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10016-8 Chapter 16 - Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10017-X Chapter 17 - Development of the Ears and Eyes]
* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10018-1 Chapter 18 - Development of the Limbs]
|}

:'''Links:''' [[Embryology_Textbooks|More Embryology Textbooks]]

==Human Reproductive Cycle==
* Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes
** testis the sperm (spermatozoa)
** ovary the egg (oocyte)
* there are several differences in when and how gametes are formed in the male and female gonad.

===Female===
* [[Menstrual Cycle]] a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
* begins at puberty
* release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
* Endocrine controlled (HPG axis)
**Hypothalamus
**Pituitary
**Gonad

[[File:XXhpgaxis.jpg|300px]] [[File:Menstrual_cycle.png|500px]]

===Male===
* begins at puberty
* continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa, human male 2,000/second)
* release millions of spermatozoa (require activation, capacitation)

===Ovary===
* Paired organs
* lying in the peritoneal cavity
[[File:Human_right_ovary_and_tube_1.jpg|400px]]
[[File:Ovary10x.jpg|400px]]

===Ovulation===
[[File:Menstrual_cycle.png|thumb|Human Menstrual Cycle]]
* [[O#ovulation|ovulation]] is the release of the egg (oocyte) at about the middle of the [[Menstrual Cycle|menstrual cycle]]
[[File:Human_ovulation_01.jpg|600px]]

'''Human ovulation'''

[[File:Ovulation_icon.jpg|150px|link=Rabbit Ovulation Movie]] [[File:Follicle 001 icon.jpg|150px|link=Ovulation Movie]]

===Trimesters===
[[File:Human development timeline graph 02.jpg|300px|Trimesters]]
* Divide the pregnancy into 3 "blocks" of about 3 months (trimesters)
* First Trimester - embryonic period (organogenesis)
* Second and Trimester - fetal period (growth)

==First Trimester==
* Embryonic Period - Week 1 to 8 (first trimester)
* Establish the basic structure of organs and tissues (Organogenesis)
* development and growth of the placenta (Placentation)

[[File:Human_Carnegie_stage_1-23.jpg]]

[[File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg|120px|link=Embryonic Development]]
===Fertilization===
* the process of the 2 [[H#haploid|haploid]] [[G#gamete|gametes]] (egg and sperm) fusing and combining genetic material.
* '''conceptus''' - the entire product of fertilization

[[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|150px|link=Mouse_Fertilization_Movie]]
[[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|150px|link=Fertilization_Movie]]

[[File:Early_zygote.jpg|link=File:Early_zygote_labelled.jpg]]

===Week 1===
* occurs freely floating in uterus

[[File:Week1 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Week 1 Movie]]

* occurs during [[Week_1|week 1]] following fertilization
* last menstrual period (LMP) week 3
* mitosis to form solid ball of cells (morula), then hollow ball (blastocyst)

[[File:Human-oocyte_to_blastocyst.jpg]]

[[File:Human_blastocyst_day_1-6.jpg|link=Blastocyst Day 3-6 Movie]]

[[File:Week1_summary.jpg]]
===Week 2===
* Implantation - initial attachment to uterine wall, and then invasion of the uterine wall.

[[File:Week2_001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Implantation Movie]]
[[File:Chorion 001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Chorionic_Cavity_Movie]]

====Normal Implantation====
* Uterine body
** posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
** inferior implantation - placenta overlies internal os of uterus '''Placenta Previa'''

====Abnormal Implantation====
[[File:Tubal_pregnancy.gif|right]]
* Ectopic Sites
** external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, peritoneal wall
** If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically
* Uterine - tubal pregnancy (most common ectopic)

====Detect Pregnancy====
[[File:Pregnancy_test.gif|thumb|pregnancy test]]
[[File:Ovary_corpus_luteum.jpg|thumb|Ovary - corpus luteum secretes hormone to support pregnancy.]]
* Clinically can be detected following implantation (week 2)
* Last Menstrual Period (LMP) - today ? ....... Birth Date - January 30, 2014

===Week 3===
[[File:Stage7-sem4.jpg|right|300px]]
* 3 Key processes commence

====1. Gastrulation====

* the formation of the 3 layer embryo (trilaminar embryo)
** All tissues of the body are formed from these 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers)
# '''Ectoderm''' (epithelium) - forms the central and peripheral nervous system and epithelium of the skin
# '''Mesoderm''' (connective tissue) - forms the body connective tissues: blood, bone, muscle, connective tissue skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
# '''Endoderm''' (epithelium) - forms gastrointestinal tract organs and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

{|
| [[File:Trilaminar embryo.jpg|300px]]
| [[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|300px]]
|}
====2. Somitogenesis====
* segmentation of the mesoderm into '''somites'''
* forms the axial body plan

====3. Neuralation====
* segmentation of the ectoderm
* separates the neural tissue from the skin (epidermis)

[[File:Week3_folding icon.jpg|90px|link=Week 3 Development Movie]]

===Week 4===
* heart formation (cardiogenesis)
* first functioning organ
[[File:Amnion 001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Amniotic Cavity Development Movie]]
[[File:Chick_Heart_001-icon.jpg|120px|link=Movie_-_Normal Chick Heart]]
[[File:Mouse_CT_E11.5_movie-icon.jpg|120px|link=Mouse E11.5 microCT Movie]]

===Week 4-8===
* early development of the other organs, tissues and limbs
{|
|-
! Week 5
! Week 8
|-
| valign=bottom|{{SlideStage14bf18}}
| valign=bottom|{{SlideStage21bf11}}
|}

===Placenta===
* Materno/fetal organ
* No exchange of blood
* Many different roles
** can be "sampled" as part of a prenatal diagnostic test
* interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
* The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
** forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
** '''Decidua Basalis''' - implantation site
** '''Decidua Capsularis''' - enclosing the conceptus
** '''Decidua Parietalis''' - remainder of uterus
* uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
[[File:Placenta_term_anatomy_01.jpg|400px]]
==Second and Third Trimester==

* '''Week 9 to 37''' - Fetal Development
* Continuing growth and differentiation of organs formed in embryonic period
** some organs have a later development - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
** some continue to develop after birth - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
* growth in size, length (Second Trimester)
* growth in weight (Third Trimester)

<gallery>
File:Fetal_head_medial.jpg|Fetal Head 12 cartilage and bone formation (12 week)
File:Fetal_head_section.jpg|Fetal Head head structures and the brain (12 week)
File:Endochondral_bone.jpg|Fetal knee region
</gallery>

[[File:fetal growth icon.jpg|120px|link=Fetal_Development]]
[[File:Ultrasound12wk_3D_image2.jpg|120px|link=Ultrasound_-_ Fetus 12 week]]
[[File:19weeklabel1.jpg|120px|link=Ultrasound_-_ Fetus 19 week]]

==Postnatal Development==
===Birth===
[[File:Galletti1770_birth.jpg|thumb|Historic teaching model of birth]]
[[File:Birth-_Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging_02.jpg|thumb|MRI Birth]]
* birth (parturition) is a complex physiological process between the fetus and mother
* thought to be initiated by the fetus
===Maternal Birth Stages===

# Dilatation
# Expulsion
# Placental
# Recovery

[[:File:Australian-births_2007.png|Australian Birth Rate 1998-2007]]
===Newborn===
[[File:Newborn.jpg|thumb|Newborn infant (perinatal period)]]
Newborn ([[P#perinatal|perinatal]]) needs to activate many systems and establish independent regulation ([[H#homeostasis|homeostasis]])
* '''Lung function''' - Fluid drainage, Gas exchange, muscular activity
* '''Circulatory changes''' - Closure of 3 vascular shunts
* '''Thermoregulation''' - metabolic rate, fat metabolism
* '''Nutrition''' - gastrointestinal tract function, peristalsis
* '''Waste''' - kidney function
* '''Endocrine function''' - loss of placenta, maternal hormones

==Abnormal Development==
===Critical Periods of Development===
[[File:Human-critical_periods_of_development.jpg|thumb|Human critical periods of development]]
Three main causes:
# Genetic
# Environmental
# Unknown
* First trimester most critical
* Different effect depending on time of insult (teratogen)
[[File:Human-critical periods of development.jpg]]

===Diagnosis===
* Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
* Neonatal diagnosis ([[A#APGAR|APGAR test]], [[G#Guthrie test|Guthrie test]])
* Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems

<gallery>
File:Amniocentesis.jpg|Amniocentesis
File:Cvs.jpg|Chorionic Villus Sampling
File:Ultrasound12wk_3D.jpg|Ultrasound
File:Apgar.jpg|Apgar scoresheet
File:Gutherie_card_icon.jpg|Gutherie card
File:Congenital dislocation hip.jpg|Xray congenital dislocation hip
File:Newborn hearing test.jpg|Newborn hearing test
</gallery>

[[:Media:Dancing_baby.mov|Finished!]]

==Additional Information==
{{Med Prac additional Information}}
===Revision Notes===
[[File:Human_development_timeline_graph_01.jpg|thumb|400px|Human development timeline]]
* You don't need to know everything today, this is an introduction.
* Use the glossary to help understand new terms.
* Don't confuse "germ cell layers" (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) with "germ cells" (egg, spermatazoa).
* Remember the difference between "clinical weeks" (last menstral period) and "embryonic weeks" (from ovulation/fertilisation, 2 weeks later).
* With abnormalities
** think about the types of prenatal dianostic techniques that are now available
** the 2 major types (genetic and environmental)
** the effect of maternal age/health/lifestyle.

===Textbooks===

{|
|-
| [[File:Logo.png|80px]]
| Hill, M.A. (2013) UNSW Embryology (13th ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
* [[Menstrual Cycle|Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Oocyte]] | [[Spermatozoa]] | [[Cell Division - Meiosis|Meiosis]] | [[Cell Division - Mitosis|Mitosis]]
* [[Fertilization]] | [[Zygote]] | [[Morula]] | [[Blastocyst]] | [[Implantation]]
* [[Week 1]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Week 3]]
* Science [[Lecture - Fertilization]] | [[Lecture_-_Week_1_and_2_Development|Lecture - Week 1 and 2]]
|-
| [[File:The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg|80px]]
| Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

* [http://er.library.unsw.edu.au/er/cgi-bin/eraccess.cgi?url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=330028653-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00001-1 Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing Human]
|-
| [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]]
| Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this [http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&fn=search&vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000047996 UNSW Library connection].
* [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6 Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week]

|}

----

[[File:Foundsmall.jpg|40px]] [[Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development]]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

[[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Foundations]] [[Category:2014]]

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2013-05-02T00:41:33Z

Z9902354:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2013-05-02T00:41:22Z

Z9902354: Blanked the page

Human Embryo Development Movie

2013-02-26T06:02:40Z

Z9902354:

==Carnegie Stage 1 to 23==
{|
| <mediaplayer width='226' height='320' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/3/34/Embryo_stages_002_icon.jpg">file:Embryo stages 002.mp4</mediaplayer>

| [[File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg|100px]]

This movie shows embryo development from Carnegie stage 1 to stage 23.

To convert the fertilisation age to the approximate equivalent gestational age (GA), add 2 weeks.

Embryos from the Kyoto collection.

'''Links:''' [[:Media:Embryo stages 002.mov‎|Quicktime]] | [[Quicktime Movie - Human Embryo Development|Quicktime version]] | [[Movie - Human Embryo Development|Flash version]] | [[Embryonic Development]]
|}

==Carnegie Stage 11 to 23==

{|
| <mediaplayer width='374' height='525'>file:Embryo stages 003.mp4</mediaplayer>

| [[File:Embryo stages 003 icon.jpg|100px]]

This movie shows embryo development from Carnegie stage 11 to stage 23.

To convert the fertilisation age to the approximate equivalent gestational age (GA), add 2 weeks (GA week 6 to 10).

Embryos from the Carnegie collection.

'''Links:''' [[:Media:Embryo stages 003.mov‎|Quicktime]] | [[Quicktime Movie - Human Embryo Development|Quicktime version]] | [[Movie - Human Embryo Development|Flash version]] | [[Embryonic Development]]
|}

{{Template:Quicktime}}

Widget:Html5media

2013-02-13T04:58:58Z

Z9902354: Created page with "<noinclude>__NOTOC__ This widget allows you to embed '''[https://github.com/etianen/html5media HTML5 Media]''' on your wiki page. Created by [http://www.mediawikiwidgets.org/..."

<noinclude>__NOTOC__
This widget allows you to embed '''[https://github.com/etianen/html5media HTML5 Media]''' on your wiki page.

Created by [http://www.mediawikiwidgets.org/User:Taipan taipan]

== Using this widget ==
For information on how to use this widget, see [http://www.mediawikiwidgets.org/Html5media widget description page on MediaWikiWidgets.org].

== Copy to your site ==
To use this widget on your site, just install [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Widgets MediaWiki Widgets extension] and copy [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} full source code] of this page to your wiki as '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' article.
</noinclude><includeonly><script src="http://api.html5media.info/1.1.4/html5media.min.js"></script><video src="" width="" height=""
controls preload></video></includeonly>

Quiz test

2012-08-15T04:42:37Z

Z9902354: Created page with "<quiz> {Which city in Texas, along with John Kirby Allen, did Augustus Allen found? | type="()" coef="1" } +Houston -Austin -Waco -[[w:C..."

<quiz>

{Which city in Texas, along with John Kirby Allen, did Augustus Allen found?
| type="()" coef="1" }
+[[w:Houston|Houston]]
-[[w:Austin|Austin]]
-[[w:Waco|Waco]]
-[[w:Canasareaugh|Canasareaugh]]

{How much did the land cost for Augustus Allen?
| type="()" coef="1" }
-$4,000
-$6,600
+$5,000
-3000Ŷ
||they didn't use Yen in the old west

{Which is named in Allen's honor?
| type="[]" coef="1" }
+Allen Center}
-Allen Bank
+Allen's Landing Park
+Allen parkway

</quiz>

ANAT2341 Quiz Example

2012-08-15T04:40:08Z

Z9902354: Reverted edits by Z9902354 (talk) to last revision by Z8600021

==Introduction==

'''MH -''' This entire test page was downloaded to see how quiz extension can be developed and implemented for reviewing and testing online embryology concepts.

* Changes made include removing links to internal pages that do not exist on the current site.
* Mediawiki [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Quiz Extension:Quiz] | [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension_talk:Quiz Talk] | [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Help:Quiz wikiversity Help:Quiz] | [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Help:Quiz-Simple Help:Quiz-Simple]
* Links can be included in the answers that appear after submit.
* Multiple quizzes can appear on a single page, but clicking submit will reveal all answers. Better to design separate (progressive pages).

See example [[Mesoderm Quiz]].
----

* While this is a quiz based on the UPA Rules of Ultimate, it is in no way officially affiliated with the UPA organization.
* There are ~16 questions and it should take less than 10 minutes or so.
* References to the rules in question are provided after you finish your quiz.

==Quiz==

<quiz display=simple>

{It is legal to contest a 'Pick' call.
|type="()"}
+ true
- false
|| The 11th edition explicitly acknowledges that any infraction can be contested - see XVI.B

{A defensive player is marking an offensive player with the disc. The defensive player gets to 'Five' in the stall count when the offensive player calls out 'disc space'. The defensive player agrees with the call and should :
|type="()"}
- step back and continue counting from 'One'
+ step back and continue counting from 'Four'
- step back and continue counting from 'Five'
- step back and continue counting from 'Six'
||see section XIV.B.3 and XIV.B.7 - ''"When a marking violation is called, play does not stop. The violation must be corrected before the marker can resume the stall count with the number last uttered before the call minus one".''

{The disc stops on the sideline after an incomplete pass. A player for the team to play offense stretches out so his feet are five feet apart then picks up the disc. The offensive player has a choice of which foot to use as a pivot when bringing the disc back into play.
|type="()"}
-true
+false
|| False. XIII.A.2. ''"If possession is gained at the spot where the disc is to be put into play, the thrower must establish a pivot at the spot of the disc."''

{A handler throws a very low pass to a receiver who manages to snag the disc. A defensive player calls the disc 'down' since she saw the disc brush the grass before possession was gained. The offensive player states that he was watching the disc the whole time and adamantly denies the disc brushed the grass, suggesting perhaps the wind from the low pass moved the grass. None of the other players had a good view of what happened.
What is the correct resolution when an agreement cannot be reached ?
|type="()"}
+ do it over again (back to the player who threw the disputed pass).
- defensive calls override offensive when it comes to disc up/down.
- the offensive player was closer to the disc, therefor had best perspective and makes the call.
|| XVI.D ''"If a dispute arises concerning an infraction or the outcome of a play (e.g., a catch where no one had a good perspective), and the teams cannot come to a satisfactory resolution, play stops, and the disc is returned to the thrower and put into play with a check (VIII.D), with the count reached plus one or at six if over five."''

{The receiver of a pass has final say on whether she is in or out of bounds on a reception.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| The player with the ''best perspective'' makes the call. See II.A, XI.C, XV.E, and XVI.D

{An offensive player cuts down the field and makes a diving bid for the disc. She catches the disc and her feet land in the endzone before she slides out of bounds. Near the end of her slide, her opponent's bag (off the field) knocks the disc out of her hands before she gets up.
|type="()"}
- Point
- Receiver gets the disc on the goal line
+ Incomplete pass
||see sections are II.O.2 ''"Loss of possession due to ground contact related to a catch negates that player’s possession up to that point."'', XI.A ''"A goal is scored when an in-bounds player catches any legal pass in the end zone of attack, and retains possession of the disc throughout all ground contact related to the catch."'' In II.F 'Ground Contact' is defined as ''"All player contact with the ground directly related to a specific event or maneuver (e.g., jumping, diving, leaning or falling), including landing or recovering after being off-balance. Items on the ground are considered part of the ground''".

{The offense (team A) sends a striker deep and the handler hucks the disc to them. The deep defender (team B) manages to sky the offensive player and catch the disc. The defender then puts the disc on the ground and sprints to get into cutting position.
|type="()"}
- the D stands - team B keeps possession
+ double turnover - team A gets the disc where the team B player dropped it
||see section II.T.2 ''An intentionally dropped disc is considered a thrown disc.''

{Any uncontested foul committed by a defender that affects an attempted reception in the endzone results in a point.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| Only an uncontested defensive foul that results in ''loss of possession'' is a point. see XI.A.2

{When initiating a stall count there must be a full second between announcing 'Stalling' and 'One'.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| There must be a second between each number in the count, but not after the initial 'Stalling' see XIV.A

{It is valid for a thrower to call a 'Fast Count' violation if their marker did not initiate the stall count with the word 'Stalling'.
|type="()"}
+ true
- false
|| see XIV.B.1.a ''If the marker does not say 'stalling' to initiate or resume a stall count, counts at intervals of less than one second, or skips a number in the count, it is a fast count.''

{Offensive player receives the disc while running at high speed, does not change direction but fakes a throw then delivers a quick pass before his third step after catching. Can 'travel' legitimately be called?
|type="()"}
- yes
+ no
||see section II.M and XV.C - Normally a fake requires a player with the disc to commit to a pivot, but XV.C explicitly makes an exception ''If a player catches the disc while running or jumping the player may release a pass without attempting to stop and without setting a pivot, provided that..''

{It is a violation to not verify that one's reception was in bounds when an opposing player calls "Check Feet".
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| "Check Feet" is not a call in Ultimate. If a player believes that the reception was out of bounds and believes they had best perspective, they should simply call the player "out".

{A dead disc is when play has stopped. Is there possibility of turnover?
|type="()"}
- yes
+ no
||see section II.R.3

{An offensive player catches a disc while heading towards the sideline at full sprint. Her momentum takes her out of bounds where she falls. After regaining her composure, she jogs back to the sideline and establishes a pivot. A player on defense, waiting at the sideline where the offensive receiver went out, had started counting and is at stall 'six' when the offensive player establishes her pivot.
|type="()"}
- The offensive player may call 'fast count'.
+ The defensive player is playing according to the rules.
|| A defensive player can start the stall count as soon as the offensive player gains possession. There are two key sections of the rules that come into play here - sections XIV.A.2 ''"Only the marker may initiate or continue a stall count, and may do so anytime a thrower has possession of a disc that is live or in play.."'' and II.K ''"Marker: The defensive player within three meters of the thrower’s pivot or of the thrower if no pivot has been established. If the disc is not in play, a defensive player within three meters of a spot on the field where the disc is to be put into play is considered the marker."''

{If you commit a foul, you should always call it yourself.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
||A player should never call a foul on themselves. See XVI.A ''"An infraction may only be called by a player on the infracted team who recognizes that it has occurred.."'' though XIX.A (Etiquette) states "''If an infraction is committed and not called, the player committing the infraction should inform the infracted player or team of the infraction.''"

{A huck goes up to a receiver who was at midfield when the throw was released, the disc floats over the endzone and the receiver and a defender go up for it, but miss. The receiver calls foul, and the defender contests. The disc returns to the thrower. Where do the receiver and defender set up before the disc is put back into play by the thrower?
|type="()"}
- At the spot of the foul.
- At the goal line.
+ Where they were when the throw went off.
||Players should return to where they were at the ''earlier'' of the foul call or the throw. In this case, they should return to midfield (keeping the same relative distance to each other) where they were when the throw went off. See XVI.C.4.b.1. "''Positioning after a call: If a pass is thrown or attempted before the thrower acknowledges the call or the call is made after the throwing attempt, and if possession reverts to the thrower, all players return to the locations they occupied at the earlier of: the time of the throw, or the time of the call. If the result of a play stands, players return to the locations they occupied when play stopped.''"

</quiz>

[[Category:Quiz]]

ANAT2341 Quiz Example

2012-08-15T04:39:08Z

Z9902354:

==Introduction==

'''MH -''' This entire test page was downloaded to see how quiz extension can be developed and implemented for reviewing and testing online embryology concepts.

* Changes made include removing links to internal pages that do not exist on the current site.
* Mediawiki [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Quiz Extension:Quiz] | [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension_talk:Quiz Talk] | [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Help:Quiz wikiversity Help:Quiz] | [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Help:Quiz-Simple Help:Quiz-Simple]
* Links can be included in the answers that appear after submit.
* Multiple quizzes can appear on a single page, but clicking submit will reveal all answers. Better to design separate (progressive pages).

See example [[Mesoderm Quiz]].
----

* While this is a quiz based on the UPA Rules of Ultimate, it is in no way officially affiliated with the UPA organization.
* There are ~16 questions and it should take less than 10 minutes or so.
* References to the rules in question are provided after you finish your quiz.

<quiz>

{Which city in Texas, along with John Kirby Allen, did Augustus Allen found?
| type="()" coef="1" }
+[[w:Houston|Houston]]
-[[w:Austin|Austin]]
-[[w:Waco|Waco]]
-[[w:Canasareaugh|Canasareaugh]]

{How much did the land cost for Augustus Allen?
| type="()" coef="1" }
-$4,000
-$6,600
+$5,000
-3000Ŷ
||they didn't use Yen in the old west

{Which is named in Allen's honor?
| type="[]" coef="1" }
+Allen Center}
-Allen Bank
+Allen's Landing Park
+Allen parkway

</quiz>

==Quiz==

<quiz display=simple>

{It is legal to contest a 'Pick' call.
|type="()"}
+ true
- false
|| The 11th edition explicitly acknowledges that any infraction can be contested - see XVI.B

{A defensive player is marking an offensive player with the disc. The defensive player gets to 'Five' in the stall count when the offensive player calls out 'disc space'. The defensive player agrees with the call and should :
|type="()"}
- step back and continue counting from 'One'
+ step back and continue counting from 'Four'
- step back and continue counting from 'Five'
- step back and continue counting from 'Six'
||see section XIV.B.3 and XIV.B.7 - ''"When a marking violation is called, play does not stop. The violation must be corrected before the marker can resume the stall count with the number last uttered before the call minus one".''

{The disc stops on the sideline after an incomplete pass. A player for the team to play offense stretches out so his feet are five feet apart then picks up the disc. The offensive player has a choice of which foot to use as a pivot when bringing the disc back into play.
|type="()"}
-true
+false
|| False. XIII.A.2. ''"If possession is gained at the spot where the disc is to be put into play, the thrower must establish a pivot at the spot of the disc."''

{A handler throws a very low pass to a receiver who manages to snag the disc. A defensive player calls the disc 'down' since she saw the disc brush the grass before possession was gained. The offensive player states that he was watching the disc the whole time and adamantly denies the disc brushed the grass, suggesting perhaps the wind from the low pass moved the grass. None of the other players had a good view of what happened.
What is the correct resolution when an agreement cannot be reached ?
|type="()"}
+ do it over again (back to the player who threw the disputed pass).
- defensive calls override offensive when it comes to disc up/down.
- the offensive player was closer to the disc, therefor had best perspective and makes the call.
|| XVI.D ''"If a dispute arises concerning an infraction or the outcome of a play (e.g., a catch where no one had a good perspective), and the teams cannot come to a satisfactory resolution, play stops, and the disc is returned to the thrower and put into play with a check (VIII.D), with the count reached plus one or at six if over five."''

{The receiver of a pass has final say on whether she is in or out of bounds on a reception.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| The player with the ''best perspective'' makes the call. See II.A, XI.C, XV.E, and XVI.D

{An offensive player cuts down the field and makes a diving bid for the disc. She catches the disc and her feet land in the endzone before she slides out of bounds. Near the end of her slide, her opponent's bag (off the field) knocks the disc out of her hands before she gets up.
|type="()"}
- Point
- Receiver gets the disc on the goal line
+ Incomplete pass
||see sections are II.O.2 ''"Loss of possession due to ground contact related to a catch negates that player’s possession up to that point."'', XI.A ''"A goal is scored when an in-bounds player catches any legal pass in the end zone of attack, and retains possession of the disc throughout all ground contact related to the catch."'' In II.F 'Ground Contact' is defined as ''"All player contact with the ground directly related to a specific event or maneuver (e.g., jumping, diving, leaning or falling), including landing or recovering after being off-balance. Items on the ground are considered part of the ground''".

{The offense (team A) sends a striker deep and the handler hucks the disc to them. The deep defender (team B) manages to sky the offensive player and catch the disc. The defender then puts the disc on the ground and sprints to get into cutting position.
|type="()"}
- the D stands - team B keeps possession
+ double turnover - team A gets the disc where the team B player dropped it
||see section II.T.2 ''An intentionally dropped disc is considered a thrown disc.''

{Any uncontested foul committed by a defender that affects an attempted reception in the endzone results in a point.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| Only an uncontested defensive foul that results in ''loss of possession'' is a point. see XI.A.2

{When initiating a stall count there must be a full second between announcing 'Stalling' and 'One'.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| There must be a second between each number in the count, but not after the initial 'Stalling' see XIV.A

{It is valid for a thrower to call a 'Fast Count' violation if their marker did not initiate the stall count with the word 'Stalling'.
|type="()"}
+ true
- false
|| see XIV.B.1.a ''If the marker does not say 'stalling' to initiate or resume a stall count, counts at intervals of less than one second, or skips a number in the count, it is a fast count.''

{Offensive player receives the disc while running at high speed, does not change direction but fakes a throw then delivers a quick pass before his third step after catching. Can 'travel' legitimately be called?
|type="()"}
- yes
+ no
||see section II.M and XV.C - Normally a fake requires a player with the disc to commit to a pivot, but XV.C explicitly makes an exception ''If a player catches the disc while running or jumping the player may release a pass without attempting to stop and without setting a pivot, provided that..''

{It is a violation to not verify that one's reception was in bounds when an opposing player calls "Check Feet".
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
|| "Check Feet" is not a call in Ultimate. If a player believes that the reception was out of bounds and believes they had best perspective, they should simply call the player "out".

{A dead disc is when play has stopped. Is there possibility of turnover?
|type="()"}
- yes
+ no
||see section II.R.3

{An offensive player catches a disc while heading towards the sideline at full sprint. Her momentum takes her out of bounds where she falls. After regaining her composure, she jogs back to the sideline and establishes a pivot. A player on defense, waiting at the sideline where the offensive receiver went out, had started counting and is at stall 'six' when the offensive player establishes her pivot.
|type="()"}
- The offensive player may call 'fast count'.
+ The defensive player is playing according to the rules.
|| A defensive player can start the stall count as soon as the offensive player gains possession. There are two key sections of the rules that come into play here - sections XIV.A.2 ''"Only the marker may initiate or continue a stall count, and may do so anytime a thrower has possession of a disc that is live or in play.."'' and II.K ''"Marker: The defensive player within three meters of the thrower’s pivot or of the thrower if no pivot has been established. If the disc is not in play, a defensive player within three meters of a spot on the field where the disc is to be put into play is considered the marker."''

{If you commit a foul, you should always call it yourself.
|type="()"}
- true
+ false
||A player should never call a foul on themselves. See XVI.A ''"An infraction may only be called by a player on the infracted team who recognizes that it has occurred.."'' though XIX.A (Etiquette) states "''If an infraction is committed and not called, the player committing the infraction should inform the infracted player or team of the infraction.''"

{A huck goes up to a receiver who was at midfield when the throw was released, the disc floats over the endzone and the receiver and a defender go up for it, but miss. The receiver calls foul, and the defender contests. The disc returns to the thrower. Where do the receiver and defender set up before the disc is put back into play by the thrower?
|type="()"}
- At the spot of the foul.
- At the goal line.
+ Where they were when the throw went off.
||Players should return to where they were at the ''earlier'' of the foul call or the throw. In this case, they should return to midfield (keeping the same relative distance to each other) where they were when the throw went off. See XVI.C.4.b.1. "''Positioning after a call: If a pass is thrown or attempted before the thrower acknowledges the call or the call is made after the throwing attempt, and if possession reverts to the thrower, all players return to the locations they occupied at the earlier of: the time of the throw, or the time of the call. If the result of a play stands, players return to the locations they occupied when play stopped.''"

</quiz>

[[Category:Quiz]]