Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

User:Z5014754

2014-07-24T10:44:42Z

Z5014754:

'''Uterine decidualisation''' (or '''uterine decidualization''') is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

==Introduction==

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child. <ref name=PMID17960529><pubmed>17960529</pubmed></ref>

==Decidual changes==

===Processes===
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|400px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer.]]
[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

Cells of the stroma are normally densely packed and small. They proliferate in the mid-late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and slough off during menses (early proliferative phase) with closure of the spiral arteries. Uterine glands will dilate and secrete uterine milk within the secretory phase of the cycle. However, upon a viable implantation (during the mid-secretory phase), the trophoblast layers of the conceptus will push into the endometrium, releasing [[H#human_chorionic_gonadotropin|human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG). This prevents regression of the corpus luteum, the main source of hormones (especially progesterone) that keeps the endometrium in the secretory phase. Thus, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete, sustaining progesterone levels at a high level. This is detected by progesterone receptors (PRs) on the endometrial cells, mainly PRA receptors (the other isoform being PRB). Under this influence:
# stromal cells will expand and fill with glycogen and lipids, becoming large and polygonal (described as epitheliod decidual cells), and begin to secrete proteins <ref name=PMID11900887><pubmed>11900887</pubmed></ref>
# increased vasculature and bloodflow to the area <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# uterine glands will dilate, lengthen, become more coiled and wavy in shape, and actively secrete glycogen-rich uterine milk <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
# deposition of glycogen, a [[F#fibrinoid_layer|fibrinoid layer]] and epithelial plaque at [[A#anchoring_chorionic_villi|anchoring villi]] <ref name=Larsen>Gary C. Schoenwolf; William James Larsen (2009), ''Larsen's Human Embryology'', Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9</ref>
#immunological changes including an influx of specialised immune cells. <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>

These are the changes characteristic of decidualisation. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix), with the stroma layer becoming thick and edematous. Over the length of the embryonic period, the uterine glands slowly detract after their intial growth (as the embryo's nutrition begins to be given by the [[Y#yolk_sac|yolk sac]])<ref name=PMID9647550><pubmed>9647550</pubmed></ref>; and distinct decidual structures begin to form around the conceptus.

===Structure===
[[Image:Bailey494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Historic drawing showing decidual structures.]]

In the late embryonic period, the conceptus begins to bulge into the uterine cavity at the abembryonic pole: the decidua covering this portion of the conceptus is called the '''decidua capsularis''', forming a thin layer that encircles the conceptus. At the opposite (embryonic) pole, the underlying decidua is known as the '''decidua basalis'''. The remaining decidua is known as the '''decidua parietalis''', covering the rest of the uterus farther away from the conceptus and gradually becomes decidualised through the embryonic period. <ref name=Larsen></ref>

Changes in the decidual structures include: <ref name=Larsen></ref>
* The decidua basalis plays an important role in the formation of the maternal surface of the [[Placenta_Development|placenta]], with the fetal surface being formed by the [[C#chorion_frondosum|chorion frondosum]], and the intervillous space between, together constituting the placenta.
* During the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy, wedges of decidua basalis known as decidual septa push into the intervillous space, separating the maternal surface of the placenta into cobblestone-like lumps called [[C#cotyledon|cotyledons]].
* By the 3rd month of pregnancy, as the fetus grows large and fills the uterine cavity, the decidua capsularis is pressed against the decidua parietalis, causing the decidua capsularis to disintegrate by the 5th to 6th month.
* Due to pressure from the embryo and its associated membranes, the decidua parietalis becomes much thinner throughout the pregnancy.

==Role==

The changes of decidualisation are very important for the future development of the conceptus. Some of the roles performed by certain decidual changes are listed in the following table:

{|
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
|'''Decidual Change'''
|'''Role in Pregnancy'''
|-
|
Growth and accumulation of glycogen and lipids in stromal cells
|
* Energy supply for cells as they form the structures required to support developing conceptus
* Cells begin to secrete hormones, growth factors and cytokines required in early uterine changes <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Increased local vascularisation
|
* Important in establishing early placental structures to allow future exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams
* Facilitates hormonal signalling <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-
| Growth and secretion by uterine glands
|
* Uterine milk contains glycogen and other nutrients
* Nourishes the conceptus to allow growth until the yolk sac can provide nutrition <ref name=PMID23407384><pubmed>23407384</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Deposition of glycogen, fibrinoid layer and epithelial plaque at anchoring villi
|
* First structures of placentation
* Provides architecture for exchanges between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.<ref name=Larsen></ref>
|-
| Immunological changes including influx of specialised immune cells
|
* Decidual macrophages, T lymphocytes and uterine natural killer cells provide immunological protection while tolerating the fetus so it is not harmed <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
* Chemokine gene silencing protects the conceptus from the maternal immune system <ref><pubmed>22679098</pubmed></ref>
* Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes death of non-specialised maternal immune cells to protect the conceptus. <ref><pubmed>11590404</pubmed></ref>
|}

It should be noted that decidualisation is not a requirement for a successful implantation; a blastocyst can implant in areas that are not decidualised, as is often seen in [[Ectopic_Pregnancy|ectopic pregnancy]].

==Decidualisation factors==
Mediation of uterine decidualisation can be thought of to occur over three phases:<ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# Days 8-10 post-ovulation (pre-implantation): Primarily mediated by estrogen and progesterone. The changes associated with this phase happen every secretory phase, whether or not implantation occurs within that cycle.
# During implantation: Combined effects of estrogen/progesterone along with blastocyst-derived signals such as preimplantation factor, Activin A and Prokineticin 1. Changes in this phase are unique to pregnancy.
# Post implantation: Combined effects of embryo-derived signals along with proteins released by decidual cells such as growth factors and cytokines. Changes during this phase are often triggered by autocrine and paracrine action.

==Some Recent Findings==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway is required for endometrial decidualization in mice and human'''<ref><pubmed>24086495</pubmed></ref> "Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are known to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in multiple cell types, including uterine endometrial cells... Following treatment with a well-established decidualization-inducing steroidogenic cocktail, levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were markedly increased. Treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, significantly decreased the expression of the known decidualization marker genes, IGFBP1 and PRL as well as inhibited the induction of known ERK1/2 target genes; FOS, MSK1, STAT1, and STAT3... These results suggest that ERK1/2 signaling is required for successful decidualization in mice as well as human endometrial stromal cells and implicates C/EBPbeta as a downstream target of ERK1/2."
* '''Elevated periimplantation uterine natural killer cell density in human endometrium is associated with impaired corticosteroid signaling in decidualizing stromal cells'''<ref><pubmed>24025400</pubmed></ref> "Elevated levels of uNK cells in the stroma underlying the surface epithelium are associated with inadequate cortisol biosynthesis by resident decidualizing cells and suboptimal induction of key MR-dependent enzymes involved in lipid biogenesis and the retinoid transport pathway. Our observations suggest that uNK cell testing identifies those women at risk of reproductive failure due to relative uterine cortisol deficiency."
* '''The Effects of Decidual Injury on the Invasion Potential of Trophoblastic Cells'''<ref><pubmed>21173644</pubmed></ref> "Eight decidual samples were retrieved from eight women. Incised decidua showed a significantly higher mean invasion index (83.3% [±8.1%], P=.012) than the other three models (intact decidua, 69.9% [±5.1%]; incised decidua repaired with adhesive, 66.6% [±8.2%]; intact decidua with adhesive, 58.3% [±11.3%]. There was no significant difference in the invasion index between the other models (P=.4)... Induced decidual injury significantly increased the invasion potential of trophoblastic cells compared with intact decidua. Complete re-approximation of the incised edges reversed this effect in vitro."
|}

==References==
<references/>

User:Z5014754

2014-07-18T13:46:29Z

Z5014754: Removed table width restriction so it hopefully fits on all computers.

'''Uterine decidualisation''' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

==Introduction==

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child. <ref name=PMID17960529><pubmed>17960529</pubmed></ref>

==Decidual changes==

===Processes===
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|400px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer.]]
[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

Cells of the stroma are normally densely packed and small. They proliferate in the mid-late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and slough off during menses (early proliferative phase) with closure of the spiral arteries. Uterine glands will dilate and secrete uterine milk within the secretory phase of the cycle. However, upon a viable implantation (during the mid-secretory phase), the trophoblast layers of the conceptus will push into the endometrium, releasing [[H#human_chorionic_gonadotropin|human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG). This prevents regression of the corpus luteum, the main source of hormones (especially progesterone) that keeps the endometrium in the secretory phase. Thus, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete, sustaining progesterone levels at a high level. This is detected by progesterone receptors (PRs) on the endometrial cells, mainly PRA receptors (the other isoform being PRB). Under this influence:
# stromal cells will expand and fill with glycogen and lipids, becoming large and polygonal (described as epitheliod decidual cells), and begin to secrete proteins <ref name=PMID11900887><pubmed>11900887</pubmed></ref>
# increased vasculature and bloodflow to the area <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# uterine glands will dilate, lengthen, become more coiled and wavy in shape, and actively secrete glycogen-rich uterine milk <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
# deposition of glycogen, a [[F#fibrinoid_layer|fibrinoid layer]] and epithelial plaque at [[A#anchoring_chorionic_villi|anchoring villi]] <ref name=Larsen>Gary C. Schoenwolf; William James Larsen (2009), ''Larsen's Human Embryology'', Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9</ref>
#immunological changes including an influx of specialised immune cells. <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>

These are the changes characteristic of decidualisation. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix), with the stroma layer becoming thick and edematous. Over the length of the embryonic period, the uterine glands slowly detract after their intial growth (as the embryo's nutrition begins to be given by the [[Y#yolk_sac|yolk sac]])<ref name=PMID9647550><pubmed>9647550</pubmed></ref>; and distinct decidual structures begin to form around the conceptus.

===Structure===
[[Image:Bailey494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Historic drawing showing decidual structures.]]

In the late embryonic period, the conceptus begins to bulge into the uterine cavity at the abembryonic pole: the decidua covering this portion of the conceptus is called the '''decidua capsularis''', forming a thin layer that encircles the conceptus. At the opposite (embryonic) pole, the underlying decidua is known as the '''decidua basalis'''. The remaining decidua is known as the '''decidua parietalis''', covering the rest of the uterus farther away from the conceptus and gradually becomes decidualised through the embryonic period. <ref name=Larsen></ref>

Changes in the decidual structures include: <ref name=Larsen></ref>
* The decidua basalis plays an important role in the formation of the maternal surface of the [[Placenta_Development|placenta]], with the fetal surface being formed by the [[C#chorion_frondosum|chorion frondosum]], and the intervillous space between, together constituting the placenta.
* During the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy, wedges of decidua basalis known as decidual septa push into the intervillous space, separating the maternal surface of the placenta into cobblestone-like lumps called [[C#cotyledon|cotyledons]].
* By the 3rd month of pregnancy, as the fetus grows large and fills the uterine cavity, the decidua capsularis is pressed against the decidua parietalis, causing the decidua capsularis to disintegrate by the 5th to 6th month.
* Due to pressure from the embryo and its associated membranes, the decidua parietalis becomes much thinner throughout the pregnancy.

==Role==

The changes of decidualisation are very important for the future development of the conceptus. Some of the roles performed by certain decidual changes are listed in the following table:

{|
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
|'''Decidual Change'''
|'''Role in Pregnancy'''
|-
|
Growth and accumulation of glycogen and lipids in stromal cells
|
* Energy supply for cells as they form the structures required to support developing conceptus
* Cells begin to secrete hormones, growth factors and cytokines required in early uterine changes <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Increased local vascularisation
|
* Important in establishing early placental structures to allow future exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams
* Facilitates hormonal signalling <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-
| Growth and secretion by uterine glands
|
* Uterine milk contains glycogen and other nutrients
* Nourishes the conceptus to allow growth until the yolk sac can provide nutrition <ref name=PMID23407384><pubmed>23407384</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Deposition of glycogen, fibrinoid layer and epithelial plaque at anchoring villi
|
* First structures of placentation
* Provides architecture for exchanges between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.<ref name=Larsen></ref>
|-
| Immunological changes including influx of specialised immune cells
|
* Decidual macrophages, T lymphocytes and uterine natural killer cells provide immunological protection while tolerating the fetus so it is not harmed <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
* Chemokine gene silencing protects the conceptus from the maternal immune system <ref><pubmed>22679098</pubmed></ref>
* Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes death of non-specialised maternal immune cells to protect the conceptus. <ref><pubmed>11590404</pubmed></ref>
|}

It should be noted that decidualisation is not a requirement for a successful implantation; a blastocyst can implant in areas that are not decidualised, as is often seen in [[Ectopic_Pregnancy|ectopic pregnancy]].

==Decidualisation factors==
Mediation of uterine decidualisation can be thought of to occur over three phases:<ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# Days 8-10 post-ovulation (pre-implantation): Primarily mediated by estrogen and progesterone. The changes associated with this phase happen every secretory phase, whether or not implantation occurs within that cycle.
# During implantation: Combined effects of estrogen/progesterone along with blastocyst-derived signals such as preimplantation factor, Activin A and Prokineticin 1. Changes in this phase are unique to pregnancy.
# Post implantation: Combined effects of embryo-derived signals along with proteins released by decidual cells such as growth factors and cytokines. Changes during this phase are often triggered by autocrine and paracrine action.

==Some Recent Findings==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway is required for endometrial decidualization in mice and human'''<ref><pubmed>24086495</pubmed></ref> "Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are known to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in multiple cell types, including uterine endometrial cells... Following treatment with a well-established decidualization-inducing steroidogenic cocktail, levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were markedly increased. Treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, significantly decreased the expression of the known decidualization marker genes, IGFBP1 and PRL as well as inhibited the induction of known ERK1/2 target genes; FOS, MSK1, STAT1, and STAT3... These results suggest that ERK1/2 signaling is required for successful decidualization in mice as well as human endometrial stromal cells and implicates C/EBPbeta as a downstream target of ERK1/2."
* '''Elevated periimplantation uterine natural killer cell density in human endometrium is associated with impaired corticosteroid signaling in decidualizing stromal cells'''<ref><pubmed>24025400</pubmed></ref> "Elevated levels of uNK cells in the stroma underlying the surface epithelium are associated with inadequate cortisol biosynthesis by resident decidualizing cells and suboptimal induction of key MR-dependent enzymes involved in lipid biogenesis and the retinoid transport pathway. Our observations suggest that uNK cell testing identifies those women at risk of reproductive failure due to relative uterine cortisol deficiency."
* '''The Effects of Decidual Injury on the Invasion Potential of Trophoblastic Cells'''<ref><pubmed>21173644</pubmed></ref> "Eight decidual samples were retrieved from eight women. Incised decidua showed a significantly higher mean invasion index (83.3% [±8.1%], P=.012) than the other three models (intact decidua, 69.9% [±5.1%]; incised decidua repaired with adhesive, 66.6% [±8.2%]; intact decidua with adhesive, 58.3% [±11.3%]. There was no significant difference in the invasion index between the other models (P=.4)... Induced decidual injury significantly increased the invasion potential of trophoblastic cells compared with intact decidua. Complete re-approximation of the incised edges reversed this effect in vitro."
|}

==References==
<references/>

User:Z5014754

2014-07-18T13:40:57Z

Z5014754: Added some recent findings that I found interesting.

'''Uterine decidualisation''' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

==Introduction==

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child. <ref name=PMID17960529><pubmed>17960529</pubmed></ref>

==Decidual changes==

===Processes===
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|400px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer.]]
[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

Cells of the stroma are normally densely packed and small. They proliferate in the mid-late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and slough off during menses (early proliferative phase) with closure of the spiral arteries. Uterine glands will dilate and secrete uterine milk within the secretory phase of the cycle. However, upon a viable implantation (during the mid-secretory phase), the trophoblast layers of the conceptus will push into the endometrium, releasing [[H#human_chorionic_gonadotropin|human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG). This prevents regression of the corpus luteum, the main source of hormones (especially progesterone) that keeps the endometrium in the secretory phase. Thus, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete, sustaining progesterone levels at a high level. This is detected by progesterone receptors (PRs) on the endometrial cells, mainly PRA receptors (the other isoform being PRB). Under this influence:
# stromal cells will expand and fill with glycogen and lipids, becoming large and polygonal (described as epitheliod decidual cells), and begin to secrete proteins <ref name=PMID11900887><pubmed>11900887</pubmed></ref>
# increased vasculature and bloodflow to the area <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# uterine glands will dilate, lengthen, become more coiled and wavy in shape, and actively secrete glycogen-rich uterine milk <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
# deposition of glycogen, a [[F#fibrinoid_layer|fibrinoid layer]] and epithelial plaque at [[A#anchoring_chorionic_villi|anchoring villi]] <ref name=Larsen>Gary C. Schoenwolf; William James Larsen (2009), ''Larsen's Human Embryology'', Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9</ref>
#immunological changes including an influx of specialised immune cells. <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>

These are the changes characteristic of decidualisation. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix), with the stroma layer becoming thick and edematous. Over the length of the embryonic period, the uterine glands slowly detract after their intial growth (as the embryo's nutrition begins to be given by the [[Y#yolk_sac|yolk sac]])<ref name=PMID9647550><pubmed>9647550</pubmed></ref>; and distinct decidual structures begin to form around the conceptus.

===Structure===
[[Image:Bailey494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Historic drawing showing decidual structures.]]

In the late embryonic period, the conceptus begins to bulge into the uterine cavity at the abembryonic pole: the decidua covering this portion of the conceptus is called the '''decidua capsularis''', forming a thin layer that encircles the conceptus. At the opposite (embryonic) pole, the underlying decidua is known as the '''decidua basalis'''. The remaining decidua is known as the '''decidua parietalis''', covering the rest of the uterus farther away from the conceptus and gradually becomes decidualised through the embryonic period. <ref name=Larsen></ref>

Changes in the decidual structures include: <ref name=Larsen></ref>
* The decidua basalis plays an important role in the formation of the maternal surface of the [[Placenta_Development|placenta]], with the fetal surface being formed by the [[C#chorion_frondosum|chorion frondosum]], and the intervillous space between, together constituting the placenta.
* During the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy, wedges of decidua basalis known as decidual septa push into the intervillous space, separating the maternal surface of the placenta into cobblestone-like lumps called [[C#cotyledon|cotyledons]].
* By the 3rd month of pregnancy, as the fetus grows large and fills the uterine cavity, the decidua capsularis is pressed against the decidua parietalis, causing the decidua capsularis to disintegrate by the 5th to 6th month.
* Due to pressure from the embryo and its associated membranes, the decidua parietalis becomes much thinner throughout the pregnancy.

==Role==

The changes of decidualisation are very important for the future development of the conceptus. Some of the roles performed by certain decidual changes are listed in the following table:

{| width=900px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=350px|'''Decidual Change'''
| width=550px|'''Role in Pregnancy'''
|-
|
Growth and accumulation of glycogen and lipids in stromal cells
|
* Energy supply for cells as they form the structures required to support developing conceptus
* Cells begin to secrete hormones, growth factors and cytokines required in early uterine changes <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Increased local vascularisation
|
* Important in establishing early placental structures to allow future exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams
* Facilitates hormonal signalling <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-
| Growth and secretion by uterine glands
|
* Uterine milk contains glycogen and other nutrients
* Nourishes the conceptus to allow growth until the yolk sac can provide nutrition <ref name=PMID23407384><pubmed>23407384</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Deposition of glycogen, fibrinoid layer and epithelial plaque at anchoring villi
|
* First structures of placentation
* Provides architecture for exchanges between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.<ref name=Larsen></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Immunological changes including influx of specialised immune cells
|
* Decidual macrophages, T lymphocytes and uterine natural killer cells provide immunological protection while tolerating the fetus so it is not harmed <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
* Chemokine gene silencing protects the conceptus from the maternal immune system <ref><pubmed>22679098</pubmed></ref>
* Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes death of non-specialised maternal immune cells to protect the conceptus. <ref><pubmed>11590404</pubmed></ref>
|}

It should be noted that decidualisation is not a requirement for a successful implantation; a blastocyst can implant in areas that are not decidualised, as is often seen in [[Ectopic_Pregnancy|ectopic pregnancy]].

==Decidualisation factors==
Mediation of uterine decidualisation can be thought of to occur over three phases:<ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# Days 8-10 post-ovulation (pre-implantation): Primarily mediated by estrogen and progesterone. The changes associated with this phase happen every secretory phase, whether or not implantation occurs within that cycle.
# During implantation: Combined effects of estrogen/progesterone along with blastocyst-derived signals such as preimplantation factor, Activin A and Prokineticin 1. Changes in this phase are unique to pregnancy.
# Post implantation: Combined effects of embryo-derived signals along with proteins released by decidual cells such as growth factors and cytokines. Changes during this phase are often triggered by autocrine and paracrine action.

==Some Recent Findings==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway is required for endometrial decidualization in mice and human'''<ref><pubmed>24086495</pubmed></ref> "Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are known to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in multiple cell types, including uterine endometrial cells... Following treatment with a well-established decidualization-inducing steroidogenic cocktail, levels of phospho-ERK1/2 were markedly increased. Treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, significantly decreased the expression of the known decidualization marker genes, IGFBP1 and PRL as well as inhibited the induction of known ERK1/2 target genes; FOS, MSK1, STAT1, and STAT3... These results suggest that ERK1/2 signaling is required for successful decidualization in mice as well as human endometrial stromal cells and implicates C/EBPbeta as a downstream target of ERK1/2."
* '''Elevated periimplantation uterine natural killer cell density in human endometrium is associated with impaired corticosteroid signaling in decidualizing stromal cells'''<ref><pubmed>24025400</pubmed></ref> "Elevated levels of uNK cells in the stroma underlying the surface epithelium are associated with inadequate cortisol biosynthesis by resident decidualizing cells and suboptimal induction of key MR-dependent enzymes involved in lipid biogenesis and the retinoid transport pathway. Our observations suggest that uNK cell testing identifies those women at risk of reproductive failure due to relative uterine cortisol deficiency."
* '''The Effects of Decidual Injury on the Invasion Potential of Trophoblastic Cells'''<ref><pubmed>21173644</pubmed></ref> "Eight decidual samples were retrieved from eight women. Incised decidua showed a significantly higher mean invasion index (83.3% [±8.1%], P=.012) than the other three models (intact decidua, 69.9% [±5.1%]; incised decidua repaired with adhesive, 66.6% [±8.2%]; intact decidua with adhesive, 58.3% [±11.3%]. There was no significant difference in the invasion index between the other models (P=.4)... Induced decidual injury significantly increased the invasion potential of trophoblastic cells compared with intact decidua. Complete re-approximation of the incised edges reversed this effect in vitro."
|}

==References==
<references/>

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T14:45:54Z

Z5014754:

'''Uterine decidualisation''' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

==Introduction==

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child. <ref name=PMID17960529><pubmed>17960529</pubmed></ref>

==Decidual changes==

===Processes===
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|400px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer.]]
[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

Cells of the stroma are normally densely packed and small. They proliferate in the mid-late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and slough off during menses (early proliferative phase) with closure of the spiral arteries. Uterine glands will dilate and secrete uterine milk within the secretory phase of the cycle. However, upon a viable implantation (during the mid-secretory phase), the trophoblast layers of the conceptus will push into the endometrium, releasing [[H#human_chorionic_gonadotropin|human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG). This prevents regression of the corpus luteum, the main source of hormones (especially progesterone) that keeps the endometrium in the secretory phase. Thus, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete, sustaining progesterone levels at a high level. This is detected by progesterone receptors (PRs) on the endometrial cells, mainly PRA receptors (the other isoform being PRB). Under this influence:
# stromal cells will expand and fill with glycogen and lipids, becoming large and polygonal (described as epitheliod decidual cells), and begin to secrete proteins <ref name=PMID11900887><pubmed>11900887</pubmed></ref>
# increased vasculature and bloodflow to the area <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# uterine glands will dilate, lengthen, become more coiled and wavy in shape, and actively secrete glycogen-rich uterine milk <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
# deposition of glycogen, a [[F#fibrinoid_layer|fibrinoid layer]] and epithelial plaque at [[A#anchoring_chorionic_villi|anchoring villi]] <ref name=Larsen>Gary C. Schoenwolf; William James Larsen (2009), ''Larsen's Human Embryology'', Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9</ref>
#immunological changes including an influx of specialised immune cells. <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>

These are the changes characteristic of decidualisation. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix), with the stroma layer becoming thick and edematous. Over the length of the embryonic period, the uterine glands slowly detract after their intial growth (as the embryo's nutrition begins to be given by the [[Y#yolk_sac|yolk sac]])<ref name=PMID9647550><pubmed>9647550</pubmed></ref>; and distinct decidual structures begin to form around the conceptus.

===Structure===
[[Image:Bailey494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Historic drawing showing decidual structures.]]

In the late embryonic period, the conceptus begins to bulge into the uterine cavity at the abembryonic pole: the decidua covering this portion of the conceptus is called the '''decidua capsularis''', forming a thin layer that encircles the conceptus. At the opposite (embryonic) pole, the underlying decidua is known as the '''decidua basalis'''. The remaining decidua is known as the '''decidua parietalis''', covering the rest of the uterus farther away from the conceptus and gradually becomes decidualised through the embryonic period. <ref name=Larsen></ref>

Changes in the decidual structures include: <ref name=Larsen></ref>
* The decidua basalis plays an important role in the formation of the maternal surface of the [[Placenta_Development|placenta]], with the fetal surface being formed by the [[C#chorion_frondosum|chorion frondosum]], and the intervillous space between, together constituting the placenta.
* During the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy, wedges of decidua basalis known as decidual septa push into the intervillous space, separating the maternal surface of the placenta into cobblestone-like lumps called [[C#cotyledon|cotyledons]].
* By the 3rd month of pregnancy, as the fetus grows large and fills the uterine cavity, the decidua capsularis is pressed against the decidua parietalis, causing the decidua capsularis to disintegrate by the 5th to 6th month.
* Due to pressure from the embryo and its associated membranes, the decidua parietalis becomes much thinner throughout the pregnancy.

==Role==

The changes of decidualisation are very important for the future development of the conceptus. Some of the roles performed by certain decidual changes are listed in the following table:

{| width=900px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=350px|'''Decidual Change'''
| width=550px|'''Role in Pregnancy'''
|-
|
Growth and accumulation of glycogen and lipids in stromal cells
|
* Energy supply for cells as they form the structures required to support developing conceptus
* Cells begin to secrete hormones, growth factors and cytokines required in early uterine changes <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Increased local vascularisation
|
* Important in establishing early placental structures to allow future exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams
* Facilitates hormonal signalling <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-
| Growth and secretion by uterine glands
|
* Uterine milk contains glycogen and other nutrients
* Nourishes the conceptus to allow growth until the yolk sac can provide nutrition <ref name=PMID23407384><pubmed>23407384</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Deposition of glycogen, fibrinoid layer and epithelial plaque at anchoring villi
|
* First structures of placentation
* Provides architecture for exchanges between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.<ref name=Larsen></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Immunological changes including influx of specialised immune cells
|
* Decidual macrophages, T lymphocytes and uterine natural killer cells provide immunological protection while tolerating the fetus so it is not harmed <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
* Chemokine gene silencing protects the conceptus from the maternal immune system <ref><pubmed>22679098</pubmed></ref>
* Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes death of non-specialised maternal immune cells to protect the conceptus. <ref><pubmed>11590404</pubmed></ref>
|}

It should be noted that decidualisation is not a requirement for a successful implantation; a blastocyst can implant in areas that are not decidualised, as is often seen in [[Ectopic_Pregnancy|ectopic pregnancy]].

==Decidualisation factors==
Mediation of uterine decidualisation can be thought of to occur over three phases:<ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# Days 8-10 post-ovulation (pre-implantation): Primarily mediated by estrogen and progesterone. The changes associated with this phase happen every secretory phase, whether or not implantation occurs within that cycle.
# During implantation: Combined effects of estrogen/progesterone along with blastocyst-derived signals such as preimplantation factor, Activin A and Prokineticin 1. Changes in this phase are unique to pregnancy.
# Post implantation: Combined effects of embryo-derived signals along with proteins released by decidual cells such as growth factors and cytokines. Changes during this phase are often triggered by autocrine and paracrine action.

==References==
<references/>

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T14:37:40Z

Z5014754:

'''Uterine decidualisation''' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

==Introduction==

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child. <ref name=PMID17960529><pubmed>17960529</pubmed></ref>

==Decidual changes==

===Processes===
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|400px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer.]]
[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

Cells of the stroma are normally densely packed and small. They proliferate in the mid-late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and slough off during menses (early proliferative phase) with closure of the spiral arteries. Uterine glands will dilate and secrete uterine milk within the secretory phase of the cycle. However, upon a viable implantation (during the mid-secretory phase), the trophoblast layers of the conceptus will push into the endometrium, releasing [[H#human_chorionic_gonadotropin|human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG). This prevents regression of the corpus luteum, the main source of hormones (especially progesterone) that keeps the endometrium in the secretory phase. Thus, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete, sustaining progesterone levels at a high level. This is detected by progesterone receptors (PRs) on the endometrial cells, mainly PRA receptors (the other isoform being PRB). Under this influence:
# stromal cells will expand and fill with glycogen and lipids, becoming large and polygonal (described as epitheliod decidual cells), and begin to secrete proteins <ref name=PMID11900887><pubmed>11900887</pubmed></ref>
# vasculature in the are proliferates and increases bloodflow <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# uterine glands will dilate, lengthen, become more coiled and wavy in shape, and actively secrete glycogen-rich uterine milk <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
# deposition of glycogen, a [[F#fibrinoid_layer|fibrinoid layer]] and epithelial plaque at [[A#anchoring_chorionic_villi|anchoring villi]] <ref name=Larsen>Gary C. Schoenwolf; William James Larsen (2009), ''Larsen's Human Embryology'', Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9</ref>
#immunological changes including an influx of specialised immune cells. <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>

These are the changes characteristic of decidualisation. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix), with the stroma layer becoming thick and edematous. Over the length of the embryonic period, the uterine glands slowly detract after their intial growth (as the embryo's nutrition begins to be given by the [[Y#yolk_sac|yolk sac]])<ref name=PMID9647550><pubmed>9647550</pubmed></ref>; and distinct decidual structures begin to form around the conceptus.

===Structure===
[[Image:Bailey494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Historic drawing showing decidual structures.]]

In the late embryonic period, the conceptus begins to bulge into the uterine cavity at the abembryonic pole: the decidua covering this portion of the conceptus is called the '''decidua capsularis''', forming a thin layer that encircles the conceptus. At the opposite (embryonic) pole, the underlying decidua is known as the '''decidua basalis'''. The remaining decidua is known as the '''decidua parietalis''', covering the rest of the uterus farther away from the conceptus and gradually becomes decidualised through the embryonic period. <ref name=Larsen></ref>

Changes in the decidual structures include: <ref name=Larsen></ref>
* The decidua basalis plays an important role in the formation of the maternal surface of the [[Placenta_Development|placenta]], with the fetal surface being formed by the [[C#chorion_frondosum|chorion frondosum]], and the intervillous space between, together constituting the placenta.
* During the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy, wedges of decidua basalis known as decidual septa push into the intervillous space, separating the maternal surface of the placenta into cobblestone-like lumps called [[C#cotyledon|cotyledons]].
* By the 3rd month of pregnancy, as the fetus grows large and fills the uterine cavity, the decidua capsularis is pressed against the decidua parietalis, causing the decidua capsularis to disintegrate by the 5th to 6th month.
* Due to pressure from the embryo and its associated membranes, the decidua parietalis becomes much thinner throughout the pregnancy.

==Role==

The changes of decidualisation are very important for the future development of the conceptus. Some of the roles performed by certain decidual changes are listed in the following table:

{| width=900px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=350px|'''Decidual Change'''
| width=550px|'''Role in Pregnancy'''
|-
|
Growth and accumulation of glycogen and lipids in stromal cells
|
* Energy supply for cells as they form the structures required to support developing conceptus
* Cells begin to secrete hormones, growth factors and cytokines required in early uterine changes <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Increased local vascularisation
|
* Important in establishing early placental structures to allow future exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams
* facilitates hormonal signalling <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-
| Growth and secretion by uterine glands
|
* Uterine milk contains glycogen and other nutrients
* Nourishes the conceptus to allow growth until the yolk sac can provide nutrition <ref name=PMID23407384><pubmed>23407384</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Deposition of glycogen, fibrinoid layer and epithelial plaque at anchoring villi
|
* First structures of placentation
* provides architecture for exchanges between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.<ref name=Larsen></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Immunological changes including influx of specialised immune cells
|
* Decidual macrophages, T lymphocytes and uterine natural killer cells provide immunological protection while tolerating the fetus so it is not harmed <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
* Chemokine Gene Silencing protects the conceptus from the maternal immune system <ref><pubmed>22679098</pubmed></ref>
* Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes death of non-specialised maternal immune cells to protect the conceptus. <ref><pubmed>11590404</pubmed></ref>
|}

It should be noted that decidualisation is not a requirement for a successful implantation; a blastocyst can implant in areas that are not decidualised, as is often seen in [[Ectopic_Pregnancy|ectopic pregnancy]].

==Decidualisation factors==
Mediation of uterine decidualisation can be thought of to occur over three phases:<ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# Days 8-10 post-ovulation (pre-implantation): Primarily mediated by estrogen and progesterone. These changes associated with this phase happen every menstrual cycle during the secretory phase, whether or not implantation occurs within that cycle.
# During implantation: Combined effects of estrogen/progesterone along with blastocyst-derived signals such as preimplantation factor, Activin A and Prokineticin 1. Changes in this phase are unique to pregnancy.
# Post implantation: Combined effects of embryo-derived signals along with proteins released by decidual cells such as growth factors and cytokines. Changes during this phase are often triggered by autocrine and paracrine action.

==References==
<references/>

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T14:20:06Z

Z5014754:

'''Uterine decidualisation''' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

==Introduction==

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child. <ref name=PMID17960529><pubmed>17960529</pubmed></ref>

==Decidual changes==

===Processes===
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|400px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer.]]
[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

Cells of the stroma are normally densely packed and small. They proliferate in the mid-late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and slough off during menses (early proliferative phase) with closure of the spiral arteries. Uterine glands will dilate and secrete uterine milk within the secretory phase of the cycle. However, upon a viable implantation (during the mid-secretory phase), the trophoblast layers of the conceptus will push into the endometrium, releasing [[H#human_chorionic_gonadotropin|human chorionic gonadotropin]] (hCG). This prevents regression of the corpus luteum, the main source of hormones (especially progesterone) that keeps the endometrium in the secretory phase. Thus, the corpus luteum will continue to secrete, sustaining progesterone levels at a high level. This is detected by progesterone receptors (PRs) on the endometrial cells, mainly PRA receptors (the other isoform being PRB). Under this influence:
# stromal cells will expand and fill with glycogen and lipids, becoming large and polygonal (described as epitheliod decidual cells), and begin to secrete proteins <ref name=PMID11900887><pubmed>11900887</pubmed></ref>
# vasculature in the are proliferates and increases bloodflow <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
# uterine glands will dilate, lengthen, become more coiled and wavy in shape, and actively secrete glycogen-rich uterine milk <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
# deposition of glycogen, a [[F#fibrinoid_layer|fibrinoid layer]] and epithelial plaque at [[A#anchoring_chorionic_villi|anchoring villi]] <ref name=Larsen>Gary C. Schoenwolf; William James Larsen (2009), ''Larsen's Human Embryology'', Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9</ref>
#immunological changes including an influx of specialised immune cells. <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>

These are the changes characteristic of decidualisation. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix), with the stroma layer becoming thick and edematous. Over the length of the embryonic period, the uterine glands slowly detract after their intial growth (as the embryo's nutrition begins to be given by the [[Y#yolk_sac|yolk sac]])<ref name=PMID9647550><pubmed>9647550</pubmed></ref>; and distinct decidual structures begin to form around the conceptus.

===Structure===
[[Image:Bailey494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Historic drawing showing decidual structures.]]

In the late embryonic period, the conceptus begins to bulge into the uterine cavity at the abembryonic pole: the decidua covering this portion of the conceptus is called the '''decidua capsularis''', forming a thin layer that encircles the conceptus. At the opposite (embryonic) pole, the underlying decidua is known as the '''decidua basalis'''. The remaining decidua is known as the '''decidua parietalis''', covering the rest of the uterus farther away from the conceptus and gradually becomes decidualised through the embryonic period. <ref name=Larsen></ref>

Changes in the decidual structures include: <ref name=Larsen></ref>
* The decidua basalis plays an important role in the formation of the maternal surface of the [[Placenta_Development|placenta]], with the fetal surface being formed by the [[C#chorion_frondosum|chorion frondosum]], and the intervillous space between, together constituting the placenta.
* During the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy, wedges of decidua basalis known as decidual septa push into the intervillous space, separating the maternal surface of the placenta into cobblestone-like lumps called [[C#cotyledon|cotyledons]].
* By the 3rd month of pregnancy, as the fetus grows large and fills the uterine cavity, the decidua capsularis is pressed against the decidua parietalis, causing the decidua capsularis to disintegrate by the 5th to 6th month.
* Due to pressure from the embryo and its associated membranes, the decidua parietalis becomes much thinner throughout the pregnancy.

==Role==

The changes of decidualisation are very important for the future development of the conceptus. Some of the roles performed by certain decidual changes are listed in the following table:

{| width=900px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=350px|'''Decidual Change'''
| width=550px|'''Role in Pregnancy'''
|-
|
Growth and accumulation of glycogen and lipids in stromal cells
|
* Energy supply for cells as they form the structures required to support developing conceptus
* Cells begin to secrete hormones, growth factors and cytokines required in early uterine changes <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Increased local vascularisation
|
* Important in establishing early placental structures to allow future exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams
* facilitates hormonal signalling <ref name=PMID11900887></ref>
|-
| Growth and secretion by uterine glands
|
* Uterine milk contains glycogen and other nutrients
* Nourishes the conceptus to allow growth until the yolk sac can provide nutrition <ref name=PMID23407384><pubmed>23407384</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Deposition of glycogen, fibrinoid layer and epithelial plaque at anchoring villi
|
* First structures of placentation
* provides architecture for exchanges between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.<ref name=Larsen></ref>
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Immunological changes including influx of specialised immune cells
|
* Decidual macrophages, T lymphocytes and uterine natural killer cells provide immunological protection while tolerating the fetus so it is not harmed <ref name=PMID17960529></ref>
* Chemokine Gene Silencing protects the conceptus from the maternal immune system <ref><pubmed>22679098</pubmed></ref>
* Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes death of non-specialised maternal immune cells to protect the conceptus. <ref><pubmed>11590404</pubmed></ref>
|}

It should be noted that decidualisation is not a requirement for a successful implantation; a blastocyst can implant in areas that are not decidualised, as is often seen in [[Ectopic_Pregnancy|ectopic pregnancy]].

==References==
<references/>

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T13:48:04Z

Z5014754:

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T12:42:42Z

Z5014754:

File:Endometrium structure.JPG

2014-07-06T12:30:21Z

Z5014754:

Student drawing (by Andrew Read, z5014754) of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

Copyright Statement:
Beginning six months after publication, I z5014754 grant the public the non-exclusive right to copy, distribute, or display the Work under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode.

File:Endometrium structure.JPG

2014-07-06T12:25:55Z

Z5014754:

Student drawing (by Andrew Read, z5014754) of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

"""Copyright Statement:"""
Beginning six months after publication, I z5014754 grant the public the non-exclusive right to copy, distribute, or display the Work under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode.

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T09:58:21Z

Z5014754:

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T08:25:29Z

Z5014754:

File:Endometrium structure.JPG

2014-07-06T08:08:33Z

Z5014754:

Student drawing of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of a stromal and a simple columnar epithelial layer, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T07:55:11Z

Z5014754:

''Uterine decidualisation'' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

=Introduction=

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child.

=Decidual changes=

[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site.]]
[[Image:endometrium_structure.JPG|thumb|right|450px| The structure of the endometrium, which consits of stromal and epithelial layers.]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

As the blastocyst implants during week 2, the trophoblast layers push into the endometrium, triggering decidual changes in both nearby endometrial cells and the surrounding matrix. This decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix). Endometrial cells begin to accumulate lipids and glycogen, with deposition of fibrinoid and glycogen and epithelial plaque formation at anchoring villi. The stromal layer thickens and becomes highly vascularised. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix).

File:Endometrium structure.JPG

2014-07-06T07:49:49Z

Z5014754: Z5014754 uploaded a new version of "File:Endometrium structure.JPG"

Student drawing of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of the epithelial and stromal layers, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

File:Endometrium structure.JPG

2014-07-06T07:49:29Z

Z5014754: Z5014754 uploaded a new version of "File:Endometrium structure.JPG"

Student drawing of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of the epithelial and stromal layers, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

File:Endometrium structure.JPG

2014-07-06T07:46:33Z

Z5014754: Student drawing of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of the epithelial and stromal layers, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

Student drawing of the structure of the endometrium. The endometrium consists of the epithelial and stromal layers, with simple invaginations forming uterine glands.

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T06:28:52Z

Z5014754:

''Uterine decidualisation'' is the process by which uterine stromal cells differentiate in response to both steroid hormones (progesterone) and embryonic signals into large epitheliod decidual cells. This process is essential for the progress of implantation and establishing fetal-maternal communication.

=Introduction=

The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium form highly specialised '''decidua'''. These changes are largely mediated by sustained high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]], and signals the beginning of '''placentation''' in the mother and child.

=Decidual changes=

[[Image:Placenta_anchoring_villi.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Decidual cells surrounding anchoring villi at the implantation site]]

The endometrium consists of an epithelial layer lining the inside of the uterus, as well as an underlying layer of vasculature, cells and dense connective tissue (collectively known as the '''stroma'''). Uterine glands are simple invaginations of the endometrium that extend into the stroma. It is important to note that during pregnancy decidual changes occur only in the stroma and uterine glands.

As the blastocyst implants during week 2, the trophoblast layers push into the endometrium, triggering decidual changes in both nearby endometrial cells and the surrounding matrix. This decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix). Endometrial cells begin to accumulate lipids and glycogen, with deposition of fibrinoid and glycogen and epithelial plaque formation at anchoring villi. The stromal layer thickens and becomes highly vascularised. While initially only occurring at the site of implantation, decidualisation then spreads through the entire uterus (but not the cervix).

User:Z5014754

2014-07-06T04:26:08Z

Z5014754: Uterine Decidualisation

=Introduction=
The [[U#uterus|uterus]] is an organ of the female internal reproductive tract that houses the conceptus for the vast majority of development. Outside of pregnancy the uterus has an inner lining (endometrium) that undergoes [[Menstrual Cycle|cyclic changes]] in response to reproductive hormones. However, following [[Implantation|implantation]], these cycles cease and the endometrium must undergo morphological and functional changes in order to accommodate development of the conceptus. This process of changes, known as uterine decidualisation, causes the endometrium to form highly specialised cells known as decidua. These changes are largely caused by high levels of maternal [[P#progesterone|progesterone]].

=Decidual Changes=