Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

User:Z3332885

2012-10-17T01:56:17Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 10 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:39, 17 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

== Lab 10 Assessment==

'''Identify a recent research article (using the pubmed tags to cite) on iPS cells and summarise in a few paragraphs the main findings of the paper.'''

<pubmed>23049868</pubmed>

This article looks at the use of Liposomal Magnetofection (LMF) as a method of producing "intergration free" induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and compares the features of the resultant cells to those derived using viral vector systems.

'''Results:'''

Morphologically, the LMF-iPS cells showed no distinct differences compared to that of normal embryonic stem cells. The expression endoderm genes (α-fetoprotein and α-amylase), mesoderm genes (β-enolase and renin), and ectoderm genes (Map2 and β-tubulin) was observed and found to be express as normal.
To verify the in vitro differential potential of these cells, the researcher performed PCR and immunostaining for expression of cardiac troponin I (TnI) and expression of endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase repectively. These markers were found to be present in 2 of the LMF-iPS cell lines out of 7 and that there were no observable pluripotency differences due to the lack of integration.

To further analyze differentiation potential in vivo, transgene-integrated 1LMF-h-iPS 1 cells and integration-free 1LMF-h-iPS 2 cells were injected into the femoral muscles of immunodeficient mice.
Terotoma with three germ layers was found in form both studies.

Although the LMF method doesn't solve many of problems posed by iPS cells, the use of a non-integrating vector system eliminates insertional mutagenesis that is often associated with viral vectors.

Overall, it was found that LMF provides an effective and reproducible method of producing integration free iPS cells.

User:Z3332885

2012-10-17T01:55:47Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 10 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:39, 17 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

== Lab 10 Assessment==

Identify a recent research article (using the pubmed tags to cite) on iPS cells and summarise in a few paragraphs the main findings of the paper.

<pubmed>23049868</pubmed>

This article looks at the use of Liposomal Magnetofection (LMF) as a method of producing "intergration free" induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and compares the features of the resultant cells to those derived using viral vector systems.

Results:

Morphologically, the LMF-iPS cells showed no distinct differences compared to that of normal embryonic stem cells. The expression endoderm genes (α-fetoprotein and α-amylase), mesoderm genes (β-enolase and renin), and ectoderm genes (Map2 and β-tubulin) was observed and found to be express as normal.
To verify the in vitro differential potential of these cells, the researcher performed PCR and immunostaining for expression of cardiac troponin I (TnI) and expression of endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase repectively. These markers were found to be present in 2 of the LMF-iPS cell lines out of 7 and that there were no observable pluripotency differences due to the lack of integration.

To further analyze differentiation potential in vivo, transgene-integrated 1LMF-h-iPS 1 cells and integration-free 1LMF-h-iPS 2 cells were injected into the femoral muscles of immunodeficient mice.
Terotoma with three germ layers was found in form both studies.

Although the LMF method doesn't solve many of problems posed by iPS cells, the use of a non-integrating vector system eliminates insertional mutagenesis that is often associated with viral vectors.

Overall, it was found that LMF provides an effective and reproducible method of producing integration free iPS cells.

User:Z3332885

2012-10-17T00:44:54Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 10 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:39, 17 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

== Lab 10 Assessment==

Identify a recent research article (using the pubmed tags to cite) on iPS cells and summarise in a few paragraphs the main findings of the paper.

<pubmed>23049868</pubmed>

This article looks at the use of Liposomal Magnetofection (LMF) as a method of producing induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells.

The results show that iPS can be made using LMF and that the differentiation potential is similar to that of iPS cells made using viral vector system.

Overall, it was found that LMF effective and reproducible method of generating virus free iPS cells.

23049868

User:Z3332885

2012-10-17T00:40:59Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 10 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:39, 17 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

== Lab 10 Assessment==

Identify a recent research article (using the pubmed tags to cite) on iPS cells and summarise in a few paragraphs the main findings of the paper.

This article looks at the use of Liposomal Magnetofection (LMF) as a method of producing induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells.
IPS cells are traditionally made using viral vectors systems, which as a result pos

Overall, it was found that LMF effective and reproducible method of generating virus free iPS cells.

[PUBMED23049868]

User:Z3332885

2012-10-17T00:38:58Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 10 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:39, 17 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

== Lab 10 Assessment==

Identify a recent research article (using the pubmed tags to cite) on iPS cells and summarise in a few paragraphs the main findings of the paper.

<ref><pubmed>23049868</pubmed></ref>

This article looks at the use of Liposomal Magnetofection (LMF) as a method of producing induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells.
IPS cells are traditionally made using viral vectors systems, which as a result pos

Overall, it was found that LMF effective and reproducible method of generating virus free iPS cells.

<references/>

User:Z3332885

2012-10-17T00:36:36Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 10 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)
Lab 12 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:39, 17 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

== Lab 10 Assessment==

Identify a recent research article (using the pubmed tags to cite) on iPS cells and summarise in a few paragraphs the main findings of the paper.

<ref><pubmed>23049868</pubmed></ref>

This article looks at the use of Liposomal Magnetofection (LMF) as a method of producing induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells.
IPS cells are traditionally made using viral vectors systems, which as a result pos

Overall, it was found that LMF effective and reproducible method of generating virus free iPS cells.

User:Z3332885

2012-10-16T23:39:55Z

Z3332885:

User:Z3332885

2012-10-16T23:39:02Z

Z3332885: /* Lab Attendence */

User:Z3332885

2012-10-03T00:36:48Z

Z3332885: /* Lab Attendence */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 10 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:36, 3 October 2012 (EST)

== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

User:Z3332885

2012-10-03T00:35:28Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 9 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

'''1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.'''

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

'''Reference:''' <pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

'''2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.'''

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

'''Reference:''' "Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>. <ref>"Development of the teeth." n.pag. embryology.ch. Web. 2 Oct 2012. <http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html>.</ref>

User:Z3332885

2012-10-03T00:25:56Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 9 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

<pubmed>23006325</pubmed>

2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

reference: http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/gesicht05.html

User:Z3332885

2012-10-03T00:21:44Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 9 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

reference:

<ref><pubmed>23006325</pubmed></ref>

2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

<references/>

User:Z3332885

2012-10-03T00:17:09Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 9 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.

In mice, Gata4 and Gata6 genes are linked to to pancreas developement, and their elimination cause pancrease agenesis. The simutaneous deletion of both these genes disrupts the prolifereation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and cause defects in the branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, it was found that the loss of only one these genes leads to mild pancreatic defects, and these defects are often resolved postnatally.

reference:
<ref><pubmed>23006325</pubmed></ref>

2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

Layers and tissue that contribute to the developing teeth are:

'''Ectoderm''': form Ameloblasts that deposit proteins which later mineralize to form the enamel.

'''The neural crest:''' Majority of the dental papilla of the tooth arise of the neural crest. Cells include odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblast.

'''Mesoderm:''' Dental papilla cells that from blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth.

User:Z3332885

2012-10-02T23:28:00Z

Z3332885:

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

== Lab 9 Assessment==

2012 Group Project 2

2012-10-02T13:02:51Z

Z3332885: /* History of Discoveries */

=Somatosensory Development=

== Introduction ==
The somatosensory system is an important subdivision of the somatic nervous system comprising of a collection of receptors, tracts and nuclei. The system components convey the sensations of vibrations, light touch, pain and temperature to the consciousness (Creath, Kiemel, Horak, & Jeka, 2008) The system is important in conveying information about the body position and movements with significant influence on the body balance (Wong, Collins, & Kaas, 2010). The somatosensory system also plays an important role in motor control through conveying of feedback information about the muscular system dynamics including velocity of muscles, tension, length, joint position and movement and contact with the external environment. The system comprises of receptors in the muscles, skin, viscera and joints (Marani, 1994). The following picture shows the general organization of the somatosensory system.

(Lagercrantz, Hanson, Evrard & Rodeck, 2001)
Understanding the development of this systems both structurally and functionally during the fetal life is crucial in understanding how a fetus develops the capacity to receive and experience sensations delivered by thermal, mechanical, tactile and noxious stimuli (Willis, 2007).

The somatosensory systems development begins during the gestation period specifically the third week into the gestation period. By the end of the 9th week the fetus has a fully developed nervous system with sensory and receptors present at the skin level (Stiles, Reilly, Levine, Trauner, & Nass, 2012). Development of the system entails development of nerve fibers and receptors in the fetus body system. Development of the somatosensory system involves progressive changes in the structural alignment, neurochemical and functional changes with majority of the development changes taking place during the gestation period. Somatosensory receptors develop in the various parts of the body to enable detection and reception of stimuli which is then transmitted through the nerve fibers to the central nervous system (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). Development of the somatosensory system also entails subsequent development of pathways including the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

This project looks at the anatomy, function and development of the central somatosensory system and a range peripheral receptors on the skin.

== History of Discoveries ==
Weber recognized for his role in the study of the nervous system including the establishment of the Weber’s law (Giclu, 2007). Some of the historical research conducted by Weber concerned the various aspects of nervous system including inhibition of impulse transmission, summation, adaptation and fusion. The shift from philosophy to physiology can be attributed to Weber’s research work through which he influenced the view on the human system. Other discoveries that followed Weber’s discoveries about the somatosensory system include the discovery that most receptor endings in the skin, the connection between the system and the spinal cord. The other important historical discovery about the somatosensory system include the discovery of different kinds of electrical potential in the nervous systems not covered by Weber as the pioneer in the understanding of the nervous system (Deco & Rolls, 2006).

{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=50px|'''Date'''
| width=300px|'''Description'''
|-
| '''1875'''
| Stimuli (both electrical and mechanical) applied on varies parts of the body was found to induce changes in the electrical activity of the brain - Richard Caton
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| '''1906'''
| Charles Sherrington demonstrated that different types of stimulation on nerves led to different responses. Some nerves were found to activate when intense stimuli are applied, causing the sensation of pain. These receptors were given the name nociceptors.
|-
| '''1947'''
| Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded by George Dawson in patients with myoclonus
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| '''1969'''
| Two types of fibres responsible for nociception were identied. Afferent fibres with myelinated axons that give sharp pains were named A delta fibres (Aδ). Unmyelinated fibres that produced slow burning pain were named type C fibres
|-
|placeholder
|}

== Central Somatosensory Differentiation ==

====Adult Central Somatosensory systems:====

Ascending components of the Central Somatosensory system include;
* the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain,
* the trigeminal system: – receives sensory signals from the face; <ref name="PMID8440772"><pubmed> 8440772</pubmed></ref>
* the dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract:– receive signals from the rest of the body. <ref name="PMID14485390"><pubmed> 14485390</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

'''Dorsal column system and Lateral Spinothalamic tract:'''

Peripheral sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. The sensory signal then get passed onto collateral fibres in the spinal cord which ascend via the dorsal column or lateral spinothalamic tract up the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref> From there, fibres go the lateral regions of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus. From the thalamus, 3rd order neurons project out and into the primary somatosensory cortex so information can be processed. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Somatosensory Map.JPG|thumb|500px| Somatosensory pathway involving Dorsal Column and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts]]

'''Trigeminal System:'''

Sensory signals from the face are passed through the trigeminal nerve which passes signals to the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Axons from this trigeminal sensory nucleus go to the medial regions of the VP of the thalamus. From there fibres conduct the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex.<ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref>

==== Development of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex:====

Development of the primary somatosensory cortex is thought be controlled by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. <ref name="PMID10764649"><pubmed>10764649</pubmed></ref> Development of this region begins in late embryonic period and continues post-natally. The primary somatosensory cortex has separate functional groups of layer IV neurons called ‘barrels’. <ref name="PMID4141363"><pubmed>4141363</pubmed></ref> In the adult, the barrels are arranged in a pattern, isomorphic to the pattern of somatosensory receptors on the face and body surface (see figure). <ref name="PMID7721983"><pubmed>7721983</pubmed></ref> This patterning of the somatosensory cortex is the key step in its development. These layer IV neuron barrels receive inputs from the afferents coming from the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) thalamus and the posterior thalamic complex (POm). <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> These thalamocortical afferents of the VP and POm provide information that patterns the developing primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> The extrinsic signalling by the VP and POm afferents from the thalamus may cause graded gene expression in the cortical neurons to pattern the somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref>

VP afferents develop just prior to the development of the area of the somatosensory cortex that will process the information from these VP afferents. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> The VP afferents receiving information from the face and jaw differentiate before birth. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Then the lateral regions of the somatosensory cortex develop. Within 24hrs after birth, the VP afferents receiving sensory information from the rest of the body develops. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> This will be followed by the development of the medial regions of the somatosensory cortex that processes the information from the body. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Consequently, there’s a lateral to medial gradient of somatosensory cortex development which controlled by the VP afferents from the thalamus.

==== Making Connections between Afferent Sensory Fibres and the Central Nervous System (CNS)====

This is the process where sensory afferents synapse the neurons in the spinal cord so peripheral somatosensory information can be transmitted through the spinal reflex arc or up to the primary somatosensory cortex where the information can be processed. Sensory afferents from the periphery, with their cell bodies (soma) in the dorsal root ganglion, grow towards the spinal cord in stages to make these connections with the CNS.<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 23;
* Axons of primary afferent neurons extend to the spinal cord. When these afferent neurons reach the CNS, axons of these afferent neurons bifurcate and begin to extend into the Primordium of the dorsal funiculus <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 24:
* the afferent axons have extended 1 segment rostrally and 1 segment caudally relative to the axons' point of entry
* the afferents start to grow within the white matter (periphery of Spinal Cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 28 –
* unbranched afferent axonal fibres invade gray matter at the border of Dorsal horn
* axonal fibres extend rostrally and caudally and start sending fine collateral fibres into the gray matter of spinal cord (the cellular, central region of spinal cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

== Touch ==
[[File:Touch receptors in mammalian skin cartoon.jpg|thumb|450px| Division of Mechanoreceptors in the Skin]]

The sense of touch allows individuals to perform a myriad of functions through the receptors deep within dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. This sensory modality, though its' development is not greatly understood among the five acknowledged sense subsets, it is essential for survival and development throughout life.<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>

The receptors that are established throughout embryonic development and are linked to touch are mechanoreceptors or transducers such as Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, Merkel-cell-neurite complexes, Ruffini endings and hair follicles. Function and development of these various receptors are demonstrated in the table below.
<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />

<table>
{| width=100%
|-bgcolor= "FF9900 "
| width= 15%|'''Mechanoreceptors'''
| width= 25%|'''Function'''
| width= 25%|'''Embryonic Development'''
| width= 10%|'''Degree/Extent of Response'''
| width= 25%|'''Image'''
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"

|'''Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)'''
|
*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin
* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations
* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces
|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Meissner's Corpuscles'''
|
*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin
*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations
*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations
|
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Meissner corpuscle 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Meissner Corpuscle in subcutaneous layers of the skin''']]
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Merkel-cell Neurite Complexes'''
|
* Found in epidermal layer of skin in stratum basale
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
| Merkel cells are derivatives of the epidermis of the developing embryo. They are able to be seen, with short dendrites, as early as week 8 in embryonic development, within the stratum basale of the epidermis.<ref name="PMID1365319"><pubmed>1365319</pubmed></ref>
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Ruffini Endings'''
|
*Found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers of skin
*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces
*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors
|
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Hair follicles'''
|
*Response to movement/displacement of hair on the skin

*Detection of sensation direction<ref name="PMID11685414"><pubmed>11685414</pubmed></ref>
| Hair follicles are derivatives from basal cells, as they proliferate. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref> Basal cells are able to be seen via light microscopy in the developing embryo; approximately on day 60 onwards (stage 23; week 8). As the embryo grows and transitions into the fetal stages, at approximately day 95 and 140, hair pegs and follicles are also able to be seen via light microscopy. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>
| Fast/rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Touch Receptor- Hair Follicle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Hair Follicle''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
</table>

== Pain ==
With the current advancements in study and research on the nervous system, the mechanisms responsible for the sensation or the sensory component of pain are now well understood. Different nerve fibres involved in the transmission of the pain impulse have been identified including the A-delta fibres, C fibres and A-beta fibres (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). The A-delta fibres have been identified with response to mechanical or thermal stimulation such as pin prick or scald while C fibres respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulation (Silberstein, 2003). The C fibres are slower in response to simulation and particularly transmit the dull, thudding pain of injury, inflammation or disease.
On the other hand, the A-beta fibres transmit touch and play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. Current research in the development of pain fibres has seen the classification of pain into fast and slow pain and the pain fibres responsible for transmission of the pain. Fast pain is transmitted by the A-delta fibers with the stimulus being more superficial stimulus. Slow pain starts one second or more after stimulation and increases slowly over seconds or minutes and has been found to be associated with tissue distraction as well as being felt in both superficial and deep tissues. The various nerve fibers carry somatosensory information from the body periphery to the spinal cord. According to Medina and Lebovic (2009), studies have revealed that some nerve fibers present in the endometriotic tissues are responsible for pain severity.

==== Development of Nociceptors ====

Nociceptors develop throughout embryonic, fetal and postnatal periods. The table below is a summary of nociceptor development. E stands for embryonic while P stands for postnatal.

{| cellpadding="10"
|-style="background:#FF69B4" "align="center"
| width= 10%|'''Day of Developmental Day in Mice or Rat'''
| width= 7%|'''Relative Developmental Day in Humans'''
| width=15%|'''Nociceptor Development'''
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E11.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 33'''
|Specification of Nociceptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E11-13''' in Mouse
|'''Days 30-42'''
|Axons of Nociceptors begin extending to the periphery and towards the spinal cord <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E14''' in Rat
|'''Day 40'''
|Axons have reached their peripheral target <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|''' E14.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 52'''
|Substance P and CGRP are produced. Levels increase after nociceptors make contact with their target tissue in E18.5 <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E15-17''' in Rat
|'''Days 44-55'''
|Functional synaptic junctions form between nociceptors and interneurons as part of the reflex arc <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E17''' in Rat
|'''Day 55'''
|TTX resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8, responsible for hyperexcitability of nociceptors, are expressed <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18.5''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach their peripheral Tissue <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18-20''' in Mouse
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach dorsal horn of the spinal cord <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P2''' in Mouse
|''' NA'''
|TRPV1 capsaicin receptor expressed <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P4-10''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|NGF increases the sensitivity of Nociceptors <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>
|}

'''Details of Nociceptor Development'''

'''Nociceptor Specification:'''

Birth of nociceptors occurs in the DRG at E11.5 (embryonic day 11.5) in mice. <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref> Much of sensory neuron differentiation is done via neurotrophin signalling. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Neurotrophin are growth factors that act by binding to neurotrophin receptors called Tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Expression of Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells determines their fate as unmyelinated Nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8835730"><pubmed>8835730</pubmed></ref> This because TrkA enables TrkA+ neurons to respond to certain neurotrophins, called nerve growth factor (NGF), that enable nociceptor differentiation. <ref name="PMID15247919"><pubmed>15247919</pubmed></ref> TrkA signalling promotes the development of sensory channels in the nociceptors and this allows the nociceptors to respond to noxious stimuli. <ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref> One study has shown that mice without TrkA receptor are born without nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Expression of TrkA receptors in nociceptors is up-regulated by the transcription factor Runx1. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref> Cells without the Runx1 gene result in an absence of TrkA receptors and were unable to develop to mature nociceptors. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref>

[[File:One Nociceptor Specification.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Specification]]

'''Nociceptor Survival'''

Once nociceptors are specified, receiving nerve growth factors (NGF) via the TrkA receptors increase the chance of their survival. This was shown by a study where NFG levels were over-expressed in transgenic mice and this caused the number of TrkA+ neurons to double. <ref name="PMID9283812"><pubmed>9283812</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID8126547"><pubmed>8126547</pubmed></ref> Nociceptors that do not receive enough NGF will not survive. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Nociceptor survival.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Survival]]

'''Growth of Axons - to the Spinal Cord and Periphery'''

Increases in axon length, width and branching are all controlled by neurotrophins such as NGF. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> These processes begin at embryonic day 11 to 13. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 14, small c fibres such as nociceptors have reached the periphery target tissue such as the hindlimb of mice. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> After activation of the Trk receptors by NGF, downstream signalling molecules cause these changes in axon. <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> These molecules include:
* Molecules in the Ras-Raf-ERK cascade – results in Elongation of the Axons
* PIK3 and Akt – increase the Diameter of the Axons
* Akt – can also increase the branching of the axon <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref>

During embryonic days 18-20, axons of centrally directed nociceptors extend into the grey matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> The axons project into the dorsal horn while maintaining in a somatotopic pattern. <ref name="PMID2442203"><pubmed>2442203</pubmed></ref> Similarly, as axons of sensory neurons such as nociceptors grow from the dorsal root ganglia to the periphery, the axons travel via specific pathways so that 1 spinal nerve innervates 1 region of skin. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref> This gives rise to the dermatomes. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref>

Extracellular signalling molecules direct the growth of the axons to ensure they reach their correct targets. NGF increases sprouting of axons but this may lead to excessive nociceptive innervation of the peripheral tissue. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> This issue is overcome by factor Semaphorin 3A which inhibits aberrant nociceptor axon growth. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 18.5, neurons reach their peripheral target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>

'''Determination of the Physiological Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

A lot of this functional development occurs postnatally. For example, TRPA1, a receptor that detects noxious temperature and chemical stimuli, are expressed by postnatal day 2 nociceptors . <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref> These receptors play a role in detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli during inflammation. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref> These channels play an important role in generating chronic pain because they control the hyperexcitability of the neurons including nociceptors. However, adult levels of these sodium channels are not reached until postnatal day 7 (P7). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>

'''Development of the Chemical Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

In nociceptors, as well as other small diameter neurons, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP, are expressed. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Expression of these neuropeptides that characterize nociceptors, are controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. These neuropeptides SP and CGRP rise as early as embryonic day 14.5 – at this stage nociceptors have not made contact with their target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Thus nociceptors do not require contact with peripheral target tissues to express some levels of SP and CGRP. However, studies also show that number of CGRP expressing nociceptors increased under the influence of epidermal cells. <ref name="PMID12733058"><pubmed>12733058</pubmed></ref> Thus extrinsic cues, through the contact with target tissues, enhance the development of the chemical phenotype of nociceptors.

'''Increase in the Nociceptor Innervation Density '''

Sensory neurons, including the TrkA+ nociceptors, increases their innervation density due to access to local growth factors such as NGF and brain derived growth factor. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref> This increase in innervation density involves an increase in both the innervation of the tissue by the endings of an individual sensory neuron and the number of neurons. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref>

'''Increase in Nociceptor Sensitivity'''

Nociceptor sensitisation to noxious stimuli such as heat and capsaicin occurs postnatally. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> This process involves NGF activating TrkA receptor which initiates a signalling pathway that results in the sensitisation of the receptor, TRPV1 to heat and capsaicin. <ref name="PMID12815188"><pubmed>12815188</pubmed></ref> It has been shown that NGF is able to sensitise nociceptors during postnatal day 4-10. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> NGF is unable to increase the sensitivity of nociceptors before this stage. Bradykinin, however, can increase the nociceptor sensitivity in neonatal neurons. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>

== Hot/Cold ==

In addition to sensory modalities such as pressure and pain, the human body is able to detect the temperature of its surrounding environment. This is called thermoreception, and is extremely important for a variety of reasons. The ability to sense temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many biological processes. It is also of practical safety use, we are able to reliably avoid stimuli that are either too hot or too cold and may do us harm.

The sensation of temperature is made through free nerve endings in the epidermis of the skin. These free nerve endings contain specialised ion channels called temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels<ref name="PMID12838328"><pubmed>12838328</pubmed></ref>. We will refer to them as ThermoTRP’s. These receptors are able to generate action potentials in response to changes in temperatures in the environment surrounding the nerve ending in the skin. The nerve impulse generated by these receptors is conveyed along the nerve fibre and into the dorsal root ganglion. There are two main types of ThermoTRP, those that are activated by warm stimuli and those that are activated by cold stimuli<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Warm===

There are four main ThermoTRP receptors responsible for the perception of warm stimuli, both innocuous and noxious<ref name="PMID19822171"><pubmed>19822171</pubmed></ref>. They are called TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Each receptor unresponsive to mechanical stimuli, but can be excited by some chemicals such as the capsaicin in the chili plant. The firing of each receptor is inhibited by falling temperatures.

* ''TRPV1''. This receptor is responsible by the sensation of mild heat. The receptor is activated by temperatures over 30 ˚C. As temperatures rises the rate of nerve impulses also increases, reaching a maximum rate at 42 ˚C<ref name="PMID19822171"/>. Either side of 42 ˚C, the firing rate of the nerve decreases, forming a bell shaped curve. This means that the firing rate of the receptor conveys information relating to the environments temperature back to the central nervous system.
*''TRPV2''. This receptor only fires an action potential when in contact with temperatures sufficient to cause harm .This is generally temperatures over 52 ˚C <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''TRPV3''. Activated strongly by temperatures in the 34-38 ˚C range.
*''TRPV4''. Activated at 27 – 34 ˚C.

===Cold===

Cold thermoreceptors essentially work in an identical manner to warm thermoreceptors. Instead of being activating by rising temperatures, they are stimulated by falling temperatures. There are two main receptors responsible for perception of cold stimuli.

*''TRPM8''. This receptor is responsible for the perception of innocuous cold temperatures, that is, temperatures that will not cause the body harm. They are activated when the temperature of the environment surrounding the nerve ending falls to between 25 and 28 ˚C. As seen with the TRPV1 receptor, the stimulation of TRPM8 by a range of temperatures produces a bell shaped curve with a maximum firing rate seen around 25-26 ˚C. <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''ANKTM1''. Noxious or damaging cold temperatures are those at or below the 17 ˚C mark. These extreme temperatures are able to activate the ANKTM1 receptor<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Embryology and Development===

The development of thermosensation, like all senses, is intimately tied to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The neurons that project into the skin to house the thermoTRP channels also pass through the DRG where they synapse and the information is carried into the central nervous system<ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref>. The actual expression of thermoTRP channels, the functional unit of thermosensation, occurs quite late. TRPM8, the receptor for cold and menthol stimuli, is first seen in the mouse embryo at day 16.5 post conception <ref name="PMID16446141"><pubmed>16446141</pubmed></ref>. This corresponds to a stage 23 human embryo in the 58th day of gestation; this is also the last stage of embryonic development. There are many genes and proteins that control the development of the dorsal root ganglion and sensory peripheral nerves; the following is a summary of the most important. Please be advised that all research into these genes have been done of either rats or mice and may not correlate exactly to the human embryo.

One of the earliest markers of the thermosensory neurons is their expression of TrkA, a nerve growth factor receptor <ref name="PMID20888752"><pubmed>20888752</pubmed></ref>. The actual expression of TrKA is dependent on two other proteins, Neurog 1 and Neurog 2 <ref name="PMID10398684"><pubmed>10398684</pubmed></ref>. The TrkA lineage neurons are an important source of sensory nerves. Approximately half of them continue to express TrkA during development, the other half ceasing TrkA expression and beginning to produce RET<ref name="PMID22787056"/>. These RET+ neurons are important as it is from them that the thermosensory nerves are derived <ref name="PMID22787056"/>. This switching is not complete at birth, only finishing at postnatal day 30 <ref name="PMID16446141"/>.

RET is an important receptor for glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor <ref name="PMID9354331"><pubmed>9354331</pubmed></ref>. It is in these neurons that another important protein is present called Runx1. Runx1 is a runt domain protein. These proteins are involved in mediating many developmental processes <ref name="PMID16446141"/>. The role of Runx1 in controlling the development of the thermoTRP channels used in thermosensation can be observed by breeding Runx1 deficient mice. These mice do not express TRPM8, and the expression of heat sensors TRPV1 and TRPV2 is very deficient <ref name="PMID16446141"/>.

A more broadly acting protein, but just as important as those already mentioned, is Brn3a. This is a protein that is involved in the differentiation of neurons into peripheral sensory neurons <ref name="PMID15253936"><pubmed>15253936</pubmed></ref>. It is an example of a homeodomain proteins, that is, it controls the transcription of a range of genes. When Brn3a is deficient, the axonal growth of the sensory neurons is impaired and they also go through apoptosis at a more rapid rate <ref name="PMID15253936"/>. This means that Brn3a is important for the migration of thermosensory neurons into their destination in the skin.

== Pressure ==

Pressure receptors can be categorized into two groups, the slow adapting receptors and rapidly adapting receptors. Slow adapting receptors respond to consistent pressure, meaning they continue to respond as long as the stimulus is in contact with the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors, however, only respond to changes in pressure, so they respond when the stimulus first touches the skin and when it is removed. There are four types of pressure receptors in the skin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs and Ruffini nerve endings.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors found in the deeper layers of the skin. Their nerve endings are wrapped with layers of connecting tissue giving them an ‘onion like’ histological appearance. When this connective tissue that surrounds the nerve ending is deformed, it presses on the nerve endings triggering an electrical impulse. The receptive fields of the Pacinian corpuscles are relatively large, so the region of sensory space that stimulates and evokes activity in the receptors is wide and therefore the sensations are not very well localised, resulting in low spatial resolution. These particular corpuscles form in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons. Their development is dependent on sensory innervations and they begin to appear during the fourth fetal month of development.

Meissner Corpuscles are also rapidly adapting pressure receptors, so they only respond to transient and phasic pressures rather than constant pressure. Unlike Pacinian corpuscles however, their receptive field is small, so the sensations are well-localised and specific. They are superficially located, found in the dermal papillae, between the epidermal pegs of globrous skin. This means they are mainly located within the extremities such as the palms and soles of feet. These corpuscles are innervated via myelinated fibres from the subepidermal nerve plexus that lose their myelination as they enter the corpuscle.

* Ruffini endings respond to pressure in both hairy and glabrous skin (slow adapting receptor)
** Deeply located
** Innervated by A-beta fibres
** Large receptive fields
** Encapsulated
** Also respond to temperatures above 45 degrees
* Merkel cells respond to pressure of the skin, epidermis of globrous skin
** Located superficially
** Slow adapting
** Respond to very low frequency pressure changes
** Very small receptive fields

The development of pressure receptors takes place during the gestation period with the rapidly adapting pressure receptors developing first then followed by the slow adapting pressure receptors. Although these pressure receptors are present throughout the fetal life to adulthood, their depolarization responses to chemical irritants, mechanical injury and inflammatory mediators are been found to be similar in both the fetus and adults.

Bunched receptors known as Merkel’s discs have been found to specialize in conveying information about continuous pressure exerted on the surface of the skin (Ragert, Nierhaus, Cohen & Villringer, 2008). Pacinian corpuscles respond to quick changes in touch or pressure by firing off rapid bursts of signals before they decrease with time (Irie, Kato, Yakushji, Hirose & Mizuta, 2011). Baroreceptors are special pressure receptors found in the right atrium of the heart and play the role of detecting changes in blood pressure enabling the body to control the pressure and the amount of blood flowing into the heart (Ino-Oka, Sekino, Kajikawa, Inooka, Imai & Hashimoto, 2008).

Different studies have established urinary bladder mechanoreceptors as responsible for detecting changes in bladder volume or intravesical pressure (Downie & Armour, 1992). Discovery of the pressure receptor locations in human bodies has been exploited in nursing interventions including the touch therapy or massage (Field, 1998). Massage therapy has been found to be effective in enhancing various clinical conditions including reduction of pain, diminishing of depression, enhancing attentiveness, promotion of immune function as well as promotion of growth and development of pre-term infants (Sanders, 2010).

According to Field (1998), intentional stimulation of pressure receptors during massage therapy results in enhanced vagal activity associated with the diverse benefits accrued from massage therapy. Understanding of pressure receptors has been discovered to be important in the treatment of balance disorders. The pressure receptors in the skin detect bodily contact with the environment enabling control of the contact during treatment of balance disorders (George & Athanasios, 1999).

== Current Research ==

==== Somatosensory Activation by Corneal Pain:====

[[File:Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink.png |thumb|450px|Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink]]

Investigation is currently done on to localize somatotopic representation of pain from the cornea. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This type of research gives insight into the mechanism of chronic pain development in various eye conditions. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This study shows processing of corneal pain information occur in localized regions of the primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> When the cornea pain receptors are stimulated, these localized regions o the somatosensory cortex are activated. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> The region of the somatosensory cortex that deals with corneal pain, also deals with blinking or photophobia. Such finding has been achieved using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).<ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> See figure

==== Sleep can Remodel the Somatosensory Cortex ====

In the mice somatosensory cortex, the synaptic connections can be remodelled during sleep. In a recent study, turnover of filopodia and dendritic spines of layer 5 neurons in the somatosensory cortex was examined using 2-photon microscopy. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> These neurons were fluorescently tagged and the amount of filopodia formation and elimination were measured in both sleep and wakefulness. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> It was found that elimination of these filopodia occurred at a higher rate during sleep. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref>

== Glossary ==

;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image

1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html

2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm

Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images

1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg

2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg

[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.

----

{{2012Projects}}

2012 Group Project 2

2012-10-02T13:01:16Z

Z3332885: /* History of Discoveries */

=Somatosensory Development=

== Introduction ==
The somatosensory system is an important subdivision of the somatic nervous system comprising of a collection of receptors, tracts and nuclei. The system components convey the sensations of vibrations, light touch, pain and temperature to the consciousness (Creath, Kiemel, Horak, & Jeka, 2008) The system is important in conveying information about the body position and movements with significant influence on the body balance (Wong, Collins, & Kaas, 2010). The somatosensory system also plays an important role in motor control through conveying of feedback information about the muscular system dynamics including velocity of muscles, tension, length, joint position and movement and contact with the external environment. The system comprises of receptors in the muscles, skin, viscera and joints (Marani, 1994). The following picture shows the general organization of the somatosensory system.

(Lagercrantz, Hanson, Evrard & Rodeck, 2001)
Understanding the development of this systems both structurally and functionally during the fetal life is crucial in understanding how a fetus develops the capacity to receive and experience sensations delivered by thermal, mechanical, tactile and noxious stimuli (Willis, 2007).

The somatosensory systems development begins during the gestation period specifically the third week into the gestation period. By the end of the 9th week the fetus has a fully developed nervous system with sensory and receptors present at the skin level (Stiles, Reilly, Levine, Trauner, & Nass, 2012). Development of the system entails development of nerve fibers and receptors in the fetus body system. Development of the somatosensory system involves progressive changes in the structural alignment, neurochemical and functional changes with majority of the development changes taking place during the gestation period. Somatosensory receptors develop in the various parts of the body to enable detection and reception of stimuli which is then transmitted through the nerve fibers to the central nervous system (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). Development of the somatosensory system also entails subsequent development of pathways including the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

This project looks at the anatomy, function and development of the central somatosensory system and a range peripheral receptors on the skin.

== History of Discoveries ==
Weber recognized for his role in the study of the nervous system including the establishment of the Weber’s law (Giclu, 2007). Some of the historical research conducted by Weber concerned the various aspects of nervous system including inhibition of impulse transmission, summation, adaptation and fusion. The shift from philosophy to physiology can be attributed to Weber’s research work through which he influenced the view on the human system. Other discoveries that followed Weber’s discoveries about the somatosensory system include the discovery that most receptor endings in the skin, the connection between the system and the spinal cord. The other important historical discovery about the somatosensory system include the discovery of different kinds of electrical potential in the nervous systems not covered by Weber as the pioneer in the understanding of the nervous system (Deco & Rolls, 2006).

{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=50px|'''Date'''
| width=300px|'''Description'''
|-
| '''1875'''
| Stimuli (both electrical and mechanical) applied on varies parts of the body was found to induce changes in the electrical activity of the brain - Richard Caton
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| '''1906''' (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Charles Sherrington demonstrated that different types of stimulation on nerves led to different responses. Some nerves were found to activate when intense stimuli are applied, causing the sensation of pain. These receptors were given the name nociceptors.
|-
| 1947 (no colour specified)
| Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded by George Dawson in patients with myoclonus
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| '''1969''' (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Two types of fibres responsible for nociception were identied. Afferent fibres with myelinated axons that give sharp pains were named A delta fibres (Aδ). Unmyelinated fibres that produced slow burning pain were named type C fibres
|}

== Central Somatosensory Differentiation ==

====Adult Central Somatosensory systems:====

Ascending components of the Central Somatosensory system include;
* the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain,
* the trigeminal system: – receives sensory signals from the face; <ref name="PMID8440772"><pubmed> 8440772</pubmed></ref>
* the dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract:– receive signals from the rest of the body. <ref name="PMID14485390"><pubmed> 14485390</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

'''Dorsal column system and Lateral Spinothalamic tract:'''

Peripheral sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. The sensory signal then get passed onto collateral fibres in the spinal cord which ascend via the dorsal column or lateral spinothalamic tract up the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref> From there, fibres go the lateral regions of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus. From the thalamus, 3rd order neurons project out and into the primary somatosensory cortex so information can be processed. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Somatosensory Map.JPG|thumb|500px| Somatosensory pathway involving Dorsal Column and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts]]

'''Trigeminal System:'''

Sensory signals from the face are passed through the trigeminal nerve which passes signals to the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Axons from this trigeminal sensory nucleus go to the medial regions of the VP of the thalamus. From there fibres conduct the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex.<ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref>

==== Development of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex:====

Development of the primary somatosensory cortex is thought be controlled by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. <ref name="PMID10764649"><pubmed>10764649</pubmed></ref> Development of this region begins in late embryonic period and continues post-natally. The primary somatosensory cortex has separate functional groups of layer IV neurons called ‘barrels’. <ref name="PMID4141363"><pubmed>4141363</pubmed></ref> In the adult, the barrels are arranged in a pattern, isomorphic to the pattern of somatosensory receptors on the face and body surface (see figure). <ref name="PMID7721983"><pubmed>7721983</pubmed></ref> This patterning of the somatosensory cortex is the key step in its development. These layer IV neuron barrels receive inputs from the afferents coming from the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) thalamus and the posterior thalamic complex (POm). <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> These thalamocortical afferents of the VP and POm provide information that patterns the developing primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> The extrinsic signalling by the VP and POm afferents from the thalamus may cause graded gene expression in the cortical neurons to pattern the somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref>

VP afferents develop just prior to the development of the area of the somatosensory cortex that will process the information from these VP afferents. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> The VP afferents receiving information from the face and jaw differentiate before birth. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Then the lateral regions of the somatosensory cortex develop. Within 24hrs after birth, the VP afferents receiving sensory information from the rest of the body develops. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> This will be followed by the development of the medial regions of the somatosensory cortex that processes the information from the body. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Consequently, there’s a lateral to medial gradient of somatosensory cortex development which controlled by the VP afferents from the thalamus.

==== Making Connections between Afferent Sensory Fibres and the Central Nervous System (CNS)====

This is the process where sensory afferents synapse the neurons in the spinal cord so peripheral somatosensory information can be transmitted through the spinal reflex arc or up to the primary somatosensory cortex where the information can be processed. Sensory afferents from the periphery, with their cell bodies (soma) in the dorsal root ganglion, grow towards the spinal cord in stages to make these connections with the CNS.<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 23;
* Axons of primary afferent neurons extend to the spinal cord. When these afferent neurons reach the CNS, axons of these afferent neurons bifurcate and begin to extend into the Primordium of the dorsal funiculus <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 24:
* the afferent axons have extended 1 segment rostrally and 1 segment caudally relative to the axons' point of entry
* the afferents start to grow within the white matter (periphery of Spinal Cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 28 –
* unbranched afferent axonal fibres invade gray matter at the border of Dorsal horn
* axonal fibres extend rostrally and caudally and start sending fine collateral fibres into the gray matter of spinal cord (the cellular, central region of spinal cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

== Touch ==
[[File:Touch receptors in mammalian skin cartoon.jpg|thumb|450px| Division of Mechanoreceptors in the Skin]]

The sense of touch allows individuals to perform a myriad of functions through the receptors deep within dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. This sensory modality, though its' development is not greatly understood among the five acknowledged sense subsets, it is essential for survival and development throughout life.<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>

The receptors that are established throughout embryonic development and are linked to touch are mechanoreceptors or transducers such as Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, Merkel-cell-neurite complexes, Ruffini endings and hair follicles. Function and development of these various receptors are demonstrated in the table below.
<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />

<table>
{| width=100%
|-bgcolor= "FF9900 "
| width= 15%|'''Mechanoreceptors'''
| width= 25%|'''Function'''
| width= 25%|'''Embryonic Development'''
| width= 10%|'''Degree/Extent of Response'''
| width= 25%|'''Image'''
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"

|'''Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)'''
|
*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin
* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations
* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces
|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Meissner's Corpuscles'''
|
*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin
*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations
*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations
|
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Meissner corpuscle 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Meissner Corpuscle in subcutaneous layers of the skin''']]
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Merkel-cell Neurite Complexes'''
|
* Found in epidermal layer of skin in stratum basale
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
| Merkel cells are derivatives of the epidermis of the developing embryo. They are able to be seen, with short dendrites, as early as week 8 in embryonic development, within the stratum basale of the epidermis.<ref name="PMID1365319"><pubmed>1365319</pubmed></ref>
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Ruffini Endings'''
|
*Found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers of skin
*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces
*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors
|
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Hair follicles'''
|
*Response to movement/displacement of hair on the skin

*Detection of sensation direction<ref name="PMID11685414"><pubmed>11685414</pubmed></ref>
| Hair follicles are derivatives from basal cells, as they proliferate. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref> Basal cells are able to be seen via light microscopy in the developing embryo; approximately on day 60 onwards (stage 23; week 8). As the embryo grows and transitions into the fetal stages, at approximately day 95 and 140, hair pegs and follicles are also able to be seen via light microscopy. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>
| Fast/rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Touch Receptor- Hair Follicle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Hair Follicle''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
</table>

== Pain ==
With the current advancements in study and research on the nervous system, the mechanisms responsible for the sensation or the sensory component of pain are now well understood. Different nerve fibres involved in the transmission of the pain impulse have been identified including the A-delta fibres, C fibres and A-beta fibres (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). The A-delta fibres have been identified with response to mechanical or thermal stimulation such as pin prick or scald while C fibres respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulation (Silberstein, 2003). The C fibres are slower in response to simulation and particularly transmit the dull, thudding pain of injury, inflammation or disease.
On the other hand, the A-beta fibres transmit touch and play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. Current research in the development of pain fibres has seen the classification of pain into fast and slow pain and the pain fibres responsible for transmission of the pain. Fast pain is transmitted by the A-delta fibers with the stimulus being more superficial stimulus. Slow pain starts one second or more after stimulation and increases slowly over seconds or minutes and has been found to be associated with tissue distraction as well as being felt in both superficial and deep tissues. The various nerve fibers carry somatosensory information from the body periphery to the spinal cord. According to Medina and Lebovic (2009), studies have revealed that some nerve fibers present in the endometriotic tissues are responsible for pain severity.

==== Development of Nociceptors ====

Nociceptors develop throughout embryonic, fetal and postnatal periods. The table below is a summary of nociceptor development. E stands for embryonic while P stands for postnatal.

{| cellpadding="10"
|-style="background:#FF69B4" "align="center"
| width= 10%|'''Day of Developmental Day in Mice or Rat'''
| width= 7%|'''Relative Developmental Day in Humans'''
| width=15%|'''Nociceptor Development'''
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E11.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 33'''
|Specification of Nociceptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E11-13''' in Mouse
|'''Days 30-42'''
|Axons of Nociceptors begin extending to the periphery and towards the spinal cord <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E14''' in Rat
|'''Day 40'''
|Axons have reached their peripheral target <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|''' E14.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 52'''
|Substance P and CGRP are produced. Levels increase after nociceptors make contact with their target tissue in E18.5 <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E15-17''' in Rat
|'''Days 44-55'''
|Functional synaptic junctions form between nociceptors and interneurons as part of the reflex arc <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E17''' in Rat
|'''Day 55'''
|TTX resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8, responsible for hyperexcitability of nociceptors, are expressed <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18.5''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach their peripheral Tissue <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18-20''' in Mouse
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach dorsal horn of the spinal cord <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P2''' in Mouse
|''' NA'''
|TRPV1 capsaicin receptor expressed <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P4-10''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|NGF increases the sensitivity of Nociceptors <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>
|}

'''Details of Nociceptor Development'''

'''Nociceptor Specification:'''

Birth of nociceptors occurs in the DRG at E11.5 (embryonic day 11.5) in mice. <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref> Much of sensory neuron differentiation is done via neurotrophin signalling. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Neurotrophin are growth factors that act by binding to neurotrophin receptors called Tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Expression of Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells determines their fate as unmyelinated Nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8835730"><pubmed>8835730</pubmed></ref> This because TrkA enables TrkA+ neurons to respond to certain neurotrophins, called nerve growth factor (NGF), that enable nociceptor differentiation. <ref name="PMID15247919"><pubmed>15247919</pubmed></ref> TrkA signalling promotes the development of sensory channels in the nociceptors and this allows the nociceptors to respond to noxious stimuli. <ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref> One study has shown that mice without TrkA receptor are born without nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Expression of TrkA receptors in nociceptors is up-regulated by the transcription factor Runx1. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref> Cells without the Runx1 gene result in an absence of TrkA receptors and were unable to develop to mature nociceptors. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref>

[[File:One Nociceptor Specification.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Specification]]

'''Nociceptor Survival'''

Once nociceptors are specified, receiving nerve growth factors (NGF) via the TrkA receptors increase the chance of their survival. This was shown by a study where NFG levels were over-expressed in transgenic mice and this caused the number of TrkA+ neurons to double. <ref name="PMID9283812"><pubmed>9283812</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID8126547"><pubmed>8126547</pubmed></ref> Nociceptors that do not receive enough NGF will not survive. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Nociceptor survival.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Survival]]

'''Growth of Axons - to the Spinal Cord and Periphery'''

Increases in axon length, width and branching are all controlled by neurotrophins such as NGF. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> These processes begin at embryonic day 11 to 13. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 14, small c fibres such as nociceptors have reached the periphery target tissue such as the hindlimb of mice. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> After activation of the Trk receptors by NGF, downstream signalling molecules cause these changes in axon. <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> These molecules include:
* Molecules in the Ras-Raf-ERK cascade – results in Elongation of the Axons
* PIK3 and Akt – increase the Diameter of the Axons
* Akt – can also increase the branching of the axon <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref>

During embryonic days 18-20, axons of centrally directed nociceptors extend into the grey matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> The axons project into the dorsal horn while maintaining in a somatotopic pattern. <ref name="PMID2442203"><pubmed>2442203</pubmed></ref> Similarly, as axons of sensory neurons such as nociceptors grow from the dorsal root ganglia to the periphery, the axons travel via specific pathways so that 1 spinal nerve innervates 1 region of skin. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref> This gives rise to the dermatomes. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref>

Extracellular signalling molecules direct the growth of the axons to ensure they reach their correct targets. NGF increases sprouting of axons but this may lead to excessive nociceptive innervation of the peripheral tissue. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> This issue is overcome by factor Semaphorin 3A which inhibits aberrant nociceptor axon growth. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 18.5, neurons reach their peripheral target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>

'''Determination of the Physiological Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

A lot of this functional development occurs postnatally. For example, TRPA1, a receptor that detects noxious temperature and chemical stimuli, are expressed by postnatal day 2 nociceptors . <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref> These receptors play a role in detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli during inflammation. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref> These channels play an important role in generating chronic pain because they control the hyperexcitability of the neurons including nociceptors. However, adult levels of these sodium channels are not reached until postnatal day 7 (P7). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>

'''Development of the Chemical Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

In nociceptors, as well as other small diameter neurons, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP, are expressed. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Expression of these neuropeptides that characterize nociceptors, are controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. These neuropeptides SP and CGRP rise as early as embryonic day 14.5 – at this stage nociceptors have not made contact with their target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Thus nociceptors do not require contact with peripheral target tissues to express some levels of SP and CGRP. However, studies also show that number of CGRP expressing nociceptors increased under the influence of epidermal cells. <ref name="PMID12733058"><pubmed>12733058</pubmed></ref> Thus extrinsic cues, through the contact with target tissues, enhance the development of the chemical phenotype of nociceptors.

'''Increase in the Nociceptor Innervation Density '''

Sensory neurons, including the TrkA+ nociceptors, increases their innervation density due to access to local growth factors such as NGF and brain derived growth factor. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref> This increase in innervation density involves an increase in both the innervation of the tissue by the endings of an individual sensory neuron and the number of neurons. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref>

'''Increase in Nociceptor Sensitivity'''

Nociceptor sensitisation to noxious stimuli such as heat and capsaicin occurs postnatally. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> This process involves NGF activating TrkA receptor which initiates a signalling pathway that results in the sensitisation of the receptor, TRPV1 to heat and capsaicin. <ref name="PMID12815188"><pubmed>12815188</pubmed></ref> It has been shown that NGF is able to sensitise nociceptors during postnatal day 4-10. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> NGF is unable to increase the sensitivity of nociceptors before this stage. Bradykinin, however, can increase the nociceptor sensitivity in neonatal neurons. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>

== Hot/Cold ==

In addition to sensory modalities such as pressure and pain, the human body is able to detect the temperature of its surrounding environment. This is called thermoreception, and is extremely important for a variety of reasons. The ability to sense temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many biological processes. It is also of practical safety use, we are able to reliably avoid stimuli that are either too hot or too cold and may do us harm.

The sensation of temperature is made through free nerve endings in the epidermis of the skin. These free nerve endings contain specialised ion channels called temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels<ref name="PMID12838328"><pubmed>12838328</pubmed></ref>. We will refer to them as ThermoTRP’s. These receptors are able to generate action potentials in response to changes in temperatures in the environment surrounding the nerve ending in the skin. The nerve impulse generated by these receptors is conveyed along the nerve fibre and into the dorsal root ganglion. There are two main types of ThermoTRP, those that are activated by warm stimuli and those that are activated by cold stimuli<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Warm===

There are four main ThermoTRP receptors responsible for the perception of warm stimuli, both innocuous and noxious<ref name="PMID19822171"><pubmed>19822171</pubmed></ref>. They are called TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Each receptor unresponsive to mechanical stimuli, but can be excited by some chemicals such as the capsaicin in the chili plant. The firing of each receptor is inhibited by falling temperatures.

* ''TRPV1''. This receptor is responsible by the sensation of mild heat. The receptor is activated by temperatures over 30 ˚C. As temperatures rises the rate of nerve impulses also increases, reaching a maximum rate at 42 ˚C<ref name="PMID19822171"/>. Either side of 42 ˚C, the firing rate of the nerve decreases, forming a bell shaped curve. This means that the firing rate of the receptor conveys information relating to the environments temperature back to the central nervous system.
*''TRPV2''. This receptor only fires an action potential when in contact with temperatures sufficient to cause harm .This is generally temperatures over 52 ˚C <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''TRPV3''. Activated strongly by temperatures in the 34-38 ˚C range.
*''TRPV4''. Activated at 27 – 34 ˚C.

===Cold===

Cold thermoreceptors essentially work in an identical manner to warm thermoreceptors. Instead of being activating by rising temperatures, they are stimulated by falling temperatures. There are two main receptors responsible for perception of cold stimuli.

*''TRPM8''. This receptor is responsible for the perception of innocuous cold temperatures, that is, temperatures that will not cause the body harm. They are activated when the temperature of the environment surrounding the nerve ending falls to between 25 and 28 ˚C. As seen with the TRPV1 receptor, the stimulation of TRPM8 by a range of temperatures produces a bell shaped curve with a maximum firing rate seen around 25-26 ˚C. <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''ANKTM1''. Noxious or damaging cold temperatures are those at or below the 17 ˚C mark. These extreme temperatures are able to activate the ANKTM1 receptor<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Embryology and Development===

The development of thermosensation, like all senses, is intimately tied to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The neurons that project into the skin to house the thermoTRP channels also pass through the DRG where they synapse and the information is carried into the central nervous system<ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref>. The actual expression of thermoTRP channels, the functional unit of thermosensation, occurs quite late. TRPM8, the receptor for cold and menthol stimuli, is first seen in the mouse embryo at day 16.5 post conception <ref name="PMID16446141"><pubmed>16446141</pubmed></ref>. This corresponds to a stage 23 human embryo in the 58th day of gestation; this is also the last stage of embryonic development. There are many genes and proteins that control the development of the dorsal root ganglion and sensory peripheral nerves; the following is a summary of the most important. Please be advised that all research into these genes have been done of either rats or mice and may not correlate exactly to the human embryo.

One of the earliest markers of the thermosensory neurons is their expression of TrkA, a nerve growth factor receptor <ref name="PMID20888752"><pubmed>20888752</pubmed></ref>. The actual expression of TrKA is dependent on two other proteins, Neurog 1 and Neurog 2 <ref name="PMID10398684"><pubmed>10398684</pubmed></ref>. The TrkA lineage neurons are an important source of sensory nerves. Approximately half of them continue to express TrkA during development, the other half ceasing TrkA expression and beginning to produce RET<ref name="PMID22787056"/>. These RET+ neurons are important as it is from them that the thermosensory nerves are derived <ref name="PMID22787056"/>. This switching is not complete at birth, only finishing at postnatal day 30 <ref name="PMID16446141"/>.

RET is an important receptor for glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor <ref name="PMID9354331"><pubmed>9354331</pubmed></ref>. It is in these neurons that another important protein is present called Runx1. Runx1 is a runt domain protein. These proteins are involved in mediating many developmental processes <ref name="PMID16446141"/>. The role of Runx1 in controlling the development of the thermoTRP channels used in thermosensation can be observed by breeding Runx1 deficient mice. These mice do not express TRPM8, and the expression of heat sensors TRPV1 and TRPV2 is very deficient <ref name="PMID16446141"/>.

A more broadly acting protein, but just as important as those already mentioned, is Brn3a. This is a protein that is involved in the differentiation of neurons into peripheral sensory neurons <ref name="PMID15253936"><pubmed>15253936</pubmed></ref>. It is an example of a homeodomain proteins, that is, it controls the transcription of a range of genes. When Brn3a is deficient, the axonal growth of the sensory neurons is impaired and they also go through apoptosis at a more rapid rate <ref name="PMID15253936"/>. This means that Brn3a is important for the migration of thermosensory neurons into their destination in the skin.

== Pressure ==

Pressure receptors can be categorized into two groups, the slow adapting receptors and rapidly adapting receptors. Slow adapting receptors respond to consistent pressure, meaning they continue to respond as long as the stimulus is in contact with the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors, however, only respond to changes in pressure, so they respond when the stimulus first touches the skin and when it is removed. There are four types of pressure receptors in the skin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs and Ruffini nerve endings.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors found in the deeper layers of the skin. Their nerve endings are wrapped with layers of connecting tissue giving them an ‘onion like’ histological appearance. When this connective tissue that surrounds the nerve ending is deformed, it presses on the nerve endings triggering an electrical impulse. The receptive fields of the Pacinian corpuscles are relatively large, so the region of sensory space that stimulates and evokes activity in the receptors is wide and therefore the sensations are not very well localised, resulting in low spatial resolution. These particular corpuscles form in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons. Their development is dependent on sensory innervations and they begin to appear during the fourth fetal month of development.

Meissner Corpuscles are also rapidly adapting pressure receptors, so they only respond to transient and phasic pressures rather than constant pressure. Unlike Pacinian corpuscles however, their receptive field is small, so the sensations are well-localised and specific. They are superficially located, found in the dermal papillae, between the epidermal pegs of globrous skin. This means they are mainly located within the extremities such as the palms and soles of feet. These corpuscles are innervated via myelinated fibres from the subepidermal nerve plexus that lose their myelination as they enter the corpuscle.

* Ruffini endings respond to pressure in both hairy and glabrous skin (slow adapting receptor)
** Deeply located
** Innervated by A-beta fibres
** Large receptive fields
** Encapsulated
** Also respond to temperatures above 45 degrees
* Merkel cells respond to pressure of the skin, epidermis of globrous skin
** Located superficially
** Slow adapting
** Respond to very low frequency pressure changes
** Very small receptive fields

The development of pressure receptors takes place during the gestation period with the rapidly adapting pressure receptors developing first then followed by the slow adapting pressure receptors. Although these pressure receptors are present throughout the fetal life to adulthood, their depolarization responses to chemical irritants, mechanical injury and inflammatory mediators are been found to be similar in both the fetus and adults.

Bunched receptors known as Merkel’s discs have been found to specialize in conveying information about continuous pressure exerted on the surface of the skin (Ragert, Nierhaus, Cohen & Villringer, 2008). Pacinian corpuscles respond to quick changes in touch or pressure by firing off rapid bursts of signals before they decrease with time (Irie, Kato, Yakushji, Hirose & Mizuta, 2011). Baroreceptors are special pressure receptors found in the right atrium of the heart and play the role of detecting changes in blood pressure enabling the body to control the pressure and the amount of blood flowing into the heart (Ino-Oka, Sekino, Kajikawa, Inooka, Imai & Hashimoto, 2008).

Different studies have established urinary bladder mechanoreceptors as responsible for detecting changes in bladder volume or intravesical pressure (Downie & Armour, 1992). Discovery of the pressure receptor locations in human bodies has been exploited in nursing interventions including the touch therapy or massage (Field, 1998). Massage therapy has been found to be effective in enhancing various clinical conditions including reduction of pain, diminishing of depression, enhancing attentiveness, promotion of immune function as well as promotion of growth and development of pre-term infants (Sanders, 2010).

According to Field (1998), intentional stimulation of pressure receptors during massage therapy results in enhanced vagal activity associated with the diverse benefits accrued from massage therapy. Understanding of pressure receptors has been discovered to be important in the treatment of balance disorders. The pressure receptors in the skin detect bodily contact with the environment enabling control of the contact during treatment of balance disorders (George & Athanasios, 1999).

== Current Research ==

==== Somatosensory Activation by Corneal Pain:====

[[File:Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink.png |thumb|450px|Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink]]

Investigation is currently done on to localize somatotopic representation of pain from the cornea. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This type of research gives insight into the mechanism of chronic pain development in various eye conditions. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This study shows processing of corneal pain information occur in localized regions of the primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> When the cornea pain receptors are stimulated, these localized regions o the somatosensory cortex are activated. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> The region of the somatosensory cortex that deals with corneal pain, also deals with blinking or photophobia. Such finding has been achieved using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).<ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> See figure

==== Sleep can Remodel the Somatosensory Cortex ====

In the mice somatosensory cortex, the synaptic connections can be remodelled during sleep. In a recent study, turnover of filopodia and dendritic spines of layer 5 neurons in the somatosensory cortex was examined using 2-photon microscopy. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> These neurons were fluorescently tagged and the amount of filopodia formation and elimination were measured in both sleep and wakefulness. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> It was found that elimination of these filopodia occurred at a higher rate during sleep. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref>

== Glossary ==

;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image

1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html

2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm

Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images

1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg

2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg

[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.

----

{{2012Projects}}

2012 Group Project 2

2012-10-02T12:48:17Z

Z3332885: /* History of Discoveries */

=Somatosensory Development=

== Introduction ==
The somatosensory system is an important subdivision of the somatic nervous system comprising of a collection of receptors, tracts and nuclei. The system components convey the sensations of vibrations, light touch, pain and temperature to the consciousness (Creath, Kiemel, Horak, & Jeka, 2008) The system is important in conveying information about the body position and movements with significant influence on the body balance (Wong, Collins, & Kaas, 2010). The somatosensory system also plays an important role in motor control through conveying of feedback information about the muscular system dynamics including velocity of muscles, tension, length, joint position and movement and contact with the external environment. The system comprises of receptors in the muscles, skin, viscera and joints (Marani, 1994). The following picture shows the general organization of the somatosensory system.

(Lagercrantz, Hanson, Evrard & Rodeck, 2001)
Understanding the development of this systems both structurally and functionally during the fetal life is crucial in understanding how a fetus develops the capacity to receive and experience sensations delivered by thermal, mechanical, tactile and noxious stimuli (Willis, 2007).

The somatosensory systems development begins during the gestation period specifically the third week into the gestation period. By the end of the 9th week the fetus has a fully developed nervous system with sensory and receptors present at the skin level (Stiles, Reilly, Levine, Trauner, & Nass, 2012). Development of the system entails development of nerve fibers and receptors in the fetus body system. Development of the somatosensory system involves progressive changes in the structural alignment, neurochemical and functional changes with majority of the development changes taking place during the gestation period. Somatosensory receptors develop in the various parts of the body to enable detection and reception of stimuli which is then transmitted through the nerve fibers to the central nervous system (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). Development of the somatosensory system also entails subsequent development of pathways including the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

This project looks at the anatomy, function and development of the central somatosensory system and a range peripheral receptors on the skin.

== History of Discoveries ==
Weber recognized for his role in the study of the nervous system including the establishment of the Weber’s law (Giclu, 2007). Some of the historical research conducted by Weber concerned the various aspects of nervous system including inhibition of impulse transmission, summation, adaptation and fusion. The shift from philosophy to physiology can be attributed to Weber’s research work through which he influenced the view on the human system. Other discoveries that followed Weber’s discoveries about the somatosensory system include the discovery that most receptor endings in the skin, the connection between the system and the spinal cord. The other important historical discovery about the somatosensory system include the discovery of different kinds of electrical potential in the nervous systems not covered by Weber as the pioneer in the understanding of the nervous system (Deco & Rolls, 2006).

{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=50px|'''Date'''
| width=300px|'''Description'''
|-
| '''1875'''
| '''1906'''
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Second Row Column 2
|-
| Third Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| Third Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Fourth Row Column 2
|}

== Central Somatosensory Differentiation ==

====Adult Central Somatosensory systems:====

Ascending components of the Central Somatosensory system include;
* the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain,
* the trigeminal system: – receives sensory signals from the face; <ref name="PMID8440772"><pubmed> 8440772</pubmed></ref>
* the dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract:– receive signals from the rest of the body. <ref name="PMID14485390"><pubmed> 14485390</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

'''Dorsal column system and Lateral Spinothalamic tract:'''

Peripheral sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. The sensory signal then get passed onto collateral fibres in the spinal cord which ascend via the dorsal column or lateral spinothalamic tract up the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref> From there, fibres go the lateral regions of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus. From the thalamus, 3rd order neurons project out and into the primary somatosensory cortex so information can be processed. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Somatosensory Map.JPG|thumb|500px| Somatosensory pathway involving Dorsal Column and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts]]

'''Trigeminal System:'''

Sensory signals from the face are passed through the trigeminal nerve which passes signals to the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Axons from this trigeminal sensory nucleus go to the medial regions of the VP of the thalamus. From there fibres conduct the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex.<ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref>

==== Development of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex:====

Development of the primary somatosensory cortex is thought be controlled by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. <ref name="PMID10764649"><pubmed>10764649</pubmed></ref> Development of this region begins in late embryonic period and continues post-natally. The primary somatosensory cortex has separate functional groups of layer IV neurons called ‘barrels’. <ref name="PMID4141363"><pubmed>4141363</pubmed></ref> In the adult, the barrels are arranged in a pattern, isomorphic to the pattern of somatosensory receptors on the face and body surface (see figure). <ref name="PMID7721983"><pubmed>7721983</pubmed></ref> This patterning of the somatosensory cortex is the key step in its development. These layer IV neuron barrels receive inputs from the afferents coming from the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) thalamus and the posterior thalamic complex (POm). <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> These thalamocortical afferents of the VP and POm provide information that patterns the developing primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> The extrinsic signalling by the VP and POm afferents from the thalamus may cause graded gene expression in the cortical neurons to pattern the somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref>

VP afferents develop just prior to the development of the area of the somatosensory cortex that will process the information from these VP afferents. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> The VP afferents receiving information from the face and jaw differentiate before birth. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Then the lateral regions of the somatosensory cortex develop. Within 24hrs after birth, the VP afferents receiving sensory information from the rest of the body develops. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> This will be followed by the development of the medial regions of the somatosensory cortex that processes the information from the body. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Consequently, there’s a lateral to medial gradient of somatosensory cortex development which controlled by the VP afferents from the thalamus.

==== Making Connections between Afferent Sensory Fibres and the Central Nervous System (CNS)====

This is the process where sensory afferents synapse the neurons in the spinal cord so peripheral somatosensory information can be transmitted through the spinal reflex arc or up to the primary somatosensory cortex where the information can be processed. Sensory afferents from the periphery, with their cell bodies (soma) in the dorsal root ganglion, grow towards the spinal cord in stages to make these connections with the CNS.<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 23;
* Axons of primary afferent neurons extend to the spinal cord. When these afferent neurons reach the CNS, axons of these afferent neurons bifurcate and begin to extend into the Primordium of the dorsal funiculus <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 24:
* the afferent axons have extended 1 segment rostrally and 1 segment caudally relative to the axons' point of entry
* the afferents start to grow within the white matter (periphery of Spinal Cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 28 –
* unbranched afferent axonal fibres invade gray matter at the border of Dorsal horn
* axonal fibres extend rostrally and caudally and start sending fine collateral fibres into the gray matter of spinal cord (the cellular, central region of spinal cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

== Touch ==
[[File:Touch receptors in mammalian skin cartoon.jpg|thumb|450px| Division of Mechanoreceptors in the Skin]]

The sense of touch allows individuals to perform a myriad of functions through the receptors deep within dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. This sensory modality, though its' development is not greatly understood among the five acknowledged sense subsets, it is essential for survival and development throughout life.<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>

The receptors that are established throughout embryonic development and are linked to touch are mechanoreceptors or transducers such as Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, Merkel-cell-neurite complexes, Ruffini endings and hair follicles. Function and development of these various receptors are demonstrated in the table below.
<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />

<table>
{| width=100%
|-bgcolor= "FF9900 "
| width= 15%|'''Mechanoreceptors'''
| width= 25%|'''Function'''
| width= 25%|'''Embryonic Development'''
| width= 10%|'''Degree/Extent of Response'''
| width= 25%|'''Image'''
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"

|'''Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)'''
|
*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin
* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations
* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces
|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Meissner's Corpuscles'''
|
*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin
*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations
*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations
|
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Meissner corpuscle 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Meissner Corpuscle in subcutaneous layers of the skin''']]
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Merkel-cell Neurite Complexes'''
|
* Found in epidermal layer of skin in stratum basale
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
| Merkel cells are derivatives of the epidermis of the developing embryo. They are able to be seen, with short dendrites, as early as week 8 in embryonic development, within the stratum basale of the epidermis.<ref name="PMID1365319"><pubmed>1365319</pubmed></ref>
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Ruffini Endings'''
|
*Found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers of skin
*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces
*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors
|
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Hair follicles'''
|
*Response to movement/displacement of hair on the skin

*Detection of sensation direction<ref name="PMID11685414"><pubmed>11685414</pubmed></ref>
| Hair follicles are derivatives from basal cells, as they proliferate. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref> Basal cells are able to be seen via light microscopy in the developing embryo; approximately on day 60 onwards (stage 23; week 8). As the embryo grows and transitions into the fetal stages, at approximately day 95 and 140, hair pegs and follicles are also able to be seen via light microscopy. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>
| Fast/rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Touch Receptor- Hair Follicle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Hair Follicle''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
</table>

== Pain ==
With the current advancements in study and research on the nervous system, the mechanisms responsible for the sensation or the sensory component of pain are now well understood. Different nerve fibres involved in the transmission of the pain impulse have been identified including the A-delta fibres, C fibres and A-beta fibres (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). The A-delta fibres have been identified with response to mechanical or thermal stimulation such as pin prick or scald while C fibres respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulation (Silberstein, 2003). The C fibres are slower in response to simulation and particularly transmit the dull, thudding pain of injury, inflammation or disease.
On the other hand, the A-beta fibres transmit touch and play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. Current research in the development of pain fibres has seen the classification of pain into fast and slow pain and the pain fibres responsible for transmission of the pain. Fast pain is transmitted by the A-delta fibers with the stimulus being more superficial stimulus. Slow pain starts one second or more after stimulation and increases slowly over seconds or minutes and has been found to be associated with tissue distraction as well as being felt in both superficial and deep tissues. The various nerve fibers carry somatosensory information from the body periphery to the spinal cord. According to Medina and Lebovic (2009), studies have revealed that some nerve fibers present in the endometriotic tissues are responsible for pain severity.

==== Development of Nociceptors ====

Nociceptors develop throughout embryonic, fetal and postnatal periods. The table below is a summary of nociceptor development. E stands for embryonic while P stands for postnatal.

{| cellpadding="10"
|-style="background:#FF69B4" "align="center"
| width= 10%|'''Day of Developmental Day in Mice or Rat'''
| width= 7%|'''Relative Developmental Day in Humans'''
| width=15%|'''Nociceptor Development'''
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E11.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 33'''
|Specification of Nociceptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E11-13''' in Mouse
|'''Days 30-42'''
|Axons of Nociceptors begin extending to the periphery and towards the spinal cord <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E14''' in Rat
|'''Day 40'''
|Axons have reached their peripheral target <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|''' E14.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 52'''
|Substance P and CGRP are produced. Levels increase after nociceptors make contact with their target tissue in E18.5 <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E15-17''' in Rat
|'''Days 44-55'''
|Functional synaptic junctions form between nociceptors and interneurons as part of the reflex arc <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E17''' in Rat
|'''Day 55'''
|TTX resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8, responsible for hyperexcitability of nociceptors, are expressed <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18.5''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach their peripheral Tissue <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18-20''' in Mouse
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach dorsal horn of the spinal cord <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P2''' in Mouse
|''' NA'''
|TRPV1 capsaicin receptor expressed <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P4-10''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|NGF increases the sensitivity of Nociceptors <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>
|}

'''Details of Nociceptor Development'''

'''Nociceptor Specification:'''

Birth of nociceptors occurs in the DRG at E11.5 (embryonic day 11.5) in mice. <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref> Much of sensory neuron differentiation is done via neurotrophin signalling. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Neurotrophin are growth factors that act by binding to neurotrophin receptors called Tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Expression of Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells determines their fate as unmyelinated Nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8835730"><pubmed>8835730</pubmed></ref> This because TrkA enables TrkA+ neurons to respond to certain neurotrophins, called nerve growth factor (NGF), that enable nociceptor differentiation. <ref name="PMID15247919"><pubmed>15247919</pubmed></ref> TrkA signalling promotes the development of sensory channels in the nociceptors and this allows the nociceptors to respond to noxious stimuli. <ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref> One study has shown that mice without TrkA receptor are born without nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Expression of TrkA receptors in nociceptors is up-regulated by the transcription factor Runx1. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref> Cells without the Runx1 gene result in an absence of TrkA receptors and were unable to develop to mature nociceptors. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref>

[[File:One Nociceptor Specification.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Specification]]

'''Nociceptor Survival'''

Once nociceptors are specified, receiving nerve growth factors (NGF) via the TrkA receptors increase the chance of their survival. This was shown by a study where NFG levels were over-expressed in transgenic mice and this caused the number of TrkA+ neurons to double. <ref name="PMID9283812"><pubmed>9283812</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID8126547"><pubmed>8126547</pubmed></ref> Nociceptors that do not receive enough NGF will not survive. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Nociceptor survival.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Survival]]

'''Growth of Axons - to the Spinal Cord and Periphery'''

Increases in axon length, width and branching are all controlled by neurotrophins such as NGF. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> These processes begin at embryonic day 11 to 13. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 14, small c fibres such as nociceptors have reached the periphery target tissue such as the hindlimb of mice. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> After activation of the Trk receptors by NGF, downstream signalling molecules cause these changes in axon. <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> These molecules include:
* Molecules in the Ras-Raf-ERK cascade – results in Elongation of the Axons
* PIK3 and Akt – increase the Diameter of the Axons
* Akt – can also increase the branching of the axon <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref>

During embryonic days 18-20, axons of centrally directed nociceptors extend into the grey matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> The axons project into the dorsal horn while maintaining in a somatotopic pattern. <ref name="PMID2442203"><pubmed>2442203</pubmed></ref> Similarly, as axons of sensory neurons such as nociceptors grow from the dorsal root ganglia to the periphery, the axons travel via specific pathways so that 1 spinal nerve innervates 1 region of skin. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref> This gives rise to the dermatomes. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref>

Extracellular signalling molecules direct the growth of the axons to ensure they reach their correct targets. NGF increases sprouting of axons but this may lead to excessive nociceptive innervation of the peripheral tissue. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> This issue is overcome by factor Semaphorin 3A which inhibits aberrant nociceptor axon growth. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 18.5, neurons reach their peripheral target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>

'''Determination of the Physiological Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

A lot of this functional development occurs postnatally. For example, TRPA1, a receptor that detects noxious temperature and chemical stimuli, are expressed by postnatal day 2 nociceptors . <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref> These receptors play a role in detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli during inflammation. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref> These channels play an important role in generating chronic pain because they control the hyperexcitability of the neurons including nociceptors. However, adult levels of these sodium channels are not reached until postnatal day 7 (P7). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>

'''Development of the Chemical Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

In nociceptors, as well as other small diameter neurons, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP, are expressed. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Expression of these neuropeptides that characterize nociceptors, are controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. These neuropeptides SP and CGRP rise as early as embryonic day 14.5 – at this stage nociceptors have not made contact with their target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Thus nociceptors do not require contact with peripheral target tissues to express some levels of SP and CGRP. However, studies also show that number of CGRP expressing nociceptors increased under the influence of epidermal cells. <ref name="PMID12733058"><pubmed>12733058</pubmed></ref> Thus extrinsic cues, through the contact with target tissues, enhance the development of the chemical phenotype of nociceptors.

'''Increase in the Nociceptor Innervation Density '''

Sensory neurons, including the TrkA+ nociceptors, increases their innervation density due to access to local growth factors such as NGF and brain derived growth factor. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref> This increase in innervation density involves an increase in both the innervation of the tissue by the endings of an individual sensory neuron and the number of neurons. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref>

'''Increase in Nociceptor Sensitivity'''

Nociceptor sensitisation to noxious stimuli such as heat and capsaicin occurs postnatally. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> This process involves NGF activating TrkA receptor which initiates a signalling pathway that results in the sensitisation of the receptor, TRPV1 to heat and capsaicin. <ref name="PMID12815188"><pubmed>12815188</pubmed></ref> It has been shown that NGF is able to sensitise nociceptors during postnatal day 4-10. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> NGF is unable to increase the sensitivity of nociceptors before this stage. Bradykinin, however, can increase the nociceptor sensitivity in neonatal neurons. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>

== Hot/Cold ==

In addition to sensory modalities such as pressure and pain, the human body is able to detect the temperature of its surrounding environment. This is called thermoreception, and is extremely important for a variety of reasons. The ability to sense temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many biological processes. It is also of practical safety use, we are able to reliably avoid stimuli that are either too hot or too cold and may do us harm.

The sensation of temperature is made through free nerve endings in the epidermis of the skin. These free nerve endings contain specialised ion channels called temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels<ref name="PMID12838328"><pubmed>12838328</pubmed></ref>. We will refer to them as ThermoTRP’s. These receptors are able to generate action potentials in response to changes in temperatures in the environment surrounding the nerve ending in the skin. The nerve impulse generated by these receptors is conveyed along the nerve fibre and into the dorsal root ganglion. There are two main types of ThermoTRP, those that are activated by warm stimuli and those that are activated by cold stimuli<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Warm===

There are four main ThermoTRP receptors responsible for the perception of warm stimuli, both innocuous and noxious<ref name="PMID19822171"><pubmed>19822171</pubmed></ref>. They are called TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Each receptor unresponsive to mechanical stimuli, but can be excited by some chemicals such as the capsaicin in the chili plant. The firing of each receptor is inhibited by falling temperatures.

* ''TRPV1''. This receptor is responsible by the sensation of mild heat. The receptor is activated by temperatures over 30 ˚C. As temperatures rises the rate of nerve impulses also increases, reaching a maximum rate at 42 ˚C<ref name="PMID19822171"/>. Either side of 42 ˚C, the firing rate of the nerve decreases, forming a bell shaped curve. This means that the firing rate of the receptor conveys information relating to the environments temperature back to the central nervous system.
*''TRPV2''. This receptor only fires an action potential when in contact with temperatures sufficient to cause harm .This is generally temperatures over 52 ˚C <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''TRPV3''. Activated strongly by temperatures in the 34-38 ˚C range.
*''TRPV4''. Activated at 27 – 34 ˚C.

===Cold===

Cold thermoreceptors essentially work in an identical manner to warm thermoreceptors. Instead of being activating by rising temperatures, they are stimulated by falling temperatures. There are two main receptors responsible for perception of cold stimuli.

*''TRPM8''. This receptor is responsible for the perception of innocuous cold temperatures, that is, temperatures that will not cause the body harm. They are activated when the temperature of the environment surrounding the nerve ending falls to between 25 and 28 ˚C. As seen with the TRPV1 receptor, the stimulation of TRPM8 by a range of temperatures produces a bell shaped curve with a maximum firing rate seen around 25-26 ˚C. <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''ANKTM1''. Noxious or damaging cold temperatures are those at or below the 17 ˚C mark. These extreme temperatures are able to activate the ANKTM1 receptor<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Embryology and Development===

Stay tuned!

== Pressure ==

Pressure receptors can be categorized into two groups, the slow adapting receptors and rapidly adapting receptors. Slow adapting receptors respond to consistent pressure, meaning they continue to respond as long as the stimulus is in contact with the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors, however, only respond to changes in pressure, so they respond when the stimulus first touches the skin and when it is removed. There are four types of pressure receptors in the skin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs and Ruffini nerve endings.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors found in the deeper layers of the skin. Their nerve endings are wrapped with layers of connecting tissue giving them an ‘onion like’ histological appearance. When this connective tissue that surrounds the nerve ending is deformed, it presses on the nerve endings triggering an electrical impulse. The receptive fields of the Pacinian corpuscles are relatively large, so the region of sensory space that stimulates and evokes activity in the receptors is wide and therefore the sensations are not very well localised, resulting in low spatial resolution. These particular corpuscles form in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons. Their development is dependent on sensory innervations and they begin to appear during the fourth fetal month of development.

Meissner Corpuscles are also rapidly adapting pressure receptors, so they only respond to transient and phasic pressures rather than constant pressure. Unlike Pacinian corpuscles however, their receptive field is small, so the sensations are well-localised and specific. They are superficially located, found in the dermal papillae, between the epidermal pegs of globrous skin. This means they are mainly located within the extremities such as the palms and soles of feet. These corpuscles are innervated via myelinated fibres from the subepidermal nerve plexus that lose their myelination as they enter the corpuscle.

* Ruffini endings respond to pressure in both hairy and glabrous skin (slow adapting receptor)
** Deeply located
** Innervated by A-beta fibres
** Large receptive fields
** Encapsulated
** Also respond to temperatures above 45 degrees
* Merkel cells respond to pressure of the skin, epidermis of globrous skin
** Located superficially
** Slow adapting
** Respond to very low frequency pressure changes
** Very small receptive fields

The development of pressure receptors takes place during the gestation period with the rapidly adapting pressure receptors developing first then followed by the slow adapting pressure receptors. Although these pressure receptors are present throughout the fetal life to adulthood, their depolarization responses to chemical irritants, mechanical injury and inflammatory mediators are been found to be similar in both the fetus and adults.

Bunched receptors known as Merkel’s discs have been found to specialize in conveying information about continuous pressure exerted on the surface of the skin (Ragert, Nierhaus, Cohen & Villringer, 2008). Pacinian corpuscles respond to quick changes in touch or pressure by firing off rapid bursts of signals before they decrease with time (Irie, Kato, Yakushji, Hirose & Mizuta, 2011). Baroreceptors are special pressure receptors found in the right atrium of the heart and play the role of detecting changes in blood pressure enabling the body to control the pressure and the amount of blood flowing into the heart (Ino-Oka, Sekino, Kajikawa, Inooka, Imai & Hashimoto, 2008).

Different studies have established urinary bladder mechanoreceptors as responsible for detecting changes in bladder volume or intravesical pressure (Downie & Armour, 1992). Discovery of the pressure receptor locations in human bodies has been exploited in nursing interventions including the touch therapy or massage (Field, 1998). Massage therapy has been found to be effective in enhancing various clinical conditions including reduction of pain, diminishing of depression, enhancing attentiveness, promotion of immune function as well as promotion of growth and development of pre-term infants (Sanders, 2010).

According to Field (1998), intentional stimulation of pressure receptors during massage therapy results in enhanced vagal activity associated with the diverse benefits accrued from massage therapy. Understanding of pressure receptors has been discovered to be important in the treatment of balance disorders. The pressure receptors in the skin detect bodily contact with the environment enabling control of the contact during treatment of balance disorders (George & Athanasios, 1999).

== Current Research ==

==== Somatosensory Activation by Corneal Pain:====

[[File:Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink.png |thumb|450px|Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink]]

Investigation is currently done on to localize somatotopic representation of pain from the cornea. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This type of research gives insight into the mechanism of chronic pain development in various eye conditions. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This study shows processing of corneal pain information occur in localized regions of the primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> When the cornea pain receptors are stimulated, these localized regions o the somatosensory cortex are activated. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> The region of the somatosensory cortex that deals with corneal pain, also deals with blinking or photophobia. Such finding has been achieved using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).<ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> See figure

==== Sleep can Remodel the Somatosensory Cortex ====

In the mice somatosensory cortex, the synaptic connections can be remodelled during sleep. In a recent study, turnover of filopodia and dendritic spines of layer 5 neurons in the somatosensory cortex was examined using 2-photon microscopy. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> These neurons were fluorescently tagged and the amount of filopodia formation and elimination were measured in both sleep and wakefulness. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> It was found that elimination of these filopodia occurred at a higher rate during sleep. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref>

== Glossary ==

;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image

1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html

2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm

Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images

1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg

2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg

[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.

----

{{2012Projects}}

2012 Group Project 2

2012-10-02T12:44:41Z

Z3332885: /* History of Discoveries */

=Somatosensory Development=

== Introduction ==
The somatosensory system is an important subdivision of the somatic nervous system comprising of a collection of receptors, tracts and nuclei. The system components convey the sensations of vibrations, light touch, pain and temperature to the consciousness (Creath, Kiemel, Horak, & Jeka, 2008) The system is important in conveying information about the body position and movements with significant influence on the body balance (Wong, Collins, & Kaas, 2010). The somatosensory system also plays an important role in motor control through conveying of feedback information about the muscular system dynamics including velocity of muscles, tension, length, joint position and movement and contact with the external environment. The system comprises of receptors in the muscles, skin, viscera and joints (Marani, 1994). The following picture shows the general organization of the somatosensory system.

(Lagercrantz, Hanson, Evrard & Rodeck, 2001)
Understanding the development of this systems both structurally and functionally during the fetal life is crucial in understanding how a fetus develops the capacity to receive and experience sensations delivered by thermal, mechanical, tactile and noxious stimuli (Willis, 2007).

The somatosensory systems development begins during the gestation period specifically the third week into the gestation period. By the end of the 9th week the fetus has a fully developed nervous system with sensory and receptors present at the skin level (Stiles, Reilly, Levine, Trauner, & Nass, 2012). Development of the system entails development of nerve fibers and receptors in the fetus body system. Development of the somatosensory system involves progressive changes in the structural alignment, neurochemical and functional changes with majority of the development changes taking place during the gestation period. Somatosensory receptors develop in the various parts of the body to enable detection and reception of stimuli which is then transmitted through the nerve fibers to the central nervous system (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). Development of the somatosensory system also entails subsequent development of pathways including the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

This project looks at the anatomy, function and development of the central somatosensory system and a range peripheral receptors on the skin.

== History of Discoveries ==
Weber recognized for his role in the study of the nervous system including the establishment of the Weber’s law (Giclu, 2007). Some of the historical research conducted by Weber concerned the various aspects of nervous system including inhibition of impulse transmission, summation, adaptation and fusion. The shift from philosophy to physiology can be attributed to Weber’s research work through which he influenced the view on the human system. Other discoveries that followed Weber’s discoveries about the somatosensory system include the discovery that most receptor endings in the skin, the connection between the system and the spinal cord. The other important historical discovery about the somatosensory system include the discovery of different kinds of electrical potential in the nervous systems not covered by Weber as the pioneer in the understanding of the nervous system (Deco & Rolls, 2006).

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|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
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== Central Somatosensory Differentiation ==

====Adult Central Somatosensory systems:====

Ascending components of the Central Somatosensory system include;
* the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain,
* the trigeminal system: – receives sensory signals from the face; <ref name="PMID8440772"><pubmed> 8440772</pubmed></ref>
* the dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract:– receive signals from the rest of the body. <ref name="PMID14485390"><pubmed> 14485390</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

'''Dorsal column system and Lateral Spinothalamic tract:'''

Peripheral sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. The sensory signal then get passed onto collateral fibres in the spinal cord which ascend via the dorsal column or lateral spinothalamic tract up the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref> From there, fibres go the lateral regions of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus. From the thalamus, 3rd order neurons project out and into the primary somatosensory cortex so information can be processed. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Somatosensory Map.JPG|thumb|500px| Somatosensory pathway involving Dorsal Column and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts]]

'''Trigeminal System:'''

Sensory signals from the face are passed through the trigeminal nerve which passes signals to the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Axons from this trigeminal sensory nucleus go to the medial regions of the VP of the thalamus. From there fibres conduct the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex.<ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref>

==== Development of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex:====

Development of the primary somatosensory cortex is thought be controlled by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. <ref name="PMID10764649"><pubmed>10764649</pubmed></ref> Development of this region begins in late embryonic period and continues post-natally. The primary somatosensory cortex has separate functional groups of layer IV neurons called ‘barrels’. <ref name="PMID4141363"><pubmed>4141363</pubmed></ref> In the adult, the barrels are arranged in a pattern, isomorphic to the pattern of somatosensory receptors on the face and body surface (see figure). <ref name="PMID7721983"><pubmed>7721983</pubmed></ref> This patterning of the somatosensory cortex is the key step in its development. These layer IV neuron barrels receive inputs from the afferents coming from the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) thalamus and the posterior thalamic complex (POm). <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> These thalamocortical afferents of the VP and POm provide information that patterns the developing primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> The extrinsic signalling by the VP and POm afferents from the thalamus may cause graded gene expression in the cortical neurons to pattern the somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref>

VP afferents develop just prior to the development of the area of the somatosensory cortex that will process the information from these VP afferents. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> The VP afferents receiving information from the face and jaw differentiate before birth. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Then the lateral regions of the somatosensory cortex develop. Within 24hrs after birth, the VP afferents receiving sensory information from the rest of the body develops. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> This will be followed by the development of the medial regions of the somatosensory cortex that processes the information from the body. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Consequently, there’s a lateral to medial gradient of somatosensory cortex development which controlled by the VP afferents from the thalamus.

==== Making Connections between Afferent Sensory Fibres and the Central Nervous System (CNS)====

This is the process where sensory afferents synapse the neurons in the spinal cord so peripheral somatosensory information can be transmitted through the spinal reflex arc or up to the primary somatosensory cortex where the information can be processed. Sensory afferents from the periphery, with their cell bodies (soma) in the dorsal root ganglion, grow towards the spinal cord in stages to make these connections with the CNS.<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 23;
* Axons of primary afferent neurons extend to the spinal cord. When these afferent neurons reach the CNS, axons of these afferent neurons bifurcate and begin to extend into the Primordium of the dorsal funiculus <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 24:
* the afferent axons have extended 1 segment rostrally and 1 segment caudally relative to the axons' point of entry
* the afferents start to grow within the white matter (periphery of Spinal Cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 28 –
* unbranched afferent axonal fibres invade gray matter at the border of Dorsal horn
* axonal fibres extend rostrally and caudally and start sending fine collateral fibres into the gray matter of spinal cord (the cellular, central region of spinal cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

== Touch ==
[[File:Touch receptors in mammalian skin cartoon.jpg|thumb|450px| Division of Mechanoreceptors in the Skin]]

The sense of touch allows individuals to perform a myriad of functions through the receptors deep within dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. This sensory modality, though its' development is not greatly understood among the five acknowledged sense subsets, it is essential for survival and development throughout life.<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>

The receptors that are established throughout embryonic development and are linked to touch are mechanoreceptors or transducers such as Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, Merkel-cell-neurite complexes, Ruffini endings and hair follicles. Function and development of these various receptors are demonstrated in the table below.
<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />

<table>
{| width=100%
|-bgcolor= "FF9900 "
| width= 15%|'''Mechanoreceptors'''
| width= 25%|'''Function'''
| width= 25%|'''Embryonic Development'''
| width= 10%|'''Degree/Extent of Response'''
| width= 25%|'''Image'''
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"

|'''Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)'''
|
*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin
* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations
* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces
|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Meissner's Corpuscles'''
|
*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin
*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations
*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations
|
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Meissner corpuscle 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Meissner Corpuscle in subcutaneous layers of the skin''']]
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Merkel-cell Neurite Complexes'''
|
* Found in epidermal layer of skin in stratum basale
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
| Merkel cells are derivatives of the epidermis of the developing embryo. They are able to be seen, with short dendrites, as early as week 8 in embryonic development, within the stratum basale of the epidermis.<ref name="PMID1365319"><pubmed>1365319</pubmed></ref>
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Ruffini Endings'''
|
*Found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers of skin
*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces
*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors
|
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Hair follicles'''
|
*Response to movement/displacement of hair on the skin

*Detection of sensation direction<ref name="PMID11685414"><pubmed>11685414</pubmed></ref>
| Hair follicles are derivatives from basal cells, as they proliferate. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref> Basal cells are able to be seen via light microscopy in the developing embryo; approximately on day 60 onwards (stage 23; week 8). As the embryo grows and transitions into the fetal stages, at approximately day 95 and 140, hair pegs and follicles are also able to be seen via light microscopy. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>
| Fast/rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Touch Receptor- Hair Follicle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Hair Follicle''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
</table>

== Pain ==
With the current advancements in study and research on the nervous system, the mechanisms responsible for the sensation or the sensory component of pain are now well understood. Different nerve fibres involved in the transmission of the pain impulse have been identified including the A-delta fibres, C fibres and A-beta fibres (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). The A-delta fibres have been identified with response to mechanical or thermal stimulation such as pin prick or scald while C fibres respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulation (Silberstein, 2003). The C fibres are slower in response to simulation and particularly transmit the dull, thudding pain of injury, inflammation or disease.
On the other hand, the A-beta fibres transmit touch and play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. Current research in the development of pain fibres has seen the classification of pain into fast and slow pain and the pain fibres responsible for transmission of the pain. Fast pain is transmitted by the A-delta fibers with the stimulus being more superficial stimulus. Slow pain starts one second or more after stimulation and increases slowly over seconds or minutes and has been found to be associated with tissue distraction as well as being felt in both superficial and deep tissues. The various nerve fibers carry somatosensory information from the body periphery to the spinal cord. According to Medina and Lebovic (2009), studies have revealed that some nerve fibers present in the endometriotic tissues are responsible for pain severity.

==== Development of Nociceptors ====

Nociceptors develop throughout embryonic, fetal and postnatal periods. The table below is a summary of nociceptor development. E stands for embryonic while P stands for postnatal.

{| cellpadding="10"
|-style="background:#FF69B4" "align="center"
| width= 10%|'''Day of Developmental Day in Mice or Rat'''
| width= 7%|'''Relative Developmental Day in Humans'''
| width=15%|'''Nociceptor Development'''
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E11.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 33'''
|Specification of Nociceptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E11-13''' in Mouse
|'''Days 30-42'''
|Axons of Nociceptors begin extending to the periphery and towards the spinal cord <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E14''' in Rat
|'''Day 40'''
|Axons have reached their peripheral target <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|''' E14.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 52'''
|Substance P and CGRP are produced. Levels increase after nociceptors make contact with their target tissue in E18.5 <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E15-17''' in Rat
|'''Days 44-55'''
|Functional synaptic junctions form between nociceptors and interneurons as part of the reflex arc <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E17''' in Rat
|'''Day 55'''
|TTX resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8, responsible for hyperexcitability of nociceptors, are expressed <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18.5''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach their peripheral Tissue <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18-20''' in Mouse
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach dorsal horn of the spinal cord <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P2''' in Mouse
|''' NA'''
|TRPV1 capsaicin receptor expressed <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P4-10''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|NGF increases the sensitivity of Nociceptors <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>
|}

'''Details of Nociceptor Development'''

'''Nociceptor Specification:'''

Birth of nociceptors occurs in the DRG at E11.5 (embryonic day 11.5) in mice. <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref> Much of sensory neuron differentiation is done via neurotrophin signalling. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Neurotrophin are growth factors that act by binding to neurotrophin receptors called Tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Expression of Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells determines their fate as unmyelinated Nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8835730"><pubmed>8835730</pubmed></ref> This because TrkA enables TrkA+ neurons to respond to certain neurotrophins, called nerve growth factor (NGF), that enable nociceptor differentiation. <ref name="PMID15247919"><pubmed>15247919</pubmed></ref> TrkA signalling promotes the development of sensory channels in the nociceptors and this allows the nociceptors to respond to noxious stimuli. <ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref> One study has shown that mice without TrkA receptor are born without nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Expression of TrkA receptors in nociceptors is up-regulated by the transcription factor Runx1. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref> Cells without the Runx1 gene result in an absence of TrkA receptors and were unable to develop to mature nociceptors. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref>

[[File:One Nociceptor Specification.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Specification]]

'''Nociceptor Survival'''

Once nociceptors are specified, receiving nerve growth factors (NGF) via the TrkA receptors increase the chance of their survival. This was shown by a study where NFG levels were over-expressed in transgenic mice and this caused the number of TrkA+ neurons to double. <ref name="PMID9283812"><pubmed>9283812</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID8126547"><pubmed>8126547</pubmed></ref> Nociceptors that do not receive enough NGF will not survive. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Nociceptor survival.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Survival]]

'''Growth of Axons - to the Spinal Cord and Periphery'''

Increases in axon length, width and branching are all controlled by neurotrophins such as NGF. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> These processes begin at embryonic day 11 to 13. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 14, small c fibres such as nociceptors have reached the periphery target tissue such as the hindlimb of mice. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> After activation of the Trk receptors by NGF, downstream signalling molecules cause these changes in axon. <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> These molecules include:
* Molecules in the Ras-Raf-ERK cascade – results in Elongation of the Axons
* PIK3 and Akt – increase the Diameter of the Axons
* Akt – can also increase the branching of the axon <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref>

During embryonic days 18-20, axons of centrally directed nociceptors extend into the grey matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> The axons project into the dorsal horn while maintaining in a somatotopic pattern. <ref name="PMID2442203"><pubmed>2442203</pubmed></ref> Similarly, as axons of sensory neurons such as nociceptors grow from the dorsal root ganglia to the periphery, the axons travel via specific pathways so that 1 spinal nerve innervates 1 region of skin. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref> This gives rise to the dermatomes. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref>

Extracellular signalling molecules direct the growth of the axons to ensure they reach their correct targets. NGF increases sprouting of axons but this may lead to excessive nociceptive innervation of the peripheral tissue. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> This issue is overcome by factor Semaphorin 3A which inhibits aberrant nociceptor axon growth. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 18.5, neurons reach their peripheral target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>

'''Determination of the Physiological Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

A lot of this functional development occurs postnatally. For example, TRPA1, a receptor that detects noxious temperature and chemical stimuli, are expressed by postnatal day 2 nociceptors . <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref> These receptors play a role in detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli during inflammation. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref> These channels play an important role in generating chronic pain because they control the hyperexcitability of the neurons including nociceptors. However, adult levels of these sodium channels are not reached until postnatal day 7 (P7). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>

'''Development of the Chemical Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

In nociceptors, as well as other small diameter neurons, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP, are expressed. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Expression of these neuropeptides that characterize nociceptors, are controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. These neuropeptides SP and CGRP rise as early as embryonic day 14.5 – at this stage nociceptors have not made contact with their target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Thus nociceptors do not require contact with peripheral target tissues to express some levels of SP and CGRP. However, studies also show that number of CGRP expressing nociceptors increased under the influence of epidermal cells. <ref name="PMID12733058"><pubmed>12733058</pubmed></ref> Thus extrinsic cues, through the contact with target tissues, enhance the development of the chemical phenotype of nociceptors.

'''Increase in the Nociceptor Innervation Density '''

Sensory neurons, including the TrkA+ nociceptors, increases their innervation density due to access to local growth factors such as NGF and brain derived growth factor. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref> This increase in innervation density involves an increase in both the innervation of the tissue by the endings of an individual sensory neuron and the number of neurons. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref>

'''Increase in Nociceptor Sensitivity'''

Nociceptor sensitisation to noxious stimuli such as heat and capsaicin occurs postnatally. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> This process involves NGF activating TrkA receptor which initiates a signalling pathway that results in the sensitisation of the receptor, TRPV1 to heat and capsaicin. <ref name="PMID12815188"><pubmed>12815188</pubmed></ref> It has been shown that NGF is able to sensitise nociceptors during postnatal day 4-10. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> NGF is unable to increase the sensitivity of nociceptors before this stage. Bradykinin, however, can increase the nociceptor sensitivity in neonatal neurons. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>

== Hot/Cold ==

In addition to sensory modalities such as pressure and pain, the human body is able to detect the temperature of its surrounding environment. This is called thermoreception, and is extremely important for a variety of reasons. The ability to sense temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many biological processes. It is also of practical safety use, we are able to reliably avoid stimuli that are either too hot or too cold and may do us harm.

The sensation of temperature is made through free nerve endings in the epidermis of the skin. These free nerve endings contain specialised ion channels called temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels<ref name="PMID12838328"><pubmed>12838328</pubmed></ref>. We will refer to them as ThermoTRP’s. These receptors are able to generate action potentials in response to changes in temperatures in the environment surrounding the nerve ending in the skin. The nerve impulse generated by these receptors is conveyed along the nerve fibre and into the dorsal root ganglion. There are two main types of ThermoTRP, those that are activated by warm stimuli and those that are activated by cold stimuli<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Warm===

There are four main ThermoTRP receptors responsible for the perception of warm stimuli, both innocuous and noxious<ref name="PMID19822171"><pubmed>19822171</pubmed></ref>. They are called TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Each receptor unresponsive to mechanical stimuli, but can be excited by some chemicals such as the capsaicin in the chili plant. The firing of each receptor is inhibited by falling temperatures.

* ''TRPV1''. This receptor is responsible by the sensation of mild heat. The receptor is activated by temperatures over 30 ˚C. As temperatures rises the rate of nerve impulses also increases, reaching a maximum rate at 42 ˚C<ref name="PMID19822171"/>. Either side of 42 ˚C, the firing rate of the nerve decreases, forming a bell shaped curve. This means that the firing rate of the receptor conveys information relating to the environments temperature back to the central nervous system.
*''TRPV2''. This receptor only fires an action potential when in contact with temperatures sufficient to cause harm .This is generally temperatures over 52 ˚C <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''TRPV3''. Activated strongly by temperatures in the 34-38 ˚C range.
*''TRPV4''. Activated at 27 – 34 ˚C.

===Cold===

Cold thermoreceptors essentially work in an identical manner to warm thermoreceptors. Instead of being activating by rising temperatures, they are stimulated by falling temperatures. There are two main receptors responsible for perception of cold stimuli.

*''TRPM8''. This receptor is responsible for the perception of innocuous cold temperatures, that is, temperatures that will not cause the body harm. They are activated when the temperature of the environment surrounding the nerve ending falls to between 25 and 28 ˚C. As seen with the TRPV1 receptor, the stimulation of TRPM8 by a range of temperatures produces a bell shaped curve with a maximum firing rate seen around 25-26 ˚C. <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''ANKTM1''. Noxious or damaging cold temperatures are those at or below the 17 ˚C mark. These extreme temperatures are able to activate the ANKTM1 receptor<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Embryology and Development===

Stay tuned!

== Pressure ==

Pressure receptors can be categorized into two groups, the slow adapting receptors and rapidly adapting receptors. Slow adapting receptors respond to consistent pressure, meaning they continue to respond as long as the stimulus is in contact with the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors, however, only respond to changes in pressure, so they respond when the stimulus first touches the skin and when it is removed. There are four types of pressure receptors in the skin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs and Ruffini nerve endings.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors found in the deeper layers of the skin. Their nerve endings are wrapped with layers of connecting tissue giving them an ‘onion like’ histological appearance. When this connective tissue that surrounds the nerve ending is deformed, it presses on the nerve endings triggering an electrical impulse. The receptive fields of the Pacinian corpuscles are relatively large, so the region of sensory space that stimulates and evokes activity in the receptors is wide and therefore the sensations are not very well localised, resulting in low spatial resolution. These particular corpuscles form in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons. Their development is dependent on sensory innervations and they begin to appear during the fourth fetal month of development.

Meissner Corpuscles are also rapidly adapting pressure receptors, so they only respond to transient and phasic pressures rather than constant pressure. Unlike Pacinian corpuscles however, their receptive field is small, so the sensations are well-localised and specific. They are superficially located, found in the dermal papillae, between the epidermal pegs of globrous skin. This means they are mainly located within the extremities such as the palms and soles of feet. These corpuscles are innervated via myelinated fibres from the subepidermal nerve plexus that lose their myelination as they enter the corpuscle.

* Ruffini endings respond to pressure in both hairy and glabrous skin (slow adapting receptor)
** Deeply located
** Innervated by A-beta fibres
** Large receptive fields
** Encapsulated
** Also respond to temperatures above 45 degrees
* Merkel cells respond to pressure of the skin, epidermis of globrous skin
** Located superficially
** Slow adapting
** Respond to very low frequency pressure changes
** Very small receptive fields

The development of pressure receptors takes place during the gestation period with the rapidly adapting pressure receptors developing first then followed by the slow adapting pressure receptors. Although these pressure receptors are present throughout the fetal life to adulthood, their depolarization responses to chemical irritants, mechanical injury and inflammatory mediators are been found to be similar in both the fetus and adults.

Bunched receptors known as Merkel’s discs have been found to specialize in conveying information about continuous pressure exerted on the surface of the skin (Ragert, Nierhaus, Cohen & Villringer, 2008). Pacinian corpuscles respond to quick changes in touch or pressure by firing off rapid bursts of signals before they decrease with time (Irie, Kato, Yakushji, Hirose & Mizuta, 2011). Baroreceptors are special pressure receptors found in the right atrium of the heart and play the role of detecting changes in blood pressure enabling the body to control the pressure and the amount of blood flowing into the heart (Ino-Oka, Sekino, Kajikawa, Inooka, Imai & Hashimoto, 2008).

Different studies have established urinary bladder mechanoreceptors as responsible for detecting changes in bladder volume or intravesical pressure (Downie & Armour, 1992). Discovery of the pressure receptor locations in human bodies has been exploited in nursing interventions including the touch therapy or massage (Field, 1998). Massage therapy has been found to be effective in enhancing various clinical conditions including reduction of pain, diminishing of depression, enhancing attentiveness, promotion of immune function as well as promotion of growth and development of pre-term infants (Sanders, 2010).

According to Field (1998), intentional stimulation of pressure receptors during massage therapy results in enhanced vagal activity associated with the diverse benefits accrued from massage therapy. Understanding of pressure receptors has been discovered to be important in the treatment of balance disorders. The pressure receptors in the skin detect bodily contact with the environment enabling control of the contact during treatment of balance disorders (George & Athanasios, 1999).

== Current Research ==

==== Somatosensory Activation by Corneal Pain:====

[[File:Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink.png |thumb|450px|Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink]]

Investigation is currently done on to localize somatotopic representation of pain from the cornea. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This type of research gives insight into the mechanism of chronic pain development in various eye conditions. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This study shows processing of corneal pain information occur in localized regions of the primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> When the cornea pain receptors are stimulated, these localized regions o the somatosensory cortex are activated. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> The region of the somatosensory cortex that deals with corneal pain, also deals with blinking or photophobia. Such finding has been achieved using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).<ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> See figure

==== Sleep can Remodel the Somatosensory Cortex ====

In the mice somatosensory cortex, the synaptic connections can be remodelled during sleep. In a recent study, turnover of filopodia and dendritic spines of layer 5 neurons in the somatosensory cortex was examined using 2-photon microscopy. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> These neurons were fluorescently tagged and the amount of filopodia formation and elimination were measured in both sleep and wakefulness. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> It was found that elimination of these filopodia occurred at a higher rate during sleep. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref>

== Glossary ==

;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image

1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html

2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm

Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images

1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg

2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg

[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.

----

{{2012Projects}}

Help:Table Tutorial

2012-10-02T12:43:43Z

Z3332885: /* 2 Column Template */

==Introduction==
[[File:Mark Hill.jpg|thumb|Dr Mark Hill]]
A good table will allow the reader to summarise and compare information in different categories that would otherwise be lost in your page text. Writing and formatting table in Wiki code can sometimes be a little difficult for new, and even experienced, users. Note that if you have previously used HTML code this can also be used on your page if you find that format easier to use. Both versions are shown below. In many cases you will need to play around with the appearance and layout to get it right.

# Begin with the simplest table format possible (on your discussion page).
# Then without deleting your first table, copy and paste the entire code below the first table, now you have a version to play with.
# Then play with the column width and heights (not so much heights), so that it appears correctly on your page (this will vary for other users depending on their screen size and browser window).
# Them play with colours, don't use colour and text combinations that are difficult to read.
# Try also to keep all tables on your page a similar structure/colour.
# Once you are an expert you can try sorted tables, but I have not had much use for them here to date.

The last section on this page [[#Typical Table Template|Typical Table Template]] shows the general basic table structure used on this website. Use these templates to get started on your own pages.

Some content on this current page is modified from [http://askdrwiki.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Help:Tables AskDrWiki Help:Tables].

:{{Template:Editing Links}}

==Note on HTML==
Throughout this article, HTML and Wiki Code are shown side by side. The reason for this is twofold: So those experienced with HTML can look at the HTML code and have a better idea of what is going on, and so those who don't know HTML table code can learn both.

There are also online tools where HTML code can be pasted and converted to Wiki code.

Online tools: [http://www.ebruni.it/en/software/os/i_love_wiki/index.mpl HTML to Wiki convertor] | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools Wiki Editing tools]

==The Basic Structure==
===Building Blocks===
In HTML, table tags are used to begin and end a table. A similar idea is present in wiki code, using the '''curled bracket''' and '''pipe''' to begin and end a table. Note that these have to be the first characters on a line, or they will be ignored by the wiki. Examples:
*HTML
**Open table: <table>
**Close table: </table>
*WIKI
**Open table: {|
**Close table: |}
This forms the containing body of the table.

Next is the rows. In HTML, a opening and closing tag is required to begin and end a row. This is different in Wiki code, as a single set of a '''pipe''' and '''dash''' (followed by hitting enter once) and is needed only at the start of a new row. Examples:
*HTML
**Begin row: <tr>
**End row: </tr>
*WIKI
**Begin row: |-
Rows contain the cells.

Finnally, of the basic structure, there are cells. In HTML, a cell is defined by it's opening and closing tags. As with rows, the wiki equivalent is also fairly different using a simple '''pipe''' to begin a cell, and a '''double pipe''' to separate cells on the same line. Example:
*HTML
**Begin cell: <td>
**End cell: </td>
*WIKI
**Begin cell: |
**Separate cells: || (or press enter)
Cells contain the table's actual content.

===Putting Them Together===
{| width="75%" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1"
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeff" | '''HTML TABLE'''
| bgcolor="#ddddff" | '''WIKI TABLE'''
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 1 - Starting the table'''
|- valign="bottom"
| bgcolor="#eeeeff" width="50%" align="left" | To begin our basic HTML table, we start with the opening tag, '''<table>'''. I perfer to hit enter immediately after this tag so it's easier to find the beginning of the table.

<table>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" width="50%" align="left" | To begin our basic wiki table, we start with the opening characters, '''<nowiki>{|</nowiki>'''. Unless you are putting tags here, hitting enter is necessary.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 2 - Starting a row'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Next, we have to add our first row, by using the '''<tr>''' tag.

<table>
<tr>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Next, we have to add our first row, by using the characters '''<nowiki>|-</nowiki>'''. Again, unless you are putting tags here, hitting enter is necessary.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 3 - Adding a cell'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Next, we have to add our first cell, by using the '''<td>''' and '''</td>''' tags. We'll also be putting some content between them.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Next, we have to add our first cell, by using the'''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' character. Unless you are putting tags here, the content come immediately after. No closing "tag" is needed.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 4 - Adding another cell. <br/> Note: If you do not wish to add another cell, skip this step.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Next, we will add our second cell, by using the '''<td>''' and '''</td>''' tags again. We'll be putting some content between them as well.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Next, we will add our second cell, by pressing enter, and using the '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' character again. We'll be putting some content here as well. Alternatively, instead of pressing enter and adding a new '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''', you can instead simply add '''<nowiki>||</nowiki>''' on the same line, and add the content there. The example to the right uses the former method.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 5 - Finishing off the row.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | To end the row, simply add the '''</tr>''' tag.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
</tr>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | This step is not needed using wiki table code.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
 
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 6 - Adding another row. <br/> Note: If you do not wish to add another row, skip this step.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | To add another row, repeat steps 2 Thru 5.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>This is even more content</td>
<td>This is EVEN MORE content</td>
</tr>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | To add another row, repeat steps 2 Thru 5 .

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is even more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is EVEN MORE content</nowiki>
<br/>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 7 - Finishing the table.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Put '''</table>''' at the end and you're done! Hit preview to look at your work.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>This is even more content</td>
<td>This is EVEN MORE content</td>
</tr>
</table>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Put '''<nowiki>|}</nowiki>''' at the end and you're done! Hit preview to look at your work..

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki><br/><nowiki>| This is even more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is EVEN MORE content</nowiki>
<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
<br/>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 8 - The finished product. Following the steps above, the table should look similar to these. It may be wider, filling the entire page, and it might different from browser to browser.'''
|- valign="center"
| align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeff" |<br/><br/><table><tr><td>This is content</td><td>This is more content</td></tr><tr><td>This is even more content</td><td>This is EVEN MORE content</td></tr></table><br/><br/>
| align="center" bgcolor="#ddddff" |<br/><br/>
{|
|-
| This is content
| This is more content
|-
| This is even more content
| This is EVEN MORE content
|}<br/><br/>
|}

==Advanced Formatting==
Generally, the exact same attributes can be added to both HTML Table Tags and Wiki Tables to produce the same, or similiar results.

===Background Color===

The following works with both HTML and Wiki syntax:
{|
|-
|<pre>bgcolor="#00ff00"</pre>|| -or- ||<pre>bgcolor="green"</pre>
|}

The following can also be used on HTML and Wiki tables, and uses "style" statements.:
{|
|<pre>style="background:#00ff00"</pre>|| -or- ||<pre>style="background:green"</pre>
|}

The above will change the background color of an entire table, row or a single cell, depending on where it is put. Note that either '''Hexadecimal Color Codes''' or [[web colors | '''Color Names''']] can be used. Using names is highly encouraged. Row's color overrides table's color, and cell's overrides row's color. To color a column, you have to set every cells's color invidually.

Example:

{| style="border: solid 1px #a0a0ff" cellpadding="10"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| HTML Code (top) and Wiki Code (Bottom)
| Result
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table>
<tr '''''bgcolor="#bbbbbb"'''''>
<td>The cells in this row</td>
<td>are light grey</td>
</tr>
<tr '''''style="background:grey"'''''>
<td>The cells in this row</td>
<td>are simply grey</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{|
|- bgcolor="#bbbbbb"
| The cells in this row
| are light grey
|- style="background:grey"
| The cells in this row
| are simply grey
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>|
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-'''''bgcolor="#bbbbbb"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki> The cells in this row
<nowiki>|</nowiki> are light grey
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-'''''style="background:grey"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki> The cells in this row
<nowiki>|</nowiki> are simply grey
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table '''''style="background:yellow"'''''>
<tr>
<td>This table is yellow</td>
<td '''''bgcolor="green"''''' >But this cell is green</td>
</tr>
<tr '''''bgcolor="blue"'''''>
<td>This row is blue</td>
<td '''''style="background:red"'''''>And this cell is red</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| style="background:yellow"
|-
| This table is yellow
| bgcolor="green" | But this cell is green
|- bgcolor="blue"
| This row is blue
| style="background:red" | And this cell is red
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| '''''style="background:yellow"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> This table is yellow
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''bgcolor="green"''''' | But this cell is green
<nowiki>|</nowiki>- '''''bgcolor="blue"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki> This row is blue
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''style="background:red"''''' | And this cell is red
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|}

===Width and height===

You can set the width and height of the whole table, and width of a column and heigh of a row. To set the width of a column, you must specify width of a single cell on that column.

The syntax is

{|
|-
|<pre>width="80%" height="100px"</pre>
| -or-
|<pre>style="width:80%; height:100px"</pre>
|}

Either of these would create a table that fills 80% of the screen horizontally, and is exacly 100 pixels high.

'''Example using "style" syntax:'''

<pre>
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|-
| This table fills 80% of the space available to it,
| and is 100 pixels high
|- style="height:50px"
| style="width:75%" |This column takes 75% of the table
| and this row is 50 pixels high
|-
| I'm really running out of
| things to say
|}
</pre>

{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|-
| This table fills 80% of the space available to it,
| and is 100 pixels high
|- style="height:50px"
| style="width:75%" |This column takes 75% of the table
| and this row is 50 pixels high
|-
| I'm really running out of
| things to say
|}

===Cell Spacing and Padding===
Cell padding and spacing are two mostly overlooked features of tables. Cellpadding is the margins of a cell, and cellspacing is the distance between them. Observe the following.

{| style="border: solid 1px #a0a0ff" cellpadding="10"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" colspan="2" | Cellspacing
| align="center" colspan="2" | Cellpadding
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" | Normal
| align="center" | Cellspacing of<br/>10 pixels
| align="center" | Normal
| align="center" | Cellpadding of<br/>10 pixels
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px" cellspacing="10"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px" cellpadding="10"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" colspan="4" | Wiki Code for the Above
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1px" cellspacing="10"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell X
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Y
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Z
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Q
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1px" cellpadding="10"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell X
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Y
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Z
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Q
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" colspan="4" | HTML Code for the Above
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<table border="1px" cellspacing="10">
<tr>
<td>Cell X</td>
<td>Cell Y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell Z</td>
<td>Cell Q</td>
</tr>
</table>
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<table border="1px" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td>Cell X</td>
<td>Cell Y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell Z</td>
<td>Cell Q</td>
</tr>
</table>
|}

===Positioning===
You can position the whole table, content of a single row or content of a single cell. You can define positioning in either horizontal or vertical direction.

====align====
'''align''' keyword controls the horizontal positioning. Normally everything is positioned to the left. '''align''' has two possible values: ''right'' and ''center''.

The location of '''align''' word controls the word's scope. See following examples for clarification.

'''Whole table, right'''

<pre>
{| border="1" align="right"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1" align="right"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

Note that aligning tables to right might cause unexpected results with some browsers. In some cases the table will overlap other elements on the page.

'''Whole table, center'''

<pre>
{| border="1" align="center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1" align="center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

'''Row, right:'''

<pre>
{| border="1"
|- align="right"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1"
|- align="right"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

'''Row, center:'''

<pre>
{| border="1"
|- align="center"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1"
|- align="center"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

Notice that in both examples only the first row was affected. To align also the other rows to the right you would need to put '''align''' to every row, or alternatively use '''text-align''' with '''style''':

'''Text-align:'''

<pre>
{| border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

Cells follow the same principle, '''align''' will only affect one cell. They will otherwise work as rows.

====valign====
'''valign''', or ''vertical align'', controls the vertical position of the text. '''valign''' can have to values, ''top'' or ''bottom''.

Compare these two examples. On the left, no '''valign''' tags are used. On the right, both ''top'' and ''bottom'' tags are used, ''top'' for the middle row and ''bottom'' for the bottom row. As you can see on the left size, the default for vertical alignment is middle.

{|
|-
|
<pre>
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|-
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
</pre>
|
<pre>
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|- valign="top"
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|- valign="bottom"
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
</pre>
|-
|align="center"|
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|-
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
|align="center"|
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|- valign="top"
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|- valign="bottom"
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
|}

===Row and Column Span===

There are two attributes, '''rowspan and colspan''', that can expland cells accross rows and columns, respectively.

Example Syntax
{|
|<pre>rowspan="3"</pre>|| -and- ||<pre>colspan="5"</pre>
|}

These are placed where the cell's attributes would go, as show in the examples below.

{| style="border: solid 1px #a0a0ff" cellpadding="10"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| HTML Code (top) and Wiki Code (Bottom)
| Result
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Col 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td '''''colspan="3"'''''>Row 2, Col 1-3</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| border="1"
|-
| Row 1, Col 1
| Row 1, Col 2
| Row 1, Col 3
| Row 1, Col 4
|-
| colspan="3" |Row 2, Col 1-3
| Row 2, Col 4
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 1
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''colspan="3"''''' |Row 2, Col 1-3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td '''''rowspan="2"'''''>Row 1-2, Col 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| border="1"
|-
| rowspan="2" |Row 1-2, Col 1
| Row 1, Col 2
| Row 1, Col 3
| Row 1, Col 4
|-
| Row 2, Col 2
| Row 2, Col 3
| Row 2, Col 4
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''rowspan="2"''''' |Row 1-2, Col 1
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Col 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td '''''rowspan="2" colspan="2"'''''>Row 2-3, Col 1-2</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 3, Col 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| border="1"
|-
| Row 1, Col 1
| Row 1, Col 2
| Row 1, Col 3
| Row 1, Col 4
|-
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Row 2-3, Col 1-2
| Row 2, Col 3
| Row 2, Col 4
|-
| Row 3, Col 3
| Row 3, Col 4
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 1
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''rowspan="2" colspan="2"''''' |Row 2-3, Col 1-2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 3, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 3, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|}

==Sortable Tables==
* There is the option to include a small about of code in the header that will allow sorting of the table contents.
* This should only be used by those experienced in the results.
* Numbers, letters and + to ++++ values can be used.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Sortable table
|-
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Intensity
|-
| A
| 3
|-
| B
| 1
|-
| C
| 4
|-
| D
| 2
|}

==Typical Table Template==
* Shown below is a typical able format used on this website.
* I have tried to use subtle background pastel shading (blues) to indicate headings (dark blue) and then alternate rows in a white and a light blue.
* Finish the table last row displayed as light blue (add a blank row that colour if it is not in sequence).

To use this template:
# '''View''' this page section in edit mode.
# '''Copy''' the table below this text.
# '''Paste''' the template on your page.
# '''Set''' the table width (currently 600px) and column width (currently 300px) best for your data.
# '''Replace''' the text in the template, keeping the colour codes (not in brackets).

===1 Column Template===
{|width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| '''Header section''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
|-
| First Row (no colour specified)
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
|-
| Third Row (no colour specified)
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
|}

===2 Column Template===
{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=300px|'''Header Column 1''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
| width=300px|'''Header Column 2'''
|-
| First Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| First Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Second Row Column 2
|-
| Third Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| Third Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Fourth Row Column 2
|}

===3 Column Template===
{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=200px|'''Header Column 1''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
| width=200px|'''Header Column 2'''
| width=200px|'''Header Column 3'''
|-
| First Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| First Row Column 2
| First Row Column 3
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Second Row Column 2
| Second Row Column 3
|-
| Third Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| Third Row Column 2
| Third Row Column 3
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Fourth Row Column 2
| Fourth Row Column 3
|}

===Other Background Colours===
{|
|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
| text
| "FAF5FF"
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"
| dark green
| "A3BFB1"
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
| light green
| "F5FFFA"
|-bgcolor="FCFCFC"
| light grey
| "FCFCFC"
|-bgcolor="FCFCFC"
| light grey
| "FCFCFC"
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| light blue
| "F5FAFF"
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| dark blue
| "CEDFF2"
|-bgcolor="DDCEF2"
| dark purple
| "DDCEF2"
|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
| light purple
| "FAF5FF"
|}

{{Template:Glossary}}

{{Template:Footer}}

[[Category:Help]]

Help:Table Tutorial

2012-10-02T12:42:35Z

Z3332885: /* 2 Column Template */

==Introduction==
[[File:Mark Hill.jpg|thumb|Dr Mark Hill]]
A good table will allow the reader to summarise and compare information in different categories that would otherwise be lost in your page text. Writing and formatting table in Wiki code can sometimes be a little difficult for new, and even experienced, users. Note that if you have previously used HTML code this can also be used on your page if you find that format easier to use. Both versions are shown below. In many cases you will need to play around with the appearance and layout to get it right.

# Begin with the simplest table format possible (on your discussion page).
# Then without deleting your first table, copy and paste the entire code below the first table, now you have a version to play with.
# Then play with the column width and heights (not so much heights), so that it appears correctly on your page (this will vary for other users depending on their screen size and browser window).
# Them play with colours, don't use colour and text combinations that are difficult to read.
# Try also to keep all tables on your page a similar structure/colour.
# Once you are an expert you can try sorted tables, but I have not had much use for them here to date.

The last section on this page [[#Typical Table Template|Typical Table Template]] shows the general basic table structure used on this website. Use these templates to get started on your own pages.

Some content on this current page is modified from [http://askdrwiki.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Help:Tables AskDrWiki Help:Tables].

:{{Template:Editing Links}}

==Note on HTML==
Throughout this article, HTML and Wiki Code are shown side by side. The reason for this is twofold: So those experienced with HTML can look at the HTML code and have a better idea of what is going on, and so those who don't know HTML table code can learn both.

There are also online tools where HTML code can be pasted and converted to Wiki code.

Online tools: [http://www.ebruni.it/en/software/os/i_love_wiki/index.mpl HTML to Wiki convertor] | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools Wiki Editing tools]

==The Basic Structure==
===Building Blocks===
In HTML, table tags are used to begin and end a table. A similar idea is present in wiki code, using the '''curled bracket''' and '''pipe''' to begin and end a table. Note that these have to be the first characters on a line, or they will be ignored by the wiki. Examples:
*HTML
**Open table: <table>
**Close table: </table>
*WIKI
**Open table: {|
**Close table: |}
This forms the containing body of the table.

Next is the rows. In HTML, a opening and closing tag is required to begin and end a row. This is different in Wiki code, as a single set of a '''pipe''' and '''dash''' (followed by hitting enter once) and is needed only at the start of a new row. Examples:
*HTML
**Begin row: <tr>
**End row: </tr>
*WIKI
**Begin row: |-
Rows contain the cells.

Finnally, of the basic structure, there are cells. In HTML, a cell is defined by it's opening and closing tags. As with rows, the wiki equivalent is also fairly different using a simple '''pipe''' to begin a cell, and a '''double pipe''' to separate cells on the same line. Example:
*HTML
**Begin cell: <td>
**End cell: </td>
*WIKI
**Begin cell: |
**Separate cells: || (or press enter)
Cells contain the table's actual content.

===Putting Them Together===
{| width="75%" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1"
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeff" | '''HTML TABLE'''
| bgcolor="#ddddff" | '''WIKI TABLE'''
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 1 - Starting the table'''
|- valign="bottom"
| bgcolor="#eeeeff" width="50%" align="left" | To begin our basic HTML table, we start with the opening tag, '''<table>'''. I perfer to hit enter immediately after this tag so it's easier to find the beginning of the table.

<table>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" width="50%" align="left" | To begin our basic wiki table, we start with the opening characters, '''<nowiki>{|</nowiki>'''. Unless you are putting tags here, hitting enter is necessary.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 2 - Starting a row'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Next, we have to add our first row, by using the '''<tr>''' tag.

<table>
<tr>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Next, we have to add our first row, by using the characters '''<nowiki>|-</nowiki>'''. Again, unless you are putting tags here, hitting enter is necessary.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 3 - Adding a cell'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Next, we have to add our first cell, by using the '''<td>''' and '''</td>''' tags. We'll also be putting some content between them.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Next, we have to add our first cell, by using the'''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' character. Unless you are putting tags here, the content come immediately after. No closing "tag" is needed.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 4 - Adding another cell. <br/> Note: If you do not wish to add another cell, skip this step.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Next, we will add our second cell, by using the '''<td>''' and '''</td>''' tags again. We'll be putting some content between them as well.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Next, we will add our second cell, by pressing enter, and using the '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' character again. We'll be putting some content here as well. Alternatively, instead of pressing enter and adding a new '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''', you can instead simply add '''<nowiki>||</nowiki>''' on the same line, and add the content there. The example to the right uses the former method.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 5 - Finishing off the row.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | To end the row, simply add the '''</tr>''' tag.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
</tr>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | This step is not needed using wiki table code.

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
 
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 6 - Adding another row. <br/> Note: If you do not wish to add another row, skip this step.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | To add another row, repeat steps 2 Thru 5.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>This is even more content</td>
<td>This is EVEN MORE content</td>
</tr>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | To add another row, repeat steps 2 Thru 5 .

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is even more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is EVEN MORE content</nowiki>
<br/>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 7 - Finishing the table.'''
|- valign="bottom"
| align="left" bgcolor="#eeeeff" | Put '''</table>''' at the end and you're done! Hit preview to look at your work.

<table>
<tr>
<td>This is content</td>
<td>This is more content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>This is even more content</td>
<td>This is EVEN MORE content</td>
</tr>
</table>
| bgcolor="#ddddff" align="left" | Put '''<nowiki>|}</nowiki>''' at the end and you're done! Hit preview to look at your work..

<nowiki>{|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>|-</nowiki><br/><nowiki>| This is even more content</nowiki>
<nowiki>| This is EVEN MORE content</nowiki>
<nowiki>|}</nowiki>
<br/>
|-
| bgcolor="#ddddff" style="border: solid 1px #aaaaff" colspan="2" align="left" | '''Step 8 - The finished product. Following the steps above, the table should look similar to these. It may be wider, filling the entire page, and it might different from browser to browser.'''
|- valign="center"
| align="center" bgcolor="#eeeeff" |<br/><br/><table><tr><td>This is content</td><td>This is more content</td></tr><tr><td>This is even more content</td><td>This is EVEN MORE content</td></tr></table><br/><br/>
| align="center" bgcolor="#ddddff" |<br/><br/>
{|
|-
| This is content
| This is more content
|-
| This is even more content
| This is EVEN MORE content
|}<br/><br/>
|}

==Advanced Formatting==
Generally, the exact same attributes can be added to both HTML Table Tags and Wiki Tables to produce the same, or similiar results.

===Background Color===

The following works with both HTML and Wiki syntax:
{|
|-
|<pre>bgcolor="#00ff00"</pre>|| -or- ||<pre>bgcolor="green"</pre>
|}

The following can also be used on HTML and Wiki tables, and uses "style" statements.:
{|
|<pre>style="background:#00ff00"</pre>|| -or- ||<pre>style="background:green"</pre>
|}

The above will change the background color of an entire table, row or a single cell, depending on where it is put. Note that either '''Hexadecimal Color Codes''' or [[web colors | '''Color Names''']] can be used. Using names is highly encouraged. Row's color overrides table's color, and cell's overrides row's color. To color a column, you have to set every cells's color invidually.

Example:

{| style="border: solid 1px #a0a0ff" cellpadding="10"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| HTML Code (top) and Wiki Code (Bottom)
| Result
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table>
<tr '''''bgcolor="#bbbbbb"'''''>
<td>The cells in this row</td>
<td>are light grey</td>
</tr>
<tr '''''style="background:grey"'''''>
<td>The cells in this row</td>
<td>are simply grey</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{|
|- bgcolor="#bbbbbb"
| The cells in this row
| are light grey
|- style="background:grey"
| The cells in this row
| are simply grey
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>|
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-'''''bgcolor="#bbbbbb"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki> The cells in this row
<nowiki>|</nowiki> are light grey
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-'''''style="background:grey"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki> The cells in this row
<nowiki>|</nowiki> are simply grey
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table '''''style="background:yellow"'''''>
<tr>
<td>This table is yellow</td>
<td '''''bgcolor="green"''''' >But this cell is green</td>
</tr>
<tr '''''bgcolor="blue"'''''>
<td>This row is blue</td>
<td '''''style="background:red"'''''>And this cell is red</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| style="background:yellow"
|-
| This table is yellow
| bgcolor="green" | But this cell is green
|- bgcolor="blue"
| This row is blue
| style="background:red" | And this cell is red
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| '''''style="background:yellow"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> This table is yellow
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''bgcolor="green"''''' | But this cell is green
<nowiki>|</nowiki>- '''''bgcolor="blue"'''''
<nowiki>|</nowiki> This row is blue
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''style="background:red"''''' | And this cell is red
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|}

===Width and height===

You can set the width and height of the whole table, and width of a column and heigh of a row. To set the width of a column, you must specify width of a single cell on that column.

The syntax is

{|
|-
|<pre>width="80%" height="100px"</pre>
| -or-
|<pre>style="width:80%; height:100px"</pre>
|}

Either of these would create a table that fills 80% of the screen horizontally, and is exacly 100 pixels high.

'''Example using "style" syntax:'''

<pre>
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|-
| This table fills 80% of the space available to it,
| and is 100 pixels high
|- style="height:50px"
| style="width:75%" |This column takes 75% of the table
| and this row is 50 pixels high
|-
| I'm really running out of
| things to say
|}
</pre>

{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|-
| This table fills 80% of the space available to it,
| and is 100 pixels high
|- style="height:50px"
| style="width:75%" |This column takes 75% of the table
| and this row is 50 pixels high
|-
| I'm really running out of
| things to say
|}

===Cell Spacing and Padding===
Cell padding and spacing are two mostly overlooked features of tables. Cellpadding is the margins of a cell, and cellspacing is the distance between them. Observe the following.

{| style="border: solid 1px #a0a0ff" cellpadding="10"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" colspan="2" | Cellspacing
| align="center" colspan="2" | Cellpadding
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" | Normal
| align="center" | Cellspacing of<br/>10 pixels
| align="center" | Normal
| align="center" | Cellpadding of<br/>10 pixels
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px" cellspacing="10"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
| align="center" valign="center" |
{| border="1px" cellpadding="10"
|-
|Cell X
|Cell Y
|-
|Cell Z
|Cell Q
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" colspan="4" | Wiki Code for the Above
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1px" cellspacing="10"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell X
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Y
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Z
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Q
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1px" cellpadding="10"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell X
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Y
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Z
<nowiki>|</nowiki>Cell Q
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="center" colspan="4" | HTML Code for the Above
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<table border="1px" cellspacing="10">
<tr>
<td>Cell X</td>
<td>Cell Y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell Z</td>
<td>Cell Q</td>
</tr>
</table>
| align="left" colspan="2" |
<table border="1px" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td>Cell X</td>
<td>Cell Y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell Z</td>
<td>Cell Q</td>
</tr>
</table>
|}

===Positioning===
You can position the whole table, content of a single row or content of a single cell. You can define positioning in either horizontal or vertical direction.

====align====
'''align''' keyword controls the horizontal positioning. Normally everything is positioned to the left. '''align''' has two possible values: ''right'' and ''center''.

The location of '''align''' word controls the word's scope. See following examples for clarification.

'''Whole table, right'''

<pre>
{| border="1" align="right"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1" align="right"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

Note that aligning tables to right might cause unexpected results with some browsers. In some cases the table will overlap other elements on the page.

'''Whole table, center'''

<pre>
{| border="1" align="center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1" align="center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

'''Row, right:'''

<pre>
{| border="1"
|- align="right"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1"
|- align="right"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

'''Row, center:'''

<pre>
{| border="1"
|- align="center"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1"
|- align="center"
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

Notice that in both examples only the first row was affected. To align also the other rows to the right you would need to put '''align''' to every row, or alternatively use '''text-align''' with '''style''':

'''Text-align:'''

<pre>
{| border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}
</pre>

'''Result:'''

{| border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|long text||longer text||even longer text
|-
|medium||large||extra large
|}

Cells follow the same principle, '''align''' will only affect one cell. They will otherwise work as rows.

====valign====
'''valign''', or ''vertical align'', controls the vertical position of the text. '''valign''' can have to values, ''top'' or ''bottom''.

Compare these two examples. On the left, no '''valign''' tags are used. On the right, both ''top'' and ''bottom'' tags are used, ''top'' for the middle row and ''bottom'' for the bottom row. As you can see on the left size, the default for vertical alignment is middle.

{|
|-
|
<pre>
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|-
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
</pre>
|
<pre>
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|- valign="top"
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|- valign="bottom"
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
</pre>
|-
|align="center"|
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|-
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|-
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
|align="center"|
{| border="1"
|-
|text||text||text
|- valign="top"
|min||max||some<br>really<br>long<br>text
|- valign="bottom"
|medium||large<br>large||extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large<br>extra<br>large
|}
|}

===Row and Column Span===

There are two attributes, '''rowspan and colspan''', that can expland cells accross rows and columns, respectively.

Example Syntax
{|
|<pre>rowspan="3"</pre>|| -and- ||<pre>colspan="5"</pre>
|}

These are placed where the cell's attributes would go, as show in the examples below.

{| style="border: solid 1px #a0a0ff" cellpadding="10"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
| HTML Code (top) and Wiki Code (Bottom)
| Result
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Col 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td '''''colspan="3"'''''>Row 2, Col 1-3</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| border="1"
|-
| Row 1, Col 1
| Row 1, Col 2
| Row 1, Col 3
| Row 1, Col 4
|-
| colspan="3" |Row 2, Col 1-3
| Row 2, Col 4
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 1
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''colspan="3"''''' |Row 2, Col 1-3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td '''''rowspan="2"'''''>Row 1-2, Col 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| border="1"
|-
| rowspan="2" |Row 1-2, Col 1
| Row 1, Col 2
| Row 1, Col 3
| Row 1, Col 4
|-
| Row 2, Col 2
| Row 2, Col 3
| Row 2, Col 4
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''rowspan="2"''''' |Row 1-2, Col 1
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Col 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 2</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 1, Col 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td '''''rowspan="2" colspan="2"'''''>Row 2-3, Col 1-2</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 2, Col 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, Col 3</td>
<td>Row 3, Col 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
| rowspan="2" |
{| border="1"
|-
| Row 1, Col 1
| Row 1, Col 2
| Row 1, Col 3
| Row 1, Col 4
|-
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Row 2-3, Col 1-2
| Row 2, Col 3
| Row 2, Col 4
|-
| Row 3, Col 3
| Row 3, Col 4
|}
|- bgcolor="#eeeeff"
|
<nowiki>{</nowiki>| border="1"
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 1
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 1, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> '''''rowspan="2" colspan="2"''''' |Row 2-3, Col 1-2
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 2, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>-
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 3, Col 3
<nowiki>|</nowiki> Row 3, Col 4
<nowiki>|</nowiki>
<nowiki>|</nowiki>}
|}

==Sortable Tables==
* There is the option to include a small about of code in the header that will allow sorting of the table contents.
* This should only be used by those experienced in the results.
* Numbers, letters and + to ++++ values can be used.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Sortable table
|-
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Intensity
|-
| A
| 3
|-
| B
| 1
|-
| C
| 4
|-
| D
| 2
|}

==Typical Table Template==
* Shown below is a typical able format used on this website.
* I have tried to use subtle background pastel shading (blues) to indicate headings (dark blue) and then alternate rows in a white and a light blue.
* Finish the table last row displayed as light blue (add a blank row that colour if it is not in sequence).

To use this template:
# '''View''' this page section in edit mode.
# '''Copy''' the table below this text.
# '''Paste''' the template on your page.
# '''Set''' the table width (currently 600px) and column width (currently 300px) best for your data.
# '''Replace''' the text in the template, keeping the colour codes (not in brackets).

===1 Column Template===
{|width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| '''Header section''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
|-
| First Row (no colour specified)
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
|-
| Third Row (no colour specified)
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
|}

===2 Column Template===
{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=300px|'''Date 1''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
| width=300px|'''Description'''
|-
| First Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| First Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Second Row Column 2
|-
| Third Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| Third Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Fourth Row Column 2
|}

===3 Column Template===
{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=200px|'''Header Column 1''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
| width=200px|'''Header Column 2'''
| width=200px|'''Header Column 3'''
|-
| First Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| First Row Column 2
| First Row Column 3
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Second Row Column 2
| Second Row Column 3
|-
| Third Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| Third Row Column 2
| Third Row Column 3
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Fourth Row Column 2
| Fourth Row Column 3
|}

===Other Background Colours===
{|
|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
| text
| "FAF5FF"
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"
| dark green
| "A3BFB1"
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
| light green
| "F5FFFA"
|-bgcolor="FCFCFC"
| light grey
| "FCFCFC"
|-bgcolor="FCFCFC"
| light grey
| "FCFCFC"
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| light blue
| "F5FAFF"
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| dark blue
| "CEDFF2"
|-bgcolor="DDCEF2"
| dark purple
| "DDCEF2"
|-bgcolor="FAF5FF"
| light purple
| "FAF5FF"
|}

{{Template:Glossary}}

{{Template:Footer}}

[[Category:Help]]

2012 Group Project 2

2012-10-02T12:40:37Z

Z3332885: /* History of Discoveries */

=Somatosensory Development=

== Introduction ==
The somatosensory system is an important subdivision of the somatic nervous system comprising of a collection of receptors, tracts and nuclei. The system components convey the sensations of vibrations, light touch, pain and temperature to the consciousness (Creath, Kiemel, Horak, & Jeka, 2008) The system is important in conveying information about the body position and movements with significant influence on the body balance (Wong, Collins, & Kaas, 2010). The somatosensory system also plays an important role in motor control through conveying of feedback information about the muscular system dynamics including velocity of muscles, tension, length, joint position and movement and contact with the external environment. The system comprises of receptors in the muscles, skin, viscera and joints (Marani, 1994). The following picture shows the general organization of the somatosensory system.

(Lagercrantz, Hanson, Evrard & Rodeck, 2001)
Understanding the development of this systems both structurally and functionally during the fetal life is crucial in understanding how a fetus develops the capacity to receive and experience sensations delivered by thermal, mechanical, tactile and noxious stimuli (Willis, 2007).

The somatosensory systems development begins during the gestation period specifically the third week into the gestation period. By the end of the 9th week the fetus has a fully developed nervous system with sensory and receptors present at the skin level (Stiles, Reilly, Levine, Trauner, & Nass, 2012). Development of the system entails development of nerve fibers and receptors in the fetus body system. Development of the somatosensory system involves progressive changes in the structural alignment, neurochemical and functional changes with majority of the development changes taking place during the gestation period. Somatosensory receptors develop in the various parts of the body to enable detection and reception of stimuli which is then transmitted through the nerve fibers to the central nervous system (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). Development of the somatosensory system also entails subsequent development of pathways including the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

This project looks at the anatomy, function and development of the central somatosensory system and a range peripheral receptors on the skin.

== History of Discoveries ==
Weber recognized for his role in the study of the nervous system including the establishment of the Weber’s law (Giclu, 2007). Some of the historical research conducted by Weber concerned the various aspects of nervous system including inhibition of impulse transmission, summation, adaptation and fusion. The shift from philosophy to physiology can be attributed to Weber’s research work through which he influenced the view on the human system. Other discoveries that followed Weber’s discoveries about the somatosensory system include the discovery that most receptor endings in the skin, the connection between the system and the spinal cord. The other important historical discovery about the somatosensory system include the discovery of different kinds of electrical potential in the nervous systems not covered by Weber as the pioneer in the understanding of the nervous system (Deco & Rolls, 2006).

{| width=600px
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
| width=300px|'''Header Column 1''' (using bgcolor="CEDFF2")
| width=300px|'''Header Column 2'''
|-
| First Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| First Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Second Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Second Row Column 2
|-
| Third Row Column 1 (no colour specified)
| Third Row Column 2
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
| Fourth Row Column 1 (using bgcolor="F5FAFF")
| Fourth Row Column 2
|}

== Central Somatosensory Differentiation ==

====Adult Central Somatosensory systems:====

Ascending components of the Central Somatosensory system include;
* the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain,
* the trigeminal system: – receives sensory signals from the face; <ref name="PMID8440772"><pubmed> 8440772</pubmed></ref>
* the dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract:– receive signals from the rest of the body. <ref name="PMID14485390"><pubmed> 14485390</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

'''Dorsal column system and Lateral Spinothalamic tract:'''

Peripheral sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. The sensory signal then get passed onto collateral fibres in the spinal cord which ascend via the dorsal column or lateral spinothalamic tract up the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref> From there, fibres go the lateral regions of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus. From the thalamus, 3rd order neurons project out and into the primary somatosensory cortex so information can be processed. <ref name="PMID1127457"><pubmed>1127457</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Somatosensory Map.JPG|thumb|500px| Somatosensory pathway involving Dorsal Column and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts]]

'''Trigeminal System:'''

Sensory signals from the face are passed through the trigeminal nerve which passes signals to the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Axons from this trigeminal sensory nucleus go to the medial regions of the VP of the thalamus. From there fibres conduct the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex.<ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref>

==== Development of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex:====

Development of the primary somatosensory cortex is thought be controlled by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. <ref name="PMID10764649"><pubmed>10764649</pubmed></ref> Development of this region begins in late embryonic period and continues post-natally. The primary somatosensory cortex has separate functional groups of layer IV neurons called ‘barrels’. <ref name="PMID4141363"><pubmed>4141363</pubmed></ref> In the adult, the barrels are arranged in a pattern, isomorphic to the pattern of somatosensory receptors on the face and body surface (see figure). <ref name="PMID7721983"><pubmed>7721983</pubmed></ref> This patterning of the somatosensory cortex is the key step in its development. These layer IV neuron barrels receive inputs from the afferents coming from the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) thalamus and the posterior thalamic complex (POm). <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> These thalamocortical afferents of the VP and POm provide information that patterns the developing primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref> The extrinsic signalling by the VP and POm afferents from the thalamus may cause graded gene expression in the cortical neurons to pattern the somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMID2461788"><pubmed>2461788</pubmed></ref>

VP afferents develop just prior to the development of the area of the somatosensory cortex that will process the information from these VP afferents. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> The VP afferents receiving information from the face and jaw differentiate before birth. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Then the lateral regions of the somatosensory cortex develop. Within 24hrs after birth, the VP afferents receiving sensory information from the rest of the body develops. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> This will be followed by the development of the medial regions of the somatosensory cortex that processes the information from the body. <ref name="PMID7962713"><pubmed>7962713</pubmed></ref> Consequently, there’s a lateral to medial gradient of somatosensory cortex development which controlled by the VP afferents from the thalamus.

==== Making Connections between Afferent Sensory Fibres and the Central Nervous System (CNS)====

This is the process where sensory afferents synapse the neurons in the spinal cord so peripheral somatosensory information can be transmitted through the spinal reflex arc or up to the primary somatosensory cortex where the information can be processed. Sensory afferents from the periphery, with their cell bodies (soma) in the dorsal root ganglion, grow towards the spinal cord in stages to make these connections with the CNS.<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 23;
* Axons of primary afferent neurons extend to the spinal cord. When these afferent neurons reach the CNS, axons of these afferent neurons bifurcate and begin to extend into the Primordium of the dorsal funiculus <ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 24:
* the afferent axons have extended 1 segment rostrally and 1 segment caudally relative to the axons' point of entry
* the afferents start to grow within the white matter (periphery of Spinal Cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

Stage 28 –
* unbranched afferent axonal fibres invade gray matter at the border of Dorsal horn
* axonal fibres extend rostrally and caudally and start sending fine collateral fibres into the gray matter of spinal cord (the cellular, central region of spinal cord)<ref name="PMID2918087"><pubmed>2918087</pubmed></ref>

== Touch ==
[[File:Touch receptors in mammalian skin cartoon.jpg|thumb|450px| Division of Mechanoreceptors in the Skin]]

The sense of touch allows individuals to perform a myriad of functions through the receptors deep within dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. This sensory modality, though its' development is not greatly understood among the five acknowledged sense subsets, it is essential for survival and development throughout life.<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>

The receptors that are established throughout embryonic development and are linked to touch are mechanoreceptors or transducers such as Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, Merkel-cell-neurite complexes, Ruffini endings and hair follicles. Function and development of these various receptors are demonstrated in the table below.
<ref name="PMID20956378"><pubmed>20956378</pubmed></ref>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />

<table>
{| width=100%
|-bgcolor= "FF9900 "
| width= 15%|'''Mechanoreceptors'''
| width= 25%|'''Function'''
| width= 25%|'''Embryonic Development'''
| width= 10%|'''Degree/Extent of Response'''
| width= 25%|'''Image'''
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"

|'''Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)'''
|
*Found in subcutaneous tissue of skin
* Respond to the detection of changes in pressure against the skin in relation to vibrations sensations
* Detection between rough and smooth surfaces
|Pacinian corpuscles, like other sensory receptors are derived by the dorsal root ganglia neurons of peripheral sensory axons. In embryonic development, these appear E 16.5 (embryonic day) in mice. <ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref> In human embryology, this corresponds to day 58-59, which is satge 23 and week 8 (final week of embryonic development). In order for development, they require tyrosine kinase receptor (TrK) signaling and nerve growth factor (NGF) gene.<ref name="PMID15376326 "><pubmed>15376326 </pubmed></ref>
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Pacinian corpuscle histology 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Pacinian Corpuscle-Notice onion like structure''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Meissner's Corpuscles'''
|
*Found in the dermal papillae under the epidermal layer of the skin
*Respond to detection and changes of vibrations
*Very sensitive, detection of light touch sensations
|
| Fast/Rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Meissner corpuscle 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Histology of a Meissner Corpuscle in subcutaneous layers of the skin''']]
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Merkel-cell Neurite Complexes'''
|
* Found in epidermal layer of skin in stratum basale
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
| Merkel cells are derivatives of the epidermis of the developing embryo. They are able to be seen, with short dendrites, as early as week 8 in embryonic development, within the stratum basale of the epidermis.<ref name="PMID1365319"><pubmed>1365319</pubmed></ref>
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
|'''Ruffini Endings'''
|
*Found in the dermal and subcutaneous layers of skin
*Responds to changes in joint movement; stretching and application of pressure to the skin surfaces
*Contributes in holding/gripping objects. E.g. sensation of an object slipping though fingers is recognized by these receptors
|
| Slow adapting
|
|-bgcolor="FFFF99"
|'''Hair follicles'''
|
*Response to movement/displacement of hair on the skin

*Detection of sensation direction<ref name="PMID11685414"><pubmed>11685414</pubmed></ref>
| Hair follicles are derivatives from basal cells, as they proliferate. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref> Basal cells are able to be seen via light microscopy in the developing embryo; approximately on day 60 onwards (stage 23; week 8). As the embryo grows and transitions into the fetal stages, at approximately day 95 and 140, hair pegs and follicles are also able to be seen via light microscopy. <ref name="PMID7517223"><pubmed>7517223</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID168272"><pubmed>168272</pubmed></ref>
| Fast/rapidly adapting <ref name="PMID20064391"><pubmed>20064391</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Touch Receptor- Hair Follicle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Alt|''Hair Follicle''']]
|-bgcolor="FFCC66"
</table>

== Pain ==
With the current advancements in study and research on the nervous system, the mechanisms responsible for the sensation or the sensory component of pain are now well understood. Different nerve fibres involved in the transmission of the pain impulse have been identified including the A-delta fibres, C fibres and A-beta fibres (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). The A-delta fibres have been identified with response to mechanical or thermal stimulation such as pin prick or scald while C fibres respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulation (Silberstein, 2003). The C fibres are slower in response to simulation and particularly transmit the dull, thudding pain of injury, inflammation or disease.
On the other hand, the A-beta fibres transmit touch and play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. Current research in the development of pain fibres has seen the classification of pain into fast and slow pain and the pain fibres responsible for transmission of the pain. Fast pain is transmitted by the A-delta fibers with the stimulus being more superficial stimulus. Slow pain starts one second or more after stimulation and increases slowly over seconds or minutes and has been found to be associated with tissue distraction as well as being felt in both superficial and deep tissues. The various nerve fibers carry somatosensory information from the body periphery to the spinal cord. According to Medina and Lebovic (2009), studies have revealed that some nerve fibers present in the endometriotic tissues are responsible for pain severity.

==== Development of Nociceptors ====

Nociceptors develop throughout embryonic, fetal and postnatal periods. The table below is a summary of nociceptor development. E stands for embryonic while P stands for postnatal.

{| cellpadding="10"
|-style="background:#FF69B4" "align="center"
| width= 10%|'''Day of Developmental Day in Mice or Rat'''
| width= 7%|'''Relative Developmental Day in Humans'''
| width=15%|'''Nociceptor Development'''
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E11.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 33'''
|Specification of Nociceptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E11-13''' in Mouse
|'''Days 30-42'''
|Axons of Nociceptors begin extending to the periphery and towards the spinal cord <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|'''E14''' in Rat
|'''Day 40'''
|Axons have reached their peripheral target <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|- bgcolor="pink"
|''' E14.5''' in Mouse
|'''Day 52'''
|Substance P and CGRP are produced. Levels increase after nociceptors make contact with their target tissue in E18.5 <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|''' E15-17''' in Rat
|'''Days 44-55'''
|Functional synaptic junctions form between nociceptors and interneurons as part of the reflex arc <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E17''' in Rat
|'''Day 55'''
|TTX resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8, responsible for hyperexcitability of nociceptors, are expressed <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18.5''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach their peripheral Tissue <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''E18-20''' in Mouse
|'''NA'''
|Axons reach dorsal horn of the spinal cord <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P2''' in Mouse
|''' NA'''
|TRPV1 capsaicin receptor expressed <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref>
|-bgcolor="pink"
|'''P4-10''' in Rat
|'''NA'''
|NGF increases the sensitivity of Nociceptors <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>
|}

'''Details of Nociceptor Development'''

'''Nociceptor Specification:'''

Birth of nociceptors occurs in the DRG at E11.5 (embryonic day 11.5) in mice. <ref name="PMID490183"><pubmed>490183</pubmed></ref> Much of sensory neuron differentiation is done via neurotrophin signalling. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Neurotrophin are growth factors that act by binding to neurotrophin receptors called Tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Expression of Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells determines their fate as unmyelinated Nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8835730"><pubmed>8835730</pubmed></ref> This because TrkA enables TrkA+ neurons to respond to certain neurotrophins, called nerve growth factor (NGF), that enable nociceptor differentiation. <ref name="PMID15247919"><pubmed>15247919</pubmed></ref> TrkA signalling promotes the development of sensory channels in the nociceptors and this allows the nociceptors to respond to noxious stimuli. <ref name="PMID22787056"><pubmed>22787056</pubmed></ref> One study has shown that mice without TrkA receptor are born without nociceptors. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref> Expression of TrkA receptors in nociceptors is up-regulated by the transcription factor Runx1. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref> Cells without the Runx1 gene result in an absence of TrkA receptors and were unable to develop to mature nociceptors. <ref name="PMID16429136"><pubmed>16429136</pubmed></ref>

[[File:One Nociceptor Specification.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Specification]]

'''Nociceptor Survival'''

Once nociceptors are specified, receiving nerve growth factors (NGF) via the TrkA receptors increase the chance of their survival. This was shown by a study where NFG levels were over-expressed in transgenic mice and this caused the number of TrkA+ neurons to double. <ref name="PMID9283812"><pubmed>9283812</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID8126547"><pubmed>8126547</pubmed></ref> Nociceptors that do not receive enough NGF will not survive. <ref name="PMID8145823"><pubmed>8145823</pubmed></ref>

[[File:Nociceptor survival.JPG|500px|Nociceptor Survival]]

'''Growth of Axons - to the Spinal Cord and Periphery'''

Increases in axon length, width and branching are all controlled by neurotrophins such as NGF. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> These processes begin at embryonic day 11 to 13. <ref name="PMID9920667"><pubmed>9920667</pubmed></ref> <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 14, small c fibres such as nociceptors have reached the periphery target tissue such as the hindlimb of mice. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> After activation of the Trk receptors by NGF, downstream signalling molecules cause these changes in axon. <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref> These molecules include:
* Molecules in the Ras-Raf-ERK cascade – results in Elongation of the Axons
* PIK3 and Akt – increase the Diameter of the Axons
* Akt – can also increase the branching of the axon <ref name="PMID12123609"><pubmed>12123609</pubmed></ref>

During embryonic days 18-20, axons of centrally directed nociceptors extend into the grey matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord. <ref name="PMID10701827"><pubmed>10701827</pubmed></ref> The axons project into the dorsal horn while maintaining in a somatotopic pattern. <ref name="PMID2442203"><pubmed>2442203</pubmed></ref> Similarly, as axons of sensory neurons such as nociceptors grow from the dorsal root ganglia to the periphery, the axons travel via specific pathways so that 1 spinal nerve innervates 1 region of skin. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref> This gives rise to the dermatomes. <ref name="PMID7175742"><pubmed>7175742</pubmed></ref>

Extracellular signalling molecules direct the growth of the axons to ensure they reach their correct targets. NGF increases sprouting of axons but this may lead to excessive nociceptive innervation of the peripheral tissue. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> This issue is overcome by factor Semaphorin 3A which inhibits aberrant nociceptor axon growth. <ref name="PMID14749426"><pubmed>14749426</pubmed></ref> By embryonic day 18.5, neurons reach their peripheral target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref>

'''Determination of the Physiological Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

A lot of this functional development occurs postnatally. For example, TRPA1, a receptor that detects noxious temperature and chemical stimuli, are expressed by postnatal day 2 nociceptors . <ref name="PMID16630838"><pubmed>16630838</pubmed></ref> These receptors play a role in detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli during inflammation. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref> These channels play an important role in generating chronic pain because they control the hyperexcitability of the neurons including nociceptors. However, adult levels of these sodium channels are not reached until postnatal day 7 (P7). <ref name="PMID11487631"><pubmed>11487631</pubmed></ref>

'''Development of the Chemical Phenotype of Nociceptors'''

In nociceptors, as well as other small diameter neurons, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP, are expressed. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Expression of these neuropeptides that characterize nociceptors, are controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. These neuropeptides SP and CGRP rise as early as embryonic day 14.5 – at this stage nociceptors have not made contact with their target tissues. <ref name="PMID9092599"><pubmed>9092599</pubmed></ref> Thus nociceptors do not require contact with peripheral target tissues to express some levels of SP and CGRP. However, studies also show that number of CGRP expressing nociceptors increased under the influence of epidermal cells. <ref name="PMID12733058"><pubmed>12733058</pubmed></ref> Thus extrinsic cues, through the contact with target tissues, enhance the development of the chemical phenotype of nociceptors.

'''Increase in the Nociceptor Innervation Density '''

Sensory neurons, including the TrkA+ nociceptors, increases their innervation density due to access to local growth factors such as NGF and brain derived growth factor. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref> This increase in innervation density involves an increase in both the innervation of the tissue by the endings of an individual sensory neuron and the number of neurons. <ref name="PMID10407031"><pubmed>10407031</pubmed></ref>

'''Increase in Nociceptor Sensitivity'''

Nociceptor sensitisation to noxious stimuli such as heat and capsaicin occurs postnatally. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> This process involves NGF activating TrkA receptor which initiates a signalling pathway that results in the sensitisation of the receptor, TRPV1 to heat and capsaicin. <ref name="PMID12815188"><pubmed>12815188</pubmed></ref> It has been shown that NGF is able to sensitise nociceptors during postnatal day 4-10. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref> NGF is unable to increase the sensitivity of nociceptors before this stage. Bradykinin, however, can increase the nociceptor sensitivity in neonatal neurons. <ref name="PMID15201308"><pubmed>15201308</pubmed></ref>

== Hot/Cold ==

In addition to sensory modalities such as pressure and pain, the human body is able to detect the temperature of its surrounding environment. This is called thermoreception, and is extremely important for a variety of reasons. The ability to sense temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many biological processes. It is also of practical safety use, we are able to reliably avoid stimuli that are either too hot or too cold and may do us harm.

The sensation of temperature is made through free nerve endings in the epidermis of the skin. These free nerve endings contain specialised ion channels called temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels<ref name="PMID12838328"><pubmed>12838328</pubmed></ref>. We will refer to them as ThermoTRP’s. These receptors are able to generate action potentials in response to changes in temperatures in the environment surrounding the nerve ending in the skin. The nerve impulse generated by these receptors is conveyed along the nerve fibre and into the dorsal root ganglion. There are two main types of ThermoTRP, those that are activated by warm stimuli and those that are activated by cold stimuli<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Warm===

There are four main ThermoTRP receptors responsible for the perception of warm stimuli, both innocuous and noxious<ref name="PMID19822171"><pubmed>19822171</pubmed></ref>. They are called TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Each receptor unresponsive to mechanical stimuli, but can be excited by some chemicals such as the capsaicin in the chili plant. The firing of each receptor is inhibited by falling temperatures.

* ''TRPV1''. This receptor is responsible by the sensation of mild heat. The receptor is activated by temperatures over 30 ˚C. As temperatures rises the rate of nerve impulses also increases, reaching a maximum rate at 42 ˚C<ref name="PMID19822171"/>. Either side of 42 ˚C, the firing rate of the nerve decreases, forming a bell shaped curve. This means that the firing rate of the receptor conveys information relating to the environments temperature back to the central nervous system.
*''TRPV2''. This receptor only fires an action potential when in contact with temperatures sufficient to cause harm .This is generally temperatures over 52 ˚C <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''TRPV3''. Activated strongly by temperatures in the 34-38 ˚C range.
*''TRPV4''. Activated at 27 – 34 ˚C.

===Cold===

Cold thermoreceptors essentially work in an identical manner to warm thermoreceptors. Instead of being activating by rising temperatures, they are stimulated by falling temperatures. There are two main receptors responsible for perception of cold stimuli.

*''TRPM8''. This receptor is responsible for the perception of innocuous cold temperatures, that is, temperatures that will not cause the body harm. They are activated when the temperature of the environment surrounding the nerve ending falls to between 25 and 28 ˚C. As seen with the TRPV1 receptor, the stimulation of TRPM8 by a range of temperatures produces a bell shaped curve with a maximum firing rate seen around 25-26 ˚C. <ref name="PMID12838328"/> <ref name="PMID19822171"/>.
*''ANKTM1''. Noxious or damaging cold temperatures are those at or below the 17 ˚C mark. These extreme temperatures are able to activate the ANKTM1 receptor<ref name="PMID12838328"/>.

===Embryology and Development===

Stay tuned!

== Pressure ==

Pressure receptors can be categorized into two groups, the slow adapting receptors and rapidly adapting receptors. Slow adapting receptors respond to consistent pressure, meaning they continue to respond as long as the stimulus is in contact with the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors, however, only respond to changes in pressure, so they respond when the stimulus first touches the skin and when it is removed. There are four types of pressure receptors in the skin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, Merkel discs and Ruffini nerve endings.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors found in the deeper layers of the skin. Their nerve endings are wrapped with layers of connecting tissue giving them an ‘onion like’ histological appearance. When this connective tissue that surrounds the nerve ending is deformed, it presses on the nerve endings triggering an electrical impulse. The receptive fields of the Pacinian corpuscles are relatively large, so the region of sensory space that stimulates and evokes activity in the receptors is wide and therefore the sensations are not very well localised, resulting in low spatial resolution. These particular corpuscles form in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons. Their development is dependent on sensory innervations and they begin to appear during the fourth fetal month of development.

Meissner Corpuscles are also rapidly adapting pressure receptors, so they only respond to transient and phasic pressures rather than constant pressure. Unlike Pacinian corpuscles however, their receptive field is small, so the sensations are well-localised and specific. They are superficially located, found in the dermal papillae, between the epidermal pegs of globrous skin. This means they are mainly located within the extremities such as the palms and soles of feet. These corpuscles are innervated via myelinated fibres from the subepidermal nerve plexus that lose their myelination as they enter the corpuscle.

* Ruffini endings respond to pressure in both hairy and glabrous skin (slow adapting receptor)
** Deeply located
** Innervated by A-beta fibres
** Large receptive fields
** Encapsulated
** Also respond to temperatures above 45 degrees
* Merkel cells respond to pressure of the skin, epidermis of globrous skin
** Located superficially
** Slow adapting
** Respond to very low frequency pressure changes
** Very small receptive fields

The development of pressure receptors takes place during the gestation period with the rapidly adapting pressure receptors developing first then followed by the slow adapting pressure receptors. Although these pressure receptors are present throughout the fetal life to adulthood, their depolarization responses to chemical irritants, mechanical injury and inflammatory mediators are been found to be similar in both the fetus and adults.

Bunched receptors known as Merkel’s discs have been found to specialize in conveying information about continuous pressure exerted on the surface of the skin (Ragert, Nierhaus, Cohen & Villringer, 2008). Pacinian corpuscles respond to quick changes in touch or pressure by firing off rapid bursts of signals before they decrease with time (Irie, Kato, Yakushji, Hirose & Mizuta, 2011). Baroreceptors are special pressure receptors found in the right atrium of the heart and play the role of detecting changes in blood pressure enabling the body to control the pressure and the amount of blood flowing into the heart (Ino-Oka, Sekino, Kajikawa, Inooka, Imai & Hashimoto, 2008).

Different studies have established urinary bladder mechanoreceptors as responsible for detecting changes in bladder volume or intravesical pressure (Downie & Armour, 1992). Discovery of the pressure receptor locations in human bodies has been exploited in nursing interventions including the touch therapy or massage (Field, 1998). Massage therapy has been found to be effective in enhancing various clinical conditions including reduction of pain, diminishing of depression, enhancing attentiveness, promotion of immune function as well as promotion of growth and development of pre-term infants (Sanders, 2010).

According to Field (1998), intentional stimulation of pressure receptors during massage therapy results in enhanced vagal activity associated with the diverse benefits accrued from massage therapy. Understanding of pressure receptors has been discovered to be important in the treatment of balance disorders. The pressure receptors in the skin detect bodily contact with the environment enabling control of the contact during treatment of balance disorders (George & Athanasios, 1999).

== Current Research ==

==== Somatosensory Activation by Corneal Pain:====

[[File:Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink.png |thumb|450px|Somatotopic Activation by corneal pain and eye blink]]

Investigation is currently done on to localize somatotopic representation of pain from the cornea. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This type of research gives insight into the mechanism of chronic pain development in various eye conditions. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> This study shows processing of corneal pain information occur in localized regions of the primary somatosensory cortex. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> When the cornea pain receptors are stimulated, these localized regions o the somatosensory cortex are activated. <ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> The region of the somatosensory cortex that deals with corneal pain, also deals with blinking or photophobia. Such finding has been achieved using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).<ref name="PMIDPMC3433421"><pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed></ref> See figure

==== Sleep can Remodel the Somatosensory Cortex ====

In the mice somatosensory cortex, the synaptic connections can be remodelled during sleep. In a recent study, turnover of filopodia and dendritic spines of layer 5 neurons in the somatosensory cortex was examined using 2-photon microscopy. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> These neurons were fluorescently tagged and the amount of filopodia formation and elimination were measured in both sleep and wakefulness. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref> It was found that elimination of these filopodia occurred at a higher rate during sleep. <ref name="PMID22058046"><pubmed>22058046</pubmed></ref>

== Glossary ==

;Innocuous: A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
;Noxious: A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image

1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html

2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm

Links to Meissner’s Corpuscle Images

1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg

2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg

[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705296/?tool=pmcentrez]

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0190962205027027]

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.

----

{{2012Projects}}

User:Z3332885

2012-09-26T03:34:32Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 8 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

Talk:2012 Group Project 3

2012-09-26T03:34:02Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:54, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on taste. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922655 http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/3/285 JCB content allows reuse.

==Group evaluation==

The introduction section is very informative and I like the picture included discussing the 5 basic tastes which is interesting to read. I really enjoy your descriptions of bitter and sweet and find it interesting to read. I like the research you included in this section but I believe this needs to be referenced. Currently in the introduction you have only 1 references, so I would suggest that you find more to further validate your information (note that there are no references in the first paragraph). I like in your picture that you included a description. The cell biology section I would probably put in its own section with = = to break up the contend displayed. In this section it is clear that this has been researched however there have been no references listed at all here.

The taste map section has clearly been well researched yet poorly referenced. It would be interesting to look at if possible a progression of the understanding of the taste map. In the picture of the tongue, I would suggest that it has a better description on the enlarged image. However, some of this text is rather hard to read, such as the descriptions of the first and second order neurons. As you have included terms in there which would be foreign to most people, I would try to include either a picture to show exactly where these parts are such as the NTS which can give the reader a better understanding of what you’re saying. Note that you say things like “copious scientific conjecture surrounds…” however there is no references here! This section is well researched which is great, but I would really consider putting it into slightly easier terms to better comprehension.

In the cortical areas section, a similar approach applies: when describing locations of things such as the I/fO, you should really include a clear diagram as to where all of these are. I can see you included the section of the brain however don’t see it as too informative so a better description there would be appropriate. I would also note that you are repeating your references again, and it would be advisable that you find alternative information to include as well.

The timeline section is very informative and really stands out. I’m assuming you will be including the photos later this week. This is well written and gives a truly informative description of the embryological changes that occur. It will look much better and be better to understand once the photos have been included. Note that you have used the same references pretty well the whole time in this section. Although that paper may have a lot of information about what you are needing to talk about, I would also encourage you to research more papers in order to compliment the information you have listed.

The history of discoveries section is well set out and clear and concise. In some areas I would suggest a brief descripton of what you have written such as “PKD2L”, and also make sure you include the appropriate references as all I can see currently it numbers.

In the adult tongue and taste bud section, is this also what the tongue looks like from week 15? If not what changes occurs for it to form into what you have described as the adult tongue and what enhances these changes? This section is informative however it is really lacking references. The taste bud picture you have is quite good, but is that also what the taste bud looks like at 15 weeks?

The abnormalities section is really interesting and is rather enjoyable to read. Are they the only abnormalities that can happen to the tongue? How about environmental? Does alcohol, smoking or drugs affects its development of either the tongue or the taste buds? Additonally, your current research is very thorough and interesting. In regards to the photos you have there, I would make sure that they are set out appropriately, with the information that this is a student project.

Finally, the glossary needs to be highlighted to make it stand out and more words need to be included. Note that in your references, reference 5 can not be accessible, so make sure you fix that up. Overall, it was interesting to read and I enjoyed the display of photos that were also included!

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The overall set up of the page I think is very good. In the introduction there is a balance between pictures and text which makes it a bit easier to read. Also its easy to follow, the text itself isn’t confusing and is understandable.

There is a good overview of the different types of receptors and their function, also there is a brief section on the adult tongue which is good, however there needs to be more focus on the embryological development rather than just a simple table on that. There also needs to be some images added to that component as well to make it more understandable.

The sections on abnormalities and current research need to be organised a bit better because they are a little hard to follow, especially with the placing of the images. The glossary is simple and understandable, however there needs to be more work done on the reference list.

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The layout and balance between text and figures, tables, and diagrams is extremely well accomplished. All the information of the page is really intriguing and easy to follow on the majority.
I would suggest placing the history of discoveries immediately after the introduction so that readers may appreciate all the research that would have had to take place in order to put all the information on this page. As well, this would help in having a separation between the two tables used.

When it comes to images, make sure that everything in the image is relevant to the accompanying text and important to the reader. One image where you might fall short of this criteria, is the very first image on the page about the five basic tastes, the names of the protein structures is more distracting and confusing than enlightening and overall would not aid in informing the reader.

I believe the introduction is very important in assisting the reader in gaining an overall understanding of the page and it’s aims. Hence I believe it is important to include a more succinct introduction with such aims. In this case, the introduction to the gustatory system begins defining structures and functions which are better off used elsewhere. Instead try giving an overview of the system and maybe give the reader a reason to read on.

The images used in the abnormality section are scattered and make it hard for the reader to determine which image corresponds to which idea, I would suggest ensuring that each image is detrimental to aiding the reader’s thoughts. This was an extremely interesting section.

Current research is clear, concise and easy to follow with a pleasant arrangement of ideas, text, and images. It was interesting to read. Additionally, the references and glossary are extensive and well done. I would suggest having a link to the glossary from within the text.

Well done on your project so far, and good luck with the rest.

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The introduction seemed to go into a lot of detail. for example, the information on Type II receptors should be placed in the same section as neural pathways, not the introduction. Can you also include in your introduction, an overview of what you are going to talk about in your project? That would give your project more structure.

With the neural pathway section, can you draw or find a diagram for that section? I find it hard to understand without one. The taste map section goes into a lot of detail which I think is unnecessary because this is a development project.

Current research section is very interesting. I don't think you need to add any more content on that section - that section to me looks complete, besides a few formatting and referencing issues with the images.

Overall, I felt there wasn't enough written on the development of taste, either the receptors (taste buds) or the neural pathways. Your project seem to focus on the anatomy and physiology or function of the taste system. This is alright to keep but the focus should be on development. You do have a Time-line of taste development that summarizes the development of the Gustatory system which is great to see. I think use that as a starting point and expand on each stage in text form, below the table. In week 12 development in this time-line, you mention 'epithelial types I and II', what are they? Are they similar to skin cells?

Overall, the balance between images and text is great. The colourful images work wonders in breaking up the text. Having said that, Many of your images did not have the correct PMID referencing. These images include:
* images of taste being revoked by visualizing ATP release
* CVP of WT and DKO mouse with H & E and SEM
* histology - can you give a more relevant title for this image? We know it's histology; we can see that. What is this image about?
* Abnormal of Tongue - it should say abnormality of tongue

The history section is excellent because it spans over such a long time - 350BC to 2010. The layout of a coloured table for history is beautiful, clear and concise.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:35, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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- The introduction of taste is very descriptive and encapsulates the anatomy, physiology and cell biology. Although it is very detailed it doesn’t indicate that the project is about development.

- There is a lot of detail about the taste neural pathway and cortical areas which I’m not sure is relevant to olfactory development unless you mention how they develop as well.

- Figure 2 and 3 do not have any copyright information associated so remember to add those.

- The development section is very nicely put together and hopefully you will add images further down the line. I’ve noticed that in week 8 of development you have the same ref after each line…I’m sure you can just put it at the end of the paragraph as it is same for each line. Same goes for week 14 and 15. Also since you have 2 references for the entire section --- you might want to look at other articles as well.

- Some things that I missed in the section were patterning molecules and genes. Also any signalling mechanisms that control differentiation.

- The history section is exceptionally done with the use of tables, description and references.

- I thoroughly enjoyed your abnormality section. The images are nicely done as well. Although you have described many genes and molecules which are not specified in the normal development portion so the reader don’t understand their roles. Maybe address this in your normal development section.

- The current development section is also very nicely put together but again things like Shh and WNT should be in development section.

Overall very nicely put together and great balance of pictures and text. Although this is a development topic so the major emphasis should be on development of the organ --- Normal development is good but there is too much content in that section that can be left out.

--[[User:Z3333794|Z3333794]] 10:52, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Abundant information, including a nice coloured in table, which is a cool idea. Unfinished though, the images to go with it would make it great. The page seems to be segmented into sections with a large amount of text, and sections with many pictures. Try for a more even distribution, if possible. Pictures seem to be relevant, with good explanations, referencing and certificates. Helpful and interesting abnormalities and current research sections

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Your introduction is quite good and gives us a brief overview of the different tastes. I also like it that you touch on the fact that it is important we recognise (via taste) food which would be dangerous to our health. In my opinion, after you mention the research (ending the sentence with …’may exist.’) you should tell the reader what you will be discussing on your page. The few lines on fatty acids does not seem to fit in, and should be part of your history section and possibly current/future research. Some specific information seems to have been researched, such as what umami codes for; however, references have not been provided. Also make sure that the image has the correct information – title, description, references, copyright, student template.

It would be more logical to put the history section next. Following this by the timeline and then go back to the cell biology, receptors and taste map etc.

The history section is good with many significant dates and clear descriptions incorporated in a table. I do see lots of numbers, which I think relate to references. I cannot find these references anywhere, so please edit this and make sure it is included in your list of references. There are also a few references listed in full in the table, so please put these down as proper references. Also, there is no good description for the year 2007 (it is mainly a reference).

The developmental timeline is expansive and very interesting! It really relates to the different developmental stages and tells us what happens over time. I hope you can include images with appropriate labels and information to this table, as it will greatly complement your text. Please do check your spelling, eg. ‘epithelium’ in week 6. Also references in this section are appropriate and are not doubled-up in the reference list. Do check reference 5 as it comes up with a cite error.

The section on cell biology and type 2 receptors is clear and easy to read. I cannot see any references though! Please be careful cause this might indicate plagiarism. The taste map is interesting and I am glad you mentioned research has indicated that the different receptors are in fact located all over the tongue – not just in particular sections. If possible, look for the original paper(s) that made this discovery.

The section on neural pathways is a little more difficult to read and I did not understand some of it. Particular terms are used in sentences which suggest little effort has been put in to explain everything in your own words. This is further indicated by the lack of references in the ‘first order neuron’ section and the majority of the ‘second order neuron’ section. I might be wrong, but then do add all your jargon to the glossary. If possible, also try to find other papers which present the same information to strengthen your points mentioned. Images for both the taste map and the cortex need referencing, copyright info, etc.

Adult tongue and taste buds. It is good you include some anatomy and physiology into your section. Do keep in mind the majority of your project should focus on embryonic development. You included the appropriate names, eg. sulcus terminalis, and I am glad to see that has also been put in the glossary. Some more terms do need to be added, eg. circumvallate. The text is good, clear and easy to read. Images are appropriate and relate to the text but need proper descriptions, citations, etc. A major let down of this section is the lack of references – please include this.

Personally, I found the abnormalities section very interesting! However, you are suddenly talking about all these genes and factors which you have not mentioned anywhere else. It might be good to provide a brief description of these in the development section or incorporate them into your developmental timeline. Images all have copyright information, but other information is missing, such as the student template and/or reference. Please check and add this.

Current research includes a lot of information. All different sections have their references which are displayed in the reference list. If you can, provide links to the website of the research groups working on current projects. Be careful not to just put your reference at the end, as you may also have to reference within the paragraph. Both pictures used will need the student template. The double tongue image will need a reference in its description too.

As mentioned before, add and edit the glossary and reference list. You should also add to the useful links (make this external links) and the image gallery, or delete these subheadings, as there is nothing there now.

Hope this helps!
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"In regards to the information presented (outcomes 1 and 9), the timeline for the development is good and written with clarity. However, I noticed the section on structure only referred to the adult state rather than focusing on the embryonic origin of each structure (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). I would suggest that you elaborate on the developmental stages introduced in the timeline in order to build on the information you have already provided. This is important in regards to outcome 6 so that you can relate your research to embryology – the development of taste should be your focus. The history timeline was great to read as it was very concise and clear.

The page shows a good level of peer teaching with clear language and a good balance between images and text (outcome 4) with technical terms explained in the glossary. An improvement could be to make a link between any technical language and the glossary to avoid scrolling up and down to the page. Your Current Research section (outcome 5) was very interesting to read and showed you went beyond the scope of basic research on taste – good work!

In terms of layout (outcome 2), whilst the images are interesting and relevant to the text, some are not appropriately referenced nor described; make sure to reference appropriately and at least write one or two sentences to make the images relevant to the reader. Additionally, the introduction should not be under another subheading (Gustatory system) as it creates some confusion; I would suggest making the introduction its own heading in order to make the page flow. Similarly, the history timeline would best be placed towards the beginning of the page, under the introduction.

I noticed some areas (such as the section on Structure) were not appropriately or consistently referenced. Make sure to include a citation anytime you introduce a researched idea or information to avoid being accused of plagiarism. I noticed the history timeline had good consistent referencing; however the numbers just need to be formatted so they come under the reference list. If you click on the Tutorial: References page linked from the student page, it tells you how to do this. Hope the feedback helps and all the best for your project!"

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The introduction is very detailed but did not mention anything about the development of the taste. But I thought the mechanisms behind sweet and salty tastes are very interesting. Maybe do the same for the other 3 tastes? The image of the basic 5 tastes is a bit small, maybe upload a bigger version of the image. Also, the image is lacking some reference, copyright information and a student image template.

The type II receptor section is pretty good and descriptive but it does not really relate to the development of the taste. The taste map is a very eye-catchy image and it would be really useful if it had all the needed information such as the copyright notice. The timeline of the gustatory system is very well-presented and easy to read. I understand the project is not completed yet, therefore more images are still to be put in. Only 2 references have been used in the timeline section, maybe try to research more and use different resources. There are some citing error but it should be quite easy to fix.

Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and easy to read but the referencing needs to be fixed. The adult tongue and taste bud section is very clear and precise and contain a lot of useful information but it does not really relate to the research topic, should beware of going off-track. The hand-drawn diagram of the taste bud is impressive and easy to understand but again lacking in some referencing information such as who drew it. The abnormalities section is good and well-researched and it is interesting to know about which gene or receptors will effect the development of taste and sensation. Maybe the abnormalities section can be included into the current research section because abnormalities are repeated in the current research section below. There are detailed definitions of terms in the glossary which is good because it really helps the reader to understand more about the research topic.

Overall, the page is looking good. The main thing that needs to be fixed will be the images that are already on the page, they need the correct and essential information with them when uploaded on the page or else, they will get deleted and there will be no images on the page and the nice balance of images and text now will be gone. There seem to be a lot of anatomy and biology of the taste system but not a lot of information about their development. Although there is a timeline of development but i think more information is needed. Referencing is pretty good with only one or two minor citing error but it should be easy to fix. Structure of the page is clear and simple with headings and sub-headings being consistent, making the page easy to read and follow. Hope this helps :)

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The introduction is good, explaining the function and mechanisms behind.

The taste map text and picture are useful however lack referencing information.

The cortical areas section is very interesting and well referenced.

The table timeline is a very good way to summarise the development of taste. It is succinct and well referenced, even though one paper was referred to for most of the information.

The history table is similarly good, very succinct and straightforward, however lacks some references, and the references that were included could be improved by using the wiki referencing system.

The structure and function section is useful but doesn't add much to the text in terms of embryological development. Also make sure the images are properly referenced with the "student template" included.

The abnormalities section is very good and well researched, although maybe try and avoid referring to the articles that have been researched in the text and rather just refer to them using the wiki referencing system. The images are good as well but don't forget the "student template" here also.

The current research section is interesting and well researched, the use of succinct subheadings to summarise the paper's findings was good.

The useful links and image sections need to be added to, and the glossary section can be improved by putting the key terms in bold, but that is otherwise good.

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Initially the page seems to have a good balance between text and diagrams/photographs. However the figures included are not properly labelled once you click on the file and some of them don't appear to have any copyright information included. Some of the pictures could do with being a bit smaller as they take up a large proportion of the page. The student drawn image of the tongue is particularly impressive but does still need to have the student template included. The references seem limited in comparison to other groups perhaps suggesting a lack of depth or variety of research. There also appears to be a coding problem relating to reference number 5. The general layout and use of subheadings is great. It may be useful to link the words in the glossary to their occurrence in the text.

The introductory paragraphs are very well written. They are easy to understand and interesting and give a good overview of how taste functions. Similarly the section on taste map is well written clearly explaining the neurological factors associated with taste. However the presence of the picture in isolation is confusing as it is representing an the old method of taste association. Perhaps this would be resolved if a diagram of the newer taste map was also included. Also you say that the old taste map has been disproved by recent research but that research is not referenced. In fact it appears that very little of that section is referenced. The section on cortical areas is well done.

The timeline of developmental processes is good, the table an easy visual format and the information concise and effective. The only point of contention would be the direct quote in Wk8-9 which seems out of place in comparison to the remainder of the entries which are nicely paraphrased. The history section is similarly well done being extensive and comprehensive. That is excepting some Pub Med references which are just placed in the text rather than in the reference list at the bottom. While interesting and well written the part detailing the Adult Tongue and Taste Buds seems out of place in a embryology course.

The sections on the effect of gene expression on the formation of taste abnormalities and current research are good. However it may be useful to put the information regarding each picture as a caption rather than plain text.

It will be interesting to see what is put in the section "Image Gallery"

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The information provided is both informative and well organised. The use of tables and figures make the text easy to follow and the diagrams make the information easier to understand. When it comes to images however, they seem to be somewhat irrelevant next to some of the information in some cases. Try to move them around and make sure they accompany relevant text.

The introduction does not give the reader the overview of the topic, but rather explores structures and function which makes it difficult to order. Simplifying the introduction, and moving some of the more detailed information such as the information about the type 2 receptors to the relevant section would improve the page.

Other information that is difficult to understand is the text which involves certain genes and molecules without explaining their function or role. Explaining these aspects of the genes and molecules would make the information flow better.
The section on current research is very informative and seems to be complete. However, I did note some errors with the citation of the image used, working on the references is very important for the other images as well as not all have the copyright information.

I also noticed that many of the references are repeated numerous times. Week 8 of development for example have the same reference after a number of sentences. A variety of sources will improve the accuracy of the information rather than derive all the information from a single source.

There is a great focus on the anatomy and physiology of taste, however, it is important to remember that the focus of this project is about development, and therefore including a timeline or a table which covers this information is very important. The page seems to be very organised and the inclusion of tables and diagrams along with the extensive glossary make this page stand out. Well done.

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The page that you have created is very extensive and was well formatted in relation to the ratio of images to text on the page.
Found that the colours and use of table for the breakdown of information in relation to ‘Timeline of developmental process’ and ‘history of discoveries’ condensed the material and made it easily understandable. This made me want to keep reading.

With majority of the images that are uploaded onto the page there needs to be the correct information and referencing provided for the summary box. From where the image was sourced (ideally of reliable and scientific literature in origin), identifying that it has been uploaded for a student assignment and copyright information-permission to use uploaded image and any other information that is pertaining to the topic and why the image was used/relevant.
Further, those of you within your group that have drawn an uploaded image, have to ensure that you have stated in the summary box that it was student drawn prior to final assessment/evaluation.

The glossary is able to be expanded upon and potentially ensuring that the words that are being explained/elaborated are bolded. As a reader, I would find it easier to read and distinguish if they were bolded.
The reference list that has been developed appears to demonstrate that as a group you have are well read and researched, however, the citation errors will have to be addressed and resolved prior to final marking of the project. I really appreciated the layout (headings, summary and images) of the page.

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The introduction is well written and very informative. You should add the history timeline directly below the introduction, because where it currently is feels like it is floating. With it after the introduction it will create a flow to your page and separate the two tables.
In your development table I noted a column called images, the adding of images to show the development stage you are describing will give this section some more flair. If you are not adding images don’t forget to delete the column.

Your section on adult taste and tongue is very interesting but maybe if there is a difference, i.e. newborns tongues are more sensitive to a taste than adults, a comparison would be interesting here.

In abnormalities you mention p2x receptors, maybe you could add this to the glossary and give a brief explanation about what they are and do. This would be a good idea for any other receptor or genes/proteins mention above that you don’t want to explain in detail in the main section.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:31, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Your introductory paragraph is sufficiently detailed. However, there is only one reference. You need to show more research by adding more references to support your text. It is good that you have added an image to support the text, but you need to write that it is a student uploaded image.
Cell biology and type 2 receptors sections don’t have any references cited at all. You need to add appropriate references.

There was an image of the tongue showing the tastes in different sections of the tongue. The image didn’t have the source referenced.

The taste map section needs more referencing and citations.

Cortical area is sufficiently detailed and has appropriate numbers of references, along with a supportive image. However, you should add more description of what the image is about.
“Timeline of Developmental Processes of the Gustatory System” looks nice so far, with appropriate citations. But you may need to add some more information, and it needs to add images to support the text.

History of discoveries section looks nice, but needs a bit more texts explaining each of the discoveries. It also needs some more references, and perhaps adding some images to support the text would make it easier to visualise the discoveries.

“Adult Tongue and Taste Buds – Structure and Function” is overall lacking in text and needs more research and references. You need to explain more of the structures and functions of the tongue. The image of the ‘drawing of the tongue’ needs a bit more description in the caption. Perhaps explain what each of the labels mean. The papillae image should say that it is a student uploaded image.

Current research section is done reasonably well so far. The reference needs appropriate formatting. Perhaps reduce the size of the image showing the double tongue; it is rather graphic and somewhat disturbing.

You do not have any useful links listed. You need to add links.

Glossary section is good so far. Perhaps add some more words, and make the text bold to make it easier to spot the different words.

Image gallery does not have images under the heading.

References section: number 5 needs to be fixed.

There are not external links listed under the heading, you need to add external links with appropriate formatting.

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Group 3- Taste

Overall this is an excellent project. Well written, great informative photos, good use of tables, and comprehensive information that's well explained.

A few of the photos don't have the appropriate copyright information and some sections of text haven't been referenced, but in general this ticks all of the boxes

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Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

==Questions for group==
--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 14:29, 18 September 2012 (EST)--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 14:29, 18 September 2012 (EST)
Hey guys,

Did I see someone write about or have articles about Sprouty (''spry'') genes?

I can't find it, but I'm sure I saw it. Let me know :)

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:10, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--

Also, I've just been going over the main page and I wonder if a picture of the overall tongue, not only sections or histological drawings (which were really good btw) would be good to point out the anatomical features?? Like the sulcus terminalis which was pointed out.
I'd be happy to draw it. This would be for the Basic structure section.

Let me know ASAP so I can do it tonight :)

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:30, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--

Yep, i think that would be a good idea. Go for it :)

--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 14:29, 18 September 2012 (EST)

Roger that (y). I'll have it done by around 10'ish tonight to be realistic.

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 17:10, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--

Guys!!! I'm following image upload instructions to the letter and it keeps giving me database error. :( I need to upload figures 1 and 6 from this article. Let me know, k?

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 17:58, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--
I had the same problem during the Lab assignments so i used a different image instead. I'm not sure if its related to the image itself? Maybe just email mark?

Maybe everyone could add some words from their relevant sections and hopefully we can come up with a pretty comprehensive glossary
--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 20:40, 18 September 2012 (EST)

== Discussion of Contributions via Email ==

Jared: hi guys,

just confirming our meeting tome tomorrow after the first lecture [after mid sem break]

Thanks :-0.

Nat:
Yup, meet outside the lecture room?

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:07, 11 September 2012 (EST)

--

Hey Guys,

Jared :
becuase we are on holidays as of now, make sure we are communicating about any contributions and copy and past any email discusions onto this page.

--

Hey guys,
So here's our plan for the next few weeks. If you want you can start writing up a particular section before next week!

* Wed 5/09: Have heading finalized; divide work.
* Wed 12/09: Sections finished. Discuss in class of any areas of improvement.
* Wed 19/09: Peer Assessment!

Have a good break :)

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:58, 29 August 2012 (EST)

--

Hey guys,
I thought of a few headings, please let me know if you have anything to add or change!

* Intro
* History of discoveries
* Gustatory system - this is really important!!
* Tongue and taste buds - structure and function
* Taste map
* Weekly development
* Abnormalities
* Current Research
* Future research

Not including the intro we can each choose 2 areas. I'll get started on History of discoveries and Weekly development.

If you're having problems with your section, or feel that it is irrelevant, or find something else along the way just email the group and we can make changes!

Have a great week :)

Nat

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 10:58, 5 September 2012 (EST)

--

That sounds good, maybe we should try and meet before next wednesday to make final changes?

--

Sure, how about somewhere between the two Embryology lectures (12-3pm) on Tuesday?

Which sections do you want to do? I just put them up on our wiki page.

Nat --[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:35, 5 September 2012 (EST)

--

well i have been already doing current research and structure + development, but im happy to do more work :) and yes perhaps straight after our fist lecture 11-12pm?

--

Jordan --[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 11:50, 5 September 2012 (EST)

Hi everyone i'll be happy to "Gustatory system" and "taste map." I think it would make it a bit easier as i have covered the neural pathways of taste in some detail in Neuroanatomy.

--

Okay awesome guys

So the division of work so far is:
* Introduction to the Gustatory System - '''Jordan'''
* Timeline of Developmental Processes of the Gustatory System - '''Nat'''
* History of Discoveries - '''Nat'''
* Adult Tongue and Taste Buds – Structure and Function - '''Jared'''
* Taste Map - '''Jordan'''
* Abnormalities - '''Liz?'''
* Current Research - '''Jared'''
* Future Research - '''Liz?'''

Liz are you happy with those sections?

And Jared be careful with the 'Taste Maps' section, I just read that it may be a misconception! If thats the case then maybe just how the brain interprets the 5 different types of taste.

Nat
--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:56, 5 September 2012 (EST)

Hi guys,
Yes I'm happy with these sections and am on it.

Liz
--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 13:46, 6 September 2012 (EST)

--
Hi,

Can someone help me with image uploading?

The website say okay to use for commercial etc...

this is the link, is that enough information to get around copyright ????
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_Tongue.gif

Thank you, Jared

hi guys,

just confirming our meeting tome tomorrow after the first lecture.

Thanks :-0.

== Useful articles ==

Hi there,

I'm going to links to the articles I find here so you guys can see them and I don't lose them.

===Future Research===

1) A Test for Measuring Gustatory Function
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823587/?tool=pmcentrez]

This is pretty good for future methods of detecting defects in taste, but requires communication about reception of the tastant. Could be used when the children grow up. Great for adults.

2) The gustatory cortex and multisensory integration
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726647/?tool=pmcentrez]

3) REWIRING THE GUSTATORY SYSTEM: SPECIFICITY BETWEEN NERVE AND TASTE BUD FIELD IS CRITICAL FOR NORMAL SALT DISCRIMINATION
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812680/?tool=pmcentrez]
(Not sure where I would put this, I'm going to put it in future research]

===Abnormalities===

1) Gustatory Imagery Reveals Functional Connectivity from the Prefrontal to Insular Cortices Traced with Magnetoencephalography
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132751/?tool=pmcentrez]

This article essentially highlights that taste imagery is a learned response in the Insular Cortices (IC), imaged by fMRI and PET scans, and that disruption in this learning process changes the way we perceive taste. Again, I don't know how relevant this would be in the developing embryo unless there would be damage in the pre-frontal IC.

Any ideas guys??

2) Defects in the Peripheral Taste Structure and Function in the MRL/lpr Mouse Model of Autoimmune Disease
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334929/?tool=pmcentrez]

3) Knocking out P2X receptors reduces transmitter secretion in taste buds
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188419/?tool=pmcentrez]
<pubmed>21940456</pubmed>

This was a GREAT article. Basically spoke about how using double knockout (DKO) mice for taste receptors P2X2 and P2X3 were knocked out and how it didn't release the neurotransmitter ATP when a tastant was administered, whereas the WT (wild type) mice did release ATP.

--

4) Taste Function in Mice with a Targeted Mutation of the Pkd1l3 Gene
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924428/?tool=pmcentrez]

<pubmed>20605874</pubmed>

5) FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107195/?tool=pmcentrez]

<pubmed>21655085</pubmed>

6) Taste receptor cells arise from local epithelium, not neurogenic ectoderm.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924428/?tool=pmcentrez]

<pubmed>7892199</pubmed>

7) Downregulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression by Hand2 is essential for initiation of tongue morphogenesis
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091495/?tool=pmcentrez]

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 15:30, 16 September 2012 (EST)

===Other??===

1) Olfactory and Gustatory Sensory Changes to Tobacco Smoke in Pregnant Smokers
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3375030/?tool=pmcentrez]

This article is unrequired for this specific project (I realised this AFTER i read most of it) because it talks about how pregnancy affects the 'want' to smoke. So it's more behavioral rather than research into developmental problems that smoking may cause.

2) CODING IN THE MAMMALIAN GUSTATORY SYSTEM
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2902637/?tool=pmcentrez]

Liz
--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 14:09, 6 September 2012 (EST)

----

Hi guys, just putting a subheading of interesting articles found:

'''1.''' <pubmed>21978088</pubmed>

'''2.''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/tongue.htm#17108952 UNSW Embryology Development of Taste]

This website provides a really great overview of taste developmental timing & overview, tastebuds, receptors, pathways, genes and provides great references for further research - and its a UNSW site!

'''3.''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061205214617.htm Researchers Discover Initial Steps In Development Of Taste]

A Science News story that looks at the role of Wnt pathway in the development of taste. "In the present study, the researchers found that in mice in which the actions of Wnt proteins were blocked, taste papilla buds completely failed to develop. Conversely, in mice in which Wnt signaling was over activated, their tongues were covered with many and large papillae and taste buds." It also briefly discusses neural pathways of taste and abnormalities.

'''4.''' Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. '''Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Signals'''. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11148/

This book chapter covers a variety of transduction mechanisms for taste cells. It is quite detailed, however has some great diagrams to explain the content. The concluding paragraph provides a good summary: "The overall picture that emerges from these admittedly complicated details is that taste cells have a variety of transduction mechanisms. In general, individual taste cells respond to several types of chemical stimuli. Nevertheless, taste cells also exhibit gustatory selectivity. Like olfactory cells, the lower the threshold concentration for detecting a single tastant, the greater the selectivity of the relevant taste cell. Finally, taste receptor mechanisms also adapt to the ongoing presence of a stimulus, although the mechanisms are not understood. If a chemical is left on the tongue for a sufficient time, it ceases to be perceived (consider saliva, for example). Thus, to obtain the full taste of foods, one must either frequently change the types of foods placed in the mouth or wait a sufficient time between helpings, facts that have long been appreciated by restauranteurs and gourmets."

'''5.''' <pubmed>17108952</pubmed>
This article describes the receptors and cells involved in the different types of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami).

'''6.''' <pubmed>17287575</pubmed>
This review focuses on the development of fungiform papillae in rodents.

'''7.''' <pubmed>15581865</pubmed>
This article focuses on the role of Sonic hedgehog on tongue and taste papilla development.

'''8'''
Liu HX, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y, Mistretta CM.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659543
This is an article about neural crest contributions to taste development

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 10:44, 22 August 2012 (EST)

----
Remember: textbooks are a good foundation, but articles are best to gain info from.

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:32, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Hey, Just need somewhere to put this:
*[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Taste_Development Sensory Taste Development; UNSW Embryology]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8955790 Embryonic and early fetal development of human taste buds: a transmission electron microscopical study] <ref name=PMID8955790><pubmed>8955790</pubmed></ref> - Can't access full article!
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9455607 Scanning electron microscopical studies of developing gustatory papillae in humans.] <ref><pubmed>9455607</pubmed></ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9541477 Innervation of developing human taste buds. An immunohistochemical study] <ref><pubmed>9541477</pubmed></ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8241557 Evidence for stimulus access to taste cells and nerves during development: an electron microscopic study.] <ref><pubmed>8241557</pubmed></ref>

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:24, 19 September 2012 (EST)

== Headings==
* Introduction
* History of Major Discoveries (early researchers)
* Time line of Developmental processes
- this is the major focus of the project (ie: developmental processes)

- week by week
** Tongue
** Taste
* Final Structure and Function of the Tongue
* Abnormal structure and function
^ these 2 can be minor sections.
* Technologies to detect abnormalities during pregnancy?
* Current research (recent findings)
* Glossary and Abbreviations
* References

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:30, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Notes from Mark Hill:
* Origins of sensory
* Central pathway for taste
* Neural crest contributions
* Overview diagram of sensory diagram (can be hand drawn)
* Journal of Cell biology - Taste [http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/3/285.full JCB]
* Links between taste and smell
* Tongue has muscular and sensory functions - segregate the two

==Division of Work==

Natalie - Normal function & abnormal function

Liz - tongue & taste development

Jordan - time line of discoveries

Jared - structure & function; recent findings

==Topic Choice==

Hey guys,
Unfortunately a lot of other groups seem to want to do hearing & vision as well, so I thought maybe we should choose to do '''taste'''. Let me know what you think!

I also brainstormed a few topic headings... feel free to add to it or change the order around

Headings:
* Introduction (what is the project about?)
* Time line of major discoveries / History (early researchers)
* Structure & Function
* Tongue development (brief)
* Taste development - time line and detailed
* Normal function
* Abnormal function
* Current research (recent findings)
* Glossary and Abbreviations
* References

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:42, 15 August 2012 (EST)

----

==Lets do: Sensory - Hearing==

From a bit of research this afternoon, I couldn't find much on skin development in terms of "sense organ"/"sense development". I suggest if we do Sensory we do hearing as there was alot of information (inner, middle, outer). And also there are specific screening procedures involved during pregancy.

Couple of link below with basic surface information that we could use as a starting point.

[http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter18/custom3/deluxe-content.html]

[http://www.spuc.org.uk/education/abortion/human-development]

----

Hi guys

Organ = liver

Sensory = vision / skin / hearing

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 12:02, 8 August 2012 (EST)

really usefull website including information on phisiology etc
[http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html]

== Stucture & Function ==

'''Structure/ Parts'''
general including tissue type muslces + mucosa etc

- anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 (sculus terminulis)- we are manily concerned with 2/3 of tounge as it responsible for papillae + soft palate and epiglottis containing
- papillae, contain chemo-recpetors

'''Function'''
- direct vs indriect
- parts of tounge detecting differnt tastes/ flavours

'''Pathway'''
chmeorecpetors (translation/ transduction)
process of chemical to elecectrical

Talk:2012 Group Project 4

2012-09-26T03:33:49Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on smell. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/191/3/443.full JCB content allows reuse.

Not for reuse but good reading - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55980 The Neurobiology of Olfaction]

==Group evaluation==

The project page was exceptional, there is a fine combination of text and images and the images are well integrated with the presented information. I particularly like the inclusion of a hand drawn histological section embedded within the table of historical findings. Perhaps this could also be done in the next table about the developmental timeline. As it stands, this table, while detailed in its wording may be difficult to understand as there are no diagrams to show the differentiation in visual terms, from week to week.

The clinical features, anatomy, and pathohophysiology were excellent. There is not much more to say. All of the diagrams were properly cited with correct copyright information. The CT scan was also interesting to look at.

One aspect that hasn’t been touched on is future research. The current research section was very detailed and explained the significance of each new finding however as is the nature of research, there are always gaps left in our understanding or further questions that need to be resolved as a result of new information. A brief section on this would give the project more depth as it would show a level of critique rather than simply the presentation of fact.

-------

Your introduction is good and concise giving a simple understanding of the olfactory system. Here I would suggest that you include what you’re about to discuss on the page. I also think you should include some references and maybe a photo in this section. The references to show that this information has been researched and the photo to break up the text and give the reader a simple understanding of the olfactory system.

The history of discovery section is clearly well researched and is well set out. However, I would suggest that you include brief descriptions of what has been described such as the Vomeronasal organ or the Nobel Prize which will further enhance the readers understanding. You have a good use of references there as well. In the picture that was included in this section, I would provide a more indepth description of what is drawn i.e. what the ectoderm is etc.

The timeline of developmental process is really well set out and easy to read. I would just make sure that every new point you include, you put it with a references as some of your points are not referenced at all and you need to be careful of that! I would also suggest that you put it in appropriate bullet points using the star key on your keyboard, that way it can be set out a bit better. Also, at the end of week 8, does this mean the olfactory system is complete by then? If so, then I would suggest you state that in that final week, if not, then what other small changes occur throughout the duration of the pregnancy? Also note that week 6 – 8 the references are either limited or not there, so I would recommend putting them in.

The anatomy of the olfactory system and the normal function are limited in information but also have only one reference between them. The images attached should really have more of a description when the picture is enlarged to give the reader a better understanding of what you’re talking about. Such as: diagram of olfactory bulb- what does it do and where is it located?

The abnormality section is rather indepth for 2 conditions, are there any other factors that come into play in regards to olfactory defects? Such as environmental? The Kallmann’s syndrome is really indepth and describes the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, could this also be implementd with the Choanal atresia? Or are the same techniques used there? Also, be careful when you use shortening of words such as OB, you provided the HH in brackets first, so I would suggest the same is done with the olfactory bulb just to prevent confusion. I like your use of both images and give s a simple but good explanation of what you have been discussing (and also breaks up the text!). I like how you have provided a good description in the enlarged picture and it makes it easier for the reader to understand.

The current research section really shows that you have put a lot of effort in for this section. However, at the beginning of each new research you state either a study or a paper with a link, perhaps use the name of the paper and who wrote it and use that as the link instead. It is really interesting and I rather enjoyed reading it, however, if possible I would add some more photos just to break up the text. Your glossary is good and well set out and the information displayed is quite easy to understand, however I would consider adding to this section as there were some other words throughout the page which were in need of a slight description. You have an excellent use of references which is great, but I would have another look at reference 11 as there is no text, only an arrow.

------

The work needs to be spell checked before you submit it, make sure you get all your grammar right as well. I think you should add more to your introduction, and make it a little simpler, easier to follow. Also throughout your project you tend to use a lot of long paragraphs, especially in the current research section.

Though the developmental timeline that is set up is very detailed, it can be a bit hard to follow and a little confusing. There is too much text and no pictures at all to help demonstrate what is being said about the development. The ratio of images to text in the anatomy and abnormalities sections however is very good and makes it more interesting to read.

It’s good to see that you have some external links put up on the page and also that you’ve used quite a few references to do your research rather than just a few.

----

WOW! I really can’t come up with anything bad to say about this wiki.
Text and image are nicely balanced.
Developmental timeline was very easy to follow and succinct which is always nice.
It was good to have research images alongside hand drawn images.
Diagnosis and treatment sections may need some expantion.
List of references current and varied – always good to see.

All in all this was a very good project and congrats of the good work. Keep it up.

Good luck with the rest ☺

----

- The introduction is very good and brief --- although it does not tell the reader that it is about development of olfactory sense.

- The history section is immaculately done --- You have used a couple different sources and gone into enough detail about each historic background which tells me that you have thoroughly research this part.

- The development section is also very nicely done --- I like the layout of this section. Also the sentences are very clear and structure is easy to follow. There is a large section in week 6 which does not have any reference so you might want to fix that up. Same goes for week 7 abd week 8.

- When you start talking about anosmia it just abruptly follows normal function so you might want to add the heading “abnormal development”. It might even be a good idea to put normal function before normal development to put things in prespective.

- In Kallmann’s syndrome although it was very interesting to read, it is very heavy on genes which you have not addressed in the normal section portion. I do realise for some of them you have put a description as to what they do in normal development but see if you can integrate it with normal development too.

- It is also good to see that you have a diagnosis section and a treatment section too. It was very informative.

- Current research is well put together

Overall your project is looking pretty good….Just some minor formatting issues. The text is a little on the heavy side so some images especially in the development section will be good.

----------

The introduction was very interesting to read - 1000 genes related to olfactory system is amazing. The introduction isn't too long which is great. However, it would be good to include in text citations. Where did you get your information from?

The history section will look better if it was put into a table.

The 'Timeline of Development process' is excellent because it clearly presents so much information with respect to the time the differentiations took place. I can't wait to see the images though because some of the concepts were hard to understand without visual aids. For example, 'specialized areas in rostrolateral regions of head of olfactory placodes' - where is that on the embryo?

The normal function section was short. This is nice to see because this project is about development, not about the function. It would be good to include a diagram of the signaling pathway in this section, just to make it interesting.

The structure section needs a bit more information. Maybe put the olfactory bulb image in this section as it relates more to structure. You can also put some images of the cribiform plate in here too.

Abnormality section on Kallmann's syndrome was very well written. It had lots of detail, presented clearly in point form. Can you describe some of the other diseases in just as much detail as well? It just seems like Kallmann's syndrome is the main disease and there's not a lot of focus in other abnormalities.

In current research, 'the 'role of Odorant receptors' need to have some text and content in that section, not just the reference.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:58, 23 September 2012 (EST)

----

Page is well structured. Tables and images break up the information nicely. Some of the images lack an in depth explanation of what they depict/represent when you click on them. I know for some of the images it might be hard, but i think it would make for a more thorough way of presenting the information.
Not to much a critique, but you spend a large amount of time and space on the abnormalities section. When combined with the current research section and the images, only about a third of your page is information on olfaction. An even less of it is on the actual embryology when considering the timeline of discoveries and introduction. Try and draw out the embryology section a little further, considering the context of the website and who would be visiting it.

----

Your introduction is good and gives a brief overview of what the olfactory system entails. There were a few spelling mistakes, which can easily be corrected. Make sure you do tell the reader what you will be discussing on your page – development of the olfactory system and the particular subheadings you will focus on. The image could do with a few more labels for orientation, but besides that it complements the text and contains the correct citation, student template, etc.

The history section is good and quite extensively researched. Most groups will provide the history in a table, with dates in chronological order (to clearly show history and developing knowledge over time). This might be something to think about. I would suggest a ‘date – description – significant person’ type of format for a table. Good image, but it is displayed next to Pearson instead of Kollman. It is also difficult to see what it is and read the labels without opening the larger version, so you might want to increase its size slightly. Because this is a student image I would like to see the original – if possible provide a link to the Atlas of the Development of Man 2.
You should also explain what Kallmann’s Syndrome actually is, because this seems a little vague.

Your timeline of developmental process looks amazing and is enjoyable to read. Some of your words are printed in bold and link to the glossary. In one of your next sections the words link directly to the glossary, so you should probably do he same thing here. I really hope you can add pictures to this table to complement your text! Not quite sure what the line at the bottom (SINUSES:A:…) is doing there… either delete or expand upon this.

Structure: you only have a link here. Please provide text and image to explain the structure briefly. The YouTube link should be there to help the reader understand this section, instead of being the only thing this section is made up of. The video is not your own work, so please add your own work to this!

The normal function section was alright. It has some useful information in there, however, only a single reference listed at the end. It seemed like more references should be included within the paragraph. I would also include the fact that depolarization is an all-or-nothing response. The threshold needs to be reached for depolarization to occur, but there is no build-up over time to reach this threshold. It has to happen at that one instance. The links should be listed under the heading ‘external links’ or, if used as references, incorporated as proper references within the text. The olfactory bulb image is a little small and the description is quite brief. Though, good citation of the source and a student template is present.
I think the olfactory bulb image and the epithelium image should be included in the ‘structure’ section.

The abnormality section includes Kallmann’s syndrome and a quick definition has finally been provided! Please include this in the history section too. This section was a joy to read! Very interesting! A lot of effort has been put into the research and references have been done very well. I assume OB stands for olfactory bulb – please indicate this in the text. The dotpoints listed in the ‘clinical features’ section could do with a brief explanations instead of me having to scroll up and down between the text and the glossary. The image is excellent and shows a good simplified concept of what happens. Good descriptions, source citations, etc are added too. It was good to see diagnosis and treatment included.

Current research starts with a link, which seems quite random – include this in the external links section. You found some interesting and current research. References are only listed at the end of each paragraph, but should probably be included within as well. The image relates to one of the projects and descriptions are appropriate. Nothing has been added to the ‘role of odorant receptors’ though (apart from a reference). Please add a brief paragraph to this section.

Terms should be added to the glossary. The reference list also needs checking, because some are the same (eg. 11 & 12) and others do not have a reference (eg. 7 & 17).

Hope this helps!
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The introduction is quite small but very precise, indicating the function and the components of the olfactory system but maybe include one or two sentences in the introduction telling readers that it is actually about the development of the olfactory system, not just the function and components of it. After all, introduction is meant to show others what your project is about. The hand-drawn image there is very nice but maybe more information need to be provided other than just labelling parts of it. Along with the image, there are the important informations such as the copyright notice which is good to see.

The history of discoveries section is very well-researched but it will be easier to read if it was in a table. The timeline, i thought was very good because there are a lot of useful information about the development of olfaction which relates to the research topic. The developmental process is explained in quite simple terms but i notice some of the scientific terms in the timeline are not explained in the glossary, this makes it a little bit hard to understand the whole process. It is very interesting that a youtube link has been included in the structure section, this is really a good peer teaching but make sure you referenced the video correctly to avoid plagiarism. The section on Kallman's syndrome is quite interesting but the structure of that section is a bit messy, maybe try clarifying and tidy it up a lit. But i can see that a lot of research effort has been put into it which is good and the variety of resources used in the section is very broad. More images should be put here because right now, there is just a huge block of text in the section. Images will balance out the heavy text load and attract readers more.

The current research section contains a lot of useful information and it relates to the research topic well. Again, images should be put here because right now, there are just small blocks of text in the section without any images, this maybe a little bit boring for readers.

Overall, the project looks well-researched and relates pretty well to the research topic. The balance of the images and text still needs to be fixed but in terms of the text and information on the page, i think it is pretty sufficient and in-depth especially the timeline of development and current research section. There are some terms in the glossary which is good but maybe more terms should be added. The structure of the page is good, very easy to follow. There are a few external links which is always good to put there for anyone that are interested by the topic and want some further information about it. Referencing is good, there is only one minor citing error (no.7), but it should be easy to fix. Hope this helps :)

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The introduction provides a good overview to the topic and the associated images have all the appropriate referencing information.

The history section is interesting and well researched with good use of subheadings.

The timeline of development is very useful and informative however is quite text-heavy, some diagrams may be able to help here.

The anatomy and normal function sections don't add very much to the page, especially in terms of embryological development. Adding more to these sections may help.

The abnormalities section is good, with a lot of information on Kallmann's syndrome, however other abnormalities (if there are any?) could be included to expand this section.

The current research section contains a lot of information in a small amount of space. It is quite jargon-heavy although this might not be able to be avoided. The subheadings are good as they act to split this section into discrete units.

The glossary and external links are very good, and the references are extensive which is good.

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* '''Introduction''': The information is very interesting and provides a good overview of the olfactory system. The only improvement that could be made is clearly stating what content is going to be covered on this project page. Also, “The olfactory system are often ‘’’divide’’’ into a peripheral mechanism”
* '''History of Discovery''': This sections presents a good summary of each research paper, detailing a background of the researchers and the importance of each discovery. Well done!
* '''Time line of developmental process''': This section shows a good depth of research and provides detailed descriptions of each stage of development. However, the information provided is quite complicated and would not be easily understood by peers. This could be overcome by the use of labeled diagrams or hand drawn images, which I can see is yet to come. Overall this is a well done section, the colors draw the readers attention and I like the use of bolded text to highlight important information.
* '''Anatomy of the Olfactory System & Normal Function''': This provides a good amount of information seeing as the focus of the page is about olfactory development, not the function & final structure. The only improvement could be providing an explanation in the figure provided.
* '''Congenital Abnormalities''': This section is well organized and includes all relevant content. Very interesting to read.
* '''Current Research''': A well researched section and coverage of content. Each paper is summarized and the importance of each discovery is made clear. It would be nice to include a direct link to each article.

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For me this is one of the best projects of the 6 groups. It is extremely well researched, as seen through the extensive reference list. It is evident that the group has gone above and beyond, researching even more than required for the topic, or standards set by other groups, such as clinical approaches, and much information on current research.

I found that the formatting in the upper part of the page, specifically the section under the title ‘normal function’ was a bit awkward in relation to text and image positioning. It felt that it was not consistent with the flow of the rest of the page.
Also the first table may require an in-filled colour or even lines (can be a light or pale colour), just so each column and the single uploaded image is more defined and linked to the correct year/individual.

The ‘Choanal Atresia’ tomography image requires acknowledgement that the image was uploaded as part of a university assessment. However, really appreciated the breakdown of where the arrows were pointing and the relevance in relation to your specific topic.
Images for the tables need to be finalized and uploaded; ensuring that there is appropriate referencing, whether they are student drawn, or sourced from the literature.
Found that the student drawn diagrams were really detailed and easy to understand and appreciate. Each was also relevant to the topics, which they were linked/associated to.

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The introduction while small gives a great overview on what olfactory is. You could add a small overview on what the page is about to make this part a little longer.

I like your table on development however there is some information in the table which is missing references, you should see to that soon and add a reference. Some images in this section would be nice and if there are not going in the table then you might want to delete the image column.

The anatomy of the olfactory system is quite small; this part could possibly be added to your introduction.
Kallmann’s syndrome is done very well and is quite thorough and as a result the choanal atresia section looks lacking. I would suggest adding this to the bottom of your abnormalities section and if no more information is going to be added to the page maybe state that other abnormalities include - choranal atresia and then maybe an external link.

Current research section is quite detailed and I would not add anything else to this section. I did notice that Role of Odorant Receptors is just stated with a reference and no information. If nothing is to be added here I would just delete this heading.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:33, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Group 4- olfaction

-numerous typos and syntax errors throughout. My favourite is "naval cavity"

-generally well explained and I like how you've used different formats for each section to keep it interesting

-this seems a bit random-

"SINUSES: A: EFFECT OF AMNIOTIC FLUID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OLFACTION IN THE FETUS (current research in the field):"

-I think the anatomy section should come before the developmental timeline just to put the developmental stages in context

-abnormal function is very comprehensive :)

-current research is great, it appears some quality research went into this

-excellent use of resources throughout, including your external links. I think you've covered everything well

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Introduction is sufficient for now, but it may be better if you add more details, and perhaps an image to support it. Maybe an image of the nose and its structural components labelled.

History of discoveries section is great so far. You gave succint information with references. You only have 1 useful image in this section, so it would be better if you add more images.

Developmental timeline is very well detailed and has appropriate refrencing, however more refernces need to be added for some of thee information. You also need to add images as that column is left blank so far.

Anatomy of the olfactory system needs more details and explain the structural components. The diagrams are good, but needs more description in the captions.

“Congenital Abnormalities” is very detailed, with appropriate referencing and good images. It would be good to add a few more images. Also, add more description in the “Computed Tomography of Choanal Atresia” image.

Current research section is very good so far. Perhaps adding a few more images to support the other articles would make it better to read.

Glossary section is good so far, but needs more words to be added.

The references section is excellent.

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Olfaction review:

Upon first glance of the page you immediately get the impression excellent presentation and a surplus of information. Most topics are well described although the history of discoveries layout is questionable and a table would present at a higher quality.
It is clear that the group has a high level of understanding through large amount of research; this is then transformed into chunks of knowledge in which are easily digestible for the reader. The page lacks visual encourage, I believe more detail into this would only benefit the page. The glossary could quite easily be expanded many terms throughout the text are absent from this list.
This page is almost parallel with embryological teaching aims. Citation & referencing is excellent. The way to improve this page would be reducing the weight of the text using innovative ideas to the present information in a more exciting way along side inclusion of more visual stimulus.
--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 09:53, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

== External Links ==

Hey team... make sure you check the links i added to the external link section. They are great resources to use in your sections.

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 10:19, 21 August 2012 (EST)

== Group Topic Selection ==

So we have a choice between:

stem cells

Neuronal development

Sensory development

I personally don't have a particular preference but I think neural or sensory would be something different to touch on since there's still so much progressing research in the field.

'''Hey all :-). Thanks for getting the ball rolling. I like the latter two options, in particular neuronal development - from there we can pick a certain aspect and explore not only normal development but perhaps research complications and genes/factors implicated when things go wrong.
p.s. It would be great if we could figure out a regular time to meet during the week outside the lab so we can properly discuss and share our research'''

Just a heads up- Mark preferred that we don't put our names up anywhere on the wikipage for privacy purposes!

'''sensory system'''
hello everyone, it seems like the options we had chosen for sensory were picked before we had a chance and therefore I have asked Dr Hill for us to do the "hearing" system. I don't mind changing if the group chooses to do so, however, I thought it would be a good idea to have a topic locked in. Please let me know if you want to do a different topic

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 11:32, 14 August 2012 (EST)

=Designation of parts=

There must be an addition of current research and technologies in each area

Make sure this is not presented as an essay (balance text and writing with images, tables etc)

Possibly a history of the development of understanding

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:54, 15 August 2012 (EST) Timeline and processes of development

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 11:59, 15 August 2012 (EST)I would like to do a history section and the introduction

Please identify which part you want to be responsible for, keep in mind that you can work at any topic you would like.

Introduction: Andrew

History: Libby

Abnormalities: Stephanie

Future research: Libby (future research on normal function) Stephanie (future research on abnormalities/treatments)

Timeline: [[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST)

==Progress of individual tasks and project queries==

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST): I will be creating a table to indicate the timeline of development of olfaction during embryonic development. I will make changes to the initial table as I go along so as to avoid not contributing any online material until the end.

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 00:58, 25 August 2012 (EST)The table is a really good idea, we should probably have at least another one as information becomes much more organised. Just to let you know that I changed it to Carnegie stages as most sources organise their information based on those stages, and keep in mind that the placodes dont form until week 11 or 12, so there is no need to have stages 1-10.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:52, 27 August 2012 (EST) I've got some information on historical developments but information is really difficult to find. I've made some progress but not sure how much more there is that I can do. In light of that I might also take a look at the subheading "Structure". It's referring to the physical structure of the developing olfactory system?

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 19:33, 27 August 2012 (EST) Carnegie stages are a good idea! I also think its important to include a brief description of the development of the anatomy of the nose (turbinates etc) as well as a bit about the brain development in the locations of the olfactory nerve. Don't freak out when you read my additions, I do my research gradually, which means I will first add what I found in the textbook and then later on fill in the gaps plus add a research dimension with current lit.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:09, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, you heard it from Mark today but just restating, even when doing draft work you must reference properly as you go along or you will be penalised.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:22, 29 August 2012 (EST) Decided to just stick to weeks rather than carnegie stages because sometimes between carnegies stages, little events occur which will make the table larger and more confusing!

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 18:01, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hey Libby, I found a review article which contains a brief history on olfaction abnormalities in development in the introduction: http://www.springerlink.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/content/288u546105v08575/fulltext.pdf

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 19:26, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, just letting you know im working through pathophysiology for Kallmann's syndrome on a word document at the moment and will post some as I go online to document progress. Currently working on a diagram demonstrating the abnormalities in the olfactory bulb neuronal connections.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 21:18, 30 August 2012 (EST) Completed my diagram and have uploaded it with referencing. I based my diagram on an image from a review article which I have referenced - have emailed Dr. Hill to check that all is alright in terms of copyright.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 22:25, 4 September 2012 (EST) : Hey everyone, this is the html code to add to your parts whenever you wish to place a link of a word to the glossary:

[[#Glossary |'''put the word you want linked to glossary here''']]

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:18, 5 September 2012 (EST) Hi Stephanie, I found an interesting article about abnormal development of the olfaction bulb of mice when exposed to alcohol. Don't know if you'd seen it. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736737

I also read that article! Pretty interesting stuff

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 17:48, 7 September 2012 (EST) That is a good idea, please email Dr. Hill if you are unsure about anything as huge penalties apply for ignoring copyright. By the way our group project is looking good, more diagrams and tables similar to the one we have now would be great.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 08:21, 11 September 2012 (EST) Thanks for the article :-). I will add it to a section on congenital anosmia. I emailed him and he said it was absolutely fine, as long as I referenced my source information.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:00, 12 September 2012 (EST) Just a note to myself more than anything. I need to reference Julius Kollmann's textbook in the history section and add a diagram.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 20:12, 14 September 2012 (EST) Loving the page team! The drawings are great! Nearly finished my bit, just have to add a brief paragraph for the other congenital abnormalities and one more research article.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 22:35, 14 September 2012 (EST)Hey Libby I found this website for timeline/history: http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp...it talks about discoveries of congenital olfactory defects.
--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:15, 15 September 2012 (EST)Completed abnormalities and submitted 3 current research articles. Happy to take on extra parts.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:06, 15 September 2012 (EST) Thanks Stephanie that site looks great! I'll check it out soon.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:06, 19 September 2012 (EST) Important! Hey guys, we really need to work on the development of each structure and the genes involved. Who can help me out?

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:47, 19 September 2012 (EST)Note to self: Make section on external links.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 17:49, 20 September 2012 (EST) The table that I included walks through the timeline of development. I have slowly been adding more and more research including genes involved in patterning. But at the same time, I don't want to dive into too much information in order to maintain the balance between text and images. I have figured out a way to do this without making it all seem too simple, so just bear with me for the next week and you'll see it tie in well. Cheers

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:52, 25 September 2012 (EST) I have stumbled across an extra abnormality - although it is more a structural defect rather than a sensory defect, it still relates to olfaction so I have added it in. Will keep it brief though as whilst it is a common nasal abnormality, it is not so much a sensory one. Also, Z3374215 and I are concerned - are you two alright with your parts? We know, like the rest of us you have other assessments but it's been a long while since we've seen any major contribution - if you're stuck we are happy to give you a hand.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 19:07, 25 September 2012 (EST) Hi guys, don't want to impinge on anyone elses work but I think I have to change a couple of generic features on the page. If you don't mind I'll just stick the external links in the section down the bottom with the others. I also may have to move or make smaller the initial image of the olfactory system as I think it is stopping a table from formatting properly. If you are unhappy with any of those small changes I make please feel free to put them back or let me know and I will. Cheers.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:37, 26 September 2012 (EST) Thinking to move adult structure and function between history of discoveries and time line of development for flow.

Talk:2012 Group Project 4

2012-09-26T03:33:14Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on smell. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/191/3/443.full JCB content allows reuse.

Not for reuse but good reading - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55980 The Neurobiology of Olfaction]

==Group evaluation==

The project page was exceptional, there is a fine combination of text and images and the images are well integrated with the presented information. I particularly like the inclusion of a hand drawn histological section embedded within the table of historical findings. Perhaps this could also be done in the next table about the developmental timeline. As it stands, this table, while detailed in its wording may be difficult to understand as there are no diagrams to show the differentiation in visual terms, from week to week.

The clinical features, anatomy, and pathohophysiology were excellent. There is not much more to say. All of the diagrams were properly cited with correct copyright information. The CT scan was also interesting to look at.

One aspect that hasn’t been touched on is future research. The current research section was very detailed and explained the significance of each new finding however as is the nature of research, there are always gaps left in our understanding or further questions that need to be resolved as a result of new information. A brief section on this would give the project more depth as it would show a level of critique rather than simply the presentation of fact.

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Your introduction is good and concise giving a simple understanding of the olfactory system. Here I would suggest that you include what you’re about to discuss on the page. I also think you should include some references and maybe a photo in this section. The references to show that this information has been researched and the photo to break up the text and give the reader a simple understanding of the olfactory system.

The history of discovery section is clearly well researched and is well set out. However, I would suggest that you include brief descriptions of what has been described such as the Vomeronasal organ or the Nobel Prize which will further enhance the readers understanding. You have a good use of references there as well. In the picture that was included in this section, I would provide a more indepth description of what is drawn i.e. what the ectoderm is etc.

The timeline of developmental process is really well set out and easy to read. I would just make sure that every new point you include, you put it with a references as some of your points are not referenced at all and you need to be careful of that! I would also suggest that you put it in appropriate bullet points using the star key on your keyboard, that way it can be set out a bit better. Also, at the end of week 8, does this mean the olfactory system is complete by then? If so, then I would suggest you state that in that final week, if not, then what other small changes occur throughout the duration of the pregnancy? Also note that week 6 – 8 the references are either limited or not there, so I would recommend putting them in.

The anatomy of the olfactory system and the normal function are limited in information but also have only one reference between them. The images attached should really have more of a description when the picture is enlarged to give the reader a better understanding of what you’re talking about. Such as: diagram of olfactory bulb- what does it do and where is it located?

The abnormality section is rather indepth for 2 conditions, are there any other factors that come into play in regards to olfactory defects? Such as environmental? The Kallmann’s syndrome is really indepth and describes the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, could this also be implementd with the Choanal atresia? Or are the same techniques used there? Also, be careful when you use shortening of words such as OB, you provided the HH in brackets first, so I would suggest the same is done with the olfactory bulb just to prevent confusion. I like your use of both images and give s a simple but good explanation of what you have been discussing (and also breaks up the text!). I like how you have provided a good description in the enlarged picture and it makes it easier for the reader to understand.

The current research section really shows that you have put a lot of effort in for this section. However, at the beginning of each new research you state either a study or a paper with a link, perhaps use the name of the paper and who wrote it and use that as the link instead. It is really interesting and I rather enjoyed reading it, however, if possible I would add some more photos just to break up the text. Your glossary is good and well set out and the information displayed is quite easy to understand, however I would consider adding to this section as there were some other words throughout the page which were in need of a slight description. You have an excellent use of references which is great, but I would have another look at reference 11 as there is no text, only an arrow.

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The work needs to be spell checked before you submit it, make sure you get all your grammar right as well. I think you should add more to your introduction, and make it a little simpler, easier to follow. Also throughout your project you tend to use a lot of long paragraphs, especially in the current research section.

Though the developmental timeline that is set up is very detailed, it can be a bit hard to follow and a little confusing. There is too much text and no pictures at all to help demonstrate what is being said about the development. The ratio of images to text in the anatomy and abnormalities sections however is very good and makes it more interesting to read.

It’s good to see that you have some external links put up on the page and also that you’ve used quite a few references to do your research rather than just a few.

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WOW! I really can’t come up with anything bad to say about this wiki.
Text and image are nicely balanced.
Developmental timeline was very easy to follow and succinct which is always nice.
It was good to have research images alongside hand drawn images.
Diagnosis and treatment sections may need some expantion.
List of references current and varied – always good to see.

All in all this was a very good project and congrats of the good work. Keep it up.

Good luck with the rest ☺

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- The introduction is very good and brief --- although it does not tell the reader that it is about development of olfactory sense.

- The history section is immaculately done --- You have used a couple different sources and gone into enough detail about each historic background which tells me that you have thoroughly research this part.

- The development section is also very nicely done --- I like the layout of this section. Also the sentences are very clear and structure is easy to follow. There is a large section in week 6 which does not have any reference so you might want to fix that up. Same goes for week 7 abd week 8.

- When you start talking about anosmia it just abruptly follows normal function so you might want to add the heading “abnormal development”. It might even be a good idea to put normal function before normal development to put things in prespective.

- In Kallmann’s syndrome although it was very interesting to read, it is very heavy on genes which you have not addressed in the normal section portion. I do realise for some of them you have put a description as to what they do in normal development but see if you can integrate it with normal development too.

- It is also good to see that you have a diagnosis section and a treatment section too. It was very informative.

- Current research is well put together

Overall your project is looking pretty good….Just some minor formatting issues. The text is a little on the heavy side so some images especially in the development section will be good.

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The introduction was very interesting to read - 1000 genes related to olfactory system is amazing. The introduction isn't too long which is great. However, it would be good to include in text citations. Where did you get your information from?

The history section will look better if it was put into a table.

The 'Timeline of Development process' is excellent because it clearly presents so much information with respect to the time the differentiations took place. I can't wait to see the images though because some of the concepts were hard to understand without visual aids. For example, 'specialized areas in rostrolateral regions of head of olfactory placodes' - where is that on the embryo?

The normal function section was short. This is nice to see because this project is about development, not about the function. It would be good to include a diagram of the signaling pathway in this section, just to make it interesting.

The structure section needs a bit more information. Maybe put the olfactory bulb image in this section as it relates more to structure. You can also put some images of the cribiform plate in here too.

Abnormality section on Kallmann's syndrome was very well written. It had lots of detail, presented clearly in point form. Can you describe some of the other diseases in just as much detail as well? It just seems like Kallmann's syndrome is the main disease and there's not a lot of focus in other abnormalities.

In current research, 'the 'role of Odorant receptors' need to have some text and content in that section, not just the reference.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:58, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Page is well structured. Tables and images break up the information nicely. Some of the images lack an in depth explanation of what they depict/represent when you click on them. I know for some of the images it might be hard, but i think it would make for a more thorough way of presenting the information.
Not to much a critique, but you spend a large amount of time and space on the abnormalities section. When combined with the current research section and the images, only about a third of your page is information on olfaction. An even less of it is on the actual embryology when considering the timeline of discoveries and introduction. Try and draw out the embryology section a little further, considering the context of the website and who would be visiting it.

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Your introduction is good and gives a brief overview of what the olfactory system entails. There were a few spelling mistakes, which can easily be corrected. Make sure you do tell the reader what you will be discussing on your page – development of the olfactory system and the particular subheadings you will focus on. The image could do with a few more labels for orientation, but besides that it complements the text and contains the correct citation, student template, etc.

The history section is good and quite extensively researched. Most groups will provide the history in a table, with dates in chronological order (to clearly show history and developing knowledge over time). This might be something to think about. I would suggest a ‘date – description – significant person’ type of format for a table. Good image, but it is displayed next to Pearson instead of Kollman. It is also difficult to see what it is and read the labels without opening the larger version, so you might want to increase its size slightly. Because this is a student image I would like to see the original – if possible provide a link to the Atlas of the Development of Man 2.
You should also explain what Kallmann’s Syndrome actually is, because this seems a little vague.

Your timeline of developmental process looks amazing and is enjoyable to read. Some of your words are printed in bold and link to the glossary. In one of your next sections the words link directly to the glossary, so you should probably do he same thing here. I really hope you can add pictures to this table to complement your text! Not quite sure what the line at the bottom (SINUSES:A:…) is doing there… either delete or expand upon this.

Structure: you only have a link here. Please provide text and image to explain the structure briefly. The YouTube link should be there to help the reader understand this section, instead of being the only thing this section is made up of. The video is not your own work, so please add your own work to this!

The normal function section was alright. It has some useful information in there, however, only a single reference listed at the end. It seemed like more references should be included within the paragraph. I would also include the fact that depolarization is an all-or-nothing response. The threshold needs to be reached for depolarization to occur, but there is no build-up over time to reach this threshold. It has to happen at that one instance. The links should be listed under the heading ‘external links’ or, if used as references, incorporated as proper references within the text. The olfactory bulb image is a little small and the description is quite brief. Though, good citation of the source and a student template is present.
I think the olfactory bulb image and the epithelium image should be included in the ‘structure’ section.

The abnormality section includes Kallmann’s syndrome and a quick definition has finally been provided! Please include this in the history section too. This section was a joy to read! Very interesting! A lot of effort has been put into the research and references have been done very well. I assume OB stands for olfactory bulb – please indicate this in the text. The dotpoints listed in the ‘clinical features’ section could do with a brief explanations instead of me having to scroll up and down between the text and the glossary. The image is excellent and shows a good simplified concept of what happens. Good descriptions, source citations, etc are added too. It was good to see diagnosis and treatment included.

Current research starts with a link, which seems quite random – include this in the external links section. You found some interesting and current research. References are only listed at the end of each paragraph, but should probably be included within as well. The image relates to one of the projects and descriptions are appropriate. Nothing has been added to the ‘role of odorant receptors’ though (apart from a reference). Please add a brief paragraph to this section.

Terms should be added to the glossary. The reference list also needs checking, because some are the same (eg. 11 & 12) and others do not have a reference (eg. 7 & 17).

Hope this helps!
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The introduction is quite small but very precise, indicating the function and the components of the olfactory system but maybe include one or two sentences in the introduction telling readers that it is actually about the development of the olfactory system, not just the function and components of it. After all, introduction is meant to show others what your project is about. The hand-drawn image there is very nice but maybe more information need to be provided other than just labelling parts of it. Along with the image, there are the important informations such as the copyright notice which is good to see.

The history of discoveries section is very well-researched but it will be easier to read if it was in a table. The timeline, i thought was very good because there are a lot of useful information about the development of olfaction which relates to the research topic. The developmental process is explained in quite simple terms but i notice some of the scientific terms in the timeline are not explained in the glossary, this makes it a little bit hard to understand the whole process. It is very interesting that a youtube link has been included in the structure section, this is really a good peer teaching but make sure you referenced the video correctly to avoid plagiarism. The section on Kallman's syndrome is quite interesting but the structure of that section is a bit messy, maybe try clarifying and tidy it up a lit. But i can see that a lot of research effort has been put into it which is good and the variety of resources used in the section is very broad. More images should be put here because right now, there is just a huge block of text in the section. Images will balance out the heavy text load and attract readers more.

The current research section contains a lot of useful information and it relates to the research topic well. Again, images should be put here because right now, there are just small blocks of text in the section without any images, this maybe a little bit boring for readers.

Overall, the project looks well-researched and relates pretty well to the research topic. The balance of the images and text still needs to be fixed but in terms of the text and information on the page, i think it is pretty sufficient and in-depth especially the timeline of development and current research section. There are some terms in the glossary which is good but maybe more terms should be added. The structure of the page is good, very easy to follow. There are a few external links which is always good to put there for anyone that are interested by the topic and want some further information about it. Referencing is good, there is only one minor citing error (no.7), but it should be easy to fix. Hope this helps :)

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The introduction provides a good overview to the topic and the associated images have all the appropriate referencing information.

The history section is interesting and well researched with good use of subheadings.

The timeline of development is very useful and informative however is quite text-heavy, some diagrams may be able to help here.

The anatomy and normal function sections don't add very much to the page, especially in terms of embryological development. Adding more to these sections may help.

The abnormalities section is good, with a lot of information on Kallmann's syndrome, however other abnormalities (if there are any?) could be included to expand this section.

The current research section contains a lot of information in a small amount of space. It is quite jargon-heavy although this might not be able to be avoided. The subheadings are good as they act to split this section into discrete units.

The glossary and external links are very good, and the references are extensive which is good.

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* '''Introduction''': The information is very interesting and provides a good overview of the olfactory system. The only improvement that could be made is clearly stating what content is going to be covered on this project page. Also, “The olfactory system are often ‘’’divide’’’ into a peripheral mechanism”
* '''History of Discovery''': This sections presents a good summary of each research paper, detailing a background of the researchers and the importance of each discovery. Well done!
* '''Time line of developmental process''': This section shows a good depth of research and provides detailed descriptions of each stage of development. However, the information provided is quite complicated and would not be easily understood by peers. This could be overcome by the use of labeled diagrams or hand drawn images, which I can see is yet to come. Overall this is a well done section, the colors draw the readers attention and I like the use of bolded text to highlight important information.
* '''Anatomy of the Olfactory System & Normal Function''': This provides a good amount of information seeing as the focus of the page is about olfactory development, not the function & final structure. The only improvement could be providing an explanation in the figure provided.
* '''Congenital Abnormalities''': This section is well organized and includes all relevant content. Very interesting to read.
* '''Current Research''': A well researched section and coverage of content. Each paper is summarized and the importance of each discovery is made clear. It would be nice to include a direct link to each article.

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For me this is one of the best projects of the 6 groups. It is extremely well researched, as seen through the extensive reference list. It is evident that the group has gone above and beyond, researching even more than required for the topic, or standards set by other groups, such as clinical approaches, and much information on current research.

I found that the formatting in the upper part of the page, specifically the section under the title ‘normal function’ was a bit awkward in relation to text and image positioning. It felt that it was not consistent with the flow of the rest of the page.
Also the first table may require an in-filled colour or even lines (can be a light or pale colour), just so each column and the single uploaded image is more defined and linked to the correct year/individual.

The ‘Choanal Atresia’ tomography image requires acknowledgement that the image was uploaded as part of a university assessment. However, really appreciated the breakdown of where the arrows were pointing and the relevance in relation to your specific topic.
Images for the tables need to be finalized and uploaded; ensuring that there is appropriate referencing, whether they are student drawn, or sourced from the literature.
Found that the student drawn diagrams were really detailed and easy to understand and appreciate. Each was also relevant to the topics, which they were linked/associated to.

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The introduction while small gives a great overview on what olfactory is. You could add a small overview on what the page is about to make this part a little longer.

I like your table on development however there is some information in the table which is missing references, you should see to that soon and add a reference. Some images in this section would be nice and if there are not going in the table then you might want to delete the image column.

The anatomy of the olfactory system is quite small; this part could possibly be added to your introduction.
Kallmann’s syndrome is done very well and is quite thorough and as a result the choanal atresia section looks lacking. I would suggest adding this to the bottom of your abnormalities section and if no more information is going to be added to the page maybe state that other abnormalities include - choranal atresia and then maybe an external link.

Current research section is quite detailed and I would not add anything else to this section. I did notice that Role of Odorant Receptors is just stated with a reference and no information. If nothing is to be added here I would just delete this heading.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:33, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Group 4- olfaction

-numerous typos and syntax errors throughout. My favourite is "naval cavity"

-generally well explained and I like how you've used different formats for each section to keep it interesting

-this seems a bit random-

"SINUSES: A: EFFECT OF AMNIOTIC FLUID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OLFACTION IN THE FETUS (current research in the field):"

-I think the anatomy section should come before the developmental timeline just to put the developmental stages in context

-abnormal function is very comprehensive :)

-current research is great, it appears some quality research went into this

-excellent use of resources throughout, including your external links. I think you've covered everything well

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Introduction is sufficient for now, but it may be better if you add more details, and perhaps an image to support it. Maybe an image of the nose and its structural components labelled.

History of discoveries section is great so far. You gave succint information with references. You only have 1 useful image in this section, so it would be better if you add more images.

Developmental timeline is very well detailed and has appropriate refrencing, however more refernces need to be added for some of thee information. You also need to add images as that column is left blank so far.

Anatomy of the olfactory system needs more details and explain the structural components. The diagrams are good, but needs more description in the captions.

“Congenital Abnormalities” is very detailed, with appropriate referencing and good images. It would be good to add a few more images. Also, add more description in the “Computed Tomography of Choanal Atresia” image.

Current research section is very good so far. Perhaps adding a few more images to support the other articles would make it better to read.

Glossary section is good so far, but needs more words to be added.

The references section is excellent.

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Olfaction review:

Upon first glance of the page you immediately get the impression excellent presentation and a surplus of information. Most topics are well described although the history of discoveries layout is questionable and a table would present at a higher quality.
It is clear that the group has a high level of understanding through large amount of research; this is then transformed into chunks of knowledge in which are easily digestible for the reader. The page lacks visual encourage, I believe more detail into this would only benefit the page. The glossary could quite easily be expanded many terms throughout the text are absent from this list.
This page is almost parallel with embryological teaching aims. Citation & referencing is excellent. The way to improve this page would be reducing the weight of the text using innovative ideas to the present information in a more exciting way along side inclusion of more visual stimulus.
--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 09:53, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Olfactory

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the development timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

== External Links ==

Hey team... make sure you check the links i added to the external link section. They are great resources to use in your sections.

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 10:19, 21 August 2012 (EST)

== Group Topic Selection ==

So we have a choice between:

stem cells

Neuronal development

Sensory development

I personally don't have a particular preference but I think neural or sensory would be something different to touch on since there's still so much progressing research in the field.

'''Hey all :-). Thanks for getting the ball rolling. I like the latter two options, in particular neuronal development - from there we can pick a certain aspect and explore not only normal development but perhaps research complications and genes/factors implicated when things go wrong.
p.s. It would be great if we could figure out a regular time to meet during the week outside the lab so we can properly discuss and share our research'''

Just a heads up- Mark preferred that we don't put our names up anywhere on the wikipage for privacy purposes!

'''sensory system'''
hello everyone, it seems like the options we had chosen for sensory were picked before we had a chance and therefore I have asked Dr Hill for us to do the "hearing" system. I don't mind changing if the group chooses to do so, however, I thought it would be a good idea to have a topic locked in. Please let me know if you want to do a different topic

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 11:32, 14 August 2012 (EST)

=Designation of parts=

There must be an addition of current research and technologies in each area

Make sure this is not presented as an essay (balance text and writing with images, tables etc)

Possibly a history of the development of understanding

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:54, 15 August 2012 (EST) Timeline and processes of development

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 11:59, 15 August 2012 (EST)I would like to do a history section and the introduction

Please identify which part you want to be responsible for, keep in mind that you can work at any topic you would like.

Introduction: Andrew

History: Libby

Abnormalities: Stephanie

Future research: Libby (future research on normal function) Stephanie (future research on abnormalities/treatments)

Timeline: [[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST)

==Progress of individual tasks and project queries==

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST): I will be creating a table to indicate the timeline of development of olfaction during embryonic development. I will make changes to the initial table as I go along so as to avoid not contributing any online material until the end.

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 00:58, 25 August 2012 (EST)The table is a really good idea, we should probably have at least another one as information becomes much more organised. Just to let you know that I changed it to Carnegie stages as most sources organise their information based on those stages, and keep in mind that the placodes dont form until week 11 or 12, so there is no need to have stages 1-10.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:52, 27 August 2012 (EST) I've got some information on historical developments but information is really difficult to find. I've made some progress but not sure how much more there is that I can do. In light of that I might also take a look at the subheading "Structure". It's referring to the physical structure of the developing olfactory system?

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 19:33, 27 August 2012 (EST) Carnegie stages are a good idea! I also think its important to include a brief description of the development of the anatomy of the nose (turbinates etc) as well as a bit about the brain development in the locations of the olfactory nerve. Don't freak out when you read my additions, I do my research gradually, which means I will first add what I found in the textbook and then later on fill in the gaps plus add a research dimension with current lit.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:09, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, you heard it from Mark today but just restating, even when doing draft work you must reference properly as you go along or you will be penalised.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:22, 29 August 2012 (EST) Decided to just stick to weeks rather than carnegie stages because sometimes between carnegies stages, little events occur which will make the table larger and more confusing!

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 18:01, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hey Libby, I found a review article which contains a brief history on olfaction abnormalities in development in the introduction: http://www.springerlink.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/content/288u546105v08575/fulltext.pdf

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 19:26, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, just letting you know im working through pathophysiology for Kallmann's syndrome on a word document at the moment and will post some as I go online to document progress. Currently working on a diagram demonstrating the abnormalities in the olfactory bulb neuronal connections.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 21:18, 30 August 2012 (EST) Completed my diagram and have uploaded it with referencing. I based my diagram on an image from a review article which I have referenced - have emailed Dr. Hill to check that all is alright in terms of copyright.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 22:25, 4 September 2012 (EST) : Hey everyone, this is the html code to add to your parts whenever you wish to place a link of a word to the glossary:

[[#Glossary |'''put the word you want linked to glossary here''']]

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:18, 5 September 2012 (EST) Hi Stephanie, I found an interesting article about abnormal development of the olfaction bulb of mice when exposed to alcohol. Don't know if you'd seen it. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736737

I also read that article! Pretty interesting stuff

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 17:48, 7 September 2012 (EST) That is a good idea, please email Dr. Hill if you are unsure about anything as huge penalties apply for ignoring copyright. By the way our group project is looking good, more diagrams and tables similar to the one we have now would be great.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 08:21, 11 September 2012 (EST) Thanks for the article :-). I will add it to a section on congenital anosmia. I emailed him and he said it was absolutely fine, as long as I referenced my source information.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:00, 12 September 2012 (EST) Just a note to myself more than anything. I need to reference Julius Kollmann's textbook in the history section and add a diagram.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 20:12, 14 September 2012 (EST) Loving the page team! The drawings are great! Nearly finished my bit, just have to add a brief paragraph for the other congenital abnormalities and one more research article.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 22:35, 14 September 2012 (EST)Hey Libby I found this website for timeline/history: http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp...it talks about discoveries of congenital olfactory defects.
--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:15, 15 September 2012 (EST)Completed abnormalities and submitted 3 current research articles. Happy to take on extra parts.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:06, 15 September 2012 (EST) Thanks Stephanie that site looks great! I'll check it out soon.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:06, 19 September 2012 (EST) Important! Hey guys, we really need to work on the development of each structure and the genes involved. Who can help me out?

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:47, 19 September 2012 (EST)Note to self: Make section on external links.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 17:49, 20 September 2012 (EST) The table that I included walks through the timeline of development. I have slowly been adding more and more research including genes involved in patterning. But at the same time, I don't want to dive into too much information in order to maintain the balance between text and images. I have figured out a way to do this without making it all seem too simple, so just bear with me for the next week and you'll see it tie in well. Cheers

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:52, 25 September 2012 (EST) I have stumbled across an extra abnormality - although it is more a structural defect rather than a sensory defect, it still relates to olfaction so I have added it in. Will keep it brief though as whilst it is a common nasal abnormality, it is not so much a sensory one. Also, Z3374215 and I are concerned - are you two alright with your parts? We know, like the rest of us you have other assessments but it's been a long while since we've seen any major contribution - if you're stuck we are happy to give you a hand.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 19:07, 25 September 2012 (EST) Hi guys, don't want to impinge on anyone elses work but I think I have to change a couple of generic features on the page. If you don't mind I'll just stick the external links in the section down the bottom with the others. I also may have to move or make smaller the initial image of the olfactory system as I think it is stopping a table from formatting properly. If you are unhappy with any of those small changes I make please feel free to put them back or let me know and I will. Cheers.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:37, 26 September 2012 (EST) Thinking to move adult structure and function between history of discoveries and time line of development for flow.

Talk:2012 Group Project 6

2012-09-26T03:31:56Z

Z3332885: /* Student evaluations */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

This is a recent review on hearing. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/1/9.full JCB content allows reuse.

=Student evaluations=

I liked the tone of the introduction, it was light hearted and enjoyable to read, especially the image of the dog in the beginning which I thought was great. It also instructed the reader about the content of the page, thereby having a good balance between being engaging and informative.

The development section is extremely detailed, which is good in terms of showing a breadth of research and understanding however this needs to be offset with a greater deal of visual information. The subsections detailing the middle and outer ear are in need of some images showing the pharyngeal arches and their morphological changes from week to week. It would also be nice to see either some hand drawn images or computer drawn diagrams included somewhere in the page just for some variation. Towards the end of the page in the Abnormal hearing and the technological sections it tends to become very text heavy and need some image content. For example a photo of a cochlear implant would be useful.

There is some variation in the referencing style in Technology section with references appearing at the end of the section. It would be better to incorporate these references into the text as endnotes as they appear in the other sections of the project. Furthermore some of the tables are incomplete and require the addition of images. The image column in the structural malformations of the ear is empty. I’m not sure if there was a formatting problem or otherwise, though this need to be rectified.

Overall the page is very well written with an appropriate style aimed at students of the same level or higher. The glossary is extensive as is the reference list, showing an obvious depth of research.

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'''Please use this space to post your Group 6 student evaluation'''
Very clever start to the page. Introductory picture and statement draws reader in. Succinct but depth of information is really good. Somewhat overwhelming, but still very good. Break up in the information a little more.

The use of tables is really good and the coloured textbox was eye-catching and informative, similar to a textbook summary and great for wiki.

Distribution of abnormalities between environmental and genetic was also very good but further subheading for each syndrome would be better for quick access to desired information.

The development of the ear section is very well researched and informative but need pictures. I see that you havn’t gotten to really uploading lots of pictures yet but it’s really quite essential for you to do this esp. for this section as it’s the main focus. A few had drawn ones would be sufficient.

The extensive references are also impressinve.

Summary: break up sections more and more hand drawn images.

Good luck with the rest ☺

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This whole page I think is done really well. There is a balance between texts and images, it goes through the developmental process in detail, all information is relevant, there is an extensive use of resources and a pretty good glossary as well.

The image right at the beginning of the dog is very smart as it draws attention to the whole page. Also the “Can you hear me” at the beginning gives the expectation that the page as a whole is going to be really good so I thought that was very effective.

More information can be added to the current research section, and also you should try referencing throughout the entire page could be done a little better.

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Really funny image of the large eared dog is a great way to capture reader attention. It’s nice to see the importance of hearing in so many aspects of our lives. Finishing the introduction with an outline of the project is very appropriate because it sets up a framework of what you are going to talk about Overall, the introduction was very well written. The language is beautiful. However, there is a typo in ‘energy produced has be converted’.

Information presented in the history table was succinct and brief. It would be good to include proper references (in text citations) for each entry. There seems to be a gap between 1898 and 1978. Have there been any discoveries in those 80 years? It just seems like a big leap to go from the first portable electric hearing aid to a cochlear implant without any advances in hearing aid technology in between those years.

Anatomy of the ear was very clear. The text related to the picture nicely. The image enables readers to see all parts of the ear in relation to each other. It would nice to put an enlarged image of the inner ear and organ of Corti. Some people might not know what a ‘utricle’ or ‘saccule’ looks like and on that image it may be too hard to see.

With the development section, it would be good to include some images related to the development of outer, middle and inner ear. For example, include an image of week 5 embryo and label where the pharyngeal arches are so people with no background in embryology can understand what parts of the embryo you are referring to. Some of terminology, such as ‘auricular enlargement’, ‘tragus’ and ‘helix’, is hard to understand. Relevant images would help.

It would be good to put in text citations after important sentences in the paragraphs of outer, inner and middle ear development. This is because a couple of paragraphs (e.g. the middle ear paragraph) had several citations at the end of the paragraph and we don’t know which sentence or fact corresponds to which citation.

In the ‘Otic placode’ section, it’s great to see the images well referenced and have the correct copyright. ‘Early expression of Pax2 and Pax8 compared’ and ‘The expression of Sox2 and Sox3 during development of the ear’ images were useful because they reflected the processes outlined in the text. Maybe simplify the signalling information on the FGFs because I found it hard to understand. Maybe give a summary of the roles of the major factors – a table, showing ‘factor...process it controls’, would be nice.

‘Recent model related to sensory fate’ image made a complex process simple – this is great to see. ‘Establishing polarity and formation of inner ear structures’ section was very well written. Maybe put this under the same section as the inner ear. I feel the 2 sections are related.

Abnormal hearing section was very detailed and extensive. It covered so many hearing abnormalities. It would be good to include available treatments for some of the diseases and give a summary table – ‘causes...disease...description of disease...prevalence...treatments’.
--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 14:34, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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"The humorous image at the beginning accompanied by the “CAN YOU HEAR ME” in the introduction was a very clever way of drawing the reader in and making your message loud and clear, with all pun intended. Great work! I like how you also clearly introduced what your page will discuss.

No issues with the history timeline – it is well set out and very clear and concise. The section of the Adult Anatomy is quite clear also, however you refer to histology in the title – perhaps include an image that shows the histology of a certain structure. In regards to the section on Development, it is very clear that a lot of work has gone into this. However, be aware that you must reference all your information to avoid being penalised or accused of plagiarism. Additionally, images would help your explanations – it is slightly word dense at the moment so perhaps arrange some of the content into dot points in order to engage your reader. The sections on the Otic Placode and Otocyst are great examples of webpage layout, with the dot points and a clear image which links to the content. I especially liked how a summary of the inner ear was included – this demonstrates an awareness of peer teaching and reiterates your key points. Excellent!

The section on abnormal hearing was a joy to read and was cleverly set out in tables – the information will be even more enhanced by the images I can see you have indicated you will add. I also liked how you divided the different congenital abnormalities into environmental and genetic. In order to enhance these sections, incorporate some dot points or a diagram showing how viruses/drugs can cross the placenta.

The “Technologies to Detect” would best be organised under subheadings – at present it is a little daunting to read in the paragraph-paragraph format which is a shame because the information is very interesting! Also, be aware of correct referencing formats which you can find on the tutorial page – your in text references should be numbers and the references should go at the end of the webpage. I liked the “Technologies to overcome the problems” – may I suggest including images or diagrams of these technologies?

It would be great to see more examples of Current Research. However, what you have presented thus far is great – you have clearly described the aims and findings of research.

Overall, good work – just make sure you are consistent with referencing and strike a balance between images and text."

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What drew me into reading this page, was the humerous image at the beginning together with the perfect introduction that encourages people to read on. The sub-headings, headings, figures and tables make it really simple for the reader to take in all the key points of the research area. I particularly like the inclusion of technologies to detect abnormalities. However, this great balance is not met in the development section where there is too much text and not enough images or diagrams to guide the thinking. I would suggest trying to simplify the information into key points by eliminating any information that would not necessarily contribute to a sound understanding of the topic. This could possibly be achieved further by having a separation or different sub-heading for the description of the development process and the description of the cellular structure.

What stands out the most about this page, is the amount of research you have put in to the genetics and molecular processes of development and abnormalities. Whilst it is very interesting and shows the amount of time you've put into having a clear understanding, at times it seems the naming of genes and their proteins do not contribute to a sound understanding but rather adds confusion. For example, your reference to FGF and Sox are important but you have further included the different types of FGF and Sox proteins without offering much of an explanation about what distinguishes them from eachother. Generalising in these cases (to just FGF not FGF1,2,3..) would not limit the extent to which a student may learn from your information but will avoid any confusion.

Another way you could further improve the page is with the inclusion of student-drawn images or learning aids to accompany the text. This way you can avoid the inclusion of unnecessary information on borrowed images, for example, the wild-type inner ear morphology image. The referencing system is consistent and well set-out on the page and the long list of references and interesting discoveries is impressive. Overall I would just encourage condensing the information into dot points that help simplify the reader’s understanding.

Good luck!

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Good use of image, it attracts my attention straight away and it is very relaxing to look at a funny image before reading the text. Introduction is precise and to point, clearly identifying the purpose of the project and gives a general overview of what the readers will see or learn from the project. The timeline for history is good, but maybe indicate what kind of history is it? The adult anatomy and histology section is good but the heading should be "adult ear anatomy and histology"? I like it how the ear is divided into outer ear, middle ear and inner ear and then it is further divided into components that are included in these 3 different parts of the ear. This makes the structure of the ear very easy to understand and we can locate the different structure of the ear much easily. The image used in this section is very good with clearly labelled structures, the image also contained all the important information and referenced correctly but you forgot to include the student image template.

The development section is well-researched and contain a lot of information. More images should be put in to balance out the heavy text load in the section but the information provided is very in-depth and precise. The developmental process is explained in simple terms but i noticed that there is an imbalance in terms of research and information between middle ear and the other two. Maybe more research should be done on the middle ear. The summary of the inner idea was a good idea because it clearly points out the main points that readers should know, should consider do something similar for both the outer and middle ear.

The abnormal hearing section is well-researched and interesting. It is very nice to know about the association between gene mutation and its influence on hearing development. Maybe some images should be put here to balance out the text a bit. The table of genetic syndrome is very nice, maybe you can consider putting the gene mutations into table as well. The environmental section is nice and well-researched but maybe images should be put here because right now it is pretty boring just going through all the text. And there are just some weird reference under each infections but i think this can be fixed soon. Structural malformation of the ear table is nice as well, clearly showing all the important information. It will look even better when all the images are put in.

Overall, i thought the project is really good. Contained a lot of useful information and a lot of research effort has been put in, all the information are related to the research topic. The tables work really well and the structure of the page is easy to follow. Referencing is generally good but maybe get rid of some of the random citations in sections. More images should be put in to balance out the heavy text but I thought it was a very well-researched project. Hope this helps :)

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Group Assessment Criteria:
# ''The key points relating to the topic that your group was allocated are clearly described.'' The introduction clearly outlines the key points of the project and the content is well described in the text.
# ''The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.'' The choice of content and headings shows a good depth of research and understanding of the topic area. The ‘Summary of the inner ear’ table was a good idea and ties in all the information nicely.
# ''Content is correctly cited and referenced.'' There are large paragraphs of texts that have no references. The images provided display the copyright notices and explanations.
# ''The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student’s own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.'' The introduction is well written and catches the readers interest and attention. Most of the normal development section is easy to understand, however the abnormalities section is difficult to understand due to the scientific jargon. Some hand-drawn images and tables would be beneficial in order to reduce the large paragraphs of text.
# ''Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.'' The amount of information provided is evidence of the significant research that went into this project, and the sections such as ‘Technologies to overcome the problems’ shows research that goes ‘beyond the formal teaching activities’.
# ''Relates the topics and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.'' The topics and content are well related to the learning aims of embryology
# ''The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.'' All the content is relevant to the key areas of the development of the eye and demonstrates an extensive amount of research into the topic.

Additional points:
* The amount of text is overwhelming. You should make better use of tables, figures and diagrams to breakup/replace the text.
* Adult anatomy and histology: no reference to histology. Would be beneficial to have a brief explanation of the functions of each structure.
* Overall impression: Very well researched topic and I'm sure the use of tables, pictures and diagrams will make it more appealing to read!

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The image of the dog at the top of the page, while amusing, is not helpful nor appropriate for the academic nature of this website. The rest of the page however, is quite good. The information is extensive, very extensive. What i particularly like is that you have included a large amount of information on the actual development of the sense. It is easy with this assignment to talk at length amount the gross anatomy/physiology of the sense, without really dealing with the embryology of it.

As with most of the other projects, there are some sections that would benefit from a diagram or image. I know this is hard, especially for a paragraph dedicated to "mutation of gjb2 gene", but the large bloc of text is really quite trying for the reader. I found myself losing interest quite quickly.

Reference list is well pull together with a large body of research giving weight to your summary/ideas. Another this of note is how well explained your images are. This provides valuable information in trying to understand some of the ideas presented.

This is some discontinuity between the sections regarding how your present and list your information. This is probably just a by product of teamwork that can be ironed out easily.

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The introductory image at the top of the page is very good but the "can you hear me' bit was overkill for me - maybe consider revising that. Also the small spelling mistake at the start of the introduction (should be senses not sense) is quite off-putting and should be fixed. Otherwise a good introduction.

The history timeline is very good and serves as another good introduction to the topic. Some external links are missing here though.

For development there is a lot of information in the outer ear section but not much in the middle and inner sections - it looks imbalanced and may be improved by adding to the other sections or perhaps splitting up the sections differently. Other than this the development section is very good with a lot of well researched information. The images are also good but don't forget to add the "student template". The inclusion of the summary box is a very good idea and is a good feature of the page.

The abnormal section is also very good and well researched. The subheadings are used effectively and the tables are a good addition. Adding images in the tables as well as the text will help to break up the text and promote interest.

The technology sections are an interesting addition however could be improved by referencing using the wiki system rather than standard in-text citations.

A good start has been made in the current research section however if possible add more current topics of research.

The glossary is very good and the references are extensive however don't forget to add to the external links.

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Firstly the use of humour in this page is brilliant! Makes for an interesting and engaging read. The use of photographs and figures are particularly useful to help understand the topic but don't forget that the student template notice needs to be added to each photograph/diagram that you include. The referencing is great and extensive, perhaps though it might be an idea to see what is going on with reference number 56. The general layout of the page is really attractive too with a good balance of images and text, tables and especially the colourful Summary box. The content seems to address the course aims and requirements.

The introductory paragraph is to the point, well written and engaging. Similarly the structure and content included in the historic section is detailed and easy to read due to the table layout. The section about the development of the inner is well written but is somewhat overwhelming to look at just because of the amount of text. Maybe this could be combated by separating it into a few more paragraphs. The inclusion of genetic information in this area is great. The information under the subheading "The Otic Placode" onwards is particularly well done.

I like how the section on abnormalities is set out. However one problem with the area is the NOTE just before the table of genetic syndromes, I don't understand its purpose. Similarly the link in Goldenhar Syndrome entry appears random in comparison to the remainder of the entries.
Perhaps some more images in the abnormality section would be beneficial in breaking up the text. The paragraph discussing Rubella has two sentences in brackets at the bottom. Not sure why they are there either. If possible make "Infections" and "Drugs" into subheadings. I assume that information is still forthcoming for the section on Isotretinoin.

"Technologies to detect" is a good entry but perhaps consider changing subheading title as it is a little vague and incomplete. Also with this section there are loose references which should be included in the reference list at the bottom of the page rather than in the middle of the text. The information on hearing technology is brief but to the point. Again with the section on current research it may be an idea to include subheadings rather than bullet points, just so it is more easily accessed from the contents box at the top of the page.
Hope this helped.

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The introduction gives a good overview of the project and serves its purpose well. In addition, the technology section is another thing that stands out in this page along with the glossary and extensive referencing. These sections don't need to be worked on, but rather concentrate on expanding the page and adding a few more subheadings including headings of "current treatment" and "infection".

Information is very easy to follow due to the right choice of subheadings, tables and graphs. A few more tables and images with labels would make the information even easier to understand. Sometimes the amount of information becomes overwhelming, therefore try to break up the amount of texts by adding diagrams in between. Student hand drawn diagrams would be an excellent tool to employ as they can go well with the information provided.

The division of information between inner/middle/outer ear makes the structure easy to follow. This is a very good idea and an example as to how to break up the rest of the information which is all crammed together.
The citation and referencing seems to be correct, however, there are a number of paragraphs without any references, this is something that needs to be looked into. However, the level referencing at the end is great.

Also, there does not seem to be enough links. A few external links will benefit the page and allow readers to interact a fraction more.
Overall the page is very informative, however, altering the outlay and including a few diagrams, labeled images and external links would make the information easier to apprehend.

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Overall this is a well written page and is thoroughly researched.
While your introduction is small it is to the point. It gives an overview of hearing, its importance and outlines what your page is going to discuss.

The adult anatomy and histology part is confusing, I assume the adjacent image is related to the section and that development is a separate section. If that is so maybe the ear image should be thumb nailed or made smaller so that development looks like its own part.

Some images for development would be a nice addition to the well-researched information. While the class understands what it means others searching this page will have no point of reference as to what pharyngeal arches are for example, this is only a minor problem though.

The format of your development section is slightly confusing. Maybe by adding a line under inner and outer ear it would define it as a section on the respective area of development. I do like the summary of inner ear development at the end.

Technologies to detect, could possibly be name detection technologies/techniques has in text citations, I don’t think that these are necessary for this type of assignment.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:34, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Group 6-Hearing

-you had me at puppy

-good intro (a few typos) and history (I like your table)

-the start of adult anatomy and histology should have an opening sentence instead of just listing information. There is no histology?

-I'm guessing the heading for development is meant to be bigger instead of it appearing to be part of "adult anatomy and histology"? This section is very comprehensive!

-your "neural domain" drawing is a good way of explaining this concept

-the summary box is a great idea, but perhaps it should be entitled "Summary of inner ear development"

-I don't understand why this is present- "NOTE: DEFINITIONS OF SYNDROMIC AND NON SYNDROMIC HEARING LOSS". You have explained what non-syndromic hearing loss is in the 1 Mutation of GJB2 gene section, but as your note says, it might be good to have a brief section with these definitions

-your genetic and structural disease tables are nice but I feel that the formatting should be the same for all of the diseases, or you should explain why you've chosen to emphasise these abnormalities

-the PDF in the Toxoplasmosis section seems to have some good info, but should be formatted like the other references

-the references in the rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, drugs and technologies to detect sections need to be formatted properly. Some info in drugs section isn't referenced at all

-technologies to detect is not a very informative heading, you need to specify what you're detecting. The syntax in this section and "technologies to overcome the problems" is poor (including the headings)

-in text hyperlinks in current research section are good for making page more interactive

-you appear to have used a lot of great resources

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Hearing review:

This group successfully energies the audience with a funny picture, along with a great introduction and an interactive writing style from the first paragraph. This page needs to address the reoccurring text to image ratio, allowing the reader more explanation complementing the hard work of explaining concepts. The highlight of this text was the abnormal hearing section which I found to be very interesting along with sound presentation of ideas. The demise of this page is the lack of information in current research and being starved of visual stimuli.
Overall a good attempt to line up embryological teaching concepts, when these easily addressable points are responded to a commendable finish will be apparent.

--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 09:55, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Introduction needs more details. It has no references, so you need to research more and write more details with references. It would be good if you add an image of the ear with its structural components labelled, and explain the function of the structures.
The history section is too short so far. It needs more details and more references. Also, it would be good if you add images to support it.

Adult Anatomy and Histology has a good image, but you need more text details and you need to explain the structures more properly. And although ‘histology’ is mentioned in the heading, there is no explanation of the histology of the ears in the section at all. You need to reference the explanations of the ear structures.

Development section has a lot of detailed information so far, but needs more references and more images to balance the text. There is too much text but not enough images. The images that are currently there needs more description in the image details.
Genetic syndromes has a column that is labelled ‘images’ but there are no images there. You need to add images there.
Abnormal hearing section is very detailed and well done so far. However there is too much writing and no images at all. You need to add more images to balance the text to make it easier to read.

You may need some more examples in “Technologies to overcome the problems” section and you need to add more reference to the information posted so far.

Current research section needs a lot more work. Please add more article summaries and images with description from the articles to support the text.

Glossary section is good so far, but perhaps add some more words.
The reference section is good so far and has correct formatting.

There are no external links listed as of yet. Please add some useful external links.

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Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

=Hearing=

Normal and Abnormal

==Discussion Topics==

===Introduction===
Not what hearing is but what we are going to talk about

Image for hearing <pubmed>20624897</pubmed>
===History===

Research Contribution

==== Bartolomeo Eustachi 1514–1574 ====
Proposed that the tympanic membrane was connected to the nasopharynx was in the book ''De Auditus Organis'' in 1563. This was focusing on the the middle ear. His knowledge had allowed him to rediscover the tube found many years before and describe it correctly. This tube, the eustachian tube was named after him, by Antonio Maria Valsava and was shown in his book ''De aure humana tractatus''. <ref name="/PMC1142106"/> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1142106 De aure humana tractatus.]

==== Antonio Maria Valsava 1666-1723 ====
The pioneer in the anatomy of the ear, published his first book ''De aure humana tractatus'' in 1704 this was the first to show and clearly describe the ear. He had been able to describe the anatomy and physiology of the ear by dissecting over thousands of corpses. He was able to separate the ear into its divisional compartments of inner, middle and outer ear.

===Adult Anatomy and Histology===

<pubmed> 15495168 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 16015653 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 9433684 </pubmed>

===Development===

<pubmed> 6650859 </pubmed>
====Outer Ear====

Historic paper

<pubmed> 17104502 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 22296782 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 12874121 </pubmed>

====Middle Ear====

<pubmed> 18803631 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 21196256 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 14973294 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 11237469 </pubmed>

<pubmed> 16600992 </pubmed>

====Inner Ear====

(can include balance organs as well)
cochlea and semi circular canals and the physiological function - how hearing works

Some papers to start with:

<pubmed>15319325</pubmed>

<pubmed>17891709</pubmed>

<pubmed>10887092</pubmed>

<pubmed>19247974</pubmed>

===Abnormal Hearing===

Just putting my articles in here so I can refer to them at a later date - will change the referencing when I have structured my points better

- DISCUSS CONDUCTIVE AND SNESORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
- ADD PICTURES OF GENETIC TRANSFER
- ADD PICTURE OF LOCATION OF GENE GJB2

Genetic defects:

1. [http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/GJB2| GJB2 Gene] (accounting for 50% of non syndromic hearing loss)

Environmental

1. Drugs:
Hearing, Speech, Language, and Vestibular Disorders in the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Literature Review. Michael W. Church and James A. Kaltenbach, Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental review. Vol. 21, No. 3, May 1997 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9161611| PMID: 9161611]

2. Infections:
Congenital Rubella Deafness: A preventable disease. C. S Peckham, J. M Martin, W. C Marshall, J. A Dudgeon, The Lancet, February 3, 1979 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/84910| PMID: 84910]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1434/ |Deafness and Hereditary Hearing Loss Overview]

Etiological diagnosis in the hearing impaired newborn: Proposal of a flow chart. De Leenheer, E.M.R. ; Janssens, S. ; Padalko, E. ; Loose, D. ; Leroy, B.P. ; Dhooge, I.J. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2011, Vol.75(1), pp.27-32

[http://sirius.library.unsw.edu.au:9003/sfx_local?frbrVersion=3&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2012-08-26T10%3A07%3A34IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-sciversesciencedirect_elsevier&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congenital%20cytomegalovirus%20(CMV)%20infection%20as%20a%20cause%20of%20permanent%20bilateral%20hearing%20loss:%20A%20quantitative%20assessment&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Virology&rft.btitle=&rft.aulast=Grosse&rft.auinit=&rft.auinit1=&rft.auinitm=&rft.ausuffix=&rft.au=Grosse%2C%20Scott%20D.&rft.aucorp=&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.part=&rft.quarter=&rft.ssn=&rft.spage=57&rft.epage=62&rft.pages=57-62&rft.artnum=&rft.issn=1386-6532&rft.eissn=&rft.isbn=&rft.sici=&rft.coden=&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.jcv.2007.09.004&rft.object_id=&svc_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:sch_svc&svc.fulltext=yes&rft_dat=%3Csciversesciencedirect_elsevier%3ES1386-6532(07)00336-8%3C/sciversesciencedirect_elsevier%3E&rft.eisbn=&rft_id=info:oai/%3E| Congenital cytomegalovirus] (CMV) infection as a cause of permanent bilateral hearing loss: A quantitative assessment. Journal of clinical virology [1386-6532] Grosse, Scott yr:2008 vol:41 iss:2 pg:57 -62

Congenital Infections. JF Bale. Neurol Clin. 2002 Nov;20(4):1039-60, vii. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616680| PMID: 12616680]

Related to both middle and inner ear (so we can link the technologies to this)

===Technologies to detect===
Any technologies (like pre-testing) that identify any problems with hearing development

===Technologies to overcome the problems===
(hearing aids, cochlear transplants, etc)

===Current Research===

===Glossary===

===References===

------------------------------

Allocated subheadings

J: adult anatomy, outer and middle ear development

M: Inner ear

P: History and Technologies

B: Abnormal Hearing

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==Our Thoughts - put new comment at the top please==

http://www.sonoworld.com/fetus/page.aspx?id=205 picture of ear at 6 weeks

--[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 11:44, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey all! We are starting to get some really good and useful feedback :) Hope everyone is ready to get stuck into editing from tomorrow onwards, cause the project is DUE WED 03/10/2012 - WHICH IS NEXT WEEK!! Keep this in mind. From what I read so far, the aim will be the simplify/reduce our text and include more images. Referencing needs to be fixed as well for some parts of the project.. but all in all its quite good :) M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 09:03, 25 September 2012 (EST)
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Hey! To everyone who is working on the history, please add this to the table! I'm about to change it now so that there is simply one table with significant dates and explanations. And it would be good if we can quickly meet up after one of the lectures tomorrow :) anyone who can't make it, please let the others know. M --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 14:31, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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Hi P,
How are you going with your research? We really need to have it complete by this weeks lab so that we can spend the next couple of weeks adjusting the information. Thanks, B --[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 12:08, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey M,

Yeah summary sounds like a good idea and maybe wiht some bolded words etc? Ive created 2 tables where I will briefly summarise the remaining diseases such as structural and genetic syndromes as my section will be too long and more boring than what it already is if I keep going. Yes, I think by our next lab would be a good idea. B. --[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 19:22, 15 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey B and others,

My section is almost finished. I mainly have to focus on the images. I was also thinking of putting a summary box in my section, because there is just so much text! About the due date.. I think it will be good for us all to have most of the research and text done by lab 8 (19/09/12). We can then focus on the layout and images and tables, etc. What do you think? M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 17:57, 15 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey guys,
I have been updating all of my abnormalities and along with the references, it will all be completed by Sunday night, exempt all the photos as that will be my final research. Thought I would update you all so we can get a finish timeframe in mind!
B. --[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 15:08, 15 September 2012 (EST)
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Hi P,
In regards the technologies, you should take a look at my section, because the technologies should really be perhaps how abornal hearing can be detected in the womb (such as amniocentesis for Rubella) and also the different insstruments used for hearing and why they do and don't work on certain patients. and perhaps with the history go a bit more indept/ greater explanation. such as if the first hearing aid was developed, find a picture and say what they originiall used to create noise for the patient etc. Use bulletpoints if you don't want it to seem too full on Do you guys agree?
B. --[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 15:02, 15 September 2012 (EST)
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Hey P.
The history section should contain major discoveries and the person(s) of interest. I started writing things down in a table. If anyone find info they should put that in and the original document/article should be referenced if possible (not a review). Hope this helps cause we really have to put all our info together soon. M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 12:40, 14 September 2012 (EST)
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Hey guys, for the history, im not 100% what I supposed to write about, i know its late and i'm an idiot for asking now, but am i supposed to write like the old research papers like what they used to think? like how they thought the ear formed like from the 1800's or whatever? and how technologies also helped proved it wrong or proved that they are right? P. --[[User:Z3333431|Z3333431]] 13:13, 12 September 2012 (EST)
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DW, I had a look at the editing basics and the references are working now! :) M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 10:20, 3 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey ppl!

I can't seem to link my references. '9' and '10' in my inner ear section step 2 should be the same number, but I can't seem to get it to work... can anyone help?

Thanks, M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 09:46, 3 September 2012 (EST)

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To all,
I find it very difficult to find images which have the correct copyright statement and are not already used on this embryology website.
So if anyone finds an image which we are allowed to use, please post it up and let the others know :)

And to B. That sounds good :) Speak to you tomorrow! M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 13:22, 27 August 2012 (EST)

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Hi!

In regards to my abnormalities (we can all discuss further this week), I will be focussing mainly on the gene GJB2 (which accounts for 50% of non syndromic hearing) and then for acquired hearing (organisms), I will focus mainly on what is known as "TORCH" organisms (i.e., toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalic virus, and herpes) and go into details in them and then as M said before, just list the other in a table.

Thanks,
B. --[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 17:45, 26 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey!

In regards to the hearing abnormalities, yes I would do the most common ones. It will be way too much otherwise!
Just name the other abnormalities for now - depending on how long your section is we will include them or leave out.
At the end of your section we can also put a table down with a summary of the common ones you explained in detail before :)

M. --[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 13:07, 26 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey guys,

Sorry I haven't been communicating via the discussion page, I've been sick in bed with a virus for the past week and half! Anyway, as I am focussing on the hearing abnormalities, I just wanted to clarify some things with you all. Firstly, there are A LOT of genetic disorder which contribute to hearing loss so I was thinking I would group them and would write in depth into the most common ones and then a brief description or just name the others.
I'm currently compiling some research papers, so I will most likely get to writing some points on this page tomorrow.

Let me know if you have any suggestiosn etc and if I find any other articles in my research I will send them through!
--[[User:Z3292017|Z3292017]] 18:44, 25 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey all!

For this week, please find some good papers relating to your section - both primary and secondary - and start reading them.
It will take some time to get all the info together and to also make it look good with pictures etc.
So the sooner we start the easier it will be in the long-run!!

--[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 21:00, 18 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey everyone!

I guess if we end up doing the sensory topic and focus on the ear we can come up with some headings that we might want to use in our project.

This is the [[Sensory_-_Hearing_and_Balance_Development| link to our lecture on the ear]]

I guess one way of doing this would be to divide it into inner, middle and outer ear and talk about the development of each. I guess we could include the progressive development over the weeks including cellular, molecular and morphological changes. We can also describe the developed ear, any genetic mutations or incorrect signal pathway that cause any defects. Then one part of it can be current research and any past research or noble prizes.

Cheers!

--[[User:Z3333794|Z3333794]] 11:31, 9 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey all!

So we have to decide between normal development or abnormal development.
Normal development can have headings as mentioned above, apart from the genetic mutations and defects.
When focussing on abnormal development of the ear we can look at those mutations and defects. We can also look at technology such as hearing aids and the cochlear implant.

Please put down your preference!
I really dont care.. but I think that if we have to discuss development it will be easiest to look at normal development.

--[[User:Z3333865|Z3333865]] 13:06, 14 August 2012 (EST)

Talk:2012 Group Project 5

2012-09-26T03:30:29Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

==Group evaluation==

From the outset the page presents as well structured, particularly the introduction which provides the reader with a clear understanding of the purpose and content of the page. The following content is detailed and well researched with equal emphasis place upon each section. It appears that the page was contributed to equally by each member.

The image comparing the fundus between albinism and a normal eye is too small. The formatting is easily fixed by including the pixel size in the image insert directory. To find out how to do this refer to the wiki reference card we were given, or online. One minor structuring problem comes from the “ocular manifestations” sections. When it says “Major ocular disorders can be split into two separate sections based on the way in which they originated,” please list the two separate classifications immediately in bullet form. i.e.
*Genetic
*Environmental

By the time the section about the environmental origins arises, I forgot what it was referring back to and thus I had to scroll back up to deduce it was the second part of the ocular manifestations heading. Apart from this there are no other major faults of the project. All images are cited and copyright information clearly recognisable.

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Your introduction is rather succinct which I like but I would encourage you to put references in this section. I would also suggest that you split it into 2 paragraphs to make it easier to read. Perhaps maybe you could put a photo of a normal eye in this section to show what it should look like, and then throughout the paper as you discuss the abnormal developments, you it could give the reader a better understanding as to how exactly this has altered the eye using the comparison.

The Normal eye development section is good as it provides a way for the reader to compare the differences in progression when referring to the different abnormalities listed below. However I would possibly suggest this to be put in a table, with perhaps a sentence at the top saying something along the lines of in order to fully comprehend abnormal development, an understanding of normal eye development is important - that way the reader can understand why you put this section in. I would also suggest a picture here.

The abnormal lens development section is clearly very well researched with a wide range of references. I like how you have separated the development in to the different sections of the eye as this can give a more thorough insight into these abnormalities. I think this section has been well written, and the only suggestion I would have would be in regards to the photo presented. Perhaps include some arrows to point at the sections you’re talking about and discuss what the nuclear area of the lens is?

The anormal corneal development and the abnormal retinal development are very descriptive and well referenced. I would perhaps look at moving the photo in the corneal development up a bit more and again I would provide more of a description of what is shown. If possible, I would try and make the abnormal retinal photo bigger.

Ocular manifestations is a bit confusing as im not sure if it’s a new heaing all together of if it is supposed to be part of the broad category of abnormalities. Your genetic section is well researched, I would just be careful in referencing the same paper too many times (25 is listed 5 times in this section) and perhaps try and find some other papers which compliment this research? I would probably put your reseach timeline at the bottome and include all of the treatment and clinical manifestation flowing on from each other. Note that in the research timeline, this is purely from one source, reference 26, and I would advise that you find alternative sources as well – im sure there would be individual research papers for each new date??

The anophthalmia section im assuming is still part of genetic abnormalities and I would recommend starting with the genes which are affected – to create a flow on effect. Other than that it is well references and easy to read. In regards to your photo I would have a description of what the photo is about in the enlarged view to assist with the readers comprehension. Also, at what point can these abnormalities be detected in the womb – either from an ultrasound or from sampling of the genes or something - and does this have an affect on whether the mother keeps the child or not? I think the environmental causes of abnormalities are good and I would suggest that you add photos here to break up the text and also to give us an understanding of what happens.

Finally, your glossary needs a fair few more words in there as to help with our understanding. You have many references which is great, however take a loot at 46 – 49 – they all seem to be the same? It would be appropriate to merge them into one reference.

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The text on this page is very good, detailed and to the point. However a lot more images are needed on the page to make it more appealing, interesting and easier to follow.

The section under Ocular Manifestations is a little difficult to keep track of, there needs to be more of an introduction in that section highlighting the two sections that are to be discussed, then there should be a clear division between the two.

Also the placement of the few images on the page need to be organised a little better. The referencing on this page is done very well and its good to see an extensive use of resources.

I really liked the way how sub-divided the different abnormalities in vision and matched them with the corresponding image. However, further headings would be better for finding specific abnormalities especially when it comes to genetic causes. Also, the addition of normal eye functioning summary is a good recap on the eye before getting to abnormalities.

The molecular pathways are a bit hard to follow and confusing, although interesting.

The images are great and balanced with text, but the set out needs to change to make it more “friendly looking”.

Your glossary is good but may need a few more additions and extensive references are excellent.

Summary: overall very good and not complaints besides maybe think about the setting of the text to pictures.

Good luck with the rest ☺

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- A very good start to the page with the introduction. It gives an overview of the page and is very nicely done --- an image in the beginning will make it more effective. Right now the starting is very text heavy so an image will not just tone it down but will have a more profound impact.

- Normal eye development is good too but just to make the text look not so heavy you can consider putting it in a table like a brief summary.

- Traditionally research timeline should go on the top of the page but I don’t think it’s a big issue. Again you should consider tabulating it so it looks not so text heavy.

- I like how you talk about each part of the eye and different genes. You have a range of articles which also seems great and shows how much effort you have put in.

- Research section is not so extensive so far so you might want to work on that.

At the moment the organisation of the page is not great and it is very text heavy. Even though there are many images on the page it still looks very text heavy. Adding tables might help breaking that up and also add make the page look bright.

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The information that is present on this page is fantastic. However, i think the layout of the page inhibits your ability to access that information a little bit. Large sections of information go unbroken by images/tables/diagrams. This strains the eyes a little bit, making it a bit of a chore to read the page. Try and include a few more images, even if they are basic. In other areas however, the images included break up the page too much, creating large white areas, detracting from the pages presentation.

There also seems to be disunity in how the different sections are formatted in regards to paragraph headings and lists. This may just be a product of teamwork and assigning different people different sections to do.

However, one important thing is that I cannot fault you for the information. It seems to be in depth, up to date, and with well structured referencing. The images you have included are well explained and referenced as well.

Overall, quite good :)

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As shown by your choice of sub-headings and research, the key points of your area of research are being addressed well! Your introduction flows well and gives a great overview of your page to the readers.
Due to the focus of your page being on abnormal vision, a more succinct effort should be made to introducing normal eye development. I suggest the use of a student made flow diagram in order to clearly present the information as well as satisfy the criteria of this task.

The approach to the abnormalities section is so far on a great track. I particularly like the separation between genetic and environmental abnormalities as well as the use of a lot of research to introduce interesting concepts and clarify the reader’s understanding. In saying this, it would be beneficial to organise images in this section in a consistent manner, to mimic the image ‘appearance of cornea due to CHED’.

Be sure not to include too much detail on the molecular pathways and proteins if not entirely necessary in informing the audience about the abnormality in development. This would help eliminate any concepts that are too complex to understand.

The placement of the timeline before the new research was a good idea as it gives the reader good background knowledge. I would consider condensing this into a table so that it is more easy to read.

Overall, a great page but it could be more easier to read if the information was organised in a more succinct manner such as in tables, dot points and flow charts. The referencing style is consistent and correct and there is a good balance between old and current research.

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"The introduction is good in the manner that it provides some brief background information regarding the normal development of the eye and abnormalities. Additionally, I liked how the introduction described the aims of the page because it sets up a structure for the reader to follow. Just make sure to proof read this section: “The development of the eye is very sensitive and REQUIRES accurate...”

In regards to the information presented and layout (outcomes 1, 2, 4 and 9):

1. Normal Eye Development: This section appears very well researched. I like how you referred to the stages throughout development. However, this section could be enhanced by adding an image of the normal eye structure and development – this acts as a reference point for your page viewers, allowing for a clear visual comparison between the abnormalities and normal structure.

2. Abnormal Development: I like the overview provided at the beginning as it sets the scene for what points you will be covering in this section. Great job. All sections are quite good, just perhaps include more images to further enhance your page.

a. Abnormal lens development: I liked how you first described the function of the gene in development and then stated any abnormalities that arise when the gene is not expressed or mutated. I liked how you included an image for the crystalline genes; just make sure to refer to the image in text (e.g. see fig. 1. or see accompanying image).

b. Abnormal corneal development: Similar to the abnormal lens section, there is a good explanation provided for each gene involved. Just some improvements: make sure to reference all information; e.g. No reference provided for “The ion transporter SLC4A11 promote sodium-dependent transport of borate as well as flux of sodium and hydroxyl ions. It has been shown that SLC4A11 is expressed in the endothelial cells of the cornea, and mutation of....”. The accompanying image has been referenced correctly and described, good work!

c. Abnormal retinal development: Once again, a great scope of research and information and suitable image. I liked how you described the impact of each mutation explicitly such as in Albinism “ganglion cells of retina decreased by 25%”. This really helps the reader to understand the extent of the abnormalities from certain gene mutations.

3. Ocular manifestations: the opening sentence is slightly vague. Could you please state which two separate sections that you are referring to? The section that follows could be better organised. It seems to jump from genetic issues to a research timeline then to future research on that disease to another example of a genetic mutation which produces abnormalities. I would suggest putting the research timeline shortly after the introduction and integrating research history not just on LCA but other abnormalities as well. However, the content for all these sections is well referenced and interesting to read. The balance between text and images between LCA and anopthalmia/micropthalmia sections is good and are both really interesting to read! I liked how you provided some epidemiological data and clinical manifestations in depth accompanied by suitable images. However, the environmental abnormalities section could use with more dot-point styles and images to enhance the presentation and aid in your descriptions.

In regards to peer teaching (outcome 5), this page was an absolute joy to read and all technical language was explained in the glossary. Just make sure to pay attention to those minor improvements. Good job!"

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Introduction gives an overview of your project. This gives structure to your project. The introduction is a little too brief. It would be nice to add some detail about the significance of eye abnormalities:
* how important is vision to humans
* how does vision abnormalities affect people
* how many people are suffering from major eye abnormalities, etc.

Great images. They highlight the severity of abnormalities associated with vision. It would be nice if you can make the images a little bigger or add more images. it just seem there's too much text and not enough images to break it up.

The normal development section is succinct and give sufficient background information so readers can understand the abnormalities section. It would be good if you can put this normal function part into point form or table. for example, 'stage...development'

The gene mutations section is very complicated. Maybe talk about the FOX genes and Pax6 genes in abnormal lens development and not as a separate section. This is so readers can associate the mutation with the disease immediately, without having to scroll to the bottom to find the consequences of such mutation. The layout makes the disease and gene section hard to understand. Maybe set it out as:
* Genetic mutation
* diseases from this mutation
* clinical symptoms of diseases
* treatments for the diseases

Most of the images are well referenced, except Albino Fundus image. for this image, you need the PMID reference style.

References 45-48 should be placed as one reference.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 17:26, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Your introduction is quite short, but it does state what you will be discussing on your page. You might want to include the normal development in the introduction, to allow for an overview of what normally happens before you actually start on the abnormal development. It just seems a little odd that you have abnormal vision as you title and then almost immediately after that you have a normal eye development heading.

I really like the chronological order used in the normal development section. It might be a bit easier to read if you use dot points. References seems to be fine, however, 4 and 5 are the same. It might also be useful to create a link to the group page on normal vision development.

Abnormal development consists of a few subheadings. Personally, I would delete the lines below the different subheadings. It will make it look more like one section on abnormal development. I think it was a good idea to look at the different parts of the eye related to abnormalities – lens, cornea, retina, etc. You look at different genes which play an important role at a certain developmental stage and you explain the resulting effects. I can see a lot of research has been done on this section. Images will need to be made bigger. They look insignificant with this size and it just seems like the text is going on and on. A lot of terms mentioned in this section are not included in the glossary, eg. Dysgenesis, substantia propria, CRX (what does it stand for?). Please add these in. Again, check your references, because some are the same, eg. 8 & 9.

Ocular manifestation is part of the abnormal development section (I think), so please make sure you show this with the headings. Again, immediately below this seems to be another heading with genetics, which has nothing included… or does LCA belong to genetics? I am a bit confused due to all your different headings and lines which seem to separate parts that may potentially belong together.

In your LCA section I would change the order of text a little: definition (as you have at the start), then epidemiology (which you have at the bottom), then the section on Dr Leber (up to “…placing great emphasis upon the high incidence of hereditary factors.”), lastly a new paragraph on the diagnosis (“As stated in the section on… diagnostic protocol for LCA”). The link to Abnormal Retinal Development does not work and will need editing. I can see that your timeline refers to LCA in particular and it is quite expansive. The one reference provided leads to a website with a timeline that seems to have been copied and pasted into your project. Please change this into your own words and (where possible) provide references to the original papers. The table also seems to be located in a strange position and it may be better to include this information in a table on history (in general), which you do not have at the moment. New research development also focuses on LCA only. Maybe create a separate section at the end where you can mention this and include more current research in brief paragraphs. The image relates well and has the appropriate citation, copyright and student template. The description could include a little more information.

Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are other genetic abnormalities described. Again, with the image you can expand slightly upon the description, but besides that it relates well to your text. Information provided is good, and includes the clinical description, genetic causes and management. Most important is that you use the same layout for your headings throughout your project. Within this one section you are using different subheadings and it all looks a bit chaotic and makes it less encouraging to read. You explain the role various genes play and I would like to know at what week/gestational stage they are important and can cause these abnormalities. Make sure all your references are correct, eg. There is no reference for 30.

It is probably good you only focused on 2 abnormalities caused by environmental factors. Images could really complement the text (although your whole page could probably use a few more images), so please add these. You include some relevant information and statistics, but make sure you also keep adding to the glossary. References are also the same for 45-48, hence these need editing.

In my opinion, firstly change the layout of your page and make it more organised with logical headings. Then focus on some of the other things mentioned above.

Hope this helps!
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Your introduction is relatively well written and the brief explanation of new terms such as microphthalmia was particularly useful. Perhaps it would be possible to break the text into two paragraphs to make reading easier.

It is really good to see a section included about normal eye development as it provides a basis of understanding for the remainder of the page. Concise and to the point and not too complex, it's great. Only suggestion would be to place it in a table perhaps with each Carnegie stage a new entry.

Layout of abnormalities is very logical covering the main areas of developmental abnormalities. However it is slightly confusing that immediately under the title Abnormal Lens Development more information on normal development is given. Allocating the defects to their associated individual genes is good but perhaps instead of a dotpoint a subheading would be of more use. The actual information is clearly and effectively written. The inclusion of the pictures clearly illustrates the abnormalities but their placement is a little odd. Perhaps they are too large. The captions on the pictures are appropriate and the pictures are appropriately referenced and it is great that the link to the picture contains more information.

Under the title "Ocular Manifestations" perhaps indicate what the two sections are, just so the following on sections make sense and don't appear disjointed. The sections on the genetic caused abnormalities is fascinating and very well written. The timeline included in the information about Leber Congenital Amaurosis is particularly interesting. The spacing in the section on genes associated with Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia appears slightly strange. The figures included are particularly illustrative and appropriate. Similarly the section on environmentally caused abnormalities is really well written and interesting.

Perhaps a more extensive section on current research could be included. If possible, link the words in the glossary to where they appeared in the text. This is the coding if you don't have it [[#Glossary|'''Words for Glossary''']]. Just add that in place of the word when you first mention it in the text. The citing and referencing is really well done. It also shows a great depth of research. The figures/photographs so far included are brilliant but the inclusion of a student drawn diagram somewhere if possible would be effective. Also try and fix the general layout of the project, possibly including some more subheadings. In general the content relates to the the course and is pitched at an appropriate level. Hope this helps.

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The introduction was okay, however avoid referring to the rest of the page within the introduction - it should stand on its own.

Normal eye development is very succinct, however maybe consider adding an image here to aid with your explanation.

The abnormal section is very good and well researched. The images included are good, however as with the introduction, avoid using language such as "in the section below, we have focused on..."

The ocular manifestations section is very good but just needs to be organised better, the headings are somewhat confusing. Good use of images, timeline, and subheadings for different genes. The management section is also very interesting and can be elaborated on.

The glossary is good but the formatting can be improved - perhaps putting the key terms in bold or at least making all the terms italic rather than half and half.

The reference list is extensive which is good, but don't forget to add to the external links section.

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The differentiation between genetic and environmental abnormalities is an excellent idea and stood out immediately. This differentiation adds on to the organisation of the page and allows the information to be read with ease. However, the inclusion of tables and flow chart would go well in the page and make the information easier to follow. In addition to this, it would be great to see a few external links to make the page more engaging and guide audience to more more detailed information about certain abnormalities.

The information included is very extensive and highlight a great level of research. However, some of the information seems to be quite complex and difficult to understand. It is fine to cover difficult to concepts, but try to expand on it to allow for people to understand it or provide external/internal links which would provide more information and make the content easier to comprehend.

Having explained the function of genes in development and then explained any possible abnormalities that can arise in abnormal lens/corneal/retinal development made the information much easier to grasp. It allowed the information to flow and and the text seemed to follow a logical order. The inclusion of images in this section is great, whereas more images/diagrams is required for the rest of the page.

Covering the normal development is important and the chronological order used makes it easy to follow, however, keep in mind that there is a different project solely on normal development and therefore try not to expand to much about this topic. The referencing seems to be correct, and it is great to see a large range of sources have been used. One section that will require some work is the current research section as it does not seem like there is enough information. Apart from the issues raised, this page seems very promising.

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*'''Introduction:''' The introduction is quite well written and very detailed. Rather than going straight into details of development, perhaps first make it clear from the exactly what this project page is about and what content you will be covering. There are also some grammatical errors, such as “treatments or cures ‘’’maybe’’’ developed in the future and these conditions can be better managed.” Maybe = may be
* '''Normal eye development:''' This section shows a good depth of research, is strongly related to the aims of the embryology course and shows a good depth of research. Improvements could be made by the use of bullet points, tables or bold text to highlight key points. Also, labeled images or hand-drawn diagrams would go well to compliment the text.
* '''Abnormal Development:''' There is a good depth of research and it is well written. The use of headings, figures and italics makes it easy to follow the flow of information. Improvements could be made by providing more information about the diseases, for example, what is Peters' anomaly (Corneal Opacity) and aniridia (lack of Iris)? Is it curable? What are methods of detection? How will it effect the future baby?
*'''Ocular Manifestations:''' This section seems incomplete; or maybe its just poorly organized? What are the two separate sections? Is this related to the sections that follow?
* '''Research Time line:''' This is a good time line, however only one source has been used. This provides a good summary of significant discoveries, but it has not been explained why these discoveries were important or how it is relevant to the development of the eye.
* '''New Research Development:''' This section is well researched, however the poor structuring and layout of the information makes it difficult to read and follow. For example there are many headings and subheadings however it is unclear what sections of information are grouped together. The images draw the readers attention and there seems to be a good depth of research into the topic.
*'''Group Assessment Criteria:''' The key points relating to the topic that your group was allocated are clearly described in the introduction. The choice of content and depth of research shows a good understanding of the topic area, however the information could be better organized by the use of tables, bullet points and bolded text to highlight key points. The content is correctly cited and referenced. Most sections are well paraphrased for teaching at a peer level, however the use of hand-drawn diagrams and/or labeled images could enhance the information in the text. The information covered is strongly related the the learning aims of embryology.

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It was very good to see that this interesting topic has been well researched and that there are a number of references appropriately cited in the page.

Currently, there is a lot of text that, I as a reader, felt overwhelmed when assessing. More/larger images may need to be uploaded, or the correct formatting/resizing of existing images in order to potential rectify these concerns. It is noteworthy, however, that the ratio between text and imaging improves toward the bottom end of the page.
It was good to see that there was all relevant summary, referencing and uploading information for the images that were present. Keep in mind that there is an option, and we have been encouraged to upload images that have been student drawn.

The over all formatting of the page, besides being packed with written information, had a couple of spacing issues, from extreme spaces between the bullet point genes and consequent descriptions, in the ‘abnormal lens development section’, to virtually no singular spacing between the research timeline. in the ‘Genes’ section.

A way to aid to the above so that the page potentially is more visually appealing, is to place the genes and subsequent function into tables, or even placing the timeline information in a table form, or adding originality by actually placing this information on a timeline generated by one of the group members.
Overall though, I found that it was a very engaging topic and page presented.

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Group 5- abnormal vision

-content of introduction is good and immediately puts the page in context. Emphasises abnormal development. Perhaps reconsider the syntax of some of the sentences

-paragraphing throughout project needs review

-a picture near the beginning would make the page more engaging. Seeing you can't talk too much about normal eye development, it might help in conveying some information

-you frequently make use of the carnergie stages, which is great, but perhaps briefly describe what this system means

-it's good that you have contrasted normal and abnormal development for each structure, but make sure the information isn't repeated in the "normal development" section, or perhaps remove that section altogether

- info about what the different genes control is good. What does "the first embryonic days 8.5" mean?

-I assume the two separate sections in "ocular manifestations" are genetic and environmental, but because they're not stated in the intro of this section and there's so much information in-between, it's difficult to tell. The formatting of this section adds to the confusion. Keeping the information and formatting consistent for each abnormality will make this easier to follow. The appropriate heading, sub-heading etc formatting needs to be used as well

-I like your case study, it reminds us of how these problems effect real people

-no current research or external links section?

-excellent use of resources

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Introduction is sufficient for now, but it may be better if you add more details, with more references, and perhaps an image to support it. Maybe an image of the eye and its structural components labelled, with functions explained in the caption.

You could add some images for the normal eye development.

Ocular manifestations section needs more work. It is good that you have added appropriate referencing for the information posted so far. Add more details in clinical manifestation, as it is difficult to follow. Add some images to support the text, especially in the research timeline.

New research development section is very well done, it is very detailed and has a good balance of text and images. But your images needs more description in the image details.

When you are talking about the genes such as PAX6, OTX2, RAX, it would be good if you format it to make it bold, and add them to the glossary section.

The glossary is very lacking, it needs more words.

The reference section is good so far and has correct formatting. However you have repeated some of the same references a few times. You need to fix that.

There are no external links listed as of yet. Please add some useful external links.

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Abnormal Vision

An excellent straight forward introduction, presentation and layout of the page is questionable perhaps the use of different summary methods would improve this for example dot points along with image choice and size. A common topic among all groups is to expand the glossary which is easily done and will only improve the finished merchandise. Language used throughout could be less primitive, very simplistic in certain sections. The referencing is satisfactory although external links section has been left out.
All the information is present although the organisation skills need to be assessed to allow optimum presentation of ideas. The text contains in-depth embryological teachings aims. The page looks promising and editing is the easiest part once corrected I expect a sound result.
--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 09:54, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept discussed).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

==Discussion==

Hey so what organ did everyone decide on heart or liver.
I vote for the Liver

Hi Team! I would first like to apologize for not coming on Wednesday on our practical. So I am sorry one more time for that. I am coming to practicals this Wednesday so we can discuss our topics. Just to ask what happen on Wednesday in regards of our group project? So we need to decide between heart or liver to write our project? If that is so...I vote for the heart then:)

'''remember to sign after contributions to this page'''

Hey kidlings, just to let you know, I'm going to be looking through my path/grey's anatomy textbooks for anything i can possibly find.
I think we should start with a little intro of what is the normal development and then have some abnormalities that can stem from that?
Thoughts?
--[[User:Z3374173|Z3374173]] 19:17, 21 August 2012 (EST)

Hey Team, some ideas for the focus of our topic. 1. a basic overview of the development of the eye, 2. divide the eye up into it regions of development and look at the abnormalities that can occur, including the factors which make it abnormal: congenital or defect; percentage of occurance in society and/or likely hood aquiring it; processes of the abnormal development (how abnormaility occurs); living with the abnormality; any treatments and/or prevntions for the abnormality.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 19:31, 21 August 2012 (EST)

Possible sources: [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750673365500098]
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032302394800019X]
--[[User:Z3374173|Z3374173]] 10:12, 22 August 2012 (EST)

Textbook: The Developing Human Chapter 20 [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00020-5--s0015&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=352694541-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00020-5--s0015] --[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 10:14, 22 August 2012 (EST)

Looking through textbooks, I have found Retinoblastoma which is a tumor usually in the posterior retina. It says it can occur in 2 year olds but also can occur at birth, so that could be a developmental one. I found that in my pathology textbook, Others i found could be Horner's syndrome, that apparently can start developing in fetal development. I'll go through my mums old midwifery textbooks too. Anyone else find anything?--[[User:Z3374173|Z3374173]] 16:49, 26 August 2012 (EST)

Hey so i was looking through the textbook and i found a list of defects of the retina. further down it also talks about congenital glaucoma. [http://www.mdconsult.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00018-7&isbn=978-1-4377-2002-0&uniqId=355501465-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-2002-0..00018-7--s0015]
i found this while surfing pubmed may be of some use?[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20933211]
i had heard of a genetic disorder in which if both parents are carriers the baby has 25% chance being born blind. i think this was the disorder if not, it still could be interesting for our assignment [http://www.blindness.org/index.php?view=article&catid=38%3Aother-retinal-diseases&id=253%3Aleber-congenital-amaurosis&option=com_content&Itemid=88][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22842231][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22842230]--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:09, 28 August 2012 (EST)

I think I shall do Horner's Syndrome. [http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/120/2/419]--[[User:Z3374173|Z3374173]] 11:29, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Hi team :D I just found an article that talks about all the current knowledge on conditions related to abnormal visual development in infants. In the article, they have aslo included prevalence, risk factors and mechanisms that are involved with the development of these conditions. I think it would be quite useful to our own topic. Just letting everyone know, i will be doing congenital cataracts. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478704]--[[User:Z3331330|Z3331330]] 12:36, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Heres another article description of the normal visual development, each component of the visual system is included and explained very clearly, this would be useful for our general overview on the development of the eye. In particular, the retina development is also mentioned in the article which we can make use of when comparing our disorder with the normal development. [http://www.wonderbabiesco.org/UserFiles/File/Graven%20and%20Browne%20Visual%20Dev%2008.pdf]--[[User:Z3331330|Z3331330]] 12:47, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Hey Guys, After trawlling through stacks of info on Horner's syndrome I'm not satisfied with the amount of info there is so I'm going to change it up and try Chorioretinal Scars. I can find more information and really hope this comes together!! --[[User:Z3374173|Z3374173]] 21:34, 10 September 2012 (EST)

I did the normal development, feel free to check it over, make changes etc, I have the PDF files of the articles i used if you need to check. Also, I've forgotten how to make all the reference bind together if they are the same text, i cant seem to find the help to help me so I'm just going to leave it until someone can help me!
--[[User:Z3374173|Z3374173]] 17:07, 12 September 2012 (EST)

hey team, do u guys think that we have enough information? what else should we add in if we do need some more.--[[User:Z3331330|Z3331330]] 22:00, 17 September 2012 (EST)

User:Z3332885

2012-09-26T03:28:20Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 8 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives a the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the developemt timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept present).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

Talk:2012 Group Project 4

2012-09-26T03:27:49Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on smell. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/191/3/443.full JCB content allows reuse.

Not for reuse but good reading - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55980 The Neurobiology of Olfaction]

==Group evaluation==

The project page was exceptional, there is a fine combination of text and images and the images are well integrated with the presented information. I particularly like the inclusion of a hand drawn histological section embedded within the table of historical findings. Perhaps this could also be done in the next table about the developmental timeline. As it stands, this table, while detailed in its wording may be difficult to understand as there are no diagrams to show the differentiation in visual terms, from week to week.

The clinical features, anatomy, and pathohophysiology were excellent. There is not much more to say. All of the diagrams were properly cited with correct copyright information. The CT scan was also interesting to look at.

One aspect that hasn’t been touched on is future research. The current research section was very detailed and explained the significance of each new finding however as is the nature of research, there are always gaps left in our understanding or further questions that need to be resolved as a result of new information. A brief section on this would give the project more depth as it would show a level of critique rather than simply the presentation of fact.

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Your introduction is good and concise giving a simple understanding of the olfactory system. Here I would suggest that you include what you’re about to discuss on the page. I also think you should include some references and maybe a photo in this section. The references to show that this information has been researched and the photo to break up the text and give the reader a simple understanding of the olfactory system.

The history of discovery section is clearly well researched and is well set out. However, I would suggest that you include brief descriptions of what has been described such as the Vomeronasal organ or the Nobel Prize which will further enhance the readers understanding. You have a good use of references there as well. In the picture that was included in this section, I would provide a more indepth description of what is drawn i.e. what the ectoderm is etc.

The timeline of developmental process is really well set out and easy to read. I would just make sure that every new point you include, you put it with a references as some of your points are not referenced at all and you need to be careful of that! I would also suggest that you put it in appropriate bullet points using the star key on your keyboard, that way it can be set out a bit better. Also, at the end of week 8, does this mean the olfactory system is complete by then? If so, then I would suggest you state that in that final week, if not, then what other small changes occur throughout the duration of the pregnancy? Also note that week 6 – 8 the references are either limited or not there, so I would recommend putting them in.

The anatomy of the olfactory system and the normal function are limited in information but also have only one reference between them. The images attached should really have more of a description when the picture is enlarged to give the reader a better understanding of what you’re talking about. Such as: diagram of olfactory bulb- what does it do and where is it located?

The abnormality section is rather indepth for 2 conditions, are there any other factors that come into play in regards to olfactory defects? Such as environmental? The Kallmann’s syndrome is really indepth and describes the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, could this also be implementd with the Choanal atresia? Or are the same techniques used there? Also, be careful when you use shortening of words such as OB, you provided the HH in brackets first, so I would suggest the same is done with the olfactory bulb just to prevent confusion. I like your use of both images and give s a simple but good explanation of what you have been discussing (and also breaks up the text!). I like how you have provided a good description in the enlarged picture and it makes it easier for the reader to understand.

The current research section really shows that you have put a lot of effort in for this section. However, at the beginning of each new research you state either a study or a paper with a link, perhaps use the name of the paper and who wrote it and use that as the link instead. It is really interesting and I rather enjoyed reading it, however, if possible I would add some more photos just to break up the text. Your glossary is good and well set out and the information displayed is quite easy to understand, however I would consider adding to this section as there were some other words throughout the page which were in need of a slight description. You have an excellent use of references which is great, but I would have another look at reference 11 as there is no text, only an arrow.

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The work needs to be spell checked before you submit it, make sure you get all your grammar right as well. I think you should add more to your introduction, and make it a little simpler, easier to follow. Also throughout your project you tend to use a lot of long paragraphs, especially in the current research section.

Though the developmental timeline that is set up is very detailed, it can be a bit hard to follow and a little confusing. There is too much text and no pictures at all to help demonstrate what is being said about the development. The ratio of images to text in the anatomy and abnormalities sections however is very good and makes it more interesting to read.

It’s good to see that you have some external links put up on the page and also that you’ve used quite a few references to do your research rather than just a few.

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WOW! I really can’t come up with anything bad to say about this wiki.
Text and image are nicely balanced.
Developmental timeline was very easy to follow and succinct which is always nice.
It was good to have research images alongside hand drawn images.
Diagnosis and treatment sections may need some expantion.
List of references current and varied – always good to see.

All in all this was a very good project and congrats of the good work. Keep it up.

Good luck with the rest ☺

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- The introduction is very good and brief --- although it does not tell the reader that it is about development of olfactory sense.

- The history section is immaculately done --- You have used a couple different sources and gone into enough detail about each historic background which tells me that you have thoroughly research this part.

- The development section is also very nicely done --- I like the layout of this section. Also the sentences are very clear and structure is easy to follow. There is a large section in week 6 which does not have any reference so you might want to fix that up. Same goes for week 7 abd week 8.

- When you start talking about anosmia it just abruptly follows normal function so you might want to add the heading “abnormal development”. It might even be a good idea to put normal function before normal development to put things in prespective.

- In Kallmann’s syndrome although it was very interesting to read, it is very heavy on genes which you have not addressed in the normal section portion. I do realise for some of them you have put a description as to what they do in normal development but see if you can integrate it with normal development too.

- It is also good to see that you have a diagnosis section and a treatment section too. It was very informative.

- Current research is well put together

Overall your project is looking pretty good….Just some minor formatting issues. The text is a little on the heavy side so some images especially in the development section will be good.

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The introduction was very interesting to read - 1000 genes related to olfactory system is amazing. The introduction isn't too long which is great. However, it would be good to include in text citations. Where did you get your information from?

The history section will look better if it was put into a table.

The 'Timeline of Development process' is excellent because it clearly presents so much information with respect to the time the differentiations took place. I can't wait to see the images though because some of the concepts were hard to understand without visual aids. For example, 'specialized areas in rostrolateral regions of head of olfactory placodes' - where is that on the embryo?

The normal function section was short. This is nice to see because this project is about development, not about the function. It would be good to include a diagram of the signaling pathway in this section, just to make it interesting.

The structure section needs a bit more information. Maybe put the olfactory bulb image in this section as it relates more to structure. You can also put some images of the cribiform plate in here too.

Abnormality section on Kallmann's syndrome was very well written. It had lots of detail, presented clearly in point form. Can you describe some of the other diseases in just as much detail as well? It just seems like Kallmann's syndrome is the main disease and there's not a lot of focus in other abnormalities.

In current research, 'the 'role of Odorant receptors' need to have some text and content in that section, not just the reference.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:58, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Page is well structured. Tables and images break up the information nicely. Some of the images lack an in depth explanation of what they depict/represent when you click on them. I know for some of the images it might be hard, but i think it would make for a more thorough way of presenting the information.
Not to much a critique, but you spend a large amount of time and space on the abnormalities section. When combined with the current research section and the images, only about a third of your page is information on olfaction. An even less of it is on the actual embryology when considering the timeline of discoveries and introduction. Try and draw out the embryology section a little further, considering the context of the website and who would be visiting it.

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Your introduction is good and gives a brief overview of what the olfactory system entails. There were a few spelling mistakes, which can easily be corrected. Make sure you do tell the reader what you will be discussing on your page – development of the olfactory system and the particular subheadings you will focus on. The image could do with a few more labels for orientation, but besides that it complements the text and contains the correct citation, student template, etc.

The history section is good and quite extensively researched. Most groups will provide the history in a table, with dates in chronological order (to clearly show history and developing knowledge over time). This might be something to think about. I would suggest a ‘date – description – significant person’ type of format for a table. Good image, but it is displayed next to Pearson instead of Kollman. It is also difficult to see what it is and read the labels without opening the larger version, so you might want to increase its size slightly. Because this is a student image I would like to see the original – if possible provide a link to the Atlas of the Development of Man 2.
You should also explain what Kallmann’s Syndrome actually is, because this seems a little vague.

Your timeline of developmental process looks amazing and is enjoyable to read. Some of your words are printed in bold and link to the glossary. In one of your next sections the words link directly to the glossary, so you should probably do he same thing here. I really hope you can add pictures to this table to complement your text! Not quite sure what the line at the bottom (SINUSES:A:…) is doing there… either delete or expand upon this.

Structure: you only have a link here. Please provide text and image to explain the structure briefly. The YouTube link should be there to help the reader understand this section, instead of being the only thing this section is made up of. The video is not your own work, so please add your own work to this!

The normal function section was alright. It has some useful information in there, however, only a single reference listed at the end. It seemed like more references should be included within the paragraph. I would also include the fact that depolarization is an all-or-nothing response. The threshold needs to be reached for depolarization to occur, but there is no build-up over time to reach this threshold. It has to happen at that one instance. The links should be listed under the heading ‘external links’ or, if used as references, incorporated as proper references within the text. The olfactory bulb image is a little small and the description is quite brief. Though, good citation of the source and a student template is present.
I think the olfactory bulb image and the epithelium image should be included in the ‘structure’ section.

The abnormality section includes Kallmann’s syndrome and a quick definition has finally been provided! Please include this in the history section too. This section was a joy to read! Very interesting! A lot of effort has been put into the research and references have been done very well. I assume OB stands for olfactory bulb – please indicate this in the text. The dotpoints listed in the ‘clinical features’ section could do with a brief explanations instead of me having to scroll up and down between the text and the glossary. The image is excellent and shows a good simplified concept of what happens. Good descriptions, source citations, etc are added too. It was good to see diagnosis and treatment included.

Current research starts with a link, which seems quite random – include this in the external links section. You found some interesting and current research. References are only listed at the end of each paragraph, but should probably be included within as well. The image relates to one of the projects and descriptions are appropriate. Nothing has been added to the ‘role of odorant receptors’ though (apart from a reference). Please add a brief paragraph to this section.

Terms should be added to the glossary. The reference list also needs checking, because some are the same (eg. 11 & 12) and others do not have a reference (eg. 7 & 17).

Hope this helps!
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The introduction is quite small but very precise, indicating the function and the components of the olfactory system but maybe include one or two sentences in the introduction telling readers that it is actually about the development of the olfactory system, not just the function and components of it. After all, introduction is meant to show others what your project is about. The hand-drawn image there is very nice but maybe more information need to be provided other than just labelling parts of it. Along with the image, there are the important informations such as the copyright notice which is good to see.

The history of discoveries section is very well-researched but it will be easier to read if it was in a table. The timeline, i thought was very good because there are a lot of useful information about the development of olfaction which relates to the research topic. The developmental process is explained in quite simple terms but i notice some of the scientific terms in the timeline are not explained in the glossary, this makes it a little bit hard to understand the whole process. It is very interesting that a youtube link has been included in the structure section, this is really a good peer teaching but make sure you referenced the video correctly to avoid plagiarism. The section on Kallman's syndrome is quite interesting but the structure of that section is a bit messy, maybe try clarifying and tidy it up a lit. But i can see that a lot of research effort has been put into it which is good and the variety of resources used in the section is very broad. More images should be put here because right now, there is just a huge block of text in the section. Images will balance out the heavy text load and attract readers more.

The current research section contains a lot of useful information and it relates to the research topic well. Again, images should be put here because right now, there are just small blocks of text in the section without any images, this maybe a little bit boring for readers.

Overall, the project looks well-researched and relates pretty well to the research topic. The balance of the images and text still needs to be fixed but in terms of the text and information on the page, i think it is pretty sufficient and in-depth especially the timeline of development and current research section. There are some terms in the glossary which is good but maybe more terms should be added. The structure of the page is good, very easy to follow. There are a few external links which is always good to put there for anyone that are interested by the topic and want some further information about it. Referencing is good, there is only one minor citing error (no.7), but it should be easy to fix. Hope this helps :)

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The introduction provides a good overview to the topic and the associated images have all the appropriate referencing information.

The history section is interesting and well researched with good use of subheadings.

The timeline of development is very useful and informative however is quite text-heavy, some diagrams may be able to help here.

The anatomy and normal function sections don't add very much to the page, especially in terms of embryological development. Adding more to these sections may help.

The abnormalities section is good, with a lot of information on Kallmann's syndrome, however other abnormalities (if there are any?) could be included to expand this section.

The current research section contains a lot of information in a small amount of space. It is quite jargon-heavy although this might not be able to be avoided. The subheadings are good as they act to split this section into discrete units.

The glossary and external links are very good, and the references are extensive which is good.

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* '''Introduction''': The information is very interesting and provides a good overview of the olfactory system. The only improvement that could be made is clearly stating what content is going to be covered on this project page. Also, “The olfactory system are often ‘’’divide’’’ into a peripheral mechanism”
* '''History of Discovery''': This sections presents a good summary of each research paper, detailing a background of the researchers and the importance of each discovery. Well done!
* '''Time line of developmental process''': This section shows a good depth of research and provides detailed descriptions of each stage of development. However, the information provided is quite complicated and would not be easily understood by peers. This could be overcome by the use of labeled diagrams or hand drawn images, which I can see is yet to come. Overall this is a well done section, the colors draw the readers attention and I like the use of bolded text to highlight important information.
* '''Anatomy of the Olfactory System & Normal Function''': This provides a good amount of information seeing as the focus of the page is about olfactory development, not the function & final structure. The only improvement could be providing an explanation in the figure provided.
* '''Congenital Abnormalities''': This section is well organized and includes all relevant content. Very interesting to read.
* '''Current Research''': A well researched section and coverage of content. Each paper is summarized and the importance of each discovery is made clear. It would be nice to include a direct link to each article.

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For me this is one of the best projects of the 6 groups. It is extremely well researched, as seen through the extensive reference list. It is evident that the group has gone above and beyond, researching even more than required for the topic, or standards set by other groups, such as clinical approaches, and much information on current research.

I found that the formatting in the upper part of the page, specifically the section under the title ‘normal function’ was a bit awkward in relation to text and image positioning. It felt that it was not consistent with the flow of the rest of the page.
Also the first table may require an in-filled colour or even lines (can be a light or pale colour), just so each column and the single uploaded image is more defined and linked to the correct year/individual.

The ‘Choanal Atresia’ tomography image requires acknowledgement that the image was uploaded as part of a university assessment. However, really appreciated the breakdown of where the arrows were pointing and the relevance in relation to your specific topic.
Images for the tables need to be finalized and uploaded; ensuring that there is appropriate referencing, whether they are student drawn, or sourced from the literature.
Found that the student drawn diagrams were really detailed and easy to understand and appreciate. Each was also relevant to the topics, which they were linked/associated to.

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The introduction while small gives a great overview on what olfactory is. You could add a small overview on what the page is about to make this part a little longer.

I like your table on development however there is some information in the table which is missing references, you should see to that soon and add a reference. Some images in this section would be nice and if there are not going in the table then you might want to delete the image column.

The anatomy of the olfactory system is quite small; this part could possibly be added to your introduction.
Kallmann’s syndrome is done very well and is quite thorough and as a result the choanal atresia section looks lacking. I would suggest adding this to the bottom of your abnormalities section and if no more information is going to be added to the page maybe state that other abnormalities include - choranal atresia and then maybe an external link.

Current research section is quite detailed and I would not add anything else to this section. I did notice that Role of Odorant Receptors is just stated with a reference and no information. If nothing is to be added here I would just delete this heading.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:33, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Group 4- olfaction

-numerous typos and syntax errors throughout. My favourite is "naval cavity"

-generally well explained and I like how you've used different formats for each section to keep it interesting

-this seems a bit random-

"SINUSES: A: EFFECT OF AMNIOTIC FLUID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OLFACTION IN THE FETUS (current research in the field):"

-I think the anatomy section should come before the developmental timeline just to put the developmental stages in context

-abnormal function is very comprehensive :)

-current research is great, it appears some quality research went into this

-excellent use of resources throughout, including your external links. I think you've covered everything well

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Introduction is sufficient for now, but it may be better if you add more details, and perhaps an image to support it. Maybe an image of the nose and its structural components labelled.

History of discoveries section is great so far. You gave succint information with references. You only have 1 useful image in this section, so it would be better if you add more images.

Developmental timeline is very well detailed and has appropriate refrencing, however more refernces need to be added for some of thee information. You also need to add images as that column is left blank so far.

Anatomy of the olfactory system needs more details and explain the structural components. The diagrams are good, but needs more description in the captions.

“Congenital Abnormalities” is very detailed, with appropriate referencing and good images. It would be good to add a few more images. Also, add more description in the “Computed Tomography of Choanal Atresia” image.

Current research section is very good so far. Perhaps adding a few more images to support the other articles would make it better to read.

Glossary section is good so far, but needs more words to be added.

The references section is excellent.

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Olfaction review:

Upon first glance of the page you immediately get the impression excellent presentation and a surplus of information. Most topics are well described although the history of discoveries layout is questionable and a table would present at a higher quality.
It is clear that the group has a high level of understanding through large amount of research; this is then transformed into chunks of knowledge in which are easily digestible for the reader. The page lacks visual encourage, I believe more detail into this would only benefit the page. The glossary could quite easily be expanded many terms throughout the text are absent from this list.
This page is almost parallel with embryological teaching aims. Citation & referencing is excellent. The way to improve this page would be reducing the weight of the text using innovative ideas to the present information in a more exciting way along side inclusion of more visual stimulus.
--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 09:53, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting. Both the history and the developemt timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more importantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

== External Links ==

Hey team... make sure you check the links i added to the external link section. They are great resources to use in your sections.

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 10:19, 21 August 2012 (EST)

== Group Topic Selection ==

So we have a choice between:

stem cells

Neuronal development

Sensory development

I personally don't have a particular preference but I think neural or sensory would be something different to touch on since there's still so much progressing research in the field.

'''Hey all :-). Thanks for getting the ball rolling. I like the latter two options, in particular neuronal development - from there we can pick a certain aspect and explore not only normal development but perhaps research complications and genes/factors implicated when things go wrong.
p.s. It would be great if we could figure out a regular time to meet during the week outside the lab so we can properly discuss and share our research'''

Just a heads up- Mark preferred that we don't put our names up anywhere on the wikipage for privacy purposes!

'''sensory system'''
hello everyone, it seems like the options we had chosen for sensory were picked before we had a chance and therefore I have asked Dr Hill for us to do the "hearing" system. I don't mind changing if the group chooses to do so, however, I thought it would be a good idea to have a topic locked in. Please let me know if you want to do a different topic

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 11:32, 14 August 2012 (EST)

=Designation of parts=

There must be an addition of current research and technologies in each area

Make sure this is not presented as an essay (balance text and writing with images, tables etc)

Possibly a history of the development of understanding

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:54, 15 August 2012 (EST) Timeline and processes of development

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 11:59, 15 August 2012 (EST)I would like to do a history section and the introduction

Please identify which part you want to be responsible for, keep in mind that you can work at any topic you would like.

Introduction: Andrew

History: Libby

Abnormalities: Stephanie

Future research: Libby (future research on normal function) Stephanie (future research on abnormalities/treatments)

Timeline: [[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST)

==Progress of individual tasks and project queries==

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST): I will be creating a table to indicate the timeline of development of olfaction during embryonic development. I will make changes to the initial table as I go along so as to avoid not contributing any online material until the end.

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 00:58, 25 August 2012 (EST)The table is a really good idea, we should probably have at least another one as information becomes much more organised. Just to let you know that I changed it to Carnegie stages as most sources organise their information based on those stages, and keep in mind that the placodes dont form until week 11 or 12, so there is no need to have stages 1-10.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:52, 27 August 2012 (EST) I've got some information on historical developments but information is really difficult to find. I've made some progress but not sure how much more there is that I can do. In light of that I might also take a look at the subheading "Structure". It's referring to the physical structure of the developing olfactory system?

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 19:33, 27 August 2012 (EST) Carnegie stages are a good idea! I also think its important to include a brief description of the development of the anatomy of the nose (turbinates etc) as well as a bit about the brain development in the locations of the olfactory nerve. Don't freak out when you read my additions, I do my research gradually, which means I will first add what I found in the textbook and then later on fill in the gaps plus add a research dimension with current lit.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:09, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, you heard it from Mark today but just restating, even when doing draft work you must reference properly as you go along or you will be penalised.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:22, 29 August 2012 (EST) Decided to just stick to weeks rather than carnegie stages because sometimes between carnegies stages, little events occur which will make the table larger and more confusing!

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 18:01, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hey Libby, I found a review article which contains a brief history on olfaction abnormalities in development in the introduction: http://www.springerlink.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/content/288u546105v08575/fulltext.pdf

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 19:26, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, just letting you know im working through pathophysiology for Kallmann's syndrome on a word document at the moment and will post some as I go online to document progress. Currently working on a diagram demonstrating the abnormalities in the olfactory bulb neuronal connections.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 21:18, 30 August 2012 (EST) Completed my diagram and have uploaded it with referencing. I based my diagram on an image from a review article which I have referenced - have emailed Dr. Hill to check that all is alright in terms of copyright.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 22:25, 4 September 2012 (EST) : Hey everyone, this is the html code to add to your parts whenever you wish to place a link of a word to the glossary:

[[#Glossary |'''put the word you want linked to glossary here''']]

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:18, 5 September 2012 (EST) Hi Stephanie, I found an interesting article about abnormal development of the olfaction bulb of mice when exposed to alcohol. Don't know if you'd seen it. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736737

I also read that article! Pretty interesting stuff

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 17:48, 7 September 2012 (EST) That is a good idea, please email Dr. Hill if you are unsure about anything as huge penalties apply for ignoring copyright. By the way our group project is looking good, more diagrams and tables similar to the one we have now would be great.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 08:21, 11 September 2012 (EST) Thanks for the article :-). I will add it to a section on congenital anosmia. I emailed him and he said it was absolutely fine, as long as I referenced my source information.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:00, 12 September 2012 (EST) Just a note to myself more than anything. I need to reference Julius Kollmann's textbook in the history section and add a diagram.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 20:12, 14 September 2012 (EST) Loving the page team! The drawings are great! Nearly finished my bit, just have to add a brief paragraph for the other congenital abnormalities and one more research article.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 22:35, 14 September 2012 (EST)Hey Libby I found this website for timeline/history: http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp...it talks about discoveries of congenital olfactory defects.
--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:15, 15 September 2012 (EST)Completed abnormalities and submitted 3 current research articles. Happy to take on extra parts.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:06, 15 September 2012 (EST) Thanks Stephanie that site looks great! I'll check it out soon.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:06, 19 September 2012 (EST) Important! Hey guys, we really need to work on the development of each structure and the genes involved. Who can help me out?

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:47, 19 September 2012 (EST)Note to self: Make section on external links.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 17:49, 20 September 2012 (EST) The table that I included walks through the timeline of development. I have slowly been adding more and more research including genes involved in patterning. But at the same time, I don't want to dive into too much information in order to maintain the balance between text and images. I have figured out a way to do this without making it all seem too simple, so just bear with me for the next week and you'll see it tie in well. Cheers

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:52, 25 September 2012 (EST) I have stumbled across an extra abnormality - although it is more a structural defect rather than a sensory defect, it still relates to olfaction so I have added it in. Will keep it brief though as whilst it is a common nasal abnormality, it is not so much a sensory one. Also, Z3374215 and I are concerned - are you two alright with your parts? We know, like the rest of us you have other assessments but it's been a long while since we've seen any major contribution - if you're stuck we are happy to give you a hand.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 19:07, 25 September 2012 (EST) Hi guys, don't want to impinge on anyone elses work but I think I have to change a couple of generic features on the page. If you don't mind I'll just stick the external links in the section down the bottom with the others. I also may have to move or make smaller the initial image of the olfactory system as I think it is stopping a table from formatting properly. If you are unhappy with any of those small changes I make please feel free to put them back or let me know and I will. Cheers.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:37, 26 September 2012 (EST) Thinking to move adult structure and function between history of discoveries and time line of development for flow.

Talk:2012 Group Project 4

2012-09-26T03:27:00Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on smell. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/191/3/443.full JCB content allows reuse.

Not for reuse but good reading - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55980 The Neurobiology of Olfaction]

==Group evaluation==

The project page was exceptional, there is a fine combination of text and images and the images are well integrated with the presented information. I particularly like the inclusion of a hand drawn histological section embedded within the table of historical findings. Perhaps this could also be done in the next table about the developmental timeline. As it stands, this table, while detailed in its wording may be difficult to understand as there are no diagrams to show the differentiation in visual terms, from week to week.

The clinical features, anatomy, and pathohophysiology were excellent. There is not much more to say. All of the diagrams were properly cited with correct copyright information. The CT scan was also interesting to look at.

One aspect that hasn’t been touched on is future research. The current research section was very detailed and explained the significance of each new finding however as is the nature of research, there are always gaps left in our understanding or further questions that need to be resolved as a result of new information. A brief section on this would give the project more depth as it would show a level of critique rather than simply the presentation of fact.

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Your introduction is good and concise giving a simple understanding of the olfactory system. Here I would suggest that you include what you’re about to discuss on the page. I also think you should include some references and maybe a photo in this section. The references to show that this information has been researched and the photo to break up the text and give the reader a simple understanding of the olfactory system.

The history of discovery section is clearly well researched and is well set out. However, I would suggest that you include brief descriptions of what has been described such as the Vomeronasal organ or the Nobel Prize which will further enhance the readers understanding. You have a good use of references there as well. In the picture that was included in this section, I would provide a more indepth description of what is drawn i.e. what the ectoderm is etc.

The timeline of developmental process is really well set out and easy to read. I would just make sure that every new point you include, you put it with a references as some of your points are not referenced at all and you need to be careful of that! I would also suggest that you put it in appropriate bullet points using the star key on your keyboard, that way it can be set out a bit better. Also, at the end of week 8, does this mean the olfactory system is complete by then? If so, then I would suggest you state that in that final week, if not, then what other small changes occur throughout the duration of the pregnancy? Also note that week 6 – 8 the references are either limited or not there, so I would recommend putting them in.

The anatomy of the olfactory system and the normal function are limited in information but also have only one reference between them. The images attached should really have more of a description when the picture is enlarged to give the reader a better understanding of what you’re talking about. Such as: diagram of olfactory bulb- what does it do and where is it located?

The abnormality section is rather indepth for 2 conditions, are there any other factors that come into play in regards to olfactory defects? Such as environmental? The Kallmann’s syndrome is really indepth and describes the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, could this also be implementd with the Choanal atresia? Or are the same techniques used there? Also, be careful when you use shortening of words such as OB, you provided the HH in brackets first, so I would suggest the same is done with the olfactory bulb just to prevent confusion. I like your use of both images and give s a simple but good explanation of what you have been discussing (and also breaks up the text!). I like how you have provided a good description in the enlarged picture and it makes it easier for the reader to understand.

The current research section really shows that you have put a lot of effort in for this section. However, at the beginning of each new research you state either a study or a paper with a link, perhaps use the name of the paper and who wrote it and use that as the link instead. It is really interesting and I rather enjoyed reading it, however, if possible I would add some more photos just to break up the text. Your glossary is good and well set out and the information displayed is quite easy to understand, however I would consider adding to this section as there were some other words throughout the page which were in need of a slight description. You have an excellent use of references which is great, but I would have another look at reference 11 as there is no text, only an arrow.

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The work needs to be spell checked before you submit it, make sure you get all your grammar right as well. I think you should add more to your introduction, and make it a little simpler, easier to follow. Also throughout your project you tend to use a lot of long paragraphs, especially in the current research section.

Though the developmental timeline that is set up is very detailed, it can be a bit hard to follow and a little confusing. There is too much text and no pictures at all to help demonstrate what is being said about the development. The ratio of images to text in the anatomy and abnormalities sections however is very good and makes it more interesting to read.

It’s good to see that you have some external links put up on the page and also that you’ve used quite a few references to do your research rather than just a few.

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WOW! I really can’t come up with anything bad to say about this wiki.
Text and image are nicely balanced.
Developmental timeline was very easy to follow and succinct which is always nice.
It was good to have research images alongside hand drawn images.
Diagnosis and treatment sections may need some expantion.
List of references current and varied – always good to see.

All in all this was a very good project and congrats of the good work. Keep it up.

Good luck with the rest ☺

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- The introduction is very good and brief --- although it does not tell the reader that it is about development of olfactory sense.

- The history section is immaculately done --- You have used a couple different sources and gone into enough detail about each historic background which tells me that you have thoroughly research this part.

- The development section is also very nicely done --- I like the layout of this section. Also the sentences are very clear and structure is easy to follow. There is a large section in week 6 which does not have any reference so you might want to fix that up. Same goes for week 7 abd week 8.

- When you start talking about anosmia it just abruptly follows normal function so you might want to add the heading “abnormal development”. It might even be a good idea to put normal function before normal development to put things in prespective.

- In Kallmann’s syndrome although it was very interesting to read, it is very heavy on genes which you have not addressed in the normal section portion. I do realise for some of them you have put a description as to what they do in normal development but see if you can integrate it with normal development too.

- It is also good to see that you have a diagnosis section and a treatment section too. It was very informative.

- Current research is well put together

Overall your project is looking pretty good….Just some minor formatting issues. The text is a little on the heavy side so some images especially in the development section will be good.

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The introduction was very interesting to read - 1000 genes related to olfactory system is amazing. The introduction isn't too long which is great. However, it would be good to include in text citations. Where did you get your information from?

The history section will look better if it was put into a table.

The 'Timeline of Development process' is excellent because it clearly presents so much information with respect to the time the differentiations took place. I can't wait to see the images though because some of the concepts were hard to understand without visual aids. For example, 'specialized areas in rostrolateral regions of head of olfactory placodes' - where is that on the embryo?

The normal function section was short. This is nice to see because this project is about development, not about the function. It would be good to include a diagram of the signaling pathway in this section, just to make it interesting.

The structure section needs a bit more information. Maybe put the olfactory bulb image in this section as it relates more to structure. You can also put some images of the cribiform plate in here too.

Abnormality section on Kallmann's syndrome was very well written. It had lots of detail, presented clearly in point form. Can you describe some of the other diseases in just as much detail as well? It just seems like Kallmann's syndrome is the main disease and there's not a lot of focus in other abnormalities.

In current research, 'the 'role of Odorant receptors' need to have some text and content in that section, not just the reference.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:58, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Page is well structured. Tables and images break up the information nicely. Some of the images lack an in depth explanation of what they depict/represent when you click on them. I know for some of the images it might be hard, but i think it would make for a more thorough way of presenting the information.
Not to much a critique, but you spend a large amount of time and space on the abnormalities section. When combined with the current research section and the images, only about a third of your page is information on olfaction. An even less of it is on the actual embryology when considering the timeline of discoveries and introduction. Try and draw out the embryology section a little further, considering the context of the website and who would be visiting it.

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Your introduction is good and gives a brief overview of what the olfactory system entails. There were a few spelling mistakes, which can easily be corrected. Make sure you do tell the reader what you will be discussing on your page – development of the olfactory system and the particular subheadings you will focus on. The image could do with a few more labels for orientation, but besides that it complements the text and contains the correct citation, student template, etc.

The history section is good and quite extensively researched. Most groups will provide the history in a table, with dates in chronological order (to clearly show history and developing knowledge over time). This might be something to think about. I would suggest a ‘date – description – significant person’ type of format for a table. Good image, but it is displayed next to Pearson instead of Kollman. It is also difficult to see what it is and read the labels without opening the larger version, so you might want to increase its size slightly. Because this is a student image I would like to see the original – if possible provide a link to the Atlas of the Development of Man 2.
You should also explain what Kallmann’s Syndrome actually is, because this seems a little vague.

Your timeline of developmental process looks amazing and is enjoyable to read. Some of your words are printed in bold and link to the glossary. In one of your next sections the words link directly to the glossary, so you should probably do he same thing here. I really hope you can add pictures to this table to complement your text! Not quite sure what the line at the bottom (SINUSES:A:…) is doing there… either delete or expand upon this.

Structure: you only have a link here. Please provide text and image to explain the structure briefly. The YouTube link should be there to help the reader understand this section, instead of being the only thing this section is made up of. The video is not your own work, so please add your own work to this!

The normal function section was alright. It has some useful information in there, however, only a single reference listed at the end. It seemed like more references should be included within the paragraph. I would also include the fact that depolarization is an all-or-nothing response. The threshold needs to be reached for depolarization to occur, but there is no build-up over time to reach this threshold. It has to happen at that one instance. The links should be listed under the heading ‘external links’ or, if used as references, incorporated as proper references within the text. The olfactory bulb image is a little small and the description is quite brief. Though, good citation of the source and a student template is present.
I think the olfactory bulb image and the epithelium image should be included in the ‘structure’ section.

The abnormality section includes Kallmann’s syndrome and a quick definition has finally been provided! Please include this in the history section too. This section was a joy to read! Very interesting! A lot of effort has been put into the research and references have been done very well. I assume OB stands for olfactory bulb – please indicate this in the text. The dotpoints listed in the ‘clinical features’ section could do with a brief explanations instead of me having to scroll up and down between the text and the glossary. The image is excellent and shows a good simplified concept of what happens. Good descriptions, source citations, etc are added too. It was good to see diagnosis and treatment included.

Current research starts with a link, which seems quite random – include this in the external links section. You found some interesting and current research. References are only listed at the end of each paragraph, but should probably be included within as well. The image relates to one of the projects and descriptions are appropriate. Nothing has been added to the ‘role of odorant receptors’ though (apart from a reference). Please add a brief paragraph to this section.

Terms should be added to the glossary. The reference list also needs checking, because some are the same (eg. 11 & 12) and others do not have a reference (eg. 7 & 17).

Hope this helps!
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The introduction is quite small but very precise, indicating the function and the components of the olfactory system but maybe include one or two sentences in the introduction telling readers that it is actually about the development of the olfactory system, not just the function and components of it. After all, introduction is meant to show others what your project is about. The hand-drawn image there is very nice but maybe more information need to be provided other than just labelling parts of it. Along with the image, there are the important informations such as the copyright notice which is good to see.

The history of discoveries section is very well-researched but it will be easier to read if it was in a table. The timeline, i thought was very good because there are a lot of useful information about the development of olfaction which relates to the research topic. The developmental process is explained in quite simple terms but i notice some of the scientific terms in the timeline are not explained in the glossary, this makes it a little bit hard to understand the whole process. It is very interesting that a youtube link has been included in the structure section, this is really a good peer teaching but make sure you referenced the video correctly to avoid plagiarism. The section on Kallman's syndrome is quite interesting but the structure of that section is a bit messy, maybe try clarifying and tidy it up a lit. But i can see that a lot of research effort has been put into it which is good and the variety of resources used in the section is very broad. More images should be put here because right now, there is just a huge block of text in the section. Images will balance out the heavy text load and attract readers more.

The current research section contains a lot of useful information and it relates to the research topic well. Again, images should be put here because right now, there are just small blocks of text in the section without any images, this maybe a little bit boring for readers.

Overall, the project looks well-researched and relates pretty well to the research topic. The balance of the images and text still needs to be fixed but in terms of the text and information on the page, i think it is pretty sufficient and in-depth especially the timeline of development and current research section. There are some terms in the glossary which is good but maybe more terms should be added. The structure of the page is good, very easy to follow. There are a few external links which is always good to put there for anyone that are interested by the topic and want some further information about it. Referencing is good, there is only one minor citing error (no.7), but it should be easy to fix. Hope this helps :)

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The introduction provides a good overview to the topic and the associated images have all the appropriate referencing information.

The history section is interesting and well researched with good use of subheadings.

The timeline of development is very useful and informative however is quite text-heavy, some diagrams may be able to help here.

The anatomy and normal function sections don't add very much to the page, especially in terms of embryological development. Adding more to these sections may help.

The abnormalities section is good, with a lot of information on Kallmann's syndrome, however other abnormalities (if there are any?) could be included to expand this section.

The current research section contains a lot of information in a small amount of space. It is quite jargon-heavy although this might not be able to be avoided. The subheadings are good as they act to split this section into discrete units.

The glossary and external links are very good, and the references are extensive which is good.

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* '''Introduction''': The information is very interesting and provides a good overview of the olfactory system. The only improvement that could be made is clearly stating what content is going to be covered on this project page. Also, “The olfactory system are often ‘’’divide’’’ into a peripheral mechanism”
* '''History of Discovery''': This sections presents a good summary of each research paper, detailing a background of the researchers and the importance of each discovery. Well done!
* '''Time line of developmental process''': This section shows a good depth of research and provides detailed descriptions of each stage of development. However, the information provided is quite complicated and would not be easily understood by peers. This could be overcome by the use of labeled diagrams or hand drawn images, which I can see is yet to come. Overall this is a well done section, the colors draw the readers attention and I like the use of bolded text to highlight important information.
* '''Anatomy of the Olfactory System & Normal Function''': This provides a good amount of information seeing as the focus of the page is about olfactory development, not the function & final structure. The only improvement could be providing an explanation in the figure provided.
* '''Congenital Abnormalities''': This section is well organized and includes all relevant content. Very interesting to read.
* '''Current Research''': A well researched section and coverage of content. Each paper is summarized and the importance of each discovery is made clear. It would be nice to include a direct link to each article.

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For me this is one of the best projects of the 6 groups. It is extremely well researched, as seen through the extensive reference list. It is evident that the group has gone above and beyond, researching even more than required for the topic, or standards set by other groups, such as clinical approaches, and much information on current research.

I found that the formatting in the upper part of the page, specifically the section under the title ‘normal function’ was a bit awkward in relation to text and image positioning. It felt that it was not consistent with the flow of the rest of the page.
Also the first table may require an in-filled colour or even lines (can be a light or pale colour), just so each column and the single uploaded image is more defined and linked to the correct year/individual.

The ‘Choanal Atresia’ tomography image requires acknowledgement that the image was uploaded as part of a university assessment. However, really appreciated the breakdown of where the arrows were pointing and the relevance in relation to your specific topic.
Images for the tables need to be finalized and uploaded; ensuring that there is appropriate referencing, whether they are student drawn, or sourced from the literature.
Found that the student drawn diagrams were really detailed and easy to understand and appreciate. Each was also relevant to the topics, which they were linked/associated to.

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The introduction while small gives a great overview on what olfactory is. You could add a small overview on what the page is about to make this part a little longer.

I like your table on development however there is some information in the table which is missing references, you should see to that soon and add a reference. Some images in this section would be nice and if there are not going in the table then you might want to delete the image column.

The anatomy of the olfactory system is quite small; this part could possibly be added to your introduction.
Kallmann’s syndrome is done very well and is quite thorough and as a result the choanal atresia section looks lacking. I would suggest adding this to the bottom of your abnormalities section and if no more information is going to be added to the page maybe state that other abnormalities include - choranal atresia and then maybe an external link.

Current research section is quite detailed and I would not add anything else to this section. I did notice that Role of Odorant Receptors is just stated with a reference and no information. If nothing is to be added here I would just delete this heading.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:33, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Group 4- olfaction

-numerous typos and syntax errors throughout. My favourite is "naval cavity"

-generally well explained and I like how you've used different formats for each section to keep it interesting

-this seems a bit random-

"SINUSES: A: EFFECT OF AMNIOTIC FLUID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OLFACTION IN THE FETUS (current research in the field):"

-I think the anatomy section should come before the developmental timeline just to put the developmental stages in context

-abnormal function is very comprehensive :)

-current research is great, it appears some quality research went into this

-excellent use of resources throughout, including your external links. I think you've covered everything well

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Introduction is sufficient for now, but it may be better if you add more details, and perhaps an image to support it. Maybe an image of the nose and its structural components labelled.

History of discoveries section is great so far. You gave succint information with references. You only have 1 useful image in this section, so it would be better if you add more images.

Developmental timeline is very well detailed and has appropriate refrencing, however more refernces need to be added for some of thee information. You also need to add images as that column is left blank so far.

Anatomy of the olfactory system needs more details and explain the structural components. The diagrams are good, but needs more description in the captions.

“Congenital Abnormalities” is very detailed, with appropriate referencing and good images. It would be good to add a few more images. Also, add more description in the “Computed Tomography of Choanal Atresia” image.

Current research section is very good so far. Perhaps adding a few more images to support the other articles would make it better to read.

Glossary section is good so far, but needs more words to be added.

The references section is excellent.

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Olfaction review:

Upon first glance of the page you immediately get the impression excellent presentation and a surplus of information. Most topics are well described although the history of discoveries layout is questionable and a table would present at a higher quality.
It is clear that the group has a high level of understanding through large amount of research; this is then transformed into chunks of knowledge in which are easily digestible for the reader. The page lacks visual encourage, I believe more detail into this would only benefit the page. The glossary could quite easily be expanded many terms throughout the text are absent from this list.
This page is almost parallel with embryological teaching aims. Citation & referencing is excellent. The way to improve this page would be reducing the weight of the text using innovative ideas to the present information in a more exciting way along side inclusion of more visual stimulus.
--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 09:53, 26 September 2012 (EST)

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Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting. Both the history and the developemt timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more infortantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

== External Links ==

Hey team... make sure you check the links i added to the external link section. They are great resources to use in your sections.

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 10:19, 21 August 2012 (EST)

== Group Topic Selection ==

So we have a choice between:

stem cells

Neuronal development

Sensory development

I personally don't have a particular preference but I think neural or sensory would be something different to touch on since there's still so much progressing research in the field.

'''Hey all :-). Thanks for getting the ball rolling. I like the latter two options, in particular neuronal development - from there we can pick a certain aspect and explore not only normal development but perhaps research complications and genes/factors implicated when things go wrong.
p.s. It would be great if we could figure out a regular time to meet during the week outside the lab so we can properly discuss and share our research'''

Just a heads up- Mark preferred that we don't put our names up anywhere on the wikipage for privacy purposes!

'''sensory system'''
hello everyone, it seems like the options we had chosen for sensory were picked before we had a chance and therefore I have asked Dr Hill for us to do the "hearing" system. I don't mind changing if the group chooses to do so, however, I thought it would be a good idea to have a topic locked in. Please let me know if you want to do a different topic

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 11:32, 14 August 2012 (EST)

=Designation of parts=

There must be an addition of current research and technologies in each area

Make sure this is not presented as an essay (balance text and writing with images, tables etc)

Possibly a history of the development of understanding

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:54, 15 August 2012 (EST) Timeline and processes of development

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 11:59, 15 August 2012 (EST)I would like to do a history section and the introduction

Please identify which part you want to be responsible for, keep in mind that you can work at any topic you would like.

Introduction: Andrew

History: Libby

Abnormalities: Stephanie

Future research: Libby (future research on normal function) Stephanie (future research on abnormalities/treatments)

Timeline: [[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST)

==Progress of individual tasks and project queries==

[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 20:18, 22 August 2012 (EST): I will be creating a table to indicate the timeline of development of olfaction during embryonic development. I will make changes to the initial table as I go along so as to avoid not contributing any online material until the end.

--[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 00:58, 25 August 2012 (EST)The table is a really good idea, we should probably have at least another one as information becomes much more organised. Just to let you know that I changed it to Carnegie stages as most sources organise their information based on those stages, and keep in mind that the placodes dont form until week 11 or 12, so there is no need to have stages 1-10.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:52, 27 August 2012 (EST) I've got some information on historical developments but information is really difficult to find. I've made some progress but not sure how much more there is that I can do. In light of that I might also take a look at the subheading "Structure". It's referring to the physical structure of the developing olfactory system?

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 19:33, 27 August 2012 (EST) Carnegie stages are a good idea! I also think its important to include a brief description of the development of the anatomy of the nose (turbinates etc) as well as a bit about the brain development in the locations of the olfactory nerve. Don't freak out when you read my additions, I do my research gradually, which means I will first add what I found in the textbook and then later on fill in the gaps plus add a research dimension with current lit.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:09, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, you heard it from Mark today but just restating, even when doing draft work you must reference properly as you go along or you will be penalised.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 11:22, 29 August 2012 (EST) Decided to just stick to weeks rather than carnegie stages because sometimes between carnegies stages, little events occur which will make the table larger and more confusing!

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 18:01, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hey Libby, I found a review article which contains a brief history on olfaction abnormalities in development in the introduction: http://www.springerlink.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/content/288u546105v08575/fulltext.pdf

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 19:26, 29 August 2012 (EST) Hi all, just letting you know im working through pathophysiology for Kallmann's syndrome on a word document at the moment and will post some as I go online to document progress. Currently working on a diagram demonstrating the abnormalities in the olfactory bulb neuronal connections.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 21:18, 30 August 2012 (EST) Completed my diagram and have uploaded it with referencing. I based my diagram on an image from a review article which I have referenced - have emailed Dr. Hill to check that all is alright in terms of copyright.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 22:25, 4 September 2012 (EST) : Hey everyone, this is the html code to add to your parts whenever you wish to place a link of a word to the glossary:

[[#Glossary |'''put the word you want linked to glossary here''']]

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 17:18, 5 September 2012 (EST) Hi Stephanie, I found an interesting article about abnormal development of the olfaction bulb of mice when exposed to alcohol. Don't know if you'd seen it. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736737

I also read that article! Pretty interesting stuff

[[User:Z3333427|Z3333427]] 17:48, 7 September 2012 (EST) That is a good idea, please email Dr. Hill if you are unsure about anything as huge penalties apply for ignoring copyright. By the way our group project is looking good, more diagrams and tables similar to the one we have now would be great.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 08:21, 11 September 2012 (EST) Thanks for the article :-). I will add it to a section on congenital anosmia. I emailed him and he said it was absolutely fine, as long as I referenced my source information.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:00, 12 September 2012 (EST) Just a note to myself more than anything. I need to reference Julius Kollmann's textbook in the history section and add a diagram.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 20:12, 14 September 2012 (EST) Loving the page team! The drawings are great! Nearly finished my bit, just have to add a brief paragraph for the other congenital abnormalities and one more research article.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 22:35, 14 September 2012 (EST)Hey Libby I found this website for timeline/history: http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp...it talks about discoveries of congenital olfactory defects.
--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:15, 15 September 2012 (EST)Completed abnormalities and submitted 3 current research articles. Happy to take on extra parts.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 12:06, 15 September 2012 (EST) Thanks Stephanie that site looks great! I'll check it out soon.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:06, 19 September 2012 (EST) Important! Hey guys, we really need to work on the development of each structure and the genes involved. Who can help me out?

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 11:47, 19 September 2012 (EST)Note to self: Make section on external links.

--[[User:Z3331264|Z3331264]] 17:49, 20 September 2012 (EST) The table that I included walks through the timeline of development. I have slowly been adding more and more research including genes involved in patterning. But at the same time, I don't want to dive into too much information in order to maintain the balance between text and images. I have figured out a way to do this without making it all seem too simple, so just bear with me for the next week and you'll see it tie in well. Cheers

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 09:52, 25 September 2012 (EST) I have stumbled across an extra abnormality - although it is more a structural defect rather than a sensory defect, it still relates to olfaction so I have added it in. Will keep it brief though as whilst it is a common nasal abnormality, it is not so much a sensory one. Also, Z3374215 and I are concerned - are you two alright with your parts? We know, like the rest of us you have other assessments but it's been a long while since we've seen any major contribution - if you're stuck we are happy to give you a hand.

--[[User:Z3374215|Z3374215]] 19:07, 25 September 2012 (EST) Hi guys, don't want to impinge on anyone elses work but I think I have to change a couple of generic features on the page. If you don't mind I'll just stick the external links in the section down the bottom with the others. I also may have to move or make smaller the initial image of the olfactory system as I think it is stopping a table from formatting properly. If you are unhappy with any of those small changes I make please feel free to put them back or let me know and I will. Cheers.

--[[User:Z3333038|Z3333038]] 10:37, 26 September 2012 (EST) Thinking to move adult structure and function between history of discoveries and time line of development for flow.

Talk:2012 Group Project 3

2012-09-26T03:26:07Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluation */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:54, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on taste. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922655 http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/3/285 JCB content allows reuse.

==Group evaluation==

The introduction section is very informative and I like the picture included discussing the 5 basic tastes which is interesting to read. I really enjoy your descriptions of bitter and sweet and find it interesting to read. I like the research you included in this section but I believe this needs to be referenced. Currently in the introduction you have only 1 references, so I would suggest that you find more to further validate your information (note that there are no references in the first paragraph). I like in your picture that you included a description. The cell biology section I would probably put in its own section with = = to break up the contend displayed. In this section it is clear that this has been researched however there have been no references listed at all here.

The taste map section has clearly been well researched yet poorly referenced. It would be interesting to look at if possible a progression of the understanding of the taste map. In the picture of the tongue, I would suggest that it has a better description on the enlarged image. However, some of this text is rather hard to read, such as the descriptions of the first and second order neurons. As you have included terms in there which would be foreign to most people, I would try to include either a picture to show exactly where these parts are such as the NTS which can give the reader a better understanding of what you’re saying. Note that you say things like “copious scientific conjecture surrounds…” however there is no references here! This section is well researched which is great, but I would really consider putting it into slightly easier terms to better comprehension.

In the cortical areas section, a similar approach applies: when describing locations of things such as the I/fO, you should really include a clear diagram as to where all of these are. I can see you included the section of the brain however don’t see it as too informative so a better description there would be appropriate. I would also note that you are repeating your references again, and it would be advisable that you find alternative information to include as well.

The timeline section is very informative and really stands out. I’m assuming you will be including the photos later this week. This is well written and gives a truly informative description of the embryological changes that occur. It will look much better and be better to understand once the photos have been included. Note that you have used the same references pretty well the whole time in this section. Although that paper may have a lot of information about what you are needing to talk about, I would also encourage you to research more papers in order to compliment the information you have listed.

The history of discoveries section is well set out and clear and concise. In some areas I would suggest a brief descripton of what you have written such as “PKD2L”, and also make sure you include the appropriate references as all I can see currently it numbers.

In the adult tongue and taste bud section, is this also what the tongue looks like from week 15? If not what changes occurs for it to form into what you have described as the adult tongue and what enhances these changes? This section is informative however it is really lacking references. The taste bud picture you have is quite good, but is that also what the taste bud looks like at 15 weeks?

The abnormalities section is really interesting and is rather enjoyable to read. Are they the only abnormalities that can happen to the tongue? How about environmental? Does alcohol, smoking or drugs affects its development of either the tongue or the taste buds? Additonally, your current research is very thorough and interesting. In regards to the photos you have there, I would make sure that they are set out appropriately, with the information that this is a student project.

Finally, the glossary needs to be highlighted to make it stand out and more words need to be included. Note that in your references, reference 5 can not be accessible, so make sure you fix that up. Overall, it was interesting to read and I enjoyed the display of photos that were also included!

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The overall set up of the page I think is very good. In the introduction there is a balance between pictures and text which makes it a bit easier to read. Also its easy to follow, the text itself isn’t confusing and is understandable.

There is a good overview of the different types of receptors and their function, also there is a brief section on the adult tongue which is good, however there needs to be more focus on the embryological development rather than just a simple table on that. There also needs to be some images added to that component as well to make it more understandable.

The sections on abnormalities and current research need to be organised a bit better because they are a little hard to follow, especially with the placing of the images. The glossary is simple and understandable, however there needs to be more work done on the reference list.

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The layout and balance between text and figures, tables, and diagrams is extremely well accomplished. All the information of the page is really intriguing and easy to follow on the majority.
I would suggest placing the history of discoveries immediately after the introduction so that readers may appreciate all the research that would have had to take place in order to put all the information on this page. As well, this would help in having a separation between the two tables used.

When it comes to images, make sure that everything in the image is relevant to the accompanying text and important to the reader. One image where you might fall short of this criteria, is the very first image on the page about the five basic tastes, the names of the protein structures is more distracting and confusing than enlightening and overall would not aid in informing the reader.

I believe the introduction is very important in assisting the reader in gaining an overall understanding of the page and it’s aims. Hence I believe it is important to include a more succinct introduction with such aims. In this case, the introduction to the gustatory system begins defining structures and functions which are better off used elsewhere. Instead try giving an overview of the system and maybe give the reader a reason to read on.

The images used in the abnormality section are scattered and make it hard for the reader to determine which image corresponds to which idea, I would suggest ensuring that each image is detrimental to aiding the reader’s thoughts. This was an extremely interesting section.

Current research is clear, concise and easy to follow with a pleasant arrangement of ideas, text, and images. It was interesting to read. Additionally, the references and glossary are extensive and well done. I would suggest having a link to the glossary from within the text.

Well done on your project so far, and good luck with the rest.

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The introduction seemed to go into a lot of detail. for example, the information on Type II receptors should be placed in the same section as neural pathways, not the introduction. Can you also include in your introduction, an overview of what you are going to talk about in your project? That would give your project more structure.

With the neural pathway section, can you draw or find a diagram for that section? I find it hard to understand without one. The taste map section goes into a lot of detail which I think is unnecessary because this is a development project.

Current research section is very interesting. I don't think you need to add any more content on that section - that section to me looks complete, besides a few formatting and referencing issues with the images.

Overall, I felt there wasn't enough written on the development of taste, either the receptors (taste buds) or the neural pathways. Your project seem to focus on the anatomy and physiology or function of the taste system. This is alright to keep but the focus should be on development. You do have a Time-line of taste development that summarizes the development of the Gustatory system which is great to see. I think use that as a starting point and expand on each stage in text form, below the table. In week 12 development in this time-line, you mention 'epithelial types I and II', what are they? Are they similar to skin cells?

Overall, the balance between images and text is great. The colourful images work wonders in breaking up the text. Having said that, Many of your images did not have the correct PMID referencing. These images include:
* images of taste being revoked by visualizing ATP release
* CVP of WT and DKO mouse with H & E and SEM
* histology - can you give a more relevant title for this image? We know it's histology; we can see that. What is this image about?
* Abnormal of Tongue - it should say abnormality of tongue

The history section is excellent because it spans over such a long time - 350BC to 2010. The layout of a coloured table for history is beautiful, clear and concise.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:35, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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- The introduction of taste is very descriptive and encapsulates the anatomy, physiology and cell biology. Although it is very detailed it doesn’t indicate that the project is about development.

- There is a lot of detail about the taste neural pathway and cortical areas which I’m not sure is relevant to olfactory development unless you mention how they develop as well.

- Figure 2 and 3 do not have any copyright information associated so remember to add those.

- The development section is very nicely put together and hopefully you will add images further down the line. I’ve noticed that in week 8 of development you have the same ref after each line…I’m sure you can just put it at the end of the paragraph as it is same for each line. Same goes for week 14 and 15. Also since you have 2 references for the entire section --- you might want to look at other articles as well.

- Some things that I missed in the section were patterning molecules and genes. Also any signalling mechanisms that control differentiation.

- The history section is exceptionally done with the use of tables, description and references.

- I thoroughly enjoyed your abnormality section. The images are nicely done as well. Although you have described many genes and molecules which are not specified in the normal development portion so the reader don’t understand their roles. Maybe address this in your normal development section.

- The current development section is also very nicely put together but again things like Shh and WNT should be in development section.

Overall very nicely put together and great balance of pictures and text. Although this is a development topic so the major emphasis should be on development of the organ --- Normal development is good but there is too much content in that section that can be left out.

--[[User:Z3333794|Z3333794]] 10:52, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Abundant information, including a nice coloured in table, which is a cool idea. Unfinished though, the images to go with it would make it great. The page seems to be segmented into sections with a large amount of text, and sections with many pictures. Try for a more even distribution, if possible. Pictures seem to be relevant, with good explanations, referencing and certificates. Helpful and interesting abnormalities and current research sections

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Your introduction is quite good and gives us a brief overview of the different tastes. I also like it that you touch on the fact that it is important we recognise (via taste) food which would be dangerous to our health. In my opinion, after you mention the research (ending the sentence with …’may exist.’) you should tell the reader what you will be discussing on your page. The few lines on fatty acids does not seem to fit in, and should be part of your history section and possibly current/future research. Some specific information seems to have been researched, such as what umami codes for; however, references have not been provided. Also make sure that the image has the correct information – title, description, references, copyright, student template.

It would be more logical to put the history section next. Following this by the timeline and then go back to the cell biology, receptors and taste map etc.

The history section is good with many significant dates and clear descriptions incorporated in a table. I do see lots of numbers, which I think relate to references. I cannot find these references anywhere, so please edit this and make sure it is included in your list of references. There are also a few references listed in full in the table, so please put these down as proper references. Also, there is no good description for the year 2007 (it is mainly a reference).

The developmental timeline is expansive and very interesting! It really relates to the different developmental stages and tells us what happens over time. I hope you can include images with appropriate labels and information to this table, as it will greatly complement your text. Please do check your spelling, eg. ‘epithelium’ in week 6. Also references in this section are appropriate and are not doubled-up in the reference list. Do check reference 5 as it comes up with a cite error.

The section on cell biology and type 2 receptors is clear and easy to read. I cannot see any references though! Please be careful cause this might indicate plagiarism. The taste map is interesting and I am glad you mentioned research has indicated that the different receptors are in fact located all over the tongue – not just in particular sections. If possible, look for the original paper(s) that made this discovery.

The section on neural pathways is a little more difficult to read and I did not understand some of it. Particular terms are used in sentences which suggest little effort has been put in to explain everything in your own words. This is further indicated by the lack of references in the ‘first order neuron’ section and the majority of the ‘second order neuron’ section. I might be wrong, but then do add all your jargon to the glossary. If possible, also try to find other papers which present the same information to strengthen your points mentioned. Images for both the taste map and the cortex need referencing, copyright info, etc.

Adult tongue and taste buds. It is good you include some anatomy and physiology into your section. Do keep in mind the majority of your project should focus on embryonic development. You included the appropriate names, eg. sulcus terminalis, and I am glad to see that has also been put in the glossary. Some more terms do need to be added, eg. circumvallate. The text is good, clear and easy to read. Images are appropriate and relate to the text but need proper descriptions, citations, etc. A major let down of this section is the lack of references – please include this.

Personally, I found the abnormalities section very interesting! However, you are suddenly talking about all these genes and factors which you have not mentioned anywhere else. It might be good to provide a brief description of these in the development section or incorporate them into your developmental timeline. Images all have copyright information, but other information is missing, such as the student template and/or reference. Please check and add this.

Current research includes a lot of information. All different sections have their references which are displayed in the reference list. If you can, provide links to the website of the research groups working on current projects. Be careful not to just put your reference at the end, as you may also have to reference within the paragraph. Both pictures used will need the student template. The double tongue image will need a reference in its description too.

As mentioned before, add and edit the glossary and reference list. You should also add to the useful links (make this external links) and the image gallery, or delete these subheadings, as there is nothing there now.

Hope this helps!
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"In regards to the information presented (outcomes 1 and 9), the timeline for the development is good and written with clarity. However, I noticed the section on structure only referred to the adult state rather than focusing on the embryonic origin of each structure (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). I would suggest that you elaborate on the developmental stages introduced in the timeline in order to build on the information you have already provided. This is important in regards to outcome 6 so that you can relate your research to embryology – the development of taste should be your focus. The history timeline was great to read as it was very concise and clear.

The page shows a good level of peer teaching with clear language and a good balance between images and text (outcome 4) with technical terms explained in the glossary. An improvement could be to make a link between any technical language and the glossary to avoid scrolling up and down to the page. Your Current Research section (outcome 5) was very interesting to read and showed you went beyond the scope of basic research on taste – good work!

In terms of layout (outcome 2), whilst the images are interesting and relevant to the text, some are not appropriately referenced nor described; make sure to reference appropriately and at least write one or two sentences to make the images relevant to the reader. Additionally, the introduction should not be under another subheading (Gustatory system) as it creates some confusion; I would suggest making the introduction its own heading in order to make the page flow. Similarly, the history timeline would best be placed towards the beginning of the page, under the introduction.

I noticed some areas (such as the section on Structure) were not appropriately or consistently referenced. Make sure to include a citation anytime you introduce a researched idea or information to avoid being accused of plagiarism. I noticed the history timeline had good consistent referencing; however the numbers just need to be formatted so they come under the reference list. If you click on the Tutorial: References page linked from the student page, it tells you how to do this. Hope the feedback helps and all the best for your project!"

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The introduction is very detailed but did not mention anything about the development of the taste. But I thought the mechanisms behind sweet and salty tastes are very interesting. Maybe do the same for the other 3 tastes? The image of the basic 5 tastes is a bit small, maybe upload a bigger version of the image. Also, the image is lacking some reference, copyright information and a student image template.

The type II receptor section is pretty good and descriptive but it does not really relate to the development of the taste. The taste map is a very eye-catchy image and it would be really useful if it had all the needed information such as the copyright notice. The timeline of the gustatory system is very well-presented and easy to read. I understand the project is not completed yet, therefore more images are still to be put in. Only 2 references have been used in the timeline section, maybe try to research more and use different resources. There are some citing error but it should be quite easy to fix.

Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and easy to read but the referencing needs to be fixed. The adult tongue and taste bud section is very clear and precise and contain a lot of useful information but it does not really relate to the research topic, should beware of going off-track. The hand-drawn diagram of the taste bud is impressive and easy to understand but again lacking in some referencing information such as who drew it. The abnormalities section is good and well-researched and it is interesting to know about which gene or receptors will effect the development of taste and sensation. Maybe the abnormalities section can be included into the current research section because abnormalities are repeated in the current research section below. There are detailed definitions of terms in the glossary which is good because it really helps the reader to understand more about the research topic.

Overall, the page is looking good. The main thing that needs to be fixed will be the images that are already on the page, they need the correct and essential information with them when uploaded on the page or else, they will get deleted and there will be no images on the page and the nice balance of images and text now will be gone. There seem to be a lot of anatomy and biology of the taste system but not a lot of information about their development. Although there is a timeline of development but i think more information is needed. Referencing is pretty good with only one or two minor citing error but it should be easy to fix. Structure of the page is clear and simple with headings and sub-headings being consistent, making the page easy to read and follow. Hope this helps :)

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The introduction is good, explaining the function and mechanisms behind.

The taste map text and picture are useful however lack referencing information.

The cortical areas section is very interesting and well referenced.

The table timeline is a very good way to summarise the development of taste. It is succinct and well referenced, even though one paper was referred to for most of the information.

The history table is similarly good, very succinct and straightforward, however lacks some references, and the references that were included could be improved by using the wiki referencing system.

The structure and function section is useful but doesn't add much to the text in terms of embryological development. Also make sure the images are properly referenced with the "student template" included.

The abnormalities section is very good and well researched, although maybe try and avoid referring to the articles that have been researched in the text and rather just refer to them using the wiki referencing system. The images are good as well but don't forget the "student template" here also.

The current research section is interesting and well researched, the use of succinct subheadings to summarise the paper's findings was good.

The useful links and image sections need to be added to, and the glossary section can be improved by putting the key terms in bold, but that is otherwise good.

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Initially the page seems to have a good balance between text and diagrams/photographs. However the figures included are not properly labelled once you click on the file and some of them don't appear to have any copyright information included. Some of the pictures could do with being a bit smaller as they take up a large proportion of the page. The student drawn image of the tongue is particularly impressive but does still need to have the student template included. The references seem limited in comparison to other groups perhaps suggesting a lack of depth or variety of research. There also appears to be a coding problem relating to reference number 5. The general layout and use of subheadings is great. It may be useful to link the words in the glossary to their occurrence in the text.

The introductory paragraphs are very well written. They are easy to understand and interesting and give a good overview of how taste functions. Similarly the section on taste map is well written clearly explaining the neurological factors associated with taste. However the presence of the picture in isolation is confusing as it is representing an the old method of taste association. Perhaps this would be resolved if a diagram of the newer taste map was also included. Also you say that the old taste map has been disproved by recent research but that research is not referenced. In fact it appears that very little of that section is referenced. The section on cortical areas is well done.

The timeline of developmental processes is good, the table an easy visual format and the information concise and effective. The only point of contention would be the direct quote in Wk8-9 which seems out of place in comparison to the remainder of the entries which are nicely paraphrased. The history section is similarly well done being extensive and comprehensive. That is excepting some Pub Med references which are just placed in the text rather than in the reference list at the bottom. While interesting and well written the part detailing the Adult Tongue and Taste Buds seems out of place in a embryology course.

The sections on the effect of gene expression on the formation of taste abnormalities and current research are good. However it may be useful to put the information regarding each picture as a caption rather than plain text.

It will be interesting to see what is put in the section "Image Gallery"

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The information provided is both informative and well organised. The use of tables and figures make the text easy to follow and the diagrams make the information easier to understand. When it comes to images however, they seem to be somewhat irrelevant next to some of the information in some cases. Try to move them around and make sure they accompany relevant text.

The introduction does not give the reader the overview of the topic, but rather explores structures and function which makes it difficult to order. Simplifying the introduction, and moving some of the more detailed information such as the information about the type 2 receptors to the relevant section would improve the page.

Other information that is difficult to understand is the text which involves certain genes and molecules without explaining their function or role. Explaining these aspects of the genes and molecules would make the information flow better.
The section on current research is very informative and seems to be complete. However, I did note some errors with the citation of the image used, working on the references is very important for the other images as well as not all have the copyright information.

I also noticed that many of the references are repeated numerous times. Week 8 of development for example have the same reference after a number of sentences. A variety of sources will improve the accuracy of the information rather than derive all the information from a single source.

There is a great focus on the anatomy and physiology of taste, however, it is important to remember that the focus of this project is about development, and therefore including a timeline or a table which covers this information is very important. The page seems to be very organised and the inclusion of tables and diagrams along with the extensive glossary make this page stand out. Well done.

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The page that you have created is very extensive and was well formatted in relation to the ratio of images to text on the page.
Found that the colours and use of table for the breakdown of information in relation to ‘Timeline of developmental process’ and ‘history of discoveries’ condensed the material and made it easily understandable. This made me want to keep reading.

With majority of the images that are uploaded onto the page there needs to be the correct information and referencing provided for the summary box. From where the image was sourced (ideally of reliable and scientific literature in origin), identifying that it has been uploaded for a student assignment and copyright information-permission to use uploaded image and any other information that is pertaining to the topic and why the image was used/relevant.
Further, those of you within your group that have drawn an uploaded image, have to ensure that you have stated in the summary box that it was student drawn prior to final assessment/evaluation.

The glossary is able to be expanded upon and potentially ensuring that the words that are being explained/elaborated are bolded. As a reader, I would find it easier to read and distinguish if they were bolded.
The reference list that has been developed appears to demonstrate that as a group you have are well read and researched, however, the citation errors will have to be addressed and resolved prior to final marking of the project. I really appreciated the layout (headings, summary and images) of the page.

----
The introduction is well written and very informative. You should add the history timeline directly below the introduction, because where it currently is feels like it is floating. With it after the introduction it will create a flow to your page and separate the two tables.
In your development table I noted a column called images, the adding of images to show the development stage you are describing will give this section some more flair. If you are not adding images don’t forget to delete the column.

Your section on adult taste and tongue is very interesting but maybe if there is a difference, i.e. newborns tongues are more sensitive to a taste than adults, a comparison would be interesting here.

In abnormalities you mention p2x receptors, maybe you could add this to the glossary and give a brief explanation about what they are and do. This would be a good idea for any other receptor or genes/proteins mention above that you don’t want to explain in detail in the main section.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:31, 25 September 2012 (EST)

---

Your introductory paragraph is sufficiently detailed. However, there is only one reference. You need to show more research by adding more references to support your text. It is good that you have added an image to support the text, but you need to write that it is a student uploaded image.
Cell biology and type 2 receptors sections don’t have any references cited at all. You need to add appropriate references.

There was an image of the tongue showing the tastes in different sections of the tongue. The image didn’t have the source referenced.

The taste map section needs more referencing and citations.

Cortical area is sufficiently detailed and has appropriate numbers of references, along with a supportive image. However, you should add more description of what the image is about.
“Timeline of Developmental Processes of the Gustatory System” looks nice so far, with appropriate citations. But you may need to add some more information, and it needs to add images to support the text.

History of discoveries section looks nice, but needs a bit more texts explaining each of the discoveries. It also needs some more references, and perhaps adding some images to support the text would make it easier to visualise the discoveries.

“Adult Tongue and Taste Buds – Structure and Function” is overall lacking in text and needs more research and references. You need to explain more of the structures and functions of the tongue. The image of the ‘drawing of the tongue’ needs a bit more description in the caption. Perhaps explain what each of the labels mean. The papillae image should say that it is a student uploaded image.

Current research section is done reasonably well so far. The reference needs appropriate formatting. Perhaps reduce the size of the image showing the double tongue; it is rather graphic and somewhat disturbing.

You do not have any useful links listed. You need to add links.

Glossary section is good so far. Perhaps add some more words, and make the text bold to make it easier to spot the different words.

Image gallery does not have images under the heading.

References section: number 5 needs to be fixed.

There are not external links listed under the heading, you need to add external links with appropriate formatting.

----

Group 3- Taste

Overall this is an excellent project. Well written, great informative photos, good use of tables, and comprehensive information that's well explained.

A few of the photos don't have the appropriate copyright information and some sections of text haven't been referenced, but in general this ticks all of the boxes

----

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives a the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

==Questions for group==
--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 14:29, 18 September 2012 (EST)--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 14:29, 18 September 2012 (EST)
Hey guys,

Did I see someone write about or have articles about Sprouty (''spry'') genes?

I can't find it, but I'm sure I saw it. Let me know :)

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:10, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--

Also, I've just been going over the main page and I wonder if a picture of the overall tongue, not only sections or histological drawings (which were really good btw) would be good to point out the anatomical features?? Like the sulcus terminalis which was pointed out.
I'd be happy to draw it. This would be for the Basic structure section.

Let me know ASAP so I can do it tonight :)

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:30, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--

Yep, i think that would be a good idea. Go for it :)

--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 14:29, 18 September 2012 (EST)

Roger that (y). I'll have it done by around 10'ish tonight to be realistic.

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 17:10, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--

Guys!!! I'm following image upload instructions to the letter and it keeps giving me database error. :( I need to upload figures 1 and 6 from this article. Let me know, k?

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 17:58, 18 September 2012 (EST)

--
I had the same problem during the Lab assignments so i used a different image instead. I'm not sure if its related to the image itself? Maybe just email mark?

Maybe everyone could add some words from their relevant sections and hopefully we can come up with a pretty comprehensive glossary
--[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 20:40, 18 September 2012 (EST)

== Discussion of Contributions via Email ==

Jared: hi guys,

just confirming our meeting tome tomorrow after the first lecture [after mid sem break]

Thanks :-0.

Nat:
Yup, meet outside the lecture room?

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:07, 11 September 2012 (EST)

--

Hey Guys,

Jared :
becuase we are on holidays as of now, make sure we are communicating about any contributions and copy and past any email discusions onto this page.

--

Hey guys,
So here's our plan for the next few weeks. If you want you can start writing up a particular section before next week!

* Wed 5/09: Have heading finalized; divide work.
* Wed 12/09: Sections finished. Discuss in class of any areas of improvement.
* Wed 19/09: Peer Assessment!

Have a good break :)

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:58, 29 August 2012 (EST)

--

Hey guys,
I thought of a few headings, please let me know if you have anything to add or change!

* Intro
* History of discoveries
* Gustatory system - this is really important!!
* Tongue and taste buds - structure and function
* Taste map
* Weekly development
* Abnormalities
* Current Research
* Future research

Not including the intro we can each choose 2 areas. I'll get started on History of discoveries and Weekly development.

If you're having problems with your section, or feel that it is irrelevant, or find something else along the way just email the group and we can make changes!

Have a great week :)

Nat

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 10:58, 5 September 2012 (EST)

--

That sounds good, maybe we should try and meet before next wednesday to make final changes?

--

Sure, how about somewhere between the two Embryology lectures (12-3pm) on Tuesday?

Which sections do you want to do? I just put them up on our wiki page.

Nat --[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:35, 5 September 2012 (EST)

--

well i have been already doing current research and structure + development, but im happy to do more work :) and yes perhaps straight after our fist lecture 11-12pm?

--

Jordan --[[User:Z3330986|Z3330986]] 11:50, 5 September 2012 (EST)

Hi everyone i'll be happy to "Gustatory system" and "taste map." I think it would make it a bit easier as i have covered the neural pathways of taste in some detail in Neuroanatomy.

--

Okay awesome guys

So the division of work so far is:
* Introduction to the Gustatory System - '''Jordan'''
* Timeline of Developmental Processes of the Gustatory System - '''Nat'''
* History of Discoveries - '''Nat'''
* Adult Tongue and Taste Buds – Structure and Function - '''Jared'''
* Taste Map - '''Jordan'''
* Abnormalities - '''Liz?'''
* Current Research - '''Jared'''
* Future Research - '''Liz?'''

Liz are you happy with those sections?

And Jared be careful with the 'Taste Maps' section, I just read that it may be a misconception! If thats the case then maybe just how the brain interprets the 5 different types of taste.

Nat
--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:56, 5 September 2012 (EST)

Hi guys,
Yes I'm happy with these sections and am on it.

Liz
--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 13:46, 6 September 2012 (EST)

--
Hi,

Can someone help me with image uploading?

The website say okay to use for commercial etc...

this is the link, is that enough information to get around copyright ????
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_Tongue.gif

Thank you, Jared

hi guys,

just confirming our meeting tome tomorrow after the first lecture.

Thanks :-0.

== Useful articles ==

Hi there,

I'm going to links to the articles I find here so you guys can see them and I don't lose them.

===Future Research===

1) A Test for Measuring Gustatory Function
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823587/?tool=pmcentrez]

This is pretty good for future methods of detecting defects in taste, but requires communication about reception of the tastant. Could be used when the children grow up. Great for adults.

2) The gustatory cortex and multisensory integration
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726647/?tool=pmcentrez]

3) REWIRING THE GUSTATORY SYSTEM: SPECIFICITY BETWEEN NERVE AND TASTE BUD FIELD IS CRITICAL FOR NORMAL SALT DISCRIMINATION
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812680/?tool=pmcentrez]
(Not sure where I would put this, I'm going to put it in future research]

===Abnormalities===

1) Gustatory Imagery Reveals Functional Connectivity from the Prefrontal to Insular Cortices Traced with Magnetoencephalography
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132751/?tool=pmcentrez]

This article essentially highlights that taste imagery is a learned response in the Insular Cortices (IC), imaged by fMRI and PET scans, and that disruption in this learning process changes the way we perceive taste. Again, I don't know how relevant this would be in the developing embryo unless there would be damage in the pre-frontal IC.

Any ideas guys??

2) Defects in the Peripheral Taste Structure and Function in the MRL/lpr Mouse Model of Autoimmune Disease
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334929/?tool=pmcentrez]

3) Knocking out P2X receptors reduces transmitter secretion in taste buds
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188419/?tool=pmcentrez]
<pubmed>21940456</pubmed>

This was a GREAT article. Basically spoke about how using double knockout (DKO) mice for taste receptors P2X2 and P2X3 were knocked out and how it didn't release the neurotransmitter ATP when a tastant was administered, whereas the WT (wild type) mice did release ATP.

--

4) Taste Function in Mice with a Targeted Mutation of the Pkd1l3 Gene
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924428/?tool=pmcentrez]

<pubmed>20605874</pubmed>

5) FGF Signaling Regulates the Number of Posterior Taste Papillae by Controlling Progenitor Field Size
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107195/?tool=pmcentrez]

<pubmed>21655085</pubmed>

6) Taste receptor cells arise from local epithelium, not neurogenic ectoderm.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924428/?tool=pmcentrez]

<pubmed>7892199</pubmed>

7) Downregulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression by Hand2 is essential for initiation of tongue morphogenesis
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091495/?tool=pmcentrez]

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 15:30, 16 September 2012 (EST)

===Other??===

1) Olfactory and Gustatory Sensory Changes to Tobacco Smoke in Pregnant Smokers
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3375030/?tool=pmcentrez]

This article is unrequired for this specific project (I realised this AFTER i read most of it) because it talks about how pregnancy affects the 'want' to smoke. So it's more behavioral rather than research into developmental problems that smoking may cause.

2) CODING IN THE MAMMALIAN GUSTATORY SYSTEM
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2902637/?tool=pmcentrez]

Liz
--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 14:09, 6 September 2012 (EST)

----

Hi guys, just putting a subheading of interesting articles found:

'''1.''' <pubmed>21978088</pubmed>

'''2.''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/tongue.htm#17108952 UNSW Embryology Development of Taste]

This website provides a really great overview of taste developmental timing & overview, tastebuds, receptors, pathways, genes and provides great references for further research - and its a UNSW site!

'''3.''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061205214617.htm Researchers Discover Initial Steps In Development Of Taste]

A Science News story that looks at the role of Wnt pathway in the development of taste. "In the present study, the researchers found that in mice in which the actions of Wnt proteins were blocked, taste papilla buds completely failed to develop. Conversely, in mice in which Wnt signaling was over activated, their tongues were covered with many and large papillae and taste buds." It also briefly discusses neural pathways of taste and abnormalities.

'''4.''' Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. '''Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Signals'''. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11148/

This book chapter covers a variety of transduction mechanisms for taste cells. It is quite detailed, however has some great diagrams to explain the content. The concluding paragraph provides a good summary: "The overall picture that emerges from these admittedly complicated details is that taste cells have a variety of transduction mechanisms. In general, individual taste cells respond to several types of chemical stimuli. Nevertheless, taste cells also exhibit gustatory selectivity. Like olfactory cells, the lower the threshold concentration for detecting a single tastant, the greater the selectivity of the relevant taste cell. Finally, taste receptor mechanisms also adapt to the ongoing presence of a stimulus, although the mechanisms are not understood. If a chemical is left on the tongue for a sufficient time, it ceases to be perceived (consider saliva, for example). Thus, to obtain the full taste of foods, one must either frequently change the types of foods placed in the mouth or wait a sufficient time between helpings, facts that have long been appreciated by restauranteurs and gourmets."

'''5.''' <pubmed>17108952</pubmed>
This article describes the receptors and cells involved in the different types of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami).

'''6.''' <pubmed>17287575</pubmed>
This review focuses on the development of fungiform papillae in rodents.

'''7.''' <pubmed>15581865</pubmed>
This article focuses on the role of Sonic hedgehog on tongue and taste papilla development.

'''8'''
Liu HX, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y, Mistretta CM.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659543
This is an article about neural crest contributions to taste development

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 10:44, 22 August 2012 (EST)

----
Remember: textbooks are a good foundation, but articles are best to gain info from.

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:32, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Hey, Just need somewhere to put this:
*[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Taste_Development Sensory Taste Development; UNSW Embryology]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8955790 Embryonic and early fetal development of human taste buds: a transmission electron microscopical study] <ref name=PMID8955790><pubmed>8955790</pubmed></ref> - Can't access full article!
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9455607 Scanning electron microscopical studies of developing gustatory papillae in humans.] <ref><pubmed>9455607</pubmed></ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9541477 Innervation of developing human taste buds. An immunohistochemical study] <ref><pubmed>9541477</pubmed></ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8241557 Evidence for stimulus access to taste cells and nerves during development: an electron microscopic study.] <ref><pubmed>8241557</pubmed></ref>

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:24, 19 September 2012 (EST)

== Headings==
* Introduction
* History of Major Discoveries (early researchers)
* Time line of Developmental processes
- this is the major focus of the project (ie: developmental processes)

- week by week
** Tongue
** Taste
* Final Structure and Function of the Tongue
* Abnormal structure and function
^ these 2 can be minor sections.
* Technologies to detect abnormalities during pregnancy?
* Current research (recent findings)
* Glossary and Abbreviations
* References

--[[User:Z3332337|Z3332337]] 11:30, 29 August 2012 (EST)

Notes from Mark Hill:
* Origins of sensory
* Central pathway for taste
* Neural crest contributions
* Overview diagram of sensory diagram (can be hand drawn)
* Journal of Cell biology - Taste [http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/3/285.full JCB]
* Links between taste and smell
* Tongue has muscular and sensory functions - segregate the two

==Division of Work==

Natalie - Normal function & abnormal function

Liz - tongue & taste development

Jordan - time line of discoveries

Jared - structure & function; recent findings

==Topic Choice==

Hey guys,
Unfortunately a lot of other groups seem to want to do hearing & vision as well, so I thought maybe we should choose to do '''taste'''. Let me know what you think!

I also brainstormed a few topic headings... feel free to add to it or change the order around

Headings:
* Introduction (what is the project about?)
* Time line of major discoveries / History (early researchers)
* Structure & Function
* Tongue development (brief)
* Taste development - time line and detailed
* Normal function
* Abnormal function
* Current research (recent findings)
* Glossary and Abbreviations
* References

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 11:42, 15 August 2012 (EST)

----

==Lets do: Sensory - Hearing==

From a bit of research this afternoon, I couldn't find much on skin development in terms of "sense organ"/"sense development". I suggest if we do Sensory we do hearing as there was alot of information (inner, middle, outer). And also there are specific screening procedures involved during pregancy.

Couple of link below with basic surface information that we could use as a starting point.

[http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter18/custom3/deluxe-content.html]

[http://www.spuc.org.uk/education/abortion/human-development]

----

Hi guys

Organ = liver

Sensory = vision / skin / hearing

--[[User:Z3289738|Z3289738]] 12:02, 8 August 2012 (EST)

really usefull website including information on phisiology etc
[http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html]

== Stucture & Function ==

'''Structure/ Parts'''
general including tissue type muslces + mucosa etc

- anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 (sculus terminulis)- we are manily concerned with 2/3 of tounge as it responsible for papillae + soft palate and epiglottis containing
- papillae, contain chemo-recpetors

'''Function'''
- direct vs indriect
- parts of tounge detecting differnt tastes/ flavours

'''Pathway'''
chmeorecpetors (translation/ transduction)
process of chemical to elecectrical

Talk:2012 Group Project 1

2012-09-26T03:25:06Z

Z3332885: /* Group evaluations */

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:58, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on vision. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/6/953.full JCB content allows reuse.

*Introduction

*Research history?

*Developmental time line?

*Current research

*Useful links

*Glossary

*Image gallery summary

*References

==Group evaluations==

Use of historic images was good. This is a main point of difference between this project and the rest. They are however not very well integrated into the project page, they feel as if they have simply been pasted there for the sake of inclusion. Perhaps an explanation of their significance could be included as well as how these drawings have lead to more refined understandings of specific structures. The Research History section is also quite interesting although it is very brief and could be improved if it were presented in a more visually appealing manner such as in a colour table.

The development structure and function section is excellent. The text is easy to follow and the student drawn images demonstrate a clear understanding of the processes as well as giving the reader the opportunity to better visualise the different stages of development. Another image which could be included would perhaps be a histological picture (as opposed to a diagram) of the different cell layers of the retina ie. The photoreceptor layer, inner nuclear layer etc. The current research section needs further refinement. I see no reason to simply list some current research articles except for point of reference. What needs to be done is explain how current research has changed or challenged traditional views/concepts. A brief summary of each article listed in this section is also warranted.

All images and relevant ideas appear to be appropriately cited and referenced. Image formatting on the whole is quite good although I think those included in the introduction need to be altered as they skew the text, making the section look awkward and a bit difficult to read.

-------

The photo at the top of your page is a great choice and makes the site that much more appealing. The only suggestion I would have here is to potentially minimise the photo as it makes the contents section to the left of it hard to read. Your introduction is clear and concise and gives a good description of the eye. A slight adjustment I would make is perhaps to make it slightly longer giving a brief discussion about what is to be discussed on this page. Included in your introduction you have the anatomy of the eye. Firstly, would it be appropriate to include the histology as well, as it appears further down the page you discuss the cells, so perhaps if you gave a brief histological overview that could make the sections below easier for the reader to comprehend. I would probably add to that that if you were to include histology, to put the anatomy and histology into a new section just so it doesn’t clutter the introduction.

Your history, although I’m aware it ins’t finished, would read better if it were in a table and would also bring some more colour to the page. I’m assuming this will come when you finish this section, but it would be wise to include updated examples as well in order to show an adequate progression of the history.

The development section appears to be very thorough which is fantastic. It is rather clear that you have put a lot of research and time into this section. The introduction you have there is well written and again concise which is great. Additionally I like your use of photos just below it to further your explanation and also to break up the text. In regards to your photos, I would suggest perhaps a better description of them and to make sure you include where you got the photo from. If there were an explanation of the photo in simplistic terms, then I think the photos would be really beneficial.

The optic nerve section is well written but it appears to lack references?? In the first 3 paragraphs there are only 2 references. I would probably suggest that this information is backed up by additional sources as well. Also, with your hand drawn pictures (which are good), I would suggest an explanation on them when you open the picture up in another window. Your paragraph describing the 2 pictures, I would probably recommend that it become sintegrated within the text i.e. when you are talking about that part of it then include it there. I just think it would make it flow better that way – like you have done with figure 3.

The retina is good and well set out with pictures. However I noticed that you have used the exact references as before (3, 4)?? It would be really advisable to include many more references than what is listed. The same applies to the images as I said above, but good integration!

The ciliary body appears to be well researched and referenced. From the iris down there appears to be a lack of new references and also looks rather bland - so here I would suggest including additional photos from journal articles you have used. Also, it seems rather brief, I’m wondering whether there is more information about the embryological processes that could be included?

The current research is a good start, but there isn’t much of an explanation of the photo that is included and brief discussion of the research should probably be included. Are there additional research projects to include as well?

Finally, your references ar good but short. The fisrt 2 need to be put in the appropriate format. I would definitely suggest including many more references in order to make your information listed more valid.

-------

Good introduction, introduces the main components of the eye that will assumedly be focused on when talking about development. More information is needed in the history section however and the images used also need copyright permission.

Wording is simple and understandable, it’s also good to see that you guys have a glossary up so to make it easier to comprehend what is being read. However you need more information under current research. Also you should focus on the other components of the eye other than the Optic nerve and the Retina and add more pictures or diagrams to illustrate what it is you’re explaining.

You should also try using some dot points because reading long paragraphs could get tiring and allow the person to lose focus.

----

Vision

Good descriptions of individual features of the eye. But seeing how the current task is the embryological development of the eye, it seems to be the smallest section of your wiki. Possibly a flow chart would be best to demonstrate the text you have in this section. Additionally, the information presented isn’t anything new or hasn’t been learnt in intro anatomy and could go further, as your current research section is still unfinished. Needs more current journal information

The text however in all of the sections is too dense and I feel my concentration waning when reading it. And although you have already an overall picture depicting the eye and it’s anatomical features, maybe for each section highlight the area that is being referred too. The timeline is unfinished and too wordy, needs to be more succinct.

The section of development of the optic nerve was really good, but again needs images to reinforce the text. Glossary and references are good, but need to be expanded. And a timeline of development would be useful.

Summary: text overwhelms the images and isn’t balanced.

Good luck with the rest ☺

----

Overall, the key points relating to Vision and it’s development are being addressed at this stage by the page. There are some interesting descriptions that are easy to follow. However, in it’s entirety, the descriptions has to be sieved through in order to extract specific information. For example, the functions of each structure has been included in the development of each structure. While this provides a nice way for information to flow, it can be better received if function was separated from development and put under a separate sub-heading before development.

The history section, being in it’s early stages is off to a good start including some important contributions that date back to ancient times, which I find amazing. However, I would suggest, placing this information in the form of a table because full sentences are not necessary to achieve an understanding. It would also be important to include the specific advancements achieved from each moment, with relation to the eye. For example, what contribution did Aristotle’s dissection of the embryo, make to our understanding of the eye and it’s development? Does the age of the embryo tell us something?

Heading suggestions for the history:

1.TIME/PERIOD

2. HISTORIAN/SCIENTIST

3. EVENT

4. CONTRIBUTION TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EYE.

Moreover, the inclusion of the historic images are unique to the other groups and hence will spark an interest in readers. In saying this, the use of descriptions and appropriate titles will aid the readers in appreciating them from a contextual point of view.

Additionally, the scattered placement of images on the page makes it difficult to follow certain sections and properly use the images to aid my understanding. I suggest revising the method used and possibly having clear distinctions between images belonging to different sections. I.e. Some run over two sections.

I like how each component of the eye’s development is described separately giving us time to appreciated each one individually. However, the timeline of development is also important and sometimes, two components are dependent on each other for growth and development. This maybe something to consider when editing this section, so that an understanding that the entire process of growth and development overlaps amongst structures. A video might suffice here in place of text. Also, the importance of genes in patterning is not clear.

Current research section needs to built upon, maybe with some simple descriptions of the types of research taking place, their potential applications and limitations as well as the use of images that might help explain the conclusions of the project.
Finally, the glossary needs to be expanded upon but so far the definitions are nice and simple for anyone to understand.

Good luck!

--------

The huge picture of the eyes at the beginning of the page is perhaps necessaries. The title of the page "vision" introduces readers to the topic pretty thoroughly and comprehensively. A poorly formatted and redundant image is just an eye sore.
An explanation of the images under research history would be fantastic. At the moment it is hard for someone who does not know anything about the eye (myself) to use the images at all.
There is abundant information on the retina and optic nerve, with accompanying hand drawn diagrams, which is great.
The current research section seems underdone, seems to be more a link for me to go find the research myself. A little explanation of some of the current research would make it a more complete page.
Glossary and references well done and helpful.

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Great eye image at the start to capture attention. It's nice to see that it has the correct referencing and copyright.

The introduction is very clear and simple to read. Overall the written content is easy to understand and provides sufficient detail to cover the developmental stages of the eye and associated structures like the optic nerve and lacrimal glands.

The images throughout the project were very useful because they complement the text nicely. The student drawn diagrams made the optic vesicle formation easier to understand. However, I think the labels are a bit small - you can really only read them if you click on them and see the larger version. If you can put some labels on the orientation (such as the ventral side, posterior side, etc), that would be great too. Can you also put a reference as to where you got the information to draw these images from?

The images you got from the 'Atlas of development of man volume 2', can you put the copyright up? Not many textbooks allow using their images but if it is allowed for this book, you should definitely include the copyright there.

Sections that seemed incomplete are history and current research. with the current research information you uploaded, can you add a bit more text just to summarize what the study found out? There's a picture there with some description but it would be good if you can put into dot points what the significant findings are.

It would also be good if you can write something on the visual cortex of the brain. I think it links in with the section on Optic nerve. Maybe mention some of the genes related to the various stages of eye development. It doesn't have to be a lot of detail - just suggest what stage of development the genes are responsible for.

It would be good if you used more research papers instead of using the textbooks. If you are using the textbooks, it's good to track down the references the textbook used. This means you can put the relevant research papers as reference instead.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:08, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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- the opening is very catchy with the diagram

- good brief introduction although it might help to give a brief description of the different parts.

- Since you have no other tables maybe put the history section in the table so it breaks up the text.

- It might be better to make the images a little bigger so we can see the labels. Also with the images for ‘formation of primary optic vesicles’ you might want to fix the way it’s laid out on the page --- may be put it in a table with a description of what each labelled part contributes to. Also there is no description bellow the pictures either. All the pictures in the development area looks very clustered so break it up with text.

-Large section of the optic nerve development ad retina development seems to have no references. But a lot of good detail is present which shows that you have researched. Although try to use articles rather than books.

- The student drawn images have tiny labels so fix that up maybe and also add copyright information.

- Fig 4 and 5’s formatting should be fixed so they are either side to side or broken up by text. Same goes with fig 6 and 7 – needs copyright info.

- In the current research section a detail of what the research is about and how it is helpful can be given.

- Try using less websites and more journal articles.

- Sections of ciliary body, iris and lens development could use some more detail. The section on iris has the development time in months…it will be beneficial if you kept it in weeks to be consistent with the rest of the parts. The section on lens, aqueous chamber and cornea doesn’t have any development time associated with it which might be useful too.

- I’m aware that you cant do abnormal section in detail but you can still mention some abnormalities in a section without going into heavy detail.

Overall it is a good page but formatting of the pictures and their placement has to be fixed. Some more text should be added to the development section of iris, lens, eyelids etc.

--[[User:Z3333794|Z3333794]] 09:18, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Firstly, the picture at the top immediately shows us the topic you are discussing: vision. This is good, but you might want to decrease the size slightly by stating the number of pixels in your file description. Your introduction includes the anatomy of the eye, which you should probably put under a separate heading. Expand the introduction a little and tell us what you will be presenting on your site.

The history is quite short – aim for more significant dates and discoveries and try to put them in an organised table. Within your history section you have images relating to development of the optic vesicle and lens. It seems like these should be incorporated in your next section on development. Good images though, but this time increase the size so the reader doesn’t have to open every single one of them to read the labels.

It seems like most work has gone into the section of development, which is good because we are focussing on the development of vision! The content relates really well and shows research has been done. There are a few sentences that strongly suggest they have been researched, however they are not references. This is in particular for the optic nerve and retina sections. Again, make sure the labels on the images can be read without having to open the file. You may also want to put the images together (optic nerve section) so the reader can easily see the changes happening during development. It is really good that you refer to the images within your text. The second half of your development section could do with a few images to complement the text. I personally think you should expand upon the lens development, because this is an important structure of the eye. What happens after migration into the embryo? If you find some related molecular information, eg. essential transcription factors, you could provide a brief explanation of these too and the role they play in vision development.

You started on your current research and a few references are present, as well as an image. I do not know what this image is and there is pretty much no text explaining any research that is currently undertaken. Please expand upon this!
The links should probably be listed under the heading ‘external links’ and as you expand upon certain sections, please keep adding to the glossary. For instance, I could not find the term ‘neuroblastic layer’ in the glossary (from the retina section).

With all of your images: please provide a title, description, source, copyright information, student image template. Some of your references will also need to be changed to avoid errors, citation of webpages and doubling-up of references. See the ‘editing basics’ on the embryology website.

Hope this helps!
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In regards to the information presented (outcomes 1 and 9), as the project is still in progress it is understandable that some areas are incomplete. There is so far good, concise information on the structure of the development of the eye and the structures involved in vision. It would be useful to include information on the genetic factors involved in vision development as well as have a section explaining the processes involved with vision. Also, for the Current Research section (outcome 5), it would be better to explain the aims and findings of the research papers cited rather than just referencing the papers and images without describing their significance to research progress. In terms of peer teaching (outcome 4), the page contains a good balance between technical terms and simple language for understanding on the development of structures for vision; additionally, the inclusion Glossary helps to clarify any technical terms.

The most striking part of the layout (outcome 2) is the use of images to demonstrate the development of structures involved in vision. This is great because it makes the page interesting and provides a visual understanding on the development of the eye. However, at times the images could be better placed: for example, in the introduction the pictures appear stacked on top of one another. Additionally, the images in the introduction show similar structures, so perhaps select only one to better aid the flow and appearance of the page. Throughout the page, the images utilised could be provided with more description and linked to the text in order to improve flow and enhance written explanation. Perhaps some information, such as the timeline, could be sorted into a table to improve the layout.

In regards to outcome 3, some of the information provided (e.g. in the section on Development) is not referenced. Additionally, some of the references in the Reference list need to be formatted correctly with author, date, title of the page, publisher (if required) and any other necessary information. It would be useful to follow the style of the automatic default referencing.

Hope the feedback helps and all the best with your project!

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Group Assessment Criteria:
# ''The key points relating to the topic that your group was allocated are clearly described'' The introduction explains why the eye is important and lists the anatomical structures, however there is no indication that this project page is about the development of the eye!
# ''The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area''. The project predominantly focuses on the development of the eye, and goes into detail the development of each individual structure. There are also a lot of student-drawn images and diagrams of developmental stages which shows a good understanding of the topic area.
# ''Content is correctly cited and referenced''. There is no copyright notices for any of the images and they all lack explanations.
# ''The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student’s own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations''. The text is easy to understand and there are many student-drawn diagrams, which makes the content more interesting to read.
# ''Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities''. I would say the information provided satisfies the aims of the project, however the research does not go ‘beyond the formal teaching activities’ as it lacks additional information such as abnormalities, normal functioning etc.
# ''Relates the topics and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.'' The contents and topics are strongly related to the learning aims of embryology.
# ''The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.'' All the content provided is well researched and relevant to the aims of the project. They key areas are well described.

Additional points:
* I feel that this page would benefit from a timeline or ‘weekly development’ table that briefly describes what structures are developed in each week. This would provide a good summary of the content as well as allow reader to be able to understand how the development of each structure relates to each other.
* Good referencing of images throughout project page – relating images to content
* Less paragraphs, more tables, bullet points, emphasize certain important points
* History & research sections look incomplete.

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Vision development review:

The key points are Cleary described and Topics have been divided in an efficient way allowing maximum information and an extensive insight into each of these segments, although at this stage there is not enough detail for each.
There is a substantial amount of visual stimulus although the quality of these stimuli is questionable. For example the images under the heading “research history” lack proper sized labelling, an individual must click on the each image in order to appreciate it. The initial image needs to decrease in size dramatically as is overwhelming and takes away from the product
Proper citation is evident however; there is a minority of untidy citations along with no copy write information for a certain image. Significant, deep research is not evident, I believe more research is required; there is a respectable attempt to relate content to learning aims of embryology. Information in the history section is insufficient and perhaps needs to be expanded upon.
To improve more information on each topic is required, review of visual displays (mainly balancing images between sections some have plenty where as other lack) and copy write information is essential

--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 10:20, 24 September 2012 (EST)
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The layout of the page is relatively good. If anything it appears little too image heavy at the moment. On the note of images, the referencing is good but don't forget to include the student template note with each image. The inclusion of some student drawn images in great to see but it might be an idea to make the labels larger as they are hard to read. The use of subheadings is great, a really logically well set out page. The references need a bit of work, some are spread sporadically throughout the page and some in the references section just list the URL along with the error on reference number 13.

The introductory is brief but alright. However the first two images are largely similar, not sure why both need to be included. Perhaps if possible it would be nice to link each of the main anatomical bullet points you have listed in your introduction to their associated developmental paragraph further down the page.

The History of development is coming along nicely but perhaps would be easier to read if it was in the format of a table. Also the Atlas of the Development of Man needs to be properly referenced with the author in the reference section. It would be nice to have some information relating to the pictures uploaded in this section.

The section on Development is well done and it is interesting to look at the individual development of each structure. It might be an idea to include some more references to when each structural development occurs. Current Research really needs some more content. The glossary is a nice addition and helpful.
Hope this helps

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The top image of the eyes is a great idea to introduce an audience to your topic. The copyright of the image is there along with the reference. However, the hand drawn image do not have a reference as to where you located the information for the diagram. The images further down the page which are referenced to a textbook had no copyright associated with it. It is important to make sure that the textbook is not protected by copyright laws before placing those images in your page. Referencing and copyright needs to be included in every image on the page, many of your images don't have the necessary information.

The information is easy to understand, however it is difficult to locate. Things seems to be out of place. Try not to include images on both side of the page, it is highly distracting as they alternate far too often. I also noticed that development and function were both under one heading. This made things a little confusing as the information between the two topics were shared in the same paragraph.

What I found to stand out were the historic images. These are a great addition to the page. Having said that, they're often difficult to understand and therefore explaining the images would be great. The history, current research and glossary sections all seem to be incomplete, these need to be worked on.

Something that i found to be really well explained was the developmental stages of the eye and associated structures. This is very important as the topic is about the development. Although the information for this section seems to be great, there seems to be a lack of references, it is important to cite where you derived the information from.

Overall the page seems to have the right information, however, just remember to include the right references, make your diagrams and labels more visible and try to organise your information into tables or dot points to make it easier to follow.

Hope this information helps

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There is a good balance of images and text throughout the page. Prior to final assessment the page outline and formatting of image and text positioning is required. The first image at the top the page, requires correct referencing and acknowledgement that it has been uploaded as part of a student assignment. This is also required for the image titled “Eyediagramcolour1”.

Since the previous lab, held in week 9, it is positive to see that the group has altered some of the uploaded image information, with particular reference to the self-drawn/uploaded images.

The area of the page which shows that there is a “useful links” heading and an external link within the current research section, should be placed or moved into the external links section at the bottom of the page with the appropriate information that Dr. Hill has required for placing external links on a page. Also, the references within the ‘current research’ section may also need to be apart of the reference list.

I found this page visually appealing and I liked that this group have included an image gallery section. The use of the external links were appropriate to the topic and that the extent of the glossary for now is good, however, by the final evaluation would potentially need to be larger. Finally found that the headings for each segment of the broader topic were well positioned and relevant.

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'''Vision'''

Overall the detail within Group 1's page is very informative and very well set out, having each individual part of the eye named with information about the development of that certain feature is great. The information about the iris, cornea, choroid and sclera, eyelids and lacrimal glands were undeveloped compared to that of the retina and optic nerve. Even though the retina and optic nerve are the sensory receptors, the other components of the eye should have an equal amount of information about the development because without these parts the sensory part would not function at its best.

I would recommend having developmental pictures that you have placed at the beginning of the page places around the block of writing in the iris, lens, and chamber area just to break up the text and to show the development of each part in stages. The History section, as they stated has more to come, and I hope there is more to come for the current research as well as both sections need more information.
I feel that the images, while being hand drawn, were not sufficient enough to communicate the full detail of the developmental process and there were not enough references to validate the statements that were made throughout the page.
Overall however it was a very well written project with a well thought out progression from introduction to finish.

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The introduction is good, I like the use of images to help describe your topic. The images you have for your page are great. They complement the information you have on your page however the historical images at the top of the page feel like they are added because they are images, they should have a small description and be numbered if you like to show the order they go in. As is stands at the moment I found them to be confusion and just a space filler.

Under the current research heading, I think you guys would benefit from giving a brief overview of what the research is not just listing the articles.

If possible you should add a part about the first person/s to discover the mechanisms of eye development. You should also add a small part about the genetic parts which cause these mechanisms.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:28, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye. The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

== Group discussion ==

Have you guys looked at some sources about the development of vision in embryos?
Do you have any idea how you want to divide up the topics we can work on?
--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 13:31, 21 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey everyone, I haven't looked at anything yet, sorry! Hopefully end of this week/start of next I'll start adding things. Ben --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 19:33, 21 August 2012 (EST)

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Heya. Thinking that we should do a time line rather than dividing up the different structures of the eye. Em --[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 10:40, 22 August 2012 (EST)

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I looked through all the embryology textbooks I have (the two prescribed texts, as well as another book) and they all divide up the eyes into different parts and talks about how each of the parts develop, rather than a timeline. So i was thinking, maybe we could focus more on describing how each of the different parts of the eye develop, and then we could do a timelime briefly at the end? (By the way, you're not supposed to mention your name) --[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 10:21, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Sounds good. I have put a few suggestions for the different parts of the eye on the page. We need code-names if you don't want to put your name so that we know who is saying what.
Please don't put any information on the actual page without referencing it.--[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 10:45, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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We also can't use content from Dr Hill's pages. The photos that are on our page are great, but we will have to replace them. We also desperately need to divide the sections between us. Maybe 2 people do 5 eye structures each, one person does intro and history, and another does current research and useful links? --[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 11:45, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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The textbooks are going to be really useful, I'd say divide it up the way the textbook does it. Sorry guys, didn't realise we can't use Mark's stuff. Will look for similar images later -.- --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 11:51, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Also I'm happy to do 5 eye structures :) I think. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 11:56, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Okay guys, I'm doing retina and optic nerve, lens, eyelids, choroid and sclera. Em (z3254758) is doing the other structures (we can reassign if either of us find a structure that is excessively complicated). That leaves intro/history and current research/useful links. '''Also!!!''' I have to do a marine science camp in the mid sem break and so won't be available to make contributions. Sorry but I'll keep adding as soon as uni goes back. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 12:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Awesome, no worries. Thanks for your contribution so far, let me know if we need to redistribute. Enjoy your camp! --[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 16:08, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey guys I'm really sorry for the late notice but I've dropped this Embryology course. Tried logging on a few days ago to let you know what was going on but the server wouldn't connect. So sorry to stuff you all around. Goodluck with everything. Emma --[[User:Z3330686|Z3330686]] 10:55, 5 September 2012 (EST)

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So does this mean we only have 3 people in our group now?

Anyway, I'm sorry i haven't contributed yet. I had been looking up articles and reading them to help you with the structures, but haven't written up notes yet, as I have so many other assignments to do that are all due soon. I am happy to do intro/history and current research/useful links. And after i do those parts, I can help you guys with the structures if there are any structures you're stuck with. I can help look for images too. I'll also do a brief timeline/overview of eye development after you guys finish the structures. I'll post up the links to the articles I found that you might find useful for the structures. --[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 12:22, 10 September 2012 (EST)

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Oh my goodness the more I research the more confused I get! I keep finding conflicting information- hence why some things are in capitals and italics and why I haven't put references for everything. Am hoping you guys can shed some light? For the iris I had one resource that said two completely opposite things about what it develops from :S :S :S

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Yeah I know, I've had similar problems of conflicting sources :( I'm mostly relying on the online textbooks because surely they can't be wrong? And all the papers have a large emphasis on the genetics and it's hard to find a simple anatomical description. We can come back later and fix anything that's unresolved. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 14:35, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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P.S. nice eye collage at the top whoever posted it. Adds a nice human touch. It's really cool to look at! :)

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yay I'm glad you like it! :)
This is the problem, I was confused about the conflicting statements so I went to a textbook and that was what said the two different things... in the specific section it said one thing and then in the summary it said the opposite o_O trying a few other textbooks at the moment. Ya am very sick of reading about genetics.--[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 21:49, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey i found a good article which i think you might find useful. It also has nice images. I want to email them and ask permission to use their images in our project.

To read the article, Log into the UNSW library and search 'Eye development' by Jochen Graw

Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2010, Vol.90, pp.343-386

--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 23:49, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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Well peer review is tomorrow and the page is still somewhat lacking haha... It would be good to get something under the headings "research history" and "current research" even if it's only a few sentences so the space isn't completely blank. I'll try and add a few more things to my sections tomorrow morning. I had a quick look at the Jochen Graw article and it has good summaries of genetic stuff as well. Once I get all the anatomical stuff down on my sections I'll come back and add genetic stuff at the end if I get time. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 17:16, 18 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey guys, I went through the page and fixed some formatting issues with the images. Also went through my images and added descriptions, copyright and the "student template" thing - don't forget to do that to all the images you upload. I also took some of the advice in the comments and enlarged my labels and added an orientation to my images. Don't forget that according to the course timetable that this project is due at the end of the lab next week!!! That's '''Wednesday 3rd October.''' So keep adding stuff!!! --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 17:15, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Okay I also just went through and fixed up the references we have so far, so instead of having the same reference come up multiple times in the reference list it just comes up once. Here's the help page that tells you how to do it: http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Help:Reference_Tutorial#Multiple_Instances_on_Page

I think we should try and get content from all of the potential papers you guys posted below on this page so we get a nice, well rounded reference list. We've already referenced the textbooks several times (I am mostly guilty of this - sorry), so let's try and reference the same info in papers instead. Also try and get the reference info right the first time - it takes ages to go back and do it!!! --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 18:16, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey is there a way to make the citations appear automatically in the references, or do i have to add them individually/manually?

I'm still working on my parts and will add more stuff this week. I'm sorry i had so many assignments due recently. Now that i have them out of the way i'm working on this assignment now.

--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 10:53, 26 September 2012 (EST)

==Potential Resources==

<pubmed>16959249</pubmed>
<pubmed>11687490</pubmed>
<pubmed>22219630</pubmed>
<pubmed>19449303</pubmed>
<pubmed>11069887</pubmed>
<pubmed>12223402</pubmed>
<pubmed>9043062</pubmed>
<pubmed>15558474</pubmed>
<pubmed>15558475</pubmed>
<pubmed>9609835</pubmed>

--[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 17:58, 4 September 2012 (EST)

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Lhx2 links the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control optic cup formation:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778739/?tool=pmcentrez

Innervation of the Mouse Cornea during Development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3053279/?tool=pmcentrez

Fibromodulin Regulates Collagen Fibrillogenesis During Peripheral Corneal Development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965449/?tool=pmcentrez

Development of extraocular muscles require early signals from periocular neural crest and the developing eye:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248700/?tool=pmcentrez

Eye Morphogenesis and Patterning of the Optic Vesicle:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958684/?tool=pmcentrez

Targeted deletion of Dicer disrupts lens morphogenesis, corneal epithelium stratification, and whole eye development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787093/?tool=pmcentrez

Anterior eye development and ocular mesenchyme:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094210/?tool=pmcentrez

--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 12:31, 10 September 2012 (EST)

Talk:2012 Group Project 1

2012-09-26T03:24:21Z

Z3332885:

{{2012GroupDiscussion}}

--[[User:Z8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:58, 18 September 2012 (EST) This is a recent review on vision. http://jcb.rupress.org/content/190/6/953.full JCB content allows reuse.

*Introduction

*Research history?

*Developmental time line?

*Current research

*Useful links

*Glossary

*Image gallery summary

*References

==Group evaluations==

Use of historic images was good. This is a main point of difference between this project and the rest. They are however not very well integrated into the project page, they feel as if they have simply been pasted there for the sake of inclusion. Perhaps an explanation of their significance could be included as well as how these drawings have lead to more refined understandings of specific structures. The Research History section is also quite interesting although it is very brief and could be improved if it were presented in a more visually appealing manner such as in a colour table.

The development structure and function section is excellent. The text is easy to follow and the student drawn images demonstrate a clear understanding of the processes as well as giving the reader the opportunity to better visualise the different stages of development. Another image which could be included would perhaps be a histological picture (as opposed to a diagram) of the different cell layers of the retina ie. The photoreceptor layer, inner nuclear layer etc. The current research section needs further refinement. I see no reason to simply list some current research articles except for point of reference. What needs to be done is explain how current research has changed or challenged traditional views/concepts. A brief summary of each article listed in this section is also warranted.

All images and relevant ideas appear to be appropriately cited and referenced. Image formatting on the whole is quite good although I think those included in the introduction need to be altered as they skew the text, making the section look awkward and a bit difficult to read.

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The photo at the top of your page is a great choice and makes the site that much more appealing. The only suggestion I would have here is to potentially minimise the photo as it makes the contents section to the left of it hard to read. Your introduction is clear and concise and gives a good description of the eye. A slight adjustment I would make is perhaps to make it slightly longer giving a brief discussion about what is to be discussed on this page. Included in your introduction you have the anatomy of the eye. Firstly, would it be appropriate to include the histology as well, as it appears further down the page you discuss the cells, so perhaps if you gave a brief histological overview that could make the sections below easier for the reader to comprehend. I would probably add to that that if you were to include histology, to put the anatomy and histology into a new section just so it doesn’t clutter the introduction.

Your history, although I’m aware it ins’t finished, would read better if it were in a table and would also bring some more colour to the page. I’m assuming this will come when you finish this section, but it would be wise to include updated examples as well in order to show an adequate progression of the history.

The development section appears to be very thorough which is fantastic. It is rather clear that you have put a lot of research and time into this section. The introduction you have there is well written and again concise which is great. Additionally I like your use of photos just below it to further your explanation and also to break up the text. In regards to your photos, I would suggest perhaps a better description of them and to make sure you include where you got the photo from. If there were an explanation of the photo in simplistic terms, then I think the photos would be really beneficial.

The optic nerve section is well written but it appears to lack references?? In the first 3 paragraphs there are only 2 references. I would probably suggest that this information is backed up by additional sources as well. Also, with your hand drawn pictures (which are good), I would suggest an explanation on them when you open the picture up in another window. Your paragraph describing the 2 pictures, I would probably recommend that it become sintegrated within the text i.e. when you are talking about that part of it then include it there. I just think it would make it flow better that way – like you have done with figure 3.

The retina is good and well set out with pictures. However I noticed that you have used the exact references as before (3, 4)?? It would be really advisable to include many more references than what is listed. The same applies to the images as I said above, but good integration!

The ciliary body appears to be well researched and referenced. From the iris down there appears to be a lack of new references and also looks rather bland - so here I would suggest including additional photos from journal articles you have used. Also, it seems rather brief, I’m wondering whether there is more information about the embryological processes that could be included?

The current research is a good start, but there isn’t much of an explanation of the photo that is included and brief discussion of the research should probably be included. Are there additional research projects to include as well?

Finally, your references ar good but short. The fisrt 2 need to be put in the appropriate format. I would definitely suggest including many more references in order to make your information listed more valid.

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Good introduction, introduces the main components of the eye that will assumedly be focused on when talking about development. More information is needed in the history section however and the images used also need copyright permission.

Wording is simple and understandable, it’s also good to see that you guys have a glossary up so to make it easier to comprehend what is being read. However you need more information under current research. Also you should focus on the other components of the eye other than the Optic nerve and the Retina and add more pictures or diagrams to illustrate what it is you’re explaining.

You should also try using some dot points because reading long paragraphs could get tiring and allow the person to lose focus.

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Vision

Good descriptions of individual features of the eye. But seeing how the current task is the embryological development of the eye, it seems to be the smallest section of your wiki. Possibly a flow chart would be best to demonstrate the text you have in this section. Additionally, the information presented isn’t anything new or hasn’t been learnt in intro anatomy and could go further, as your current research section is still unfinished. Needs more current journal information

The text however in all of the sections is too dense and I feel my concentration waning when reading it. And although you have already an overall picture depicting the eye and it’s anatomical features, maybe for each section highlight the area that is being referred too. The timeline is unfinished and too wordy, needs to be more succinct.

The section of development of the optic nerve was really good, but again needs images to reinforce the text. Glossary and references are good, but need to be expanded. And a timeline of development would be useful.

Summary: text overwhelms the images and isn’t balanced.

Good luck with the rest ☺

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Overall, the key points relating to Vision and it’s development are being addressed at this stage by the page. There are some interesting descriptions that are easy to follow. However, in it’s entirety, the descriptions has to be sieved through in order to extract specific information. For example, the functions of each structure has been included in the development of each structure. While this provides a nice way for information to flow, it can be better received if function was separated from development and put under a separate sub-heading before development.

The history section, being in it’s early stages is off to a good start including some important contributions that date back to ancient times, which I find amazing. However, I would suggest, placing this information in the form of a table because full sentences are not necessary to achieve an understanding. It would also be important to include the specific advancements achieved from each moment, with relation to the eye. For example, what contribution did Aristotle’s dissection of the embryo, make to our understanding of the eye and it’s development? Does the age of the embryo tell us something?

Heading suggestions for the history:

1.TIME/PERIOD

2. HISTORIAN/SCIENTIST

3. EVENT

4. CONTRIBUTION TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EYE.

Moreover, the inclusion of the historic images are unique to the other groups and hence will spark an interest in readers. In saying this, the use of descriptions and appropriate titles will aid the readers in appreciating them from a contextual point of view.

Additionally, the scattered placement of images on the page makes it difficult to follow certain sections and properly use the images to aid my understanding. I suggest revising the method used and possibly having clear distinctions between images belonging to different sections. I.e. Some run over two sections.

I like how each component of the eye’s development is described separately giving us time to appreciated each one individually. However, the timeline of development is also important and sometimes, two components are dependent on each other for growth and development. This maybe something to consider when editing this section, so that an understanding that the entire process of growth and development overlaps amongst structures. A video might suffice here in place of text. Also, the importance of genes in patterning is not clear.

Current research section needs to built upon, maybe with some simple descriptions of the types of research taking place, their potential applications and limitations as well as the use of images that might help explain the conclusions of the project.
Finally, the glossary needs to be expanded upon but so far the definitions are nice and simple for anyone to understand.

Good luck!

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The huge picture of the eyes at the beginning of the page is perhaps necessaries. The title of the page "vision" introduces readers to the topic pretty thoroughly and comprehensively. A poorly formatted and redundant image is just an eye sore.
An explanation of the images under research history would be fantastic. At the moment it is hard for someone who does not know anything about the eye (myself) to use the images at all.
There is abundant information on the retina and optic nerve, with accompanying hand drawn diagrams, which is great.
The current research section seems underdone, seems to be more a link for me to go find the research myself. A little explanation of some of the current research would make it a more complete page.
Glossary and references well done and helpful.

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Great eye image at the start to capture attention. It's nice to see that it has the correct referencing and copyright.

The introduction is very clear and simple to read. Overall the written content is easy to understand and provides sufficient detail to cover the developmental stages of the eye and associated structures like the optic nerve and lacrimal glands.

The images throughout the project were very useful because they complement the text nicely. The student drawn diagrams made the optic vesicle formation easier to understand. However, I think the labels are a bit small - you can really only read them if you click on them and see the larger version. If you can put some labels on the orientation (such as the ventral side, posterior side, etc), that would be great too. Can you also put a reference as to where you got the information to draw these images from?

The images you got from the 'Atlas of development of man volume 2', can you put the copyright up? Not many textbooks allow using their images but if it is allowed for this book, you should definitely include the copyright there.

Sections that seemed incomplete are history and current research. with the current research information you uploaded, can you add a bit more text just to summarize what the study found out? There's a picture there with some description but it would be good if you can put into dot points what the significant findings are.

It would also be good if you can write something on the visual cortex of the brain. I think it links in with the section on Optic nerve. Maybe mention some of the genes related to the various stages of eye development. It doesn't have to be a lot of detail - just suggest what stage of development the genes are responsible for.

It would be good if you used more research papers instead of using the textbooks. If you are using the textbooks, it's good to track down the references the textbook used. This means you can put the relevant research papers as reference instead.

--[[User:Z3332863|Z3332863]] 16:08, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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- the opening is very catchy with the diagram

- good brief introduction although it might help to give a brief description of the different parts.

- Since you have no other tables maybe put the history section in the table so it breaks up the text.

- It might be better to make the images a little bigger so we can see the labels. Also with the images for ‘formation of primary optic vesicles’ you might want to fix the way it’s laid out on the page --- may be put it in a table with a description of what each labelled part contributes to. Also there is no description bellow the pictures either. All the pictures in the development area looks very clustered so break it up with text.

-Large section of the optic nerve development ad retina development seems to have no references. But a lot of good detail is present which shows that you have researched. Although try to use articles rather than books.

- The student drawn images have tiny labels so fix that up maybe and also add copyright information.

- Fig 4 and 5’s formatting should be fixed so they are either side to side or broken up by text. Same goes with fig 6 and 7 – needs copyright info.

- In the current research section a detail of what the research is about and how it is helpful can be given.

- Try using less websites and more journal articles.

- Sections of ciliary body, iris and lens development could use some more detail. The section on iris has the development time in months…it will be beneficial if you kept it in weeks to be consistent with the rest of the parts. The section on lens, aqueous chamber and cornea doesn’t have any development time associated with it which might be useful too.

- I’m aware that you cant do abnormal section in detail but you can still mention some abnormalities in a section without going into heavy detail.

Overall it is a good page but formatting of the pictures and their placement has to be fixed. Some more text should be added to the development section of iris, lens, eyelids etc.

--[[User:Z3333794|Z3333794]] 09:18, 23 September 2012 (EST)

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Firstly, the picture at the top immediately shows us the topic you are discussing: vision. This is good, but you might want to decrease the size slightly by stating the number of pixels in your file description. Your introduction includes the anatomy of the eye, which you should probably put under a separate heading. Expand the introduction a little and tell us what you will be presenting on your site.

The history is quite short – aim for more significant dates and discoveries and try to put them in an organised table. Within your history section you have images relating to development of the optic vesicle and lens. It seems like these should be incorporated in your next section on development. Good images though, but this time increase the size so the reader doesn’t have to open every single one of them to read the labels.

It seems like most work has gone into the section of development, which is good because we are focussing on the development of vision! The content relates really well and shows research has been done. There are a few sentences that strongly suggest they have been researched, however they are not references. This is in particular for the optic nerve and retina sections. Again, make sure the labels on the images can be read without having to open the file. You may also want to put the images together (optic nerve section) so the reader can easily see the changes happening during development. It is really good that you refer to the images within your text. The second half of your development section could do with a few images to complement the text. I personally think you should expand upon the lens development, because this is an important structure of the eye. What happens after migration into the embryo? If you find some related molecular information, eg. essential transcription factors, you could provide a brief explanation of these too and the role they play in vision development.

You started on your current research and a few references are present, as well as an image. I do not know what this image is and there is pretty much no text explaining any research that is currently undertaken. Please expand upon this!
The links should probably be listed under the heading ‘external links’ and as you expand upon certain sections, please keep adding to the glossary. For instance, I could not find the term ‘neuroblastic layer’ in the glossary (from the retina section).

With all of your images: please provide a title, description, source, copyright information, student image template. Some of your references will also need to be changed to avoid errors, citation of webpages and doubling-up of references. See the ‘editing basics’ on the embryology website.

Hope this helps!
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In regards to the information presented (outcomes 1 and 9), as the project is still in progress it is understandable that some areas are incomplete. There is so far good, concise information on the structure of the development of the eye and the structures involved in vision. It would be useful to include information on the genetic factors involved in vision development as well as have a section explaining the processes involved with vision. Also, for the Current Research section (outcome 5), it would be better to explain the aims and findings of the research papers cited rather than just referencing the papers and images without describing their significance to research progress. In terms of peer teaching (outcome 4), the page contains a good balance between technical terms and simple language for understanding on the development of structures for vision; additionally, the inclusion Glossary helps to clarify any technical terms.

The most striking part of the layout (outcome 2) is the use of images to demonstrate the development of structures involved in vision. This is great because it makes the page interesting and provides a visual understanding on the development of the eye. However, at times the images could be better placed: for example, in the introduction the pictures appear stacked on top of one another. Additionally, the images in the introduction show similar structures, so perhaps select only one to better aid the flow and appearance of the page. Throughout the page, the images utilised could be provided with more description and linked to the text in order to improve flow and enhance written explanation. Perhaps some information, such as the timeline, could be sorted into a table to improve the layout.

In regards to outcome 3, some of the information provided (e.g. in the section on Development) is not referenced. Additionally, some of the references in the Reference list need to be formatted correctly with author, date, title of the page, publisher (if required) and any other necessary information. It would be useful to follow the style of the automatic default referencing.

Hope the feedback helps and all the best with your project!

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Group Assessment Criteria:
# ''The key points relating to the topic that your group was allocated are clearly described'' The introduction explains why the eye is important and lists the anatomical structures, however there is no indication that this project page is about the development of the eye!
# ''The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area''. The project predominantly focuses on the development of the eye, and goes into detail the development of each individual structure. There are also a lot of student-drawn images and diagrams of developmental stages which shows a good understanding of the topic area.
# ''Content is correctly cited and referenced''. There is no copyright notices for any of the images and they all lack explanations.
# ''The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student’s own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations''. The text is easy to understand and there are many student-drawn diagrams, which makes the content more interesting to read.
# ''Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities''. I would say the information provided satisfies the aims of the project, however the research does not go ‘beyond the formal teaching activities’ as it lacks additional information such as abnormalities, normal functioning etc.
# ''Relates the topics and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.'' The contents and topics are strongly related to the learning aims of embryology.
# ''The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.'' All the content provided is well researched and relevant to the aims of the project. They key areas are well described.

Additional points:
* I feel that this page would benefit from a timeline or ‘weekly development’ table that briefly describes what structures are developed in each week. This would provide a good summary of the content as well as allow reader to be able to understand how the development of each structure relates to each other.
* Good referencing of images throughout project page – relating images to content
* Less paragraphs, more tables, bullet points, emphasize certain important points
* History & research sections look incomplete.

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Vision development review:

The key points are Cleary described and Topics have been divided in an efficient way allowing maximum information and an extensive insight into each of these segments, although at this stage there is not enough detail for each.
There is a substantial amount of visual stimulus although the quality of these stimuli is questionable. For example the images under the heading “research history” lack proper sized labelling, an individual must click on the each image in order to appreciate it. The initial image needs to decrease in size dramatically as is overwhelming and takes away from the product
Proper citation is evident however; there is a minority of untidy citations along with no copy write information for a certain image. Significant, deep research is not evident, I believe more research is required; there is a respectable attempt to relate content to learning aims of embryology. Information in the history section is insufficient and perhaps needs to be expanded upon.
To improve more information on each topic is required, review of visual displays (mainly balancing images between sections some have plenty where as other lack) and copy write information is essential

--[[User:Z3330795|Z3330795]] 10:20, 24 September 2012 (EST)
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The layout of the page is relatively good. If anything it appears little too image heavy at the moment. On the note of images, the referencing is good but don't forget to include the student template note with each image. The inclusion of some student drawn images in great to see but it might be an idea to make the labels larger as they are hard to read. The use of subheadings is great, a really logically well set out page. The references need a bit of work, some are spread sporadically throughout the page and some in the references section just list the URL along with the error on reference number 13.

The introductory is brief but alright. However the first two images are largely similar, not sure why both need to be included. Perhaps if possible it would be nice to link each of the main anatomical bullet points you have listed in your introduction to their associated developmental paragraph further down the page.

The History of development is coming along nicely but perhaps would be easier to read if it was in the format of a table. Also the Atlas of the Development of Man needs to be properly referenced with the author in the reference section. It would be nice to have some information relating to the pictures uploaded in this section.

The section on Development is well done and it is interesting to look at the individual development of each structure. It might be an idea to include some more references to when each structural development occurs. Current Research really needs some more content. The glossary is a nice addition and helpful.
Hope this helps

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The top image of the eyes is a great idea to introduce an audience to your topic. The copyright of the image is there along with the reference. However, the hand drawn image do not have a reference as to where you located the information for the diagram. The images further down the page which are referenced to a textbook had no copyright associated with it. It is important to make sure that the textbook is not protected by copyright laws before placing those images in your page. Referencing and copyright needs to be included in every image on the page, many of your images don't have the necessary information.

The information is easy to understand, however it is difficult to locate. Things seems to be out of place. Try not to include images on both side of the page, it is highly distracting as they alternate far too often. I also noticed that development and function were both under one heading. This made things a little confusing as the information between the two topics were shared in the same paragraph.

What I found to stand out were the historic images. These are a great addition to the page. Having said that, they're often difficult to understand and therefore explaining the images would be great. The history, current research and glossary sections all seem to be incomplete, these need to be worked on.

Something that i found to be really well explained was the developmental stages of the eye and associated structures. This is very important as the topic is about the development. Although the information for this section seems to be great, there seems to be a lack of references, it is important to cite where you derived the information from.

Overall the page seems to have the right information, however, just remember to include the right references, make your diagrams and labels more visible and try to organise your information into tables or dot points to make it easier to follow.

Hope this information helps

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There is a good balance of images and text throughout the page. Prior to final assessment the page outline and formatting of image and text positioning is required. The first image at the top the page, requires correct referencing and acknowledgement that it has been uploaded as part of a student assignment. This is also required for the image titled “Eyediagramcolour1”.

Since the previous lab, held in week 9, it is positive to see that the group has altered some of the uploaded image information, with particular reference to the self-drawn/uploaded images.

The area of the page which shows that there is a “useful links” heading and an external link within the current research section, should be placed or moved into the external links section at the bottom of the page with the appropriate information that Dr. Hill has required for placing external links on a page. Also, the references within the ‘current research’ section may also need to be apart of the reference list.

I found this page visually appealing and I liked that this group have included an image gallery section. The use of the external links were appropriate to the topic and that the extent of the glossary for now is good, however, by the final evaluation would potentially need to be larger. Finally found that the headings for each segment of the broader topic were well positioned and relevant.

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'''Vision'''

Overall the detail within Group 1's page is very informative and very well set out, having each individual part of the eye named with information about the development of that certain feature is great. The information about the iris, cornea, choroid and sclera, eyelids and lacrimal glands were undeveloped compared to that of the retina and optic nerve. Even though the retina and optic nerve are the sensory receptors, the other components of the eye should have an equal amount of information about the development because without these parts the sensory part would not function at its best.

I would recommend having developmental pictures that you have placed at the beginning of the page places around the block of writing in the iris, lens, and chamber area just to break up the text and to show the development of each part in stages. The History section, as they stated has more to come, and I hope there is more to come for the current research as well as both sections need more information.
I feel that the images, while being hand drawn, were not sufficient enough to communicate the full detail of the developmental process and there were not enough references to validate the statements that were made throughout the page.
Overall however it was a very well written project with a well thought out progression from introduction to finish.

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The introduction is good, I like the use of images to help describe your topic. The images you have for your page are great. They complement the information you have on your page however the historical images at the top of the page feel like they are added because they are images, they should have a small description and be numbered if you like to show the order they go in. As is stands at the moment I found them to be confusion and just a space filler.

Under the current research heading, I think you guys would benefit from giving a brief overview of what the research is not just listing the articles.

If possible you should add a part about the first person/s to discover the mechanisms of eye development. You should also add a small part about the genetic parts which cause these mechanisms.
--[[User:Z3220343|Z3220343]] 21:28, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye. The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.
== Group discussion ==

Have you guys looked at some sources about the development of vision in embryos?
Do you have any idea how you want to divide up the topics we can work on?
--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 13:31, 21 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey everyone, I haven't looked at anything yet, sorry! Hopefully end of this week/start of next I'll start adding things. Ben --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 19:33, 21 August 2012 (EST)

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Heya. Thinking that we should do a time line rather than dividing up the different structures of the eye. Em --[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 10:40, 22 August 2012 (EST)

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I looked through all the embryology textbooks I have (the two prescribed texts, as well as another book) and they all divide up the eyes into different parts and talks about how each of the parts develop, rather than a timeline. So i was thinking, maybe we could focus more on describing how each of the different parts of the eye develop, and then we could do a timelime briefly at the end? (By the way, you're not supposed to mention your name) --[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 10:21, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Sounds good. I have put a few suggestions for the different parts of the eye on the page. We need code-names if you don't want to put your name so that we know who is saying what.
Please don't put any information on the actual page without referencing it.--[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 10:45, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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We also can't use content from Dr Hill's pages. The photos that are on our page are great, but we will have to replace them. We also desperately need to divide the sections between us. Maybe 2 people do 5 eye structures each, one person does intro and history, and another does current research and useful links? --[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 11:45, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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The textbooks are going to be really useful, I'd say divide it up the way the textbook does it. Sorry guys, didn't realise we can't use Mark's stuff. Will look for similar images later -.- --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 11:51, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Also I'm happy to do 5 eye structures :) I think. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 11:56, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Okay guys, I'm doing retina and optic nerve, lens, eyelids, choroid and sclera. Em (z3254758) is doing the other structures (we can reassign if either of us find a structure that is excessively complicated). That leaves intro/history and current research/useful links. '''Also!!!''' I have to do a marine science camp in the mid sem break and so won't be available to make contributions. Sorry but I'll keep adding as soon as uni goes back. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 12:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Awesome, no worries. Thanks for your contribution so far, let me know if we need to redistribute. Enjoy your camp! --[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 16:08, 29 August 2012 (EST)

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Hey guys I'm really sorry for the late notice but I've dropped this Embryology course. Tried logging on a few days ago to let you know what was going on but the server wouldn't connect. So sorry to stuff you all around. Goodluck with everything. Emma --[[User:Z3330686|Z3330686]] 10:55, 5 September 2012 (EST)

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So does this mean we only have 3 people in our group now?

Anyway, I'm sorry i haven't contributed yet. I had been looking up articles and reading them to help you with the structures, but haven't written up notes yet, as I have so many other assignments to do that are all due soon. I am happy to do intro/history and current research/useful links. And after i do those parts, I can help you guys with the structures if there are any structures you're stuck with. I can help look for images too. I'll also do a brief timeline/overview of eye development after you guys finish the structures. I'll post up the links to the articles I found that you might find useful for the structures. --[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 12:22, 10 September 2012 (EST)

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Oh my goodness the more I research the more confused I get! I keep finding conflicting information- hence why some things are in capitals and italics and why I haven't put references for everything. Am hoping you guys can shed some light? For the iris I had one resource that said two completely opposite things about what it develops from :S :S :S

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Yeah I know, I've had similar problems of conflicting sources :( I'm mostly relying on the online textbooks because surely they can't be wrong? And all the papers have a large emphasis on the genetics and it's hard to find a simple anatomical description. We can come back later and fix anything that's unresolved. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 14:35, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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P.S. nice eye collage at the top whoever posted it. Adds a nice human touch. It's really cool to look at! :)

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yay I'm glad you like it! :)
This is the problem, I was confused about the conflicting statements so I went to a textbook and that was what said the two different things... in the specific section it said one thing and then in the summary it said the opposite o_O trying a few other textbooks at the moment. Ya am very sick of reading about genetics.--[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 21:49, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey i found a good article which i think you might find useful. It also has nice images. I want to email them and ask permission to use their images in our project.

To read the article, Log into the UNSW library and search 'Eye development' by Jochen Graw

Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2010, Vol.90, pp.343-386

--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 23:49, 17 September 2012 (EST)

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Well peer review is tomorrow and the page is still somewhat lacking haha... It would be good to get something under the headings "research history" and "current research" even if it's only a few sentences so the space isn't completely blank. I'll try and add a few more things to my sections tomorrow morning. I had a quick look at the Jochen Graw article and it has good summaries of genetic stuff as well. Once I get all the anatomical stuff down on my sections I'll come back and add genetic stuff at the end if I get time. --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 17:16, 18 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey guys, I went through the page and fixed some formatting issues with the images. Also went through my images and added descriptions, copyright and the "student template" thing - don't forget to do that to all the images you upload. I also took some of the advice in the comments and enlarged my labels and added an orientation to my images. Don't forget that according to the course timetable that this project is due at the end of the lab next week!!! That's '''Wednesday 3rd October.''' So keep adding stuff!!! --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 17:15, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Okay I also just went through and fixed up the references we have so far, so instead of having the same reference come up multiple times in the reference list it just comes up once. Here's the help page that tells you how to do it: http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Help:Reference_Tutorial#Multiple_Instances_on_Page

I think we should try and get content from all of the potential papers you guys posted below on this page so we get a nice, well rounded reference list. We've already referenced the textbooks several times (I am mostly guilty of this - sorry), so let's try and reference the same info in papers instead. Also try and get the reference info right the first time - it takes ages to go back and do it!!! --[[User:Z3373894|Z3373894]] 18:16, 25 September 2012 (EST)

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Hey is there a way to make the citations appear automatically in the references, or do i have to add them individually/manually?

I'm still working on my parts and will add more stuff this week. I'm sorry i had so many assignments due recently. Now that i have them out of the way i'm working on this assignment now.

--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 10:53, 26 September 2012 (EST)

==Potential Resources==

<pubmed>16959249</pubmed>
<pubmed>11687490</pubmed>
<pubmed>22219630</pubmed>
<pubmed>19449303</pubmed>
<pubmed>11069887</pubmed>
<pubmed>12223402</pubmed>
<pubmed>9043062</pubmed>
<pubmed>15558474</pubmed>
<pubmed>15558475</pubmed>
<pubmed>9609835</pubmed>

--[[User:Z3254758|Z3254758]] 17:58, 4 September 2012 (EST)

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Lhx2 links the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control optic cup formation:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778739/?tool=pmcentrez

Innervation of the Mouse Cornea during Development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3053279/?tool=pmcentrez

Fibromodulin Regulates Collagen Fibrillogenesis During Peripheral Corneal Development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965449/?tool=pmcentrez

Development of extraocular muscles require early signals from periocular neural crest and the developing eye:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248700/?tool=pmcentrez

Eye Morphogenesis and Patterning of the Optic Vesicle:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958684/?tool=pmcentrez

Targeted deletion of Dicer disrupts lens morphogenesis, corneal epithelium stratification, and whole eye development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787093/?tool=pmcentrez

Anterior eye development and ocular mesenchyme:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094210/?tool=pmcentrez

--[[User:Z3370664|Z3370664]] 12:31, 10 September 2012 (EST)

User:Z3332885

2012-09-26T03:23:16Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 8 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives a the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the developemt timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more infortantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept present).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

User:Z3332885

2012-09-26T03:23:01Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 8 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives a the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the developemt timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more infortantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

Abnormal Vision

Your introduction is short, but did state what you will be duscussing and the purpose of the webpage. However I think it would help by having more on what the abormalites are and how they affect people suffering from it. The section on normal eye development had sufficient information, though a few images would help.
The section on Abnormal Development and and the choice of subsection is very well thought out and presented. The texts were easy to read and very detailed. More importantly, they were backed up current research which shows information is up to date. However, be careful not to have too much on the molecular pathways as can be hard to understand (may be break them up a bit and relate them to the concept present).
More attention needs to be paid the formatting of the text and the placement of the images but otherwise, great job.

Hearing

The introduction is concise and straight to the point. It gave an overview of the webpage and clearly indentified the purpose. The use of humor is welcoming though I think that image of the dog is over the top. Due to the great choice of subheadings, the development part is very easy to follow. More images to accompany the text would make it easier to understand would help break up some of the text. The current research section feels lacking. Referencing need to improve as some paragraphs have none.

User:Z3332885

2012-09-26T02:27:18Z

Z3332885: /* Lab 8 Assessment */

== Lab Attendence==
Lab 2 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:38, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:05, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 4 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 12:10, 15 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 5 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:58, 22 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 6 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:13, 29 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 7--[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:36, 12 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 8 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 11:26, 19 September 2012 (EST)
Lab 9 --[[User:Z3332885|Z3332885]] 10:11, 26 September 2012 (EST)
== Lab 1 Assessment==

1)Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique and add a correctly formatted link to the Nobel page

Research into controlling fertility has been going on for a while, and many experiments for IVF has been conducted since the 1960s. In 1973 the first IVF pregnancy was achieved, though baby did not survive till birth. In the 1978 the first IVF baby was born in india. The baby named "Durga" was the work of physican Kolkata using primitive methods and household refrigeration. In 1979 the world’s second baby conceived by IV was born.

In 2010, the Nobel Prize for physiology medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for his contribution in the development of In Vitro Fertilization. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/press.html/]

(2)Identify and add a PubMed reference link to a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings (1-2 paragraphs)

Summary

Many embryos are discarded from IVF labratories because they are considered to be poor quality. These embryos are, however, proposed to be good sources for human embryonic stem cells (heSC). This article studied whether heSC could be isolated from poor quality embryos, while also evaluating the efficiency of different isolation methods.
Their experiments involved 166 embryos. The embryos were culture in a blastocyst medium for 2 days so that inner cell masses could develope. The inner masses from 32 embryo cells were then isolated, 17 using a mechanical method, the other 15 by immunosurgery.
The isolated ICMs were subcultivated, and the rates of ICM colony formation was measured. Both methods had similar success rate (P>0.05).
However, the cultures that did work had normal hESC differentiation ability, which indicates heSC could be derived from poor embryos. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483]

'''References'''
1.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation]
2.Liu W, Yin Y, Long X, Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Du H, Li S, Zheng Y, Li Q, Chen X, Liao B, Xiao G, Wang W, Sun X.
'''Derivation and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines from poor quality embryos'''. J Genet Genomics. 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376483 PMID: 19376483 ]

== Lab 2 Assessment==

'''Question 1'''. Upload an image from a journal source relating to fertilization or the first 2 weeks of development as demonstrated in the practical class.

[[File:Egradation of Intact Oocyte Zonae by Isolated Sperm Proteasomes.jpg]]

'''Question 2''': Identify a protein associated with the implantation process, including a brief description of the protein's role.

L-selectin is an adhesion molecule belonging to the selectin family of proteins. In the implantation process, L-selectin on the uterine epithelial cells interacts with sLex molecule on the trophoblast to mediate adhesion. This interaction has also been shown to induce the subsequent apoptosis of the uterine epithelial cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 1]

'''References'''

1. Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan Q. '''sLeX/L-selectin mediates adhesion in vitro implantation model'''. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Apr;350(1-2):185-92. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197561 PMID: 21197561]

== Lab 3 Assessment==

1.'''Identify the difference between "gestational age" and "post-fertilisation age" and explain why clinically "gestational age" is used in describing human development.'''

Gestational age- time between the last menstrual period and birth (measured in weeks).
Post-fertilizational age- time elasped from fertilization to birth.

Clinically, the gestational age is used to describe human development. Gestational age can easily be determined by working out the number of weeks since last menstrual period, whereas the post-fertilization age is hard often hard to determine.
Knowing this number can help determine the morbidity and mortality of the baby. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm 1]

2.'''Identify using histological descriptions at least 3 different types of tissues formed from somites.'''

Sclerotome- Vertebrae and ribs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome 2]

Dermatome- The dermis of the dorsal skin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme 3]

Myotome- Skeletal muscles of the back [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome 4]

'''References:'''

1. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002367.htm]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotome]

3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme]

4. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome]

== Lab 4 Assessment==
'''1. Identify the 2 invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques related to the placenta and 2 abnormalities that can be identified with these techniques.'''

Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue is sampled from the amnion using a needle. The DNA from the sample is then tested for genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis 1 ]

Chorionic Villus Sampling - chorionic villus (placental tissue) is sampled and tested for chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs
disease can be detected using this technique. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling 2]

'''2. Identify a paper that uses cord stem cells therapeutically and write a brief (2-3 paragraph) description of the paper's findings.'''

This study was conducted to better understand hematopoictic and endothlial precursor cells from umbilical cord blood, and their possible use as cell-based therapies for ischemic diseases.

Results

On a growth factor depleted matrigel, ALDH(hi) cells significantly increased tube formation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Transplantation of ALDH(hi) cell was also observed to significantly improve the recovery of perfusion in an ischemic limb (femoral artery ligation), corelation with an increase in murine vWF(+) blood vessel and CD31(+) capillary densities.
UCB ALDH(hi) cells promote vascular regeneration and can therefore be use used to develope therapeutic strategies in treating ischemic diseases.

Reference

1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis]

2. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling]

3. Putman DM, Liu KY, Broughton HC, Bell GI, Hess DA. '''Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Expressing Progenitor Cells Promote Recovery from Acute Ischemic Injury.''' Stem Cells:2012,16(8)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899443 PMID: 22899443 ]

== Lab 7 Assessment==
'''1.Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?'''

Myosatellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells, found between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane of terminally differentiated muscle cells. These cells represent a population of stem cells, which are quiescent normally, but can proliferate to regenerate muscles in response to injury. Two examples of statellite cells being activated are:

Mechanical stress- strenuous exercise produce tears in the myofibers

Chronic diseases- causing hypertrophy of muscle cells.

When activated, the satellite cells enter the cell cyle to produce myoblasts that fuse/replace the damage cells.

'''2.In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?'''

When the innervating motor nerve of skeletal muscle is damage, the muscle fiber will no longer be receiving nerve impulses to contract, leading to paralysis. The inactivity of the muscle in the long term will also cause atrophy. This is marked by the loss of type I (slow) fibres and the muscle become predominantly composed of fast glycolytic type II fibres.

'''References'''

1. <pubmed>17213900</pubmed>

2. <pubmed>16931550</pubmed>

== Lab 8 Assessment==

Vision

Overall the information presented is clear and concise. The development section is well researched and provides information of each individual part of the eye.
The introduction is very brief and needs more on the development of the eye (as the project is on the development part. I feel that the anatomy should be under a separate heading. It also has two images that the serve essentially the same purpose. The historical section needs more on recent discoveries not just ancient ones. More work needs to be done on the layout of the images as is often hard to determine which image relates to which text. For the current research section, I think the group would benefit if they give a summary of the research as opposed to just listing the articles.

Taste

The introduction is very detailed, with descriptions of the varies components of taste. Although informative, there needs to be more about the development of the different aspects of taste. I feel that the type 2 receptor part doesn't belong here as this section is here to introduce the topic (maybe put it in a separate heading or in the neural pathway section?). There also needs to be a diagram if you are to include this as if is hard to follow. The balance between text and images is good, though some of the images are not labelled or properly referenced. Histories of discoveries section is very detailed and the table was very easy to read. The section the development of the taste is very informative and shows a of effort is placed into the of research of the topic (as it is often hard when the topic is not well understood). The section on the Structure and Function of the adult tongue gives a the anatomy of the tongue, and should come before the part on neural pathways. The current research provided descriptions of the research and their goal and is done well.

Olfactory

The introduction, though brief, captured my attention and made me want to read more. It did exactly what is was supposed to do; provide an introduction to the topic, while keeping it interesting.
Both the history and the developemt timeline sections are well researched and referenced. For the timeline part, there are large chunks of text describing processes but with no images to support them. This makes it confusing and hard to follow (especially when describing the development process). The division of the abnormalities and the inclusion of the pathophysiology is very thorough and is done very well. This part was very interesting to read. Current research is also well structured, and more infortantly, relates to the abnormalities describe above. Overall this group has done an exceptional job.

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2012-09-26T00:54:09Z

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2012-09-26T00:11:40Z

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2012-09-19T01:27:15Z

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2012-09-19T01:26:29Z

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2012-09-18T13:37:10Z