Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

ANAT2341 Lab 6

2020-06-11T03:01:36Z

Z3485617:

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (45 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Kirsty Walters
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
* Virtual embryo dissections
* SmartSparrow module
* Specimens of human birth abnormalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
* Understand development of the reproductive system.
* Understand development of the renal system.
* Understand the developmental basis of abnormalities associated with placental development and the reproductive and urinary systems.

GUEST LECTURER - Dr Kirsty Walters

{|
| width=185px valign=top| [[File:Kirsty Walters.jpg|180px]]

[https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-kirsty-walters Dr Kirsty Walters]

| Dr Kirsty Walters is a Senior Lecturer in Women’s and Children’s Health at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, specialising in the field of female reproduction and ovarian function.

Background:

Dr Walters was awarded her PhD in 2005 from Edinburgh University, Scotland, and was then recruited by the ANZAC Research Institute (ARI) to undertake a post-doctoral position investigating the role androgens play in regulating female reproduction and physiology. In February 2016 the UNSW recruited her to head up the Ovarian Biology Laboratory based in the Wallace Wurth, which forms part of the world-leading biomedical precinct at UNSW.

Research interests:

Dr Walters’ research involves using customized genetic mouse models in combination with clinical samples and trials to dissect out the fundamental mechanisms regulating female reproduction and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In particular, her research has focused on understanding the role androgens play in regulating female fertility and PCOS. Findings from this research will identify therapeutic targets for improved treatment of female infertility and the wide range of health issues associated with PCOS, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.
|}

'''An Introduction to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)'''

<html5media width="600" height="400">https://www.youtube.com/embed/NhyYZCBq5A8</html5media>

'''Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model'''
{{#pmid:28320971}}

{|
| [[File:Polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.jpg|600px]]
| '''Experimental design'''
 
For this study, PCOS was induced in wild-type, global, neuron-specific, and granulosa cell-specific androgen receptor knockout mice by s.c. inserting dihydrotestosterone implants in the mice for 3 mo. Control mice were implanted with blank implants.
 
Body weight, estrous cycling, blood pressure, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were assessed before collection of serum and tissues at 16 wk of age.
 
[[File:Dihydrotestosterone.jpg|thumb|150px|link=Genital - Male Development|alt=Dihydrotestosterone structure cartoon|link=Genital - Male Development|Dihydrotestosterone]]

'''Dihydrotestosterone''' - The hormonally active form of testosterone (male sex hormone) produced by enzyme (5-alpha reductase) conversion. In the male embryo, this can occur in the genital skin which then supports external genital development. In the adult, this conversion occurs in a number of different tissues. A known treatment for prostate cancer include 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.
|}

'''Role of Androgens in the Ovary'''
{{#pmid:28687450}}

:"It has been well established for decades that androgens, namely {{testosterone}} (T) plays an important role in female reproductive physiology as the precursor for oestradiol (E2). However, in the last decade a direct role for androgens, acting via the androgen receptor (AR), in female reproductive function has been confirmed. Deciphering the specific roles of androgens in ovarian function has been hindered as complete androgen resistant females cannot be generated by natural breeding. In addition, androgens can be converted into estrogens which has caused confusion when interpreting findings from pharmacological studies, as observed effects could have been mediated via the AR or estrogen receptor. The creation and analysis of genetic {{mouse}} models with global and cell-specific disruption of the Ar gene, the sole mediator of pure androgenic action, has now allowed the elucidation of a role for AR-mediated androgen actions in the regulation of normal and pathological ovarian function. This review aims to summarize findings from clinical, animal, pharmacological and novel genetic AR mouse models to provide an understanding of the important roles androgens play in the {{ovary}}, as well as providing insights into the human implications of these roles."

'''References'''

{{#pmid:29635226}}

{{#pmid:2977958}}1

{{#pmid:29503209}}

{{#pmid:29365049}}

{{#pmid:28687450}}

'''Search PubMed:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Walters%20KA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=28687450 Walters KA]

 

{{2018ANAT2341}}

ANAT2341 Lab 6

2020-06-11T03:00:39Z

Z3485617:

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (45 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Kirsty Walters
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
* Virtual embryo dissections
* SmartSparrow module
* Specimens of human birth abnormalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
* Understand development of the reproductive system.
* Understand development of the renal system.
* Understand the developmental basis of abnormalities associated with placental development and the reproductive and urinary systems.

GUEST LECTURER - Dr Kirsty Walters

{|
| width=185px valign=top| [[File:Kirsty Walters.jpg|180px]]

[https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-kirsty-walters Dr Kitsty Walters]

| Dr Kirsty Walters is a Senior Lecturer in Women’s and Children’s Health at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, specialising in the field of female reproduction and ovarian function.

Background:

Dr Walters was awarded her PhD in 2005 from Edinburgh University, Scotland, and was then recruited by the ANZAC Research Institute (ARI) to undertake a post-doctoral position investigating the role androgens play in regulating female reproduction and physiology. In February 2016 the UNSW recruited her to head up the Ovarian Biology Laboratory based in the Wallace Wurth, which forms part of the world-leading biomedical precinct at UNSW.

Research interests:

Dr Walters’ research involves using customized genetic mouse models in combination with clinical samples and trials to dissect out the fundamental mechanisms regulating female reproduction and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In particular, her research has focused on understanding the role androgens play in regulating female fertility and PCOS. Findings from this research will identify therapeutic targets for improved treatment of female infertility and the wide range of health issues associated with PCOS, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.
|}

'''An Introduction to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)'''

<html5media width="600" height="400">https://www.youtube.com/embed/NhyYZCBq5A8</html5media>

'''Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model'''
{{#pmid:28320971}}

{|
| [[File:Polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.jpg|600px]]
| '''Experimental design'''
 
For this study, PCOS was induced in wild-type, global, neuron-specific, and granulosa cell-specific androgen receptor knockout mice by s.c. inserting dihydrotestosterone implants in the mice for 3 mo. Control mice were implanted with blank implants.
 
Body weight, estrous cycling, blood pressure, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were assessed before collection of serum and tissues at 16 wk of age.
 
[[File:Dihydrotestosterone.jpg|thumb|150px|link=Genital - Male Development|alt=Dihydrotestosterone structure cartoon|link=Genital - Male Development|Dihydrotestosterone]]

'''Dihydrotestosterone''' - The hormonally active form of testosterone (male sex hormone) produced by enzyme (5-alpha reductase) conversion. In the male embryo, this can occur in the genital skin which then supports external genital development. In the adult, this conversion occurs in a number of different tissues. A known treatment for prostate cancer include 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.
|}

'''Role of Androgens in the Ovary'''
{{#pmid:28687450}}

:"It has been well established for decades that androgens, namely {{testosterone}} (T) plays an important role in female reproductive physiology as the precursor for oestradiol (E2). However, in the last decade a direct role for androgens, acting via the androgen receptor (AR), in female reproductive function has been confirmed. Deciphering the specific roles of androgens in ovarian function has been hindered as complete androgen resistant females cannot be generated by natural breeding. In addition, androgens can be converted into estrogens which has caused confusion when interpreting findings from pharmacological studies, as observed effects could have been mediated via the AR or estrogen receptor. The creation and analysis of genetic {{mouse}} models with global and cell-specific disruption of the Ar gene, the sole mediator of pure androgenic action, has now allowed the elucidation of a role for AR-mediated androgen actions in the regulation of normal and pathological ovarian function. This review aims to summarize findings from clinical, animal, pharmacological and novel genetic AR mouse models to provide an understanding of the important roles androgens play in the {{ovary}}, as well as providing insights into the human implications of these roles."

'''References'''

{{#pmid:29635226}}

{{#pmid:2977958}}1

{{#pmid:29503209}}

{{#pmid:29365049}}

{{#pmid:28687450}}

'''Search PubMed:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Walters%20KA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=28687450 Walters KA]

 

{{2018ANAT2341}}

File:ANAT2341 2019 Fetal Development and Birth np Reduced Size.pdf

2019-11-19T21:44:03Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Stem cell biology and technology.pdf

2019-11-19T04:48:42Z

Z3485617:

File:Practical class 9 - week 10.pdf

2019-11-19T04:22:14Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Sensory System Development.pdf

2019-11-12T05:33:35Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Integumentary System.pdf

2019-11-12T05:31:46Z

Z3485617:

ANAT2341 Lab 8

2019-11-08T05:37:43Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''
* Weekly Quiz + revision (10 minutes)
* Completion of surveys (10 minutes)
* Practical class activities (40 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Stuart Fraser (45 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES''' (40 minutes):
* Cell lineage activity
* Investigate the chicken embryo skeletal preps

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES''':
* Understanding organogenesis
* Understanding the developmental paths of cell types/structures
* Understand the developmental basis of human disease
* Understanding skeletal development
* Understanding blood cell development
* Understanding research into blood cell development

'''Blood Cell Development - A/Prof Stuart Fraser'''
 
Biographical details

Stuart Fraser joined the Discipline of Physiology as Sesquicentenial lecturer in Molecular Embryology in April 2010. Prior to returning to Australia, Dr. Fraser was Assistant Professor in Hematology/Medical Oncology in the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City for 6 years. Dr. Fraser also completed postdoctoral studies at the University of Mainz in Germany and spent 4 years at Kyoto University in Japan.
Back to Top

Stuart's main research interests focus upon the mechanisms controlling the formation of the {{blood}}, or hematopoietic lineages, in the embryo and how these processes can go awry in the adult.

==References==
{{#pmid:31273739}}

{{#pmid:29076088}}

{{#pmid:28401096}}

{{#pmid:28395744}}

{{#pmid:26898901}}

{{#pmid:26113865}}

Search PubMed: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fraser%20ST%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=31273739 Fraser ST]

ANAT2341 Lab 8

2019-11-08T05:37:04Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''
* Weekly Quiz + revision (10 minutes)
* Completion of surveys (10 minutes)
* Practical class activities (40 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Stuart Fraser (45 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES''' (40 minutes):
* Cell lineage activity
* Investigate the chicken embryo skeletal preps

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES''':
* Understanding organogenesis
* Understanding the developmental paths of cell types/structures
* Understand the developmental basis of human disease
* Understanding skeletal development
* Understanding blood cell development
* Understanding research into blood cell development

{|
| width=185px|[[File:Stuart_Fraser.jpg]]

| valign=top|

'''Blood Cell Development'''
 
Biographical details

Stuart Fraser joined the Discipline of Physiology as Sesquicentenial lecturer in Molecular Embryology in April 2010. Prior to returning to Australia, Dr. Fraser was Assistant Professor in Hematology/Medical Oncology in the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City for 6 years. Dr. Fraser also completed postdoctoral studies at the University of Mainz in Germany and spent 4 years at Kyoto University in Japan.
Back to Top

Stuart's main research interests focus upon the mechanisms controlling the formation of the {{blood}}, or hematopoietic lineages, in the embryo and how these processes can go awry in the adult.

==References==
{{#pmid:31273739}}

{{#pmid:29076088}}

{{#pmid:28401096}}

{{#pmid:28395744}}

{{#pmid:26898901}}

{{#pmid:26113865}}

Search PubMed: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fraser%20ST%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=31273739 Fraser ST]

ANAT2341 Lab 8

2019-11-08T05:36:27Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''
* Weekly Quiz + revision (10 minutes)
* Completion of surveys (10 minutes)
* Practical class activities (40 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Stuart Fraser (45 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES''' (40 minutes):
* Cell lineage activity
* Investigate the chicken embryo skeletal preps

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES''':
* Understanding organogenesis
* Understanding the developmental paths of cell types/structures
* Understand the developmental basis of human disease
* Understanding skeletal development
* Understanding blood cell development
* Understanding research into blood cell development

{|
| width=185px|[[File:Stuart_Fraser.jpg]]

| valign=top|

'''Blood Cell Development'''
 
Biographical details

Stuart Fraser joined the Discipline of Physiology as Sesquicentenial lecturer in Molecular Embryology in April 2010. Prior to returning to Australia, Dr. Fraser was Assistant Professor in Hematology/Medical Oncology in the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City for 6 years. Dr. Fraser also completed postdoctoral studies at the University of Mainz in Germany and spent 4 years at Kyoto University in Japan.
Back to Top

Stuart's main research interests focus upon the mechanisms controlling the formation of the {{blood}}, or hematopoietic lineages, in the embryo and how these processes can go awry in the adult.

[https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/3304045/mod_forum/attachment/2517784/Sally%202018.pdf Fraser Lecture Slides 2018]
|}
==References==
{{#pmid:31273739}}

{{#pmid:29076088}}

{{#pmid:28401096}}

{{#pmid:28395744}}

{{#pmid:26898901}}

{{#pmid:26113865}}

Search PubMed: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fraser%20ST%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=31273739 Fraser ST]

ANAT2341 Lab 8

2019-11-08T05:35:51Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''
* Weekly Quiz + revision (10 minutes)
* Completion of surveys (10 minutes)
* Practical class activities (40 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Stuart Fraser (45 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES''' (40 minutes):
* Cell lineage activity
* Investigate the chicken embryo skeletal preps

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES''':
* Understanding organogenesis
* Understanding the developmental paths of cell types/structures
* Understand the developmental basis of human disease
* Understanding skeletal development
* Understanding blood cell development
* Understanding research into blood cell development

{|
| width=185px|[[File:Stuart_Fraser.jpg]]

| valign=top|'''Blood Cell Development'''
 
Biographical details

Stuart Fraser joined the Discipline of Physiology as Sesquicentenial lecturer in Molecular Embryology in April 2010. Prior to returning to Australia, Dr. Fraser was Assistant Professor in Hematology/Medical Oncology in the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City for 6 years. Dr. Fraser also completed postdoctoral studies at the University of Mainz in Germany and spent 4 years at Kyoto University in Japan.
Back to Top

Stuart's main research interests focus upon the mechanisms controlling the formation of the {{blood}}, or hematopoietic lineages, in the embryo and how these processes can go awry in the adult.

[https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/3304045/mod_forum/attachment/2517784/Sally%202018.pdf Fraser Lecture Slides 2018]
|}
==References==
{{#pmid:31273739}}

{{#pmid:29076088}}

{{#pmid:28401096}}

{{#pmid:28395744}}

{{#pmid:26898901}}

{{#pmid:26113865}}

Search PubMed: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fraser%20ST%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=31273739 Fraser ST]

File:Practical class 8 - week 9.pdf

2019-11-08T05:32:17Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Reproductive System.pdf

2019-11-05T21:33:04Z

Z3485617: Z3485617 uploaded a new version of File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Reproductive System.pdf

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Renal Development.pdf

2019-11-05T10:18:38Z

Z3485617: Z3485617 uploaded a new version of File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Renal Development.pdf

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Reproductive System.pdf

2019-11-05T09:57:20Z

Z3485617: Z3485617 uploaded a new version of File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Reproductive System.pdf

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Renal Development.pdf

2019-11-05T05:32:17Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Reproductive System.pdf

2019-11-05T05:30:59Z

Z3485617:

File:K Walters lecture slides 4.11.19.pdf

2019-11-04T09:52:34Z

Z3485617:

File:PRACTICAL CLASS 7 PROGRAM final.pdf

2019-11-04T09:42:35Z

Z3485617:

File:PRACTICAL CLASS 7 PROGRAM.pdf

2019-11-04T09:40:14Z

Z3485617: Z3485617 uploaded a new version of File:PRACTICAL CLASS 7 PROGRAM.pdf

File:PRACTICAL CLASS 7 PROGRAM.pdf

2019-11-01T02:32:39Z

Z3485617:

ANAT2341 Lab 6

2019-11-01T02:31:10Z

Z3485617:

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (45 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Kirsty Walters
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
* Virtual embryo dissections
* SmartSparrow module
* Specimens of human birth abnormalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
* Understand development of the reproductive system.
* Understand development of the renal system.
* Understand the developmental basis of abnormalities associated with placental development and the reproductive and urinary systems.

GUEST LECTURER - Dr Kirsty Walters

{|
| width=185px valign=top| [[File:Kirsty Walters.jpg|180px]]

[https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-kirsty-walters Dr Kitsty Walters]

| Dr Kirsty Walters is a Senior Lecturer in Women’s and Children’s Health at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, specialising in the field of female reproduction and ovarian function.

Background:

Dr Walters was awarded her PhD in 2005 from Edinburgh University, Scotland, and was then recruited by the ANZAC Research Institute (ARI) to undertake a post-doctoral position investigating the role androgens play in regulating female reproduction and physiology. In February 2016 the UNSW recruited her to head up the Ovarian Biology Laboratory based in the Wallace Wurth, which forms part of the world-leading biomedical precinct at UNSW.

Research interests:

Dr Walters’ research involves using customized genetic mouse models in combination with clinical samples and trials to dissect out the fundamental mechanisms regulating female reproduction and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In particular, her research has focused on understanding the role androgens play in regulating female fertility and PCOS. Findings from this research will identify therapeutic targets for improved treatment of female infertility and the wide range of health issues associated with PCOS, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.
|}

[[Media:Slides_for_Dr_K_Walters_embryology_lecture_2018_31.8.18.pdf|'''Walters Lecture Slides''']]

'''An Introduction to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)'''

<html5media width="600" height="400">https://www.youtube.com/embed/NhyYZCBq5A8</html5media>

'''Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model'''
{{#pmid:28320971}}

{|
| [[File:Polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.jpg|600px]]
| '''Experimental design'''
 
For this study, PCOS was induced in wild-type, global, neuron-specific, and granulosa cell-specific androgen receptor knockout mice by s.c. inserting dihydrotestosterone implants in the mice for 3 mo. Control mice were implanted with blank implants.
 
Body weight, estrous cycling, blood pressure, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were assessed before collection of serum and tissues at 16 wk of age.
 
[[File:Dihydrotestosterone.jpg|thumb|150px|link=Genital - Male Development|alt=Dihydrotestosterone structure cartoon|link=Genital - Male Development|Dihydrotestosterone]]

'''Dihydrotestosterone''' - The hormonally active form of testosterone (male sex hormone) produced by enzyme (5-alpha reductase) conversion. In the male embryo, this can occur in the genital skin which then supports external genital development. In the adult, this conversion occurs in a number of different tissues. A known treatment for prostate cancer include 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.
|}

'''Role of Androgens in the Ovary'''
{{#pmid:28687450}}

:"It has been well established for decades that androgens, namely {{testosterone}} (T) plays an important role in female reproductive physiology as the precursor for oestradiol (E2). However, in the last decade a direct role for androgens, acting via the androgen receptor (AR), in female reproductive function has been confirmed. Deciphering the specific roles of androgens in ovarian function has been hindered as complete androgen resistant females cannot be generated by natural breeding. In addition, androgens can be converted into estrogens which has caused confusion when interpreting findings from pharmacological studies, as observed effects could have been mediated via the AR or estrogen receptor. The creation and analysis of genetic {{mouse}} models with global and cell-specific disruption of the Ar gene, the sole mediator of pure androgenic action, has now allowed the elucidation of a role for AR-mediated androgen actions in the regulation of normal and pathological ovarian function. This review aims to summarize findings from clinical, animal, pharmacological and novel genetic AR mouse models to provide an understanding of the important roles androgens play in the {{ovary}}, as well as providing insights into the human implications of these roles."

'''References'''

{{#pmid:29635226}}

{{#pmid:2977958}}1

{{#pmid:29503209}}

{{#pmid:29365049}}

{{#pmid:28687450}}

'''Search PubMed:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Walters%20KA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=28687450 Walters KA]

 

{{2018ANAT2341}}

ANAT2341 Lab 6

2019-11-01T02:29:54Z

Z3485617:

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (45 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by A/Prof Kirsty Walters
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
* Virtual embryo dissections
* SmartSparrow module
* Specimens of human birth abnormalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
* Understand development of the reproductive system.
* Understand development of the renal system.
* Understand the developmental basis of abnormalities associated with placental development and the reproductive and urinary systems.

== 2. Guest Lecturer - Dr Kirsty Walters==

{|
| width=185px valign=top| [[File:Kirsty Walters.jpg|180px]]

[https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-kirsty-walters Dr Kitsty Walters]

| Dr Kirsty Walters is a Senior Lecturer in Women’s and Children’s Health at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, specialising in the field of female reproduction and ovarian function.

Background:

Dr Walters was awarded her PhD in 2005 from Edinburgh University, Scotland, and was then recruited by the ANZAC Research Institute (ARI) to undertake a post-doctoral position investigating the role androgens play in regulating female reproduction and physiology. In February 2016 the UNSW recruited her to head up the Ovarian Biology Laboratory based in the Wallace Wurth, which forms part of the world-leading biomedical precinct at UNSW.

Research interests:

Dr Walters’ research involves using customized genetic mouse models in combination with clinical samples and trials to dissect out the fundamental mechanisms regulating female reproduction and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In particular, her research has focused on understanding the role androgens play in regulating female fertility and PCOS. Findings from this research will identify therapeutic targets for improved treatment of female infertility and the wide range of health issues associated with PCOS, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.
|}

[[Media:Slides_for_Dr_K_Walters_embryology_lecture_2018_31.8.18.pdf|'''Walters Lecture Slides''']]

==An Introduction to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)==

<html5media width="600" height="400">https://www.youtube.com/embed/NhyYZCBq5A8</html5media>

==Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model==
{{#pmid:28320971}}

{|
| [[File:Polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.jpg|600px]]
| '''Experimental design'''
 
For this study, PCOS was induced in wild-type, global, neuron-specific, and granulosa cell-specific androgen receptor knockout mice by s.c. inserting dihydrotestosterone implants in the mice for 3 mo. Control mice were implanted with blank implants.
 
Body weight, estrous cycling, blood pressure, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were assessed before collection of serum and tissues at 16 wk of age.
 
[[File:Dihydrotestosterone.jpg|thumb|150px|link=Genital - Male Development|alt=Dihydrotestosterone structure cartoon|link=Genital - Male Development|Dihydrotestosterone]]

'''Dihydrotestosterone''' - The hormonally active form of testosterone (male sex hormone) produced by enzyme (5-alpha reductase) conversion. In the male embryo, this can occur in the genital skin which then supports external genital development. In the adult, this conversion occurs in a number of different tissues. A known treatment for prostate cancer include 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.
|}

==Role of Androgens in the Ovary==
{{#pmid:28687450}}

:"It has been well established for decades that androgens, namely {{testosterone}} (T) plays an important role in female reproductive physiology as the precursor for oestradiol (E2). However, in the last decade a direct role for androgens, acting via the androgen receptor (AR), in female reproductive function has been confirmed. Deciphering the specific roles of androgens in ovarian function has been hindered as complete androgen resistant females cannot be generated by natural breeding. In addition, androgens can be converted into estrogens which has caused confusion when interpreting findings from pharmacological studies, as observed effects could have been mediated via the AR or estrogen receptor. The creation and analysis of genetic {{mouse}} models with global and cell-specific disruption of the Ar gene, the sole mediator of pure androgenic action, has now allowed the elucidation of a role for AR-mediated androgen actions in the regulation of normal and pathological ovarian function. This review aims to summarize findings from clinical, animal, pharmacological and novel genetic AR mouse models to provide an understanding of the important roles androgens play in the {{ovary}}, as well as providing insights into the human implications of these roles."

==References==

{{#pmid:29635226}}

{{#pmid:2977958}}1

{{#pmid:29503209}}

{{#pmid:29365049}}

{{#pmid:28687450}}

'''Search PubMed:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Walters%20KA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=28687450 Walters KA]

 

{{2018ANAT2341}}

ANAT2341 Lab 6

2019-11-01T02:28:55Z

Z3485617:

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:

• Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
• Practical class activities (45 minutes)
• Guest Lecture by A/Prof Kirsty Walters
• Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
1. Virtual embryo dissections
2. SmartSparrow module
3. Specimens of human birth abnormalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• Understand development of the reproductive system.
• Understand development of the renal system.
• Understand the developmental basis of abnormalities associated with placental development and the reproductive and urinary systems.

== 2. Guest Lecturer - Dr Kirsty Walters==

{|
| width=185px valign=top| [[File:Kirsty Walters.jpg|180px]]

[https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-kirsty-walters Dr Kitsty Walters]

| Dr Kirsty Walters is a Senior Lecturer in Women’s and Children’s Health at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, specialising in the field of female reproduction and ovarian function.

Background:

Dr Walters was awarded her PhD in 2005 from Edinburgh University, Scotland, and was then recruited by the ANZAC Research Institute (ARI) to undertake a post-doctoral position investigating the role androgens play in regulating female reproduction and physiology. In February 2016 the UNSW recruited her to head up the Ovarian Biology Laboratory based in the Wallace Wurth, which forms part of the world-leading biomedical precinct at UNSW.

Research interests:

Dr Walters’ research involves using customized genetic mouse models in combination with clinical samples and trials to dissect out the fundamental mechanisms regulating female reproduction and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In particular, her research has focused on understanding the role androgens play in regulating female fertility and PCOS. Findings from this research will identify therapeutic targets for improved treatment of female infertility and the wide range of health issues associated with PCOS, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.
|}

[[Media:Slides_for_Dr_K_Walters_embryology_lecture_2018_31.8.18.pdf|'''Walters Lecture Slides''']]

==An Introduction to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)==

<html5media width="600" height="400">https://www.youtube.com/embed/NhyYZCBq5A8</html5media>

==Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model==
{{#pmid:28320971}}

{|
| [[File:Polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.jpg|600px]]
| '''Experimental design'''
 
For this study, PCOS was induced in wild-type, global, neuron-specific, and granulosa cell-specific androgen receptor knockout mice by s.c. inserting dihydrotestosterone implants in the mice for 3 mo. Control mice were implanted with blank implants.
 
Body weight, estrous cycling, blood pressure, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were assessed before collection of serum and tissues at 16 wk of age.
 
[[File:Dihydrotestosterone.jpg|thumb|150px|link=Genital - Male Development|alt=Dihydrotestosterone structure cartoon|link=Genital - Male Development|Dihydrotestosterone]]

'''Dihydrotestosterone''' - The hormonally active form of testosterone (male sex hormone) produced by enzyme (5-alpha reductase) conversion. In the male embryo, this can occur in the genital skin which then supports external genital development. In the adult, this conversion occurs in a number of different tissues. A known treatment for prostate cancer include 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.
|}

==Role of Androgens in the Ovary==
{{#pmid:28687450}}

:"It has been well established for decades that androgens, namely {{testosterone}} (T) plays an important role in female reproductive physiology as the precursor for oestradiol (E2). However, in the last decade a direct role for androgens, acting via the androgen receptor (AR), in female reproductive function has been confirmed. Deciphering the specific roles of androgens in ovarian function has been hindered as complete androgen resistant females cannot be generated by natural breeding. In addition, androgens can be converted into estrogens which has caused confusion when interpreting findings from pharmacological studies, as observed effects could have been mediated via the AR or estrogen receptor. The creation and analysis of genetic {{mouse}} models with global and cell-specific disruption of the Ar gene, the sole mediator of pure androgenic action, has now allowed the elucidation of a role for AR-mediated androgen actions in the regulation of normal and pathological ovarian function. This review aims to summarize findings from clinical, animal, pharmacological and novel genetic AR mouse models to provide an understanding of the important roles androgens play in the {{ovary}}, as well as providing insights into the human implications of these roles."

==References==

{{#pmid:29635226}}

{{#pmid:2977958}}1

{{#pmid:29503209}}

{{#pmid:29365049}}

{{#pmid:28687450}}

'''Search PubMed:''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Walters%20KA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=28687450 Walters KA]

 

{{2018ANAT2341}}

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Endocrine development.pdf

2019-10-29T05:50:39Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Placentation.pdf

2019-10-29T05:49:33Z

Z3485617:

File:Sally Dunwoodie.pdf

2019-10-23T22:17:05Z

Z3485617:

File:Embryology of CVS.pdf

2019-10-22T05:24:52Z

Z3485617:

File:Practical class 5 - week 6.pdf

2019-10-22T04:48:46Z

Z3485617: Z3485617 uploaded a new version of File:Practical class 5 - week 6.pdf

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Musculoskeletal Development.pdf

2019-10-22T03:41:11Z

Z3485617:

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-22T00:39:42Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (45 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by [https://www.victorchang.edu.au/about-us/our-scientists/prof-sally-dunwoodie Professor Sally Dunwoodie] (45 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (45 minutes):'''

* Virtual human embryo dissections and human embryo histology
* Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development
* Embryo models of craniofacial development and heart development
* Human developmental abnormalities

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES:'''

* Understanding development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
* Understanding neural crest development
* Understanding head development
* Understanding of heart development
* Understanding of musculoskeletal development
* Understanding human birth disorders relevant to these organ systems
* Understanding research into how the environment can influence the genetic processes driving heart and musculoskeletal development

ANAT2341 Lab 7

2019-10-22T00:38:57Z

Z3485617:

==Organogenesis Lab==

Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM'''

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (90 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)'''

* Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
* Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
* Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES'''

* Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
* Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
* Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
* Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
* Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.

[[File:Chicken_Embryo_Hamburger_stages.jpg|600px|link=Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]

''These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development''

See also the [https://www.jove.com/video/306/windowing-chicken-eggs-for-developmental-studies JoVE article on chicken egg preparation]: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>

===Additional Chicken Links===
[[File:Viktor Hamburger.jpg|thumb|alt=Viktor Hamburger|link=Embryology History - Viktor Hamburger|Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)]]
More about chicken embryogenesis: [[Chicken Development]] | [[Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]
 
{{Chicken links}}
 

<gallery>
File:HHstage1-4.jpg|stage 1-4
File:HHstage5-10.jpg|stages 5-10
File:HHstage11-14.jpg|stages 11-14
File:HHstage15-18.jpg|stages 15-18
File:HHstage19-21.jpg|stages 19-21
File:HHstage22-25.jpg|stages 22-25
File:HHstage26-28.jpg|stages 26-28
File:HHstage29-32.jpg|stage 29-32
</gallery>

[[File:Mouse_vs_Human_embryogenesis.jpg]]

''This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages''

More about Mouse embryogenesis: [[Mouse Timeline Detailed]]

{{Chicken}}

===External Links===
{{External Links}}

* JOVE - [http://www.jove.com/science-education/5153/an-introduction-to-the-chick-gallus-gallus-domesticus An Introduction to the Chicken]

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-22T00:38:03Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (45 minutes)
* Guest Lecture by Professor Sally Dunwoodie (45 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (45 minutes):'''

* Virtual human embryo dissections and human embryo histology
* Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development
* Embryo models of craniofacial development and heart development
* Human developmental abnormalities

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES:'''

* Understanding development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
* Understanding neural crest development
* Understanding head development
* Understanding of heart development
* Understanding of musculoskeletal development
* Understanding human birth disorders relevant to these organ systems
* Understanding research into how the environment can influence the genetic processes driving heart and musculoskeletal development

ANAT2341 Lab 7

2019-10-22T00:34:47Z

Z3485617:

==Organogenesis Lab==

Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.

==PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM==

* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (90 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

==PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)==

* Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
* Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
* Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)

==LEARNING OBJECTIVES==

* Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
* Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
* Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
* Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
* Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.

[[File:Chicken_Embryo_Hamburger_stages.jpg|600px|link=Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]

''These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development''

See also the [https://www.jove.com/video/306/windowing-chicken-eggs-for-developmental-studies JoVE article on chicken egg preparation]: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>

===Additional Chicken Links===
[[File:Viktor Hamburger.jpg|thumb|alt=Viktor Hamburger|link=Embryology History - Viktor Hamburger|Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)]]
More about chicken embryogenesis: [[Chicken Development]] | [[Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]
 
{{Chicken links}}
 

<gallery>
File:HHstage1-4.jpg|stage 1-4
File:HHstage5-10.jpg|stages 5-10
File:HHstage11-14.jpg|stages 11-14
File:HHstage15-18.jpg|stages 15-18
File:HHstage19-21.jpg|stages 19-21
File:HHstage22-25.jpg|stages 22-25
File:HHstage26-28.jpg|stages 26-28
File:HHstage29-32.jpg|stage 29-32
</gallery>

[[File:Mouse_vs_Human_embryogenesis.jpg]]

''This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages''

More about Mouse embryogenesis: [[Mouse Timeline Detailed]]

{{Chicken}}

===External Links===
{{External Links}}

* JOVE - [http://www.jove.com/science-education/5153/an-introduction-to-the-chick-gallus-gallus-domesticus An Introduction to the Chicken]

File:Practical class 6 - week 7.pdf

2019-10-22T00:31:43Z

Z3485617:

File:Practical class 5 - week 6.pdf

2019-10-17T06:53:22Z

Z3485617:

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-17T06:50:00Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''

• Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
• Practical class activities (45 minutes)
• Guest Lecture by Professor Sally Dunwoodie (45 minutes)
• Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (45 minutes):'''

1. Virtual human embryo dissections and human embryo histology
2. Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development
3. Embryo models of craniofacial development and heart development
4. Human developmental abnormalities

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES:'''

• Understanding development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
• Understanding neural crest development
• Understanding head development
• Understanding of heart development
• Understanding of musculoskeletal development
• Understanding human birth disorders relevant to these organ systems
• Understanding research into how the environment can influence the genetic processes driving heart and musculoskeletal development

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES:'''

In this practical class we will work in small groups of 4 students.
There will be 3 optional activities of which you can chose one or more. These activities will give you an improved understanding of system development in 3D.
Secondly, I would like you to investigate with your group human birth defects associated with the organ systems relevant to this practical. This will give you an improved understanding of these disorders and how they develop.

'''Optional Activity 1: Virtual human embryo dissections and histology:'''
In this activity you will perform digital embryo dissections and in parallel investigate the histology of human embryos that will give you improved insights into system development in 3 dimensions.

Please open the 3D-PDF files representing Carnegie stages 9 to 23 of the 3D Atlas of Human Development that are freely available through this link. Please download this 84Mb file at home before the practical classes. Also open the online Virtual Human Embryo resource.

Identify the following features in the 3D-PDF files and in the VHE histology sections, and track how they develop over time in human embryos:

Neural development:
• Neural plate
• Neural folds
• Neuropores
• Prosencephalon
• Mesencephalon
• Rhombencephalon
• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon
• Metencephalon
• Myelencephalon
• The cervical, cephalic, and pontine flexures
• Spinal cord
• Spinal ganglia
• Spinal nerves
• Cranial nerves

Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract development:
• Foregut
• Midgut (notice the herniation, and the rotations!)
• Hindgut
• Cloaca
• Allantois
• Stomach (notice the rotations)
• Liver
• Pancreas (notice how the dorsal and ventral anlagen fuse)
• Gall bladder
• Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• Cecum, appendix, colon and rectum
• Lung buds
• Bronchial tree
• Mesenteries, intraembryonic coelom, peritoneum and pleural cavities

Head development:
• Branchial arch derivatives (skeletal, arteries, cranial nerve)
• Pharyngeal pouch derivatives
• Pituitary gland
• Laryngeal cartilages
• Thyroid and thymus

Heart development:
• Fusing primary heart tubes
• Looping of the heart tube
• Atria
• Ventricles
• Outflow tract
• Ductus venosus
• Ductus arteriosus
• Dorsal aortae: note how these fuse over time
• Pericardial cavity

Musculoskeletal system:
• Somites: note an increase in somites over time
• Notochord: what role does it play in somite development?
• Somite differentiation (note that cranial somites are ahead in development)
• Development of the axial skeleton
• Development of the appendicular skeleton
• Development of the skull
• Intervertebral disks

'''Optional Activity 2: Embryo models'''
Embryo models will be on display relevant to craniofacial and heart development. Please investigate them and identify the structures and processes that have been discussed in the lectures.

'''Optional Activity 3: Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development'''
Model the various stages of heart, neural and/or craniofacial development in 3D using playdough. Make photos, annotate the structures discussed in the lectures, and upload the annotated photos in the Padlet app.

'''Activity 4: Human developmental abnormalities'''
Please select and investigate with your group one of the developmental abnormalities listed below. A number of these will be on display as specimens provided the Museum of Human Disease. Understand which systems are affected, and how these abnormalities arise during embryonic development. Write this up 250 words, and upload with your names in the forum on Moodle.

• Gastroschisis:
• Meckel’s diverticulum:
• Klinefelter syndrome:
• Cleft lip/palate syndrome:
• Patent foramen ovale:
• Patent ductus arteriosus:
• Achondroplasia:
• Polydactyly:
• Syndactyly:
• Scoliosis:
• Limb reduction:
• DiGeorge Syndrome:
• Treacher Collins syndrome:
• Hirschsprung’s disease:

'''GUEST LECTURE BY PROFESSOR SALLY DUNWOODIE'''
Professor Sally Dunwoodie is an internationally renowned biomedical researcher at the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. She has dedicated her life’s work to understanding how babies develop and to finding out why some 3-6% have birth defects.

'''REVISE PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES'''
In the last 15 minutes we will collectively revise the activities with the entire class to wrap up this prac.

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-17T06:49:26Z

Z3485617:

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-17T06:48:30Z

Z3485617:

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-17T06:47:51Z

Z3485617:

'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:'''

• Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
• Practical class activities (45 minutes)
• Guest Lecture by Professor Sally Dunwoodie (45 minutes)
• Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

'''
PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (45 minutes):'''

1. Virtual human embryo dissections and human embryo histology
2. Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development
3. Embryo models of craniofacial development and heart development
4. Human developmental abnormalities

'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES:'''

• Understanding development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
• Understanding neural crest development
• Understanding head development
• Understanding of heart development
• Understanding of musculoskeletal development
• Understanding human birth disorders relevant to these organ systems
• Understanding research into how the environment can influence the genetic processes driving heart and musculoskeletal development

'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES:'''

In this practical class we will work in small groups of 4 students.
There will be 3 optional activities of which you can chose one or more. These activities will give you an improved understanding of system development in 3D.
Secondly, I would like you to investigate with your group human birth defects associated with the organ systems relevant to this practical. This will give you an improved understanding of these disorders and how they develop.

'''Optional Activity 1: Virtual human embryo dissections and histology:'''
In this activity you will perform digital embryo dissections and in parallel investigate the histology of human embryos that will give you improved insights into system development in 3 dimensions.

Please open the 3D-PDF files representing Carnegie stages 9 to 23 of the 3D Atlas of Human Development that are freely available through this link. Please download this 84Mb file at home before the practical classes. Also open the online Virtual Human Embryo resource.

Identify the following features in the 3D-PDF files and in the VHE histology sections, and track how they develop over time in human embryos:

Neural development:
• Neural plate
• Neural folds
• Neuropores
• Prosencephalon
• Mesencephalon
• Rhombencephalon
• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon
• Metencephalon
• Myelencephalon
• The cervical, cephalic, and pontine flexures
• Spinal cord
• Spinal ganglia
• Spinal nerves
• Cranial nerves

Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract development:
• Foregut
• Midgut (notice the herniation, and the rotations!)
• Hindgut
• Cloaca
• Allantois
• Stomach (notice the rotations)
• Liver
• Pancreas (notice how the dorsal and ventral anlagen fuse)
• Gall bladder
• Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• Cecum, appendix, colon and rectum
• Lung buds
• Bronchial tree
• Mesenteries, intraembryonic coelom, peritoneum and pleural cavities

Head development:
• Branchial arch derivatives (skeletal, arteries, cranial nerve)
• Pharyngeal pouch derivatives
• Pituitary gland
• Laryngeal cartilages
• Thyroid and thymus

Heart development:
• Fusing primary heart tubes
• Looping of the heart tube
• Atria
• Ventricles
• Outflow tract
• Ductus venosus
• Ductus arteriosus
• Dorsal aortae: note how these fuse over time
• Pericardial cavity

Musculoskeletal system:
• Somites: note an increase in somites over time
• Notochord: what role does it play in somite development?
• Somite differentiation (note that cranial somites are ahead in development)
• Development of the axial skeleton
• Development of the appendicular skeleton
• Development of the skull
• Intervertebral disks

'''Optional Activity 2: Embryo models'''
Embryo models will be on display relevant to craniofacial and heart development. Please investigate them and identify the structures and processes that have been discussed in the lectures.

'''Optional Activity 3: Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development'''
Model the various stages of heart, neural and/or craniofacial development in 3D using playdough. Make photos, annotate the structures discussed in the lectures, and upload the annotated photos in the Padlet app.

'''Activity 4: Human developmental abnormalities'''
Please select and investigate with your group one of the developmental abnormalities listed below. A number of these will be on display as specimens provided the Museum of Human Disease. Understand which systems are affected, and how these abnormalities arise during embryonic development. Write this up 250 words, and upload with your names in the forum on Moodle.

• Gastroschisis:
• Meckel’s diverticulum:
• Klinefelter syndrome:
• Cleft lip/palate syndrome:
• Patent foramen ovale:
• Patent ductus arteriosus:
• Achondroplasia:
• Polydactyly:
• Syndactyly:
• Scoliosis:
• Limb reduction:
• DiGeorge Syndrome:
• Treacher Collins syndrome:
• Hirschsprung’s disease:

'''
GUEST LECTURE BY PROFESSOR SALLY DUNWOODIE'''
Professor Sally Dunwoodie is an internationally renowned biomedical researcher at the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. She has dedicated her life’s work to understanding how babies develop and to finding out why some 3-6% have birth defects.

'''
REVISE PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES'''
In the last 15 minutes we will collectively revise the activities with the entire class to wrap up this prac.

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-17T06:46:33Z

Z3485617:

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM:

• Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
• Practical class activities (45 minutes)
• Guest Lecture by Professor Sally Dunwoodie (45 minutes)
• Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (45 minutes):

1. Virtual human embryo dissections and human embryo histology
2. Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development
3. Embryo models of craniofacial development and heart development
4. Human developmental abnormalities

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

• Understanding development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
• Understanding neural crest development
• Understanding head development
• Understanding of heart development
• Understanding of musculoskeletal development
• Understanding human birth disorders relevant to these organ systems
• Understanding research into how the environment can influence the genetic processes driving heart and musculoskeletal development

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
In this practical class we will work in small groups of 4 students.
There will be 3 optional activities of which you can chose one or more. These activities will give you an improved understanding of system development in 3D.
Secondly, I would like you to investigate with your group human birth defects associated with the organ systems relevant to this practical. This will give you an improved understanding of these disorders and how they develop.

Optional Activity 1: Virtual human embryo dissections and histology:
In this activity you will perform digital embryo dissections and in parallel investigate the histology of human embryos that will give you improved insights into system development in 3 dimensions.

Please open the 3D-PDF files representing Carnegie stages 9 to 23 of the 3D Atlas of Human Development that are freely available through this link. Please download this 84Mb file at home before the practical classes. Also open the online Virtual Human Embryo resource.

Identify the following features in the 3D-PDF files and in the VHE histology sections, and track how they develop over time in human embryos:

Neural development:
• Neural plate
• Neural folds
• Neuropores
• Prosencephalon
• Mesencephalon
• Rhombencephalon
• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon
• Metencephalon
• Myelencephalon
• The cervical, cephalic, and pontine flexures
• Spinal cord
• Spinal ganglia
• Spinal nerves
• Cranial nerves

Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract development:
• Foregut
• Midgut (notice the herniation, and the rotations!)
• Hindgut
• Cloaca
• Allantois
• Stomach (notice the rotations)
• Liver
• Pancreas (notice how the dorsal and ventral anlagen fuse)
• Gall bladder
• Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• Cecum, appendix, colon and rectum
• Lung buds
• Bronchial tree
• Mesenteries, intraembryonic coelom, peritoneum and pleural cavities

Head development:
• Branchial arch derivatives (skeletal, arteries, cranial nerve)
• Pharyngeal pouch derivatives
• Pituitary gland
• Laryngeal cartilages
• Thyroid and thymus

Heart development:
• Fusing primary heart tubes
• Looping of the heart tube
• Atria
• Ventricles
• Outflow tract
• Ductus venosus
• Ductus arteriosus
• Dorsal aortae: note how these fuse over time
• Pericardial cavity

Musculoskeletal system:
• Somites: note an increase in somites over time
• Notochord: what role does it play in somite development?
• Somite differentiation (note that cranial somites are ahead in development)
• Development of the axial skeleton
• Development of the appendicular skeleton
• Development of the skull
• Intervertebral disks

Optional Activity 2: Embryo models
Embryo models will be on display relevant to craniofacial and heart development. Please investigate them and identify the structures and processes that have been discussed in the lectures.

Optional Activity 3: Playdough modelling of neural, craniofacial and heart development
Model the various stages of heart, neural and/or craniofacial development in 3D using playdough. Make photos, annotate the structures discussed in the lectures, and upload the annotated photos in the Padlet app.

Activity 4: Human developmental abnormalities
Please select and investigate with your group one of the developmental abnormalities listed below. A number of these will be on display as specimens provided the Museum of Human Disease. Understand which systems are affected, and how these abnormalities arise during embryonic development. Write this up 250 words, and upload with your names in the forum on Moodle.

• Gastroschisis:
• Meckel’s diverticulum:
• Klinefelter syndrome:
• Cleft lip/palate syndrome:
• Patent foramen ovale:
• Patent ductus arteriosus:
• Achondroplasia:
• Polydactyly:
• Syndactyly:
• Scoliosis:
• Limb reduction:
• DiGeorge Syndrome:
• Treacher Collins syndrome:
• Hirschsprung’s disease:

GUEST LECTURE BY PROFESSOR SALLY DUNWOODIE
Professor Sally Dunwoodie is an internationally renowned biomedical researcher at the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. She has dedicated her life’s work to understanding how babies develop and to finding out why some 3-6% have birth defects.

REVISE PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES
In the last 15 minutes we will collectively revise the activities with the entire class to wrap up this prac.

ANAT2341 Lab 5

2019-10-17T06:46:05Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Head development.pdf

2019-10-15T05:06:14Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Neural Crest Development2.pdf

2019-10-15T05:03:55Z

Z3485617:

File:Fabien Delerue.pdf

2019-10-14T04:10:21Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 2019 - Beverdam - Research Technologies in Developmental Biology.pdf

2019-10-08T04:26:11Z

Z3485617:

File:ANAT2341 Lecture - Beverdam - Endoderm development 2019 videos.pdf

2019-10-08T04:24:38Z

Z3485617:

Lecture - Research Technologies in Developmental Biology

2019-10-02T06:53:04Z

Z3485617:

{{Header}}
==Introduction==
Questions
* Where is the gene/protein expressed during development?
* What does the gene/protein do?
 
The lecture will introduce the research techniques in the mouse model that are currently used to answer these question.

 

==References==

Search the Journal Development [http://dev.biologists.org/search/TECHNIQUES%252BAND%252BRESOURCES Techniques and Resources]

<pubmed></pubmed>
<pubmed></pubmed>
<pubmed></pubmed>
<pubmed>19584811</pubmed>
<pubmed>16351842</pubmed>

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* [https://www.jove.com/journal JoVE] - [https://www.jove.com/journal/developmental-biology developmental biology]
** [https://www.jove.com/video/56171/derivation-of-stem-cell-lines-from-mouse-preimplantation-embryos Stem Cells from mouse blastocyst]
** [https://www.jove.com/video/56106/horizontal-whole-mount-novel-processing-imaging-protocol-for-thick 3D imaging skin]
** [https://www.jove.com/video/55765/generation-genetically-modified-mice-through-microinjection Genetic engineering mouse]
 
 
{{2017ANAT2341 footer}}

File:ANAT2341 2018 - Lecture 7 - Beverdam - Mesoderm Development.pdf

2019-10-01T06:25:06Z

Z3485617: Z3485617 uploaded a new version of File:ANAT2341 2018 - Lecture 7 - Beverdam - Mesoderm Development.pdf

Lecture - Mesoderm Development

2019-10-01T06:05:29Z

Z3485617:

{{Header}}
==Introduction==
[[File:Chicken-gastrulation2.jpg|thumb|400px|Mesoderm formation]]
Having now reached week 3 in development we will now begin to look separately at the 3 transient germ layers ({{ectoderm}}, {{mesoderm}} and {{endoderm}}) formed by the process of {{gastrulation}}. Beginning with the mesoderm layer, the middle embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) layer. Transient in terms of temporary structures that will become something else later in development.

'''Mesoderm''' initially forms a multilayered cellular layer separating ectoderm and endoderm, mesoderm also lies outside the embryo as '''extra-embryonic mesoderm''' (covered in placenta lecture). Embryonic mesoderm will form most of the adult connective tissues and muscle.

Towards the end of week 3 this layer begins to "partition" into different transient components based upon their location within the layer and the signals the cells are receiving. This partitioning process can be either in terms of cell differentiation or structural. This lecture will describe these initial regions and the tissues they will eventually form. Note that later lectures (muscle, skeleton, limb, integumentary and heart) will revisit these tissues later in development.

== Objectives ==
{|
|
* Understanding of events during the third week of development
* Understanding the process of early somite development
* Understanding the process of body cavity formation
* Brief understanding of the future fate of mesoderm components
* Brief understanding of early heart formation
| width=250px|{{Presomitic mesoderm movie 3}}
These are mesoderm cells migrating from the primitive stria.
|}

==Lecture Resources==

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Movies  
|-
| valign="bottom"|{{Week 3 mesoderm movie}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Week 3 notochord 1 movie}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Week 3 notochord 2 movie}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Week 3 movie}}
|-
| valign="bottom"|{{Vertebra movie}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Somite movie}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Somitogenesis movie}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Mesoderm migration movie 1}}
| valign="bottom"|{{Presomitic mesoderm movie 3}}
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! References  
|-
| {{Embryo logocitation}}
|
* [[Week 4]] | [[Mesoderm]] | [[Somitogenesis]]
* Lecture Archive: [https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Mesoderm_Development&oldid=194042 2015] | [[Media:2015ANAT2341 Lecture 5 - Mesoderm Development.pdf|2015 PDF]] | [[Media:Mesoderm_2013.pdf‎‎|2013 PDF]] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Mesoderm_Development&oldid=97926 2012] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Mesoderm_Development&oldid=61931 2011]
|-
| {{MPT2015cover_citation}}
| The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection.
* [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=2074364&pg=104 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development]
* [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=2074364&pg=446 Skeletal System]
* [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=2074364&pg=470 Muscular System]
|-
| {{SBBFP2015cover_citation}}
| The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection.
* [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=2074524&pg=100 Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo]
* [http://www.unsw.eblib.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/patron/Read.aspx?p=2074524&pg=190 Development of the Musculoskeletal System]
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Recent Research  
|-
| Some recent papers that relate to mesoderm development.

<pubmed>27506116</pubmed>
<pubmed>27385009</pubmed>
<pubmed>27437584</pubmed>
|}

Take the [[Mesoderm Quiz]].
==Notochord (Axial mesoderm)==
<gallery caption="Embryo Stage 7 (dorsal)">
Stage7-sem2.jpg|Embryonic disc (SEM)
Stage7_800x700px.jpg|Embryonic disc
Stage7_primitive-streak-node.jpg|Primitive node and streak
Stage7_cloacal-oral-membranes.jpg|Oral and cloacal membranes
Stage7 notochord.jpg|Axial process
</gallery>

==Mesoderm==
[[File:Stage7_mesoderm.jpg|thumb|Stage 7 mesoderm]]
[[File:Trilaminar_embryo.jpg|thumb|The trilaminar embryo]]
* generated from epiblast cells migrating through the primitive streak
* epiblast cells expressing fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)
* forms a layer between ectoderm and endoderm with notochord down midline
* present before neural tube formation
* divides initially into 3 components

<gallery caption="Embryo Stage 7 (dorsal)">
Stage7_paraxial-mesoderm.jpg|paraxial mesoderm
Stage7_intermediate-mesoderm.jpg|intermediate mesoderm
Stage7_lateral-plate.jpg|lateral plate
</gallery>

* '''Paraxial mesoderm''' - somites - musculoskeletal structures
* '''Intermediate mesoderm''' - urogenital (kidney and genital)
* '''Lateral plate mesoderm''' - body wall, body cavities, cardiovascular and GIT structures

== Mesoderm Development==
The four images below beginning at week 3 show cross-sections of the trilaminar embryo and the sequence of mesoderm development.
{|
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon1.jpg|250px]]
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon2.jpg|250px]]
|-
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon3.jpg|250px]]
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon4.jpg|250px]]
|}
==Mesoderm Overview==
{|
| [[File:Trilaminar_embryo.jpg]]
| [[File:Stage11 sem100.jpg|400px]]
|- valign="top"
|''' Week 3'''

Trilaminar embryo

Compare this week 3 trilaminar embryo with the week 4 embryo.

* '''Mesenchyme''' - embryonic connective tissue, describes the cell morphology (developmental transitions: epithelial to mesenchymal, mesenchymal to epithelial)

(Note - 2 these images are not to scale)
| '''Week 4'''

Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a human embryo at week 4 ([[Carnegie_stage_11|stage 11]]).

Note the mesoderm structures now present and their relative position and size within the embryo.

Compare the mesoderm structures to those formed by ectoderm (neural tube and epidermis) and endoderm (epithelia of developing gastrointestinal tract).
|}
{|
! Human Embryo Week 4 ([[Carnegie stage 10]]) - transverse section
|-
| [[File:Stage10 K12202-01.jpg|300px]]
| [[File:Stage10 K12202-02.jpg|300px]]
|}
==Paraxial Mesoderm==
[[File:Chick33h.jpg|thumb|150px|Hamburger & Hamilton Stage 10 (33 hours) 
[[Media:Chicken_presomitic_mesoderm_03.mp4|Presomitic mesoderm migration (chicken)]]]]

{|
|
* lies adjacent to axial mesoderm (notochord) and forms 2 components:
** Head - unsegmented paraxial mesoderm
** Body - segmented paraxial mesoderm
* Generates trunk muscles, skeleton, dermis of skin, blood vessels, connective tissue

Segmented Paraxial Mesoderm
* segments called '''somites''' - transient embryonic structures.
* first pair of somites (day 20)
* segmentation imposes a pattern on nerves, vasculature, vertebra....
* somites appear in ordered sequence cranial to caudal
* appearance so regular used to stage the embryo (Hamburger & Hamilton 1951- chicken)
** thought to be generated by a "clock" (1 pair every 90 minutes)
** neural tube begins to close at 4th somite level, 44 pairs of somites
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon2.jpg]]
|}

[[File:Model for Sprouty4 and FGF in mesoderm segmentation.jpg|300px]]

Model for Sprouty4 and FGF in mouse mesoderm segmentation
==Somite Formation==
[[File:Stage 9 SEM1.jpg|thumb|200px|Carnegie stage 9 scanning electron microscope image showing somite formation]]
[[File:Stage_13_image_096.jpg|thumb|200px|Carnegie stage 13 somitocoel]]
[[File:Stage 13 image 066.jpg|thumb|200px|Carnegie stage 13 sclerotome]]
{|
| {{Presomitic mesoderm movie 3}}
| {{Somitogenesis movie}}
| [[File:Stage10_bf6.jpg|300px]]
|}
{|
| [[Image:Somite cartoon1.png|250px]]
| [[Image:Somite cartoon2.png|250px]]
|-
| [[Image:Somite cartoon3.png|250px]]
| [[Image:Somite cartoon4.png|250px]]
|-
| [[Image:Somite cartoon5.png|250px]]
| [[File:Stage11 sem100.jpg|250px]]
|-
| [[File:Stage11 sem13.jpg|250px]]

[[Week 4]] [[Carnegie stage 11]]
| valign=top|
* ball forms through epithelialization and interactions (cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix, ECM) fibronectin, laminin
* has 2 populations of cells - peripheral columnar and central mesenchymal
* early somite has cavity- somitocoel, cavity is lost during growth
* somite enclosed by ECM connected to nearby tissues
|}

===Somite Specification ===
[[File:Somite cartoon5.png|thumb|Somite Specification]]
* Different segmental level somites have to generate different segmental body structures?
* somite has to form different tissues?
* Somite Differentiation
* Compartmentalization accompanied by altered patterns of expression of Pax genes within the somite
* rostro-caudal axis appears regulated by Pax/Hox expression, family of DNA binding transcription factors

Somite initially forms 2 main components
* ventromedial- '''sclerotome''' forms vertebral body and intervertebral disc
* dorsolateral - '''dermomyotome''' forms dermis and skeletal muscle

===Sclerotome ===
[[File:Carnegie stage 13 caudal trunk.jpg|thumb|Human embryo (Carnegie stage 13) caudal trunk]]
* sclerotome later becomes subdivided
* rostral and caudal halves separated laterally by von Ebner's fissure
** half somites contribute to a single vertebral level body
** other half intervertebral disc
* therefore final vertebral segmentation ‚"shifts"

===Dermomyotome===
* later divides into dorsal '''dermatome''' and ventral '''myotome'''
** This topic of muscle and skeleton development will be covered in 2 later lectures Musculoskeletal Development and [[Lecture - Limb Development|Limb Development]])

* lateral myotome edge migrates at level of limbs
* upper limb first then lower
* mixes with somatic mesoderm
* dermotome continues to contribute cells to myotome

===Myotome===
* Myotome component of Somite
** epaxial myotome (dorsomedial quarter) forms the dorsal epimere (erector spinae)
** hypaxial myotome (dorsolateral quarter) forms the ventral hypomere, 3 primary muscle layers which are different at neck, thorax and abdomen
[[Image:Stage14 somites limbbuds.png|thumb|Stage 14 Embryo showing somites and limb buds (Week 5)]]

Muscle
* Myoblast determining transcription factor MyoD is first expressed in the dorsomedial quadrant of the still epithelial somite whose cells are not yet definitely committed
** basic Helix Loop Helix
** from myotome

===Muscle Development Abnormalities===
* Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
** Embryonic muscle development normal and changes occur postnatally
** X-linked dystrophy, large gene encoding cytoskeletal protein - Dystrophin
** progressive wasting of muscle, die late teens
* Becker Muscular Dystrophy, milder form, adult onset

== Intermediate Mesoderm==
{|
|
* lies between paraxial and lateral mesoderm
* generates urogenital system
** Wolffian duct, kidney
** '''MH''' - covered in Kidney Development Lecture/Laboratory
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon2.jpg]]
|}

==Lateral Plate Development==
[[File:Stage7_lateral-plate.jpg|thumb|lateral plate]]

* lying at the surrounding edge of he embryonic disc
* a cavity begins in this week to form within the mesoderm itself

[[File:Mesoderm-cartoon3.jpg]][[File:Mesoderm-cartoon4.jpg]]

===Intraembryonic Coelom===
{|
|
* small spaces (vacuoles) begin appearing within the lateral plate mesoderm
* enlarge forming a single cavity within the lateral plate mesoderm
** divides lateral plate mesoderm into 2 parts at about day 18-19
* this cavity is called the '''Intraembryonic Coelom'''
* when the embryonic disc folds the intraembryonic coelom will form all 3 major body cavities:

# '''Pericardial'''
# '''Pleural'''
# '''Peritoneal'''

'''Coelom''' is a general term for a "cavity" and can lie within the embryo (intraembryonic) and outside the embryo (extra embryonic). Later anatomical spaces within the embryo and fetus can also be described as coeloms.
| [[File:Mesoderm-cartoon4.jpg]]
|}

===Somatic Mesoderm===
{|
|The intraembryonic coelom divides the lateral plate into 2 portions

* closest to ectoderm
* body wall osteogenic, chrondrogenic and fibrogenic
* except ribs and scapula
| [[File:Lateral plate somatic mesoderm cartoon.jpg|300px]]
Lateral plate somatic mesoderm{{#pmid:26589542|PMID26589542}}
|}

===Splanchnic Mesoderm===
{|
|
* lies closest to endoderm
* prechordal splanchnic mesoderm - cardiac mesoderm
* splanchnic mesoderm - smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and blood vessels

[[File:Mesoderm-cartoon4.jpg]]
| [[File:Stage9 bf3.jpg|300px|caption|Stage 9 Dorsal]]
| [[File:Stage9 bf4.jpg|300px|caption|Stage 9 Ventral]]
|}

{{Carnegie stages}}

=== Somitogenesis===

{| border="0"
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width="40" |<center>'''Stage'''</center>
| width="65" |<center>'''Days''' (approx)</center>
| width="101" |<center>'''Size'''</center> <center>(mm)</center>
| width="100" |<center>'''Images '''(not to scale)</center>
| width="400" |<center>'''Events'''</center>
|-
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_7|'''7''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 15 - 17 </center><center>([[week 3|'''week 3''']])</center>
| width="101" |<center> 0.4</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage7_features.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_7]]</center>
| width="400" | [[gastrulation]], [[notochord|notochordal process]]
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_8|'''8''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 17 - 19</center>
| width="101" |<center> 1.0 - 1.5</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage8_bf4.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_8]]</center>
| width="400" |primitive pit, notochordal canal
|-
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_9|'''9''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 19 - 21</center>
| width="101" |<center> 1.5 - 2.5</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage9_dorsal.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_9]]</center>
| width="400" |'''Somite Number 1 - 3''' neural folds, cardiac primordium, head fold
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_10|'''10''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 22 - 23 </center><center>([[week 4|'''week 4''']])</center>
| width="101" |<center> 2 - 3.5</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage10_bf4b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_10]]</center>
| width="400" |'''Somite Number 4 - 12''' neural fold fuses
|-
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_11|'''11''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 23 - 26</center>
| width="101" |<center> 2.5 - 4.5</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage11 bf7b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_11]]</center>
| width="400" |'''Somite Number 13 - 20''' rostral neuropore closes
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_12|'''12''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 26 - 30</center>
| width="101" |<center> 3 - 5</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage12 bf5b.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_12]]</center>
| width="400" |'''Somite Number 21 - 29''' caudal neuropore closes
|-
| width="40" |<center>[[Carnegie_stage_13|'''13''']]</center>
| width="65" |<center> 28 - 32 </center>([[week 5|'''week 5''']])
| width="101" |<center> 4 - 6</center>
| width="100" bgcolor="#000000" |<center>[[File:Stage13 bf2c.jpg|60px|Link=Carnegie_stage_13]]</center>
| width="400" |'''Somite Number 30''' leg buds, lens placode, pharyngeal arches
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| colspan="5" width="376" height="18" |<center> [[Carnegie_stage_13_-_serial_sections|Stage 13/14 shown in serial embryo sections]] series of Embryology Program</center>
|}

[[File:Stage14_sem1.jpg|400px]]

Stage 14

:'''Links:''' [[Somitogenesis]]

<references/>

{{2018ANAT2341}}

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

[[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Mesoderm]]
[[Category:Week 4]]