Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

File:Muscle Stem Cell.pdf

2010-09-30T02:29:17Z

Z3283499:

File:Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf

2010-09-30T02:28:48Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T01:24:57Z

Z3283499:

<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Lecture Notice - Dr Antonio Lee</div>Please note the timetable change for this week. All students should attend Wednesday guest lecture on Stem Cells.</div>

=Stem Cells=

This lecture will provide background on various types/sources of Stem Cells and their practical and therapeutic potentials. Pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed. Key concepts in Stem Cell Biology will be introduced with an example of skeletal muscle development.

[[Media:Part_1_of_2_2010_09_29_Stem Cells_ANAT2341.pdf|Stem Cells Lecture 2010 Notes: high-resolution (PDF) Part 1 of 2]]

[[Media:Part_2_of_2_2010_09_29_Stem Cells_ANAT2341.pdf|Stem Cells Lecture 2010 Notes: high-resolution (PDF) Part 2 of 2]]

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]][[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]][[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]][[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

{{Template:2010ANAT2341}}
[[Category:Stem Cells]]

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T01:24:42Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T01:07:24Z

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2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T01:06:51Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T01:06:13Z

Z3283499:

<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Lecture Notice - Dr Antonio Lee</div>Please note the timetable change for this week. All students should attend Wednesday guest lecture on Stem Cells.</div>

=Stem Cells=

This lecture will provide background on various types/sources of Stem Cells and their practical and therapeutic potentials. Pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed. Key concepts in Stem Cell Biology will be introduced with an example of skeletal muscle development.

[[Media:Part_1_of_2_2010_09_29_Stem Cells_ANAT2341.pdf|Stem Cells Lecture 2010 Notes: high-resolution (PDF) Part 1 of 2]]

[[Media:Part_2_of_2_2010_09_29_Stem Cells_ANAT2341.pdf|Stem Cells Lecture 2010 Notes: high-resolution (PDF) Part 2 of 2]]

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]
[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

{{Template:2010ANAT2341}}
[[Category:Stem Cells]]

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T01:03:46Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T00:55:04Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T00:54:51Z

Z3283499:

File:Part 2 of 2 2010 09 29 Stem Cells ANAT2341.pdf

2010-09-27T00:53:48Z

Z3283499:

File:Part 1 of 2 2010 09 29 Stem Cells ANAT2341.pdf

2010-09-27T00:53:25Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lecture 18

2010-09-27T00:49:17Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lab 9

2010-09-26T23:18:22Z

Z3283499:

<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 95%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Laboratory Notice - Dr Antonio Lee</div>This online lab page will contain the content required when attending the practical. Currently this page is only a template and will be updated before the practical (this notice removed when completed).</div>

=Stem Cells Lab - Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells=

During this practical session, general background on therapeutic potentials of Stem Cells will be introduced and a current research project being undertaken at the [http://medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au/somsweb.nsf/page/Neuromuscular+and+Regenerative+Medicine+Unit Neuromuscular & Regenerative Medicine Unit] at the School of Medical Sciences on unraveling signaling mechanisms for Adult Stem Cell Activation and Recruitment are presented.

It will provide you with an example of a pre-clinical research project: Enhancing Stem Cell Therapy using Chemotherapeutic Drug Mediated Selection.

[[Media:Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf.pdf|Stem Cells Paper: Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle (PDF)]]

[[Media:Muscle Stem Cell.pdf|Magazine Article: Australian Life Scientist (Mar/Apr 2009) (PDF)]]

If you are interested in learning about the Summer Research Projects (2010-2011) and/or Honours Projects (2011) on Stem Cell Engineering & Biology, please contact Dr Antonio Lee on [mailto:antonio.lee@unsw.edu.au antonio.lee@unsw.edu.au].

[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

{{Template:2010ANAT2341}}

[[Category:Stem Cells]]

2010 Lab 9

2010-09-26T23:16:14Z

Z3283499:

2010 Lab 9

2010-09-26T23:15:13Z

Z3283499:

<div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 95%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Laboratory Notice - Dr Antonio Lee</div>This online lab page will contain the content required when attending the practical. Currently this page is only a template and will be updated before the practical (this notice removed when completed).</div>

=Stem Cells Lab - Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells=

During this practical session, general background on therapeutic potentials of Stem Cells will be introduced and a current research project being undertaken at the [http://medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au/somsweb.nsf/page/Neuromuscular+and+Regenerative+Medicine+Unit Neuromuscular & Regenerative Medicine Unit] at the School of Medical Sciences on unraveling signaling mechanisms for Adult Stem Cell Activation and Recruitment are presented.

It will provide you with an example of a pre-clinical research project: Enhancing Stem Cell Therapy using Chemotherapeutic Drug Mediated Selection.

[[Media:Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf.pdf|Stem Cells Paper: Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle (PDF)]]

[[Media:Muscle Stem Cell.pdf|Magazine Article: Australian Life Scientist (Mar/Apr 2009) (PDF)]]

If you are interested in learning about the Summer Research Projects (2010-2011) and/or Honours Projects (2011) on Stem Cell Engineering & Biology, please contact Dr Antonio Lee on [mailto:antonio.lee@unsw.edu.au antonio.lee@unsw.edu.au].

[[File:Stem cell therapy cartoon.jpg]]

{{Template:2010ANAT2341}}

[[Category:Stem Cells]]

Talk:2009 Lab 10

2009-10-31T04:22:24Z

Z3283499:

= Stem Cells =
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:22, 31 October 2009 (EST) Hi Mark, I have marked the Lab10 Questions and indicated marks on students' pages. Thanks for the opportunity, I enjoyed it very much!

==Practical Preparation==
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:33, 8 October 2009 (EST) Hi Mark, I have uploaded Lab 10 Assessment Questions on both the Lab Page and Student's Page. I will make myself down to the lab at 12:45-50 this afternoon. Thanks.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 11:26, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi Mark, I have updated each group discussion boards with assigned links and PDFs (uploaded). Please take a look and let me know if they are okay. I will put couple of assessment questions before the lab next week. Thanks,

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 09:22, 2 October 2009 (EST):Hi Mark, Yes, I'd definitely like to provide the readings beforehand and encourage them to read their paper beforehand. I will try to paste each paper on assigned group's discussion board. I am sure not all students will read their papers before hand and I appreciate during 15-20 minutes it is impossible to digest the full content of the paper. That is why I thought each student from the group (of 4 students) can address 1 question only during the class time (essentially, Intro, M&M, Results or Discussion). Then each student can present their bits in couple of minutes to make up the whole story the paper is saying?
:I will also make sure to leave ~15 mins at the end for them. Thanks,

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 06:57, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi Antonio, looks good so far. I have not yet checked the length of your readings for the group work, but you may consider how long it will take them to do this. Do you want to provide the readings to the groups beforehand? If so, you can paste it onto each group discussion page and see whether some read the paper before the lab (some listed papers are not accessible from outside UNSW). Also, the students will require some time (15 minutes or so) at the end of the lab to discuss their ongoing group project.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 21:13, 1 October 2009 (EST) Hello Mark, I have put the materials on the Lab Page. Could you take a look and let me know if the format/use of external links are appropriate? I will also set 2-3 easy questions and post them on the page for the students before the lab next week. Thanks,

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:48, 18 September 2009 (EST) I now have permission for this image if you want to use the mitochondrial example. [[:File:Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes.jpg|Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes]]

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:34, 18 September 2009 (EST)Thanks Mark, just trying to get used to in using this Wiki - it's my first. I take all of your comments on board and will work on those over the weekend. Thanks.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:56, 18 September 2009 (EST) Yes I do fine email back n forth a little tedious. Lets work together here. Your class plan looks fine to me so far.

===Title: Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues===

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:10, 18 September 2009 (EST) I have now renamed the actual [[2009 Lab 10|practical page]] to this title. Feel free to change any content yourself. I think the students also need a good but brief description of new terms you will be using in your presentation. See example [[2009_Lab_7#Terms|Muscle Lab 7 Terms]].

====Structure====

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2009 (EST) These don't have to be power points, but if you do use, need to convert to PDF and link to the lab page. I usually prepare 2 PDF versions (1 slide /page and 4 slides / page printing)

* 15 min: (PPT) Brief introduction on Embyonic and Adult Stem cells (I will borrow some of your slides and incorporate my own) & their potentials as new therapeutic agents.
* 15 min: (PPT) Outline our own work - Developing better stem cell transplantation strategy using chemotherapy & genetically engineered chemo-resistant stem cells for treating muscle diseases (muscular dystrophies).

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:03, 18 September 2009 (EST) You might also consider using this very recent example for '''Mitochondrial Disease''' as well, because its very current, therapeutically relevant and just interesting new application, and the paper in nature also has an illustrated editorial. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710649? PMID: 19710649] | [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/nature08368.html Nature Article] | [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html Nature editorial]

* 20 min: (Web Search Exercise) Each group of 4 students (pre-existing groups) will be given a recent news article on stem cell break-through / advancement with clinical/therapeutic implication (I will pre-select these from news feeds and post them on the web-site 1 week before the lab, one assigned to each group). They will do web-search exercise to prepare answers / comments for each of the following questions regarding their news piece.

Q1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

Q2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

Q3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

Q4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

Q5. Are there any ethical / moral issues or concerns in your view?

Suggestive format will be that each of the 4 students will prepare a paragraph-long answer to 1 of 4 questions (from Q1 ~ Q4) using web-search. Each student then can express their view on Q5 verbally during discussion. They can type-up the answers as they go (or copy and paste relevant information from web-pages and include the http address for reference).

50-60 min: (Student Participation) Each group will present their answers (5 min) followed by questions/discussions (5 min).

I will have prepared my own version of "answers" for each of the news piece to facilitate.

If you require some sort of assessable material, how about if we ask the students to hand-in the write-up of their answers (Q1 ~ 4), say by the following Thursday? - to give them little more time to polish their paragraphs?

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:50, 18 September 2009 (EST) I have only been setting relatively easy questions to mark as part of their ongoing assessment. [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment]]

That is all, and by all means, if you find making comments on e-mail laborious, do drop by (or I can come down to your office) and we can have a chat.

== Previous Webpage ==

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:44, 18 September 2009 (EST) Feel free to use what you need from below.

[[Image:Week1 cartoon600.jpg|thumb|Week 1 Human Development - Embryonic Stem Cells]]
[[Image:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]
The term "stem cell" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. This lecture will focus on the cell biology of stem cells and the current research on growing and differentiating theses cells.

Background information can also be found at '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] and [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Development].

Why are they in the News?
* Scientific and Ethical
* Therapeutic uses
* Issues relating to human cloning
* Use of excess human eggs/sperm for research purposes
* Availability of human stem cell lines

What can they be used for?
* Generation of “knock out” mice
* Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Therapeutic uses?
* Genetic disease
* Neurodegenerative
* Injury

PubMed
* Medline Search “stem cell”
** 2002 - 110,920
** 2004 - 128,485
** 2005 - 140,966
** 2006 - 154,176

==Research that led to Stem Cells==
* Human Diseases
** Generation of “knock out” mice
* Human Development
** Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Human Reproduction
** Disorders, sterility

==Tissue Stem Cells==
* differentiated cells have short life spans continually replaced
* blood cells, epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract
* fully differentiated cells do not proliferate
* proliferation of less differentiated- stem cells
* produce daughter cells that either differentiate or remain as stem cells

==Blood Cells==
[[Image:Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
* All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
* Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
** proliferation ceases at terminal stages of differentiation

== Embryonic Stem Cells ==
[[Image:Progenitor and stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|Difference between a Progenitor and Stem Cell]]

[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?]

Pluripotent Stem Cells
* What is a stem cell- Pluripotent
* Pluripotent - to describe stem cells that can give rise to cells derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers
** Mesoderm
** Endoderm
** Ectoderm
* layers are embryonic source of all cells of the body

Blastocyst
* hollow structure composed of about 100 cells surrounding an inner cavity
* Only ES cells, which form inner cell mass, actually form the embryo.
* ES cells can be removed from the blastocyst and grown on lethally irradiated “feeder cells.” (See E. Robertson et al., 1986, Nature 323:445)

Stem Cell Definition

* cell that has ability to divide for indefinite periods
* self replicate
* throughout life of organism
* stem cells can differentiate
** conditions, signals
* to the many different cell types

===Chimeric Mouse===
* ES or teratocarcinoma
* shows that stem cells can combine with cells of a normal blastocyst to form a healthy chimeric mouse

===Embryoid Bodies===

* spheroid cellular tissue culture structure
* mouse and human ES cells have the capacity to undergo controlled differentiation
* recapitulate some aspects of early development
** regional-specific differentiation program
** derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers

==Historic References==
===Mouse===
* Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Martin GR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7634-8.
* Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from a mouse embryo. Wobus AM, Holzhausen H, Jakel P, Schoneich J. Exp Cell Res. 1984 May;152(1):212-9.
* Transgenesis by means of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):9065-9. Gossler A, Doetschman T, Korn R, Serfling E, Kemler R.

===Pig and Sheep===
Derivation of pluripotent, embryonic cell lines from the pig and sheep. Notarianni E, Galli C, Laurie S, Moor RM, Evans MJ. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1991;43:255-60.

===Primate===
Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Thomson JA, Kalishman J, Golos TG, Durning M, Harris CP, Becker RA, Hearn JP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7844-8.

===Human===
Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7.

Stem Cell Lines [http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/StemCellProducts/tabid/170/Default.aspx ATCC - Embryonic Stem cell lines]

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

==Cord Blood Stem Cells ==
* Blood collected from the placental umbilical cord of a newborn baby shortly after birth
** total amount of blood about 90 ml
* blood stem cells that can be used to generate red blood cells and cells of the immune system
* collected, typed, stored in Cord Blood Bank
** Both public and private Banks have arisen
** available for use by the donor and compatible siblings

* suggested use to treat a range of blood disorders and immune system conditions such as leukaemia, anaemia and autoimmune diseases
* cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases

Cord Blood - Disease Treatments
* Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
* Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia
* Adrenoleukodystrophy
* Blackfan-Diamond
* Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
* Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
* Fanconi's Anaemia
* Hurler's Syndrome
* Krabbe's disease
* Lymphomas
* Myelodysplastic Syndrome
* Mucolipopolysaccharide deficiency
* Osteopetrosis
* Syndrome Severe Aplastic Anaemia
* Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
* Thalassaemia
* Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
* Miscellaneous
* Cancer
* Genetic disorders
* Immune deficiency
* Storage disorders

==Adult Stem Cells==
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp NIH - What are adult stem cells?]

Stem Cells in the Adult
* Connective Tissue
* Bone marrow
** Blood Cells, Osteoclasts, blasts
* Epithelia
** Gut
** Skin
* Neural?
Epidermis: Immortal Stem Cell

==Induced Pluripotent Cells==

* non-pluripotent cells engineered to become pluripotent
** a cell with a specialized function ‘reprogrammed’ to an unspecialized state

==Stem Cell Markers==
In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.

* Every cell surface has specialized proteins (receptors) that can selectively bind or adhere to other “signalling” molecules (ligands)
* Different types of receptors differ in structure and affinity for signalling molecules
* Cells use these receptors and molecules that bind to them as a way of communicating with other cells and to carry out their proper functions in the body

* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1''' (SSEA-1) cell surface embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-480 (SSEA-1).
* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4''' (SSEA-4) cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-813-70 (SSEA-4)
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-81) antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
** Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
* '''Oct-4''' (Pou5f1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
* '''Stem Cell Antigen 1''' (Sca-1) member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.
* CD133, AC133, prominin 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.

* '''Alkaline Phosphatase'''
** embryonic stem cell is characterized by high level of expression alkaline phosphatase (undifferentiated state) [http://www.atcc.org/ELFregPhosphataseDetectionKit/tabid/567/Default.aspx ATCC ELF Phosphatase Detection Kit for Embryonic Stem Cells]
** assay to determine if embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated or are starting to differentiate
** uses a fluorescent detection of endogenous phosphatase activity in embryonic stem cells

[http://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8239/F5.expansion.html PNAS - Expression of molecular markers characteristic of ES cells in morula-derived cell lines]

==Stem Differentiation==
Epithelium
* each generation at least 1 "immortal" stem cell
** descendants present in patch in future
* Other basal cells
** leave basal layer and differentiate
* Committed, born different
or may be stem cells
equivalent to immortal stem cell in character
mortal in sense that their progeny jostled out of basal layer and shed from skin

Amplifying Cells
* Stem cells in many tissues divide only rarely
* give rise to transit amplifying cells
* daughters committed to differentiation that go through a limited series of more rapid divisions before completing the process.
* each stem cell division gives rise in this way to eight terminally differentiated progeny

Stem Cell Production - Stem Cell Daughter Fates
* Environmental asymmetry
** daughters are initially similar
** different pathways according to environmental influences that act on them after they are born
** number of stem cells can be increased or reduced to fit niche available
* Divisional asymmetry
** stem cell has an internal asymmetry
** divides in such a way two daughters are already have different determinants at time of their birth

==Current stem cell research==
[[Image:NIH stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|NIH - stem cell cartoon]]
How to:
* Isolate
* Grow
* Maintain, store
* Differentiate
* Therapeutic uses

===Growth of Embryonic Stem Cells===
* Mouse blastocyst-derived ES cell line D3
** from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
* Undifferentiated ES cells
** maintained on gelatin-coated dishes
** earlier studies, feeder layer

Growth Media
* DMEM (dulbecco’s modified essential media)
* 2 mM glutamine (essential amino acid)
* 0.001% beta-mercaptoethanol (reducing agent)
* 1x nonessential amino acids (amino acids for growth)
* 10% donor horse serum (source of growth factors etc)
* human recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 2,000 units/ml

== Neural Therapeutic Uses?==
[[Image:Stem cell therapy cartoon.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy cartoon]]
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/2006Chapter4.html NIH - Use of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in Experimental Gene Therapies]

Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
* Implantation of fetal dopamine (DA) neurons can reduce parkinsonism in patients
* current methods are rudimentary
* lacking a reliable donor cell source

Transplanted ES cells can develop spontaneously into dopamine (DA) neurons
* Such DA neurons can restore cerebral function and behavior in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
* Björklund et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, Issue 4, 2344-2349, February 19, 2002

===Parkinson Rat Model===
Embryonic stem cell Transplant
* transplanting low doses of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into rat striatum
* results in a proliferation of ES cells into fully differentiated DA neurons
* ES cell-derived DA neurons caused gradual and sustained behavioral restoration of DA-mediated motor asymmetry

Staining of a Graft
* 16 weeks after implantation of D3 ES cells into adult 6-OHDA lesioned striatum
** TH-positive neurons were found within the graft (A and B, green)
** All TH-positive profiles coexpressed the neuronal marker NeuN (A, red)
** TH (B) also was coexpressed with DAT (C, red) and AADC (D, blue), shown by white triple labelling (E)

Rotation response to Amphetamine
* 6-OHDA-lesioned animals were selected for transplantation by quantification of rotational behaviour in response to amphetamine
* response was examined post-transplantation at 5, 7, and 9 weeks
* Animals with ES cell-derived DA neurons showed recovery over time from amphetamine-induced turning behavior

== References ==

===Textbooks===
====Essential Cell Biology====
* Chapter 19 Tissues p622-627

====Molecular Biology of the Cell====
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter
New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
* Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. - Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

====Molecular Cell Biology====
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E.
New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
* Molecular Cell Biology - Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

====The Cell- A Molecular Approach====
Cooper, Geoffrey M.
Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
* The Cell - A Molecular Approach - IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

====Search Online Textbooks====

* "stem cell" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D Molecular Biology of the Cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D Molecular Cell Biology] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D The Cell- A molecular Approach]

===Books===

===PubMed===

====Reviews====

* Jensen J, Hyllner J, Björquist P. Human embryonic stem cell technologies and drug discovery. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jun;219(3):513-9. Review. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000678 PMID: 19277978]

====Articles====
* Allen ND, Baird DM. Telomere length maintenance in stem cell populations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19419691 PMID: 19419691]
* Kenji Matsumoto, Takayuki Isagawa, Toshinobu Nishimura, Takunori Ogaeri, Koji Eto, Satsuki Miyazaki, Jun-ichi Miyazaki, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, and Hideo Ema Stepwise Development of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(3): e4820. Published online 2009 March 16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004820. PMCID: PMC2653650
* Tesar PJ. Derivation of germ-line-competent embryonic stem cell lines from preblastocyst mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8239-44. Epub 2005 May 25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917331 PMID: 15917331]

====Search Entrez====

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* UNSW Embryology [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells]
* Australian Stem Cell Centre [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* NIH [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
* International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks [http://icscn.wordpress.com/about-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* STEM CELLS Journal [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

Z3126345

2009-10-31T04:20:23Z

Z3283499:

='''ANAT2341 Embrology'''=

==Progressive Assessment==

===Lab 1 Questions===
'''''1. What is the zona pellucida protein that binds spermatozoa to the oocyte surface?'''''

A: ZP3 glocoprotein allows binding of zona pellucida to spermatozoa. Zona pellucida is a glycoprotein membrane surronding the plamsa membrane of an oocyte. In addition, there are three major types of glycoprotein of zona pellucida. Such as ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3. ZP3 is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane.

[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/6/59 Zona pellucida]

'''''2. Name the 3 main stages of follicle development in the ovary?'''''

A: There are 3 main stages of follicle development in the ovary. These stages are primodial follicle stage, pre-antral/primary follicle stage, and antral/secondary follicle stage. In addition, there is stage after antral/secondary follicle stage, which is Graffian follicle stage, or mature cell.

[http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/cgametogen/oogenese02.html follicle development]

===Lab 2 Questions===
'''''1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?'''''

A: Syntiotrophoblast secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin to support the ongoing pregnancy. In addition, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, which is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by synctiotrophoblast. Its main role is to prevent the disintegration of the copus luteum of the ovary and therefore maintain progesterone production which is critical for a pregnancy in humans.

[http://net.shams.edu.eg/ecourses/Health%20Sciences%20and%20Technology/grad/Human%20Reproductive%20Biology,%20Fall%202005/Lec/8.pdf Placenta]

'''''2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?'''''

A: Corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle. In addition, estrogens and progesterone are steroid hormones responsible for the thickening of the endometrium and its development as well as maintenance.

[http://www.justmommies.com/articles/corpus-luteum.shtml Corpus Luteum]

'''''3. What are the 2 main issues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?'''''

A: There are 2 main issues derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac. These issues are ectoderm which forms the nervous tissue, and epithelium of epidermis.

===Lab 3 Questions===
'''''1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages over?'''''

A: Appoximately 8 to 9 weeks.

'''''2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?'''''

A: Sclerotome of somite contributes to the formation of axial vertebral column.

[http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/129/16/3851.pdf Somite in Vertebral Column]

'''''3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?'''''

A: Human neural tube normally completely close at Carnegie stage 13(appox.4 weeks).

===Lab 4 Questions===
'''''1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?'''''

A: sinus venosus. Sinus venosus is a cavity into which all major embryonic paired veins supply/empty(Lecture7,2009 Dr.Hill,UNSW Embryology)

'''''2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?'''''

A: descending aorta. The right and left dorsal aortas develop in parallel with the heart and gain access to it via the aortic arches. Eventually, the paired dorsal aorta will unite and form the unpaired descending aorta in adult.

[http://www.embryology.ch/dutch/pcardio/arterien02.html Vessels of Dorsal Aorta]

'''''3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?'''''

A: layers of cells of tertiary villi are cytotrophoblast cells, extra-embryonic mesoderm, and cells that line the blood capillaries. Tertiary Villi - cytotrophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm+ blood vessels (Lecture 4,2009 Dr.Hill,UNSW Embryology)

===Lab 5 Questions===
'''''1. What was the question i said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?'''''

A: The question is "What is Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and how does it affect the fetal lungs?

'''''2: What is the answer to the above question?'''''

A: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is the absence of diaphragm, or a hole in the diaphragm.This can occur on either left or right side, but is most common on the left. In addition, diaphragm is the breathing muscle that separates the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity. This condition will have a significant effect on development of fetal lung, as it will cause lung deformity or deficiency. More specifically, the contents of the abdomen, including stomach, intestines, liver and spleen may go through the hole in the diaphragm into the chest. The contents prevent the normal development of the lung on that side, and may affect the growth of the other lung. As a result, after birth the infant will have difficulty breathing if the lung is not developed enough.

[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/978118-overview CDH]

===Lab 6 Question===
'''''1. What is more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?'''''

A: Cleft lip is more common in infant than cleft palate.

[http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Cleft_palate_and_cleft_lip Cleft Lip/Palate]

'''''2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?'''''

A: The following structures are generated from pharyngeal pouch 1: tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane, mastoid antrum and auditory tube.

'''''3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?'''''

A: Neural crest forms melanocytes within the skin.

[http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/129/14/3349 Neural crest progenitors of the melanocyte]

===Lab 7 Questions===
'''''1. Briefly what is a myotube and how is it formed?'''''

A: Myotube is a multinucleated and undifferentiated contractile apparatus. Myotube is formed by fusion of myoblast during skeletal muscle development.

[http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=14&id=150 Myotube formation]

'''''2. What changes would i expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my leg if i:'''''

'''''a) suffered a spinal cord injury;'''''

A: Muscle fibre transformation will occur if an individual suffered a spinal cord injury. Slow twitch muscle fibre will be lost. In addition, fast twitch muscle fibre will be the predominant muscle fibre.

'''''b)Took up marathon running;'''''

A: if one took up marathon running, he/she will utilise slow twitch muscle fibres. As this type of muscle fibre are more efficient at using oxygen to generate more fuel, ie. ATP, for continuous, extended muscle contraction over a long period of time. Slow twitch muscle fibre fire more slowly than fast twitch fibres and can go for a long time before they fatigue.

MARK 3/5 SP

===Lab 8 Questions===

This week's task is assessing peer group project. Evaluations of the group project can be found on students discussion page.

===Lab 9 Questions===

We established peer comments. And based on those comments, we identified the key changes and distribute tasks to our group members.

===Lab 10 Questions===
'''''1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult(somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles during the tutorial;'''''

A: There are three tissue types which contain adult stems cells that were used from the 5 articles during the tutorial. And they are muscle tissue, bone marrow tissue and neural stem cells tissue.

'''''2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial;'''''

A: There are 2 reprogramming strategies used in generating human iPSC such as viral injection method and non viral injection method. In addition, viral injection method involves injecting the gene using lentiviruses. And non viral injection method involves use of plasmid.

'''''3. Is the following statement true or false: "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg, that is, it is of maternal origin."'''''

A: True.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:20, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Z3295026

2009-10-31T04:19:46Z

Z3283499:

== Lecture Questions- Student: z3295026 ==

----
'''Lab 1 Questions:'''

'''1. What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface?'''
''

Zona pellucida protein ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm''

'''2. Name the three stage of follicle development in the ovaries?'''
''

'''1.''' Primordal follicle

'''2.''' Secondary follicle- (Pre-antral follicle)

'''3.''' Graffian follicle- (Antral follicle):is the mature follicle''

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 14:06, 13 August 2009 (EST)
----

'''Lab 2 Questions:'''

'''1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?'''

''Syncitiotrophoblasts - form a multinucleated cytoplasmic mass by cytotrophoblast cell fusion and both invade the decidua and secrete hCG which act on ovaries to stop menstration , cell inovaries secretes hormones to to stop the cycle from continuiing (corpus lutuem)''

'''2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?'''

''The corpus luteum produces progesterone. Progesterone makes the lining of the uterus thick for implantation and is necessary to sustain a healthy pregnancy. The corpus luteum produces progesterone until the placenta begins to take over progesterone production around ten weeks gestation. Another hormone secrete is estrogen.''

'''3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?'''

''formed by two germ cell layers including :

''1.Epiblast= ecoderm which forms= Central nervous system ( edge of ecoderm= epidermis)

2.Mesoderm ( spread entire cavity)= extra-embryonic mesoderm (connective tissue in orgin)

3.Endoderm''''

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 14:06, 13 August 2009 (EST)
----

'''Lab 3 Questions:'''

'''1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?'''

''8(weeks) and 4(days) to full development''

'''2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?'''

''Only the ventromedial portion known as the sclerotome contributes the axial vertebral column''

'''3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?'''

''Stage 13 (4 weeks) the neural tube is normally completely closed''

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 14:06, 13 August 2009 (EST)

----
'''Lab 4 Questions'''

'''Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?'''

''The blood gets dumped into the common cardinal veins, and these common cardinals empty into the sinus venosus''

'''What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?'''

''Descending aorta''

'''What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?'''

''Layers of troph ecoderm cell, extraembryonic mesoderm, and celluar material that lines blood capillarys( endothial) :TROPHOBLAST,MESODERM AND BLOOD VESSELS.''
--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 14:29, 20 August 2009 (EST)

----
'''Lab 5 Questions:'''

'''What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?'''

''What is Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and how does it affect the human lungs?''

'''What is the answer to the above question?'''

Congenital means born with and a hernia is a problem where something goes through a hole it is not supposed to. The hole is in your baby's diaphragm. The diaphragm is a muscle that helps us to breathe and keeps the organs in the abdomen from going into the chest cavity In your baby's case, the hole stayed open. This allowed some of the intestines to go into the chest cavity. Since the intestines were in the chest cavity and not where they were supposed to be, the lungs could not grow in the normal space that they need (they had to share the space with the intestines). This means that the lungs are smaller than they should be.

----

'''Lab 6 Questions'''

'''Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?'''

* Cleft Lip

'''What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?'''

* Tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

'''Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?'''

* Neural crest cells- (melanocytes) migrate into epithelium. These are the pigment cell of the skin.

----

" Lab 7 Questions"

Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed? It is the initial multinucleated cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development

What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury: Mucle fiber converts from type 1 to type 2.

b) Took up marathon running: Muscle fiber converts from type 2 to type 1.

MARK 4/5 SP

----
"Lab 9 Questions"

'''What is a myotube and how is it formed?'''

A myotube is a multinucleated cell which is an undifferentiated contractile apparatus. It is formed by fusion of myoblasts which happens during skeletal development.
What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

'''a)''' Suffered a spinal cord injury; muscle atrophy as well as conversion of slow twitch muscle fibres to fast twitch muscle fibres.
'''b)''' Took up marathon running; muscle growth (hypertrophy) and conversion of fast twitch fibres to slow twitch fibres.

" Lab 10 Questions"

'''1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.'''

1.Muscle (muscle stem cells)

2.Neural stem cells (nerve cells (neurons) and two categories of non-neuronal cells—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)

3.Mesenchymal stem cells (bone cells (osteocytes), cartilage cells (chondrocytes), fat cells (adipocytes), and other kinds of connective tissue cells such as those in tendons).

'''Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.'''

1. Virus: viral vectors – viruses with the potential to affect the transcriptional profile of cells, sometimes inducing cell death or tumors. ( plasmid usually used)

2. Non viral: injecting gene using lenti-viruses neural stem cell with the presence of virus to re-programm it.

'''Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."'''

true

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:19, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct. (NB Q2, non-viral method does NOT involve use of virus)

Z3258567

2009-10-31T04:18:34Z

Z3283499:

gigitygigitygoo

what is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface

protein ZP3

name the three stages of follicle development in the ovary

it begins of with the primordial follicle, and then becomes the preantral follicle followed by the graffian (antral) follicle.

--[[User:Z3258567|Sando Rashed]] 13:11, 6 August 2009 (EST)

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
they secrete proteolytic enzymes. they help the blastocyst into the endometrial wall, they also secrete hCG.
2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
progesterone as well as estrogen
3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
the peripheral of the ectoderm forms the epidermis and the CNS and the skin of the body

--[[User:Z3258567|Sando Rashed]] 14:05, 13 August 2009 (EST)

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
8 weeks and 4 days
2. What process leads to the conversion of the bilaminar embryo into the trilaminar embryo?
Gastrulation
3. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
The sclerotome
4. What carniege stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?
Stage 13 (week4), the neural tube normally completely closes.

--[[User:Z3258567|Sando Rashed]] 13:06, 20 August 2009 (EST)

1.
before it enters the embryonic heart it enters the sinus venosus (before this it goes through the common cardial vein)
2.
the dorsal aorta becomes known as the decending aorta
3.
the layers within the tertiary villi are trophectoderm cells, extra embryonic mesoderm and cell that line the blood capillaries (endothelial cells)

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:18, 31 October 2009 (EST) Lab 10 Questions: 0/3 Correct.

Z3255007

2009-10-31T04:18:07Z

Z3283499:

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 21:59, 5 August 2009 (EST) Where are your answers from Laboratory 1 Assessment?

* I did post them earlier, dont know why it didnt come up..u can check them in the my contribution section in history...SORRY!! Posting them again...

'''Week 1 Lab:'''

What is the protein that the sperm binds to on surface? ''ACROSOME''

Name the three stages of the follicle development of the ovary? ''Primary Follicle, Pre Antral Follicle and Antral Follicle''

'''Week 2 Lab:'''

1. '''Answer:''' Proteolytic Enzyme and Human Chorionic Gondotropic (hCG)

2. '''Answer:''' Estrogen and Progesterone

3. '''Answer:''' Nervous system from the neural tube and neural crest and the epithelial layer of skin covering the embryo

'''Week 3 Lab:'''

1. '''Answer:''' the first eight weeks period

2. '''Answer:''' The Sclerotome forms the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks.

3. '''Answer:''' Stage 13

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 14:47, 20 August 2009 (EST)

'''Week 4 Lab'''

1. Answer: Sinus Venosus

2. Answer: Descending Aorta

3. Answer: Trophoblasts, extra embryonic mesoderm,blood cappilaries

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 14:47, 20 August 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 14:47, 20 August 2009 (EST) I have been presesnt in lab 1, 2 and 4!!!

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 13:13, 27 August 2009 (EST)Me here in lab 5!!

'''Week 5 Lab'''
Present in lab 6!

1. '''Answer:''' What is Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and how does it affect the human lungs?

2. '''Answer:''' The diaphragm is the muscular sheet that separates the chest from the abdomen. A congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs when the diaphragm does not form properly during pregnancy. A defect or hole in the diaphragm allows the intestine to push through the muscle, squashing the lungs, and preventing the lungs from developing properly.

'''Week 6'''
Present in lab 7!

1. Answer: Cleft Lip

2. Answer: Tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

3. Answer: Neural crest cells- (melanocytes)

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 14:08, 3 September 2009 (EST)

'''Week 7'''

Present in lab 8!

1. Answer: It is a multi-nucleated cell that comes from the differentiation of myoblasts and creates the mature muscle fibres.

2.(a)Answer: Muscle Atrophy would occur within the muscle

(b)Answer: There would be a conversion to slow twitch fibres within the muscles

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 14:37, 24 September 2009 (EST)present in lab 9

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 12:58, 8 October 2009 (EST)Present in Lab 10

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 14:43, 15 October 2009 (EST)

'''Week 10'''

1. Answer: Muscle, Neural stem cells and Mesenchymal cells

2. Answer:

Viral vectors – viruses with the potential to affect the transcriptional profile of cells, sometimes inducing cell death or tumors.

Non viral- injecting gene using lenti-viruses neural stem cell

3. Answer: True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:18, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct (NB Q2 non-viral method does NOT use lenti-virus)

MARK 3/5 SP

Z3254857

2009-10-31T04:16:56Z

Z3283499:

=Lab 1 Questions=

1.What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface?
Zona Pellucida Protein 3 (ZP3)

2. Name the 3 stages of follicular development in the ovary.

1: Primary
2: Pre-antral
3: Antral

--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 13:14, 6 August 2009 (EST)

=LAB 2 Questions=

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy? hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle? Progesterone and Estrogen.
3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac? Nervous System and epithelial layer of skin covering the embryo.

=LAB 3 Questions=

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover? 8-9 weeks
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? Schlerotome
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Stage 13

--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 13:43, 20 August 2009 (EST)

To Dr. Mark Hill,
I was present for the entire laboratory session on the 13th of August 2009, but had forgotten to sign off.
--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 15:07, 27 August 2009 (EST)
Thank-you.

=Lab 4 Questions=

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart? sinus venosus
2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult? Descending aorta
3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi? Trophectoderm cells, extra-embryonic mesoderm, and cells that line the blood capillaries

=Lab 5 Questions=

What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

What is Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and how does it affect the human lungs?

What is the answer to the above question?

Congenital means born with and a hernia is a problem where something goes through a hole it is not supposed to. The hole is in your baby's diaphragm. The diaphragm is a muscle that helps us to breathe and keeps the organs in the abdomen from going into the chest cavity In your baby's case, the hole stayed open. This allowed some of the intestines to go into the chest cavity. Since the intestines were in the chest cavity and not where they were supposed to be, the lungs could not grow in the normal space that they need (they had to share the space with the intestines). This means that the lungs are smaller than they should be.

Retrieved from "http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Z3295026"

=Lab 6 questions=

Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate? cleft lip

What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form? tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube

Neural crest forms which cells within the skin? Melanocyte

To Dr. Mark Hill,
I was present for the entire laboratory session on the 3rd of September 2009, but had forgotten to sign off.
Thank-you again.

--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 07:46, 4 September 2009 (EST)

=Lab 7 questions=

--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 14:14, 17 September 2009 (EST)

Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed? It is the initial multinucleated cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development

What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury: Mucle fiber converts from type 1 to type 2.

b) Took up marathon running: Muscle fiber converts from type 2 to type 1.

MARK 4/5 SP

=Lab 8 Questions=
--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 13:35, 24 September 2009 (EST)

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Muscle, bone marrow, neural stem cells

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

*Virus method. For instance, injecting the Gene using lentiviruses.

*Non viral method. In this case, the plasmid is usually used.

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

True.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:16, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Z3252340

2009-10-31T04:16:19Z

Z3283499:

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 21:59, 5 August 2009 (EST) Where are your answers from Laboratory 1 Assessment?

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:06, 6 August 2009 (EST) on the discussion page... sorry

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:13, 6 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 2 Questions

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

1. hCG- human chronionic gonadotrophin
2. Progesterone and oestrogen
3. The germ cell layer is the ectoderm and the 2 main tissues derived from this tissue is the nervous system and the epithelial skin surrounding the embryo

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:06, 13 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 3 Questions:

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

1. till day 60 which is the first 8 weeks of human development

2. the sclerotome

3. stage 13

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:28, 20 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 4 Questions

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

1. Sinus Venosus

2. the descending aorta

3. trophoblasts, mesoderm and blood vessels

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:13, 27 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 5 Questions

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
2. What is the answer to the above question?

1. What is congenital diaphragmatic hernia and how does it effect fetal lung formation?

2. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is the term applied to a variety of congenital birth defects that cause abnormal development of the diaphragm which then can allow the abdominal contents to protrude into the chest, preventing proper lung formation. Newborn with CDH often have severe respiratory distress which can be life threatening unless treated.

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:04, 3 September 2009 (EST)

Lab 6 Questions

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?

1. cleft lip is more common than cleft palate.
2. the structures formed by the 1st phayrngeal pouch are the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum and auditory tube of the tubotympanic recess
3. Neural crest forms melanocytes in the skin.

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 14:22, 17 September 2009 (EST)

Lab 7 Questions

1. Briefly; what is a myotubeand how is it formed?
2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury

b) Took up marathon running

1. A myotube is the initial multinucleated cell that is formed by the fusion of myoblasts during myogenesis
2a. The muscle fibre would convert from type 1 fibres to type 2.
2b. The muscle fibre types would change from type 2 fibres to type 1 fibres.

MARK 4/5 SP

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:07, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 13:40, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Lab 10 Questions

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

1. 3 tissue types are: Adipose tissue, Bone marrow and skeletal muscle.

2.
* Viral method using the individual lentiviruses which contained 'Yamanaka' four Factors. These are genes which reprogrammed selected cells into their embryonic stem cell state.
* virus free integration - used the Ox4 gene and Nanog and delivered it into the cells through episomal vectors that were virus free and transfected them into human fetal progenitor cell.

3. True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:16, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 12:58, 22 October 2009 (EST)

Z3252231

2009-10-31T04:15:46Z

Z3283499:

1- What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface?
zona pellucida lipoprotein ZP3
2-Name the three stages of follicle development?
primordal follicle, pre-antral follicle and antral follicle(Graffian follicle is the mature follicle).
--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:13, 6 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 2-
What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
-Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
-estrogen and progesterone

What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
- nervous system from the neural tube and neural crest
-epithelial layer of the skin covering the embryo.

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:06, 13 August 2009 (EST)

ASSESSMENT LAB 3
1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
Weeks 8-9.
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
Sclerotome

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:11, 20 August 2009 (EST)

3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?
Stage 13
--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:11, 20 August 2009 (EST)

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
SINUS VENOSUS

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
THE DESCENDING AORTA
3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

TROPHOBLAST,MESODERM AND BLOOD VESSELS.
--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:22, 27 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 5 Questions
What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
What is Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and how does it affect the human lungs?

Answer
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a term used to variety of congenital birth defects that involve abnormal development of the diaphragm which then can allow the abdominal contents to protrude into the chest thereby obstructing proper lung formation. Newborn with CDH often have severe respiratory distress which can be life threatening unless treated appropriately.

Lab 6 Questions

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?

1- Cleft lip
2-Each pouch is lined with endoderm and has the following structures:tubotympanic recess,tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube.
3-Melanoblasts then differentiates into melanocytes.
--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 14:09, 3 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 14:39, 17 September 2009 (EST)
What is a myotube and how is it formed?
It is a multinucleated cell which is an undifferentiated contractile apparatus. It is formed by fusion of myoblasts which happens during skeletal development.
What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:
a) Suffered a spinal cord injury;
muscle atrophy as well as conversion of slow twitch muscle fibres to fast twitch muscle fibres.
b) Took up marathon running;
muscle growth and conversion of fast twitch fibres to slow twitch fibres.

MARK 4/5 SP

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:33, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 13:07, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 14:22, 8 October 2009 (EST)
Q 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.
Muscle, bone marrow, neural stem cells
Q 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.
• Virus method. For instance, injecting the Gene using lentiviruses.
• Non viral method. In this case, the plasmid is usually used.
Q 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."
True.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:15, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Z3224449

2009-10-31T04:15:15Z

Z3283499:

== WEEK 2 LAB 1 ==

'''1)''' What is the protein that sperm bind to on the egg surface:

Zona pellucida lypoprotein ZP3

'''2)''' Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary:

i)primordial follicle
ii)preantral follicle
iii)antral (graffian) follicle

== WEEK 3 LAB 2 ==

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 13:13, 6 August 2009 (EST)

'''1.''' What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?

hCG( Human chorionic gonadotropin)

'''2.''' What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?

Hormones progesterone and estrogen

'''3.''' What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

ectoderm forms
1)the nervous system from the neural tube and neural crest and
2) the epithelial layer of skin covering the embryo

== WEEK 4 LAB 3 ==

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 13:40, 13 August 2009 (EST)

'''1)''' What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?

The first 8 weeks

'''2)''' What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?

The sclerotome part of the somite forms the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc.

'''3)''' At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

Stage 13

== WEEK 5 LAB 4 ==

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 13:41, 20 August 2009 (EST)

'''1.''' Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?

The Sinus venosus

'''2.''' What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?

The descending thoracic aorta

'''3.''' What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
There are 4 layers:
* Trophoblast layers of syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
* Extra-embryonic mesoderm layer
* mesenchymal layer which differentiates into blood vessels and cells.

==WEEK 6 LAB 5==

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 13:24, 27 August 2009 (EST)

'''1.''' What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia where the pleuroperitoneal foramen fails to close, is more common on one side of the diaphragm than the other.

'''2.''' What is the answer to the above question?

The majority occur on the left side ( approximately 80% or cases)

== WEEK 7 LAB 6 ==

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:16, 3 September 2009 (EST)

1)Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate? Cleft Lip

2)What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?

Pouch 1 forms overall the tubotympanic recess consisting of structures of the
tympanic membrane, mastoid antrum, tympanic cavity and auditory tube.

3)Neural crest forms which cells within the skin? Melanocytes

== WEEK 8 LAB 7 ==

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:09, 17 September 2009 (EST)

what is a myotube and how is it formed?

A myotube is a multinucleated cell which is an undifferentiated contractile apparatus. It is formed by fusion of myoblasts which happens during skeletal development.

What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury; muscle atrophy as well as conversion of slow twitch muscle fibres to fast twitch muscle fibres.

b) Took up marathon running; muscle growth (hypertrophy) and conversion of fast twitch fibres to slow twitch fibres.

MARK 4/5 SP

==WEEK 9 LAB 8 ==
--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 13:57, 24 September 2009 (EST)

'''Exercise:''' Peer assessment of class assignment. See discussion page of each group.

== WEEK 10 LAB 9 ==

-ATT Mark Hill
I apologise as I forgot to sign in for this lab, however I was present in the lab for the full 2 hours
--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:37, 8 October 2009 (EST)

== WEEK 11 LAB 10 ==
--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:06, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Q from lab

'''Advancements'''
* Found a new way of extracting pluripotent stem cells from fat cells (adipose) they are 2x as quick to generate stem cells than skin fibroblasts and 20x as efficient.
'''Drawbacks'''
* Dont know how much differentiation these cells require to generate specific tissue
* Dont know safety of cells- tumourigenicity or potenital to cause cancer

or risk of proliferation of more fat cells.. Obesity?

'''Question 1.''' Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Skeletal muscle, Adipose cells and Bone marrow

'''Question 2.''' Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Viral and non-viral (virus free) methods. eg. Lenti-virus conatining yamanaka factors ( Oct4, SOX2, Klf4, c-MYC)

'''Question 3.''' Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

TRUE

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:15, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

----

WEEK 12 LAB 11

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:17, 15 October 2009 (EST)

Z3223194

2009-10-31T04:12:53Z

Z3283499:

== 30/7/09 Lab 1 Questions ==

1. What is the zona pellucida protein that binds spermatozoa to the oocyte surface?
A: Zona pellucida protein ZP3
2. Name the 3 main stages of follicle development in the ovary.
A: (i) Primordial follicle
(ii) Preantral follicle
(iii) Antral (or Graafian) follicle

== 6/8/09 Lab 2 Questions ==

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
A: hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone)
2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
A: Progesterone, Oestrogen.
3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
A: The germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac is ectoderm.
It's two main derivatives are:
(i) Nervous Tissue
(ii) Epithelial Layer of Skin
--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:18, 6 August 2009 (EST)

== 13/8/09 Lab 3 Questions ==

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
A: The first 8 weeks
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
A: The Sclerotome forms the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks.
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?
A: Stage 13
--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:03, 13 August 2009 (EST)

== 20/8/09 Lab 4 Questions ==
1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
A: Sinus venosus
2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
A: The descending thoracic aorta
3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
A: Endothelium of the capillary,
Extraembryonic mesoderm,
Cytotrophoblast, and
Syncytiotrophoblast

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:00, 20 August 2009 (EST)

== 27/8/09 Lab 5 Questions ==
1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
A: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia occurs when the pleuroperitoneal foramen fails to close.
Which side of the diaphragm is more common for this abnormality?
2. What is the answer to the above question?
A: The left side (80% of cases)

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 13:29, 27 August 2009 (EST)

== 3/9/09 Lab 6 Questions ==
1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
A: cleft lip
2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
A: tympanic cavity, auditory (or eustachian) tube, mastoid antrum, tubotympanic recess
3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?
A: melanocytes

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:01, 3 September 2009 (EST)

== 17/9/09 Lab 7 Questions ==
1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
A: Myotube or myofibral is a multinucleated, undifferentiated contractile apparatus.
The myotube is formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal development.
2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury

b) Took up marathon running
A: a) Conversion of slow twitch muscle fibres (type I fibres) to fast twitch muscle
fibres (type II fibres). Muscle atrophy would also result from a spinal cord injury.
b) There would be a shift towards more slow muscle fibres.

MARK 4/5 SP

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:00, 17 September 2009 (EST)

== 24/9/09 Lab 8 ==
--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:21, 24 September 2009 (EST)

== 1/10/09 Lab 9 ==
--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:34, 1 October 2009 (EST)

== 8/10/09 Lab 10 ==
1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.
A: bone marrow, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.
A: Viral generation - Lentivirus used to deliver yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-MYC) to a cell.
Virus-free integration - epizonal factors. Avoids possibility of virus genome insertion into the receiving cell.

3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."
A: True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:12, 31 October 2009 (EST)3/3 Correct. (NB Q2 Episomal Vectors)

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:10, 8 October 2009 (EST)

== 15/10/09 Lab 11 ==

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 14:00, 15 October 2009 (EST)

Z3220040

2009-10-31T04:12:10Z

Z3283499:

'''[[Lab 1]]'''

1. What is the protein that the sperm binds to??? ZP3

2. Name the 3 stages of follicular development??? Primary (primordial), Secondary (antral and preantral) and Preovulatory (Graffian).

--'''Joanne Raffel''' 13:12, 6 August 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 2]]'''

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy??? Secretes hCG to initiate the release of progesterone to maintain the uterine wall.

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle??? Secretes progesterone to inhibit the menstrual cycle, which is facilitated by hCG which is released by the blastocyst.

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac??? Ectoderm and endoderm

--'''Joanne Raffel''' 14:39, 6 August 2009 (EST)

--'''Joanne Raffel''' 13:56, 13 August 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 3]]'''

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover??? Carnegie stages are used to identify the internal and external developmental process of the embryo. The Carnegie stages are covered over 8 weeks (56 days).

2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column??? A somite is a segment of mesodermal tissue that gives rise to the vertebral column, dermis, and skeletal muscle. The sclerotome which results from the somites forms the vertebral column.

3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close??? At Carnegie stage 13 (4 weeks) the neural tube closes completely.

--'''Joanne Raffel''' 14:15, 13 August 2009 (EST)

--'''Joanne Raffel''' 13:41, 20 August 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 4]]'''

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart??? Sinus venosus receives the majority of fluids from blood vessels.

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult??? The descending aorta.

3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi??? Trophoblasts (consisting of syncitiotrophoblasts & cytotrophoblasts), extraembryonic mesoderm & mesenchyme (which gives rise to blood and placental vessels).

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:37, 20 August 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 13:12, 27 August 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 5]]'''

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment??? There was no actual question posed, however the concept of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia was discussed.

2. What is the answer to the above question??? Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia occurs when the pleuroperitoneal foramen fails to close, the cavity that is formed is known as the Bochdalek. this abnormality results in allowing the viscera to enter into the thorax, subsequently compressing the lungs and impeding its development. This abnormality is more common on the left side than the right.

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:22, 27 August 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 13:06, 3 September 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 6]]'''

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate??? Cleft lip is most common.

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form??? Forms the tubotympanic recess, which includes the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum and the auditory tube.

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin??? Forms melanocytes in the skin.

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:25, 3 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:32, 17 September 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 7]]'''

1. What is a myotube and how is it formed??? Is a multinucleated cell, arising from the differentiation of myoblasts and gives rise to mature muscle fibres.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my leg if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury??? Muscle atrophy would occur.

b) Took up marathon running??? There would be a conversion to slow twitch fibres.

MARK 3/5 SP

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:54, 17 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 8]]'''

Peer assessment

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:11, 1 October 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 9]]'''

Read and identify changes to project page

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 13:16, 8 October 2009 (EST)

'''[[Lab 10]]'''

1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells there were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial??? Muscle, bone marrow and adipose tissue.

2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial??? Lenti virus and virus free method known as Episomal vectors.

3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE??? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin." True- as mitochondrial DNA of embryo is of materal origin, where if the mother has a mutation in their mitochondrial DNA, then the embryo will also exhibit that mutation.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:12, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

--[[User:Z3220040|'''Joanne Raffel''']] 14:43, 8 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3220040|Joanne Raffel]] 13:11, 15 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3220040|Joanne Raffel]] 13:07, 22 October 2009 (EST)

Z3218792

2009-10-31T04:11:29Z

Z3283499:

'''Lab 1 Questions:'''

''Q1. What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface of the ova?''

ZP3, a protein from the zona pellucida

''Q2. Name the 3 stages of follicular development in the ovary:''

primordial, preantral and antral

present--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 13:14, 6 August 2009 (EST)

'''Lab 2 Questions'''

'' 1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?''

The Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) hormone and the proteolytic enzymes- they degrade the extracellular matrix around cells

'' 2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?''

progesterone as signaled by the hCG hormone produced by the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst

'' 3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?''

ectoderm and endoderm

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 13:55, 13 August 2009 (EST)

'''Week 3 Lab Questions:'''

''What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?''

Carnegie Stage 23 is equivalent to week 8. Hence this covers week 0 to week 8 in the stages of development.

''What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?''

The medially differentiated cells in the somite form the sclerotome which forms the vertebral column.

''At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?''

By Carnegie stage 13, the neural tube is normaly completelly closed

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 13:51, 20 August 2009 (EST)

'''Lab 4 Questions'''

''1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?''

sinus venosus

'' 2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?''

The two dorsal aortas joint to form the descending aorta in later development

''3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?''

The tertiary villi are the third stage of development of the villi and is characterised by the development of capillaries within the mesoderm. Also making up the layers of the tertiary villi are the cytotrophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm.

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 14:02, 27 August 2009 (EST)

'''Lab 5 Questions'''

''1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?''

The topic pertaining to the question for this week's lab is the developmental abnormality "congenital diaphragmatic hernia". Although this topic was explained, no question was actually posed.

''2. What is the answer to the above question?''

As stated above, no question was posed but the information given explained that the failure of the foramen of Bochdalek to close results in the the viscera into the thorax which allows the stomach or spleen to push through into the pleural cavity, compressing onto one of the lungs. This is usually more common on the left lung than the right.

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 13:00, 3 September 2009 (EST)

'''Lab 6 Questions'''

''1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?''

Cleft lip is more common as a cleft palate is always followed by a cleft lip but a cleft lip can happen independently.

''2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?''

Pharyngeal arch 1 forms all the tools necessary for mastication. The pouch of pharyngeal arch 1 forms the tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum (cavity of the middle ear), eustachian/ auditory tube (links the pharynx to the middle ear)

''3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?''

Neural crest cells invade the mesenchyme to form connective tissue components. In the skin, the melanocytes have a neural crest origin.

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 14:39, 17 September 2009 (EST)

'''Lab 7 Questions'''

''1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?''

a myotube is the initial multinucleated cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development.

''2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:''

''a) Suffered a spinal cord injury''

depending on the type of spinal cord injury, you would most likely experience lack of motor output to muscles which are supplied by nerves below the severed spot of the spinal cord. This would subsequently cause degeneration of those muscles- if you don't use it, you lose it

''b) Took up marathon running''

increase in the slow twitch muscle fibres

MARK 3/5 SP

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 13:18, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 14:39, 8 October 2009 (EST)

'''Lab 10 Questions'''

''Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.''

muscle,bone marrow, fat

''Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.''

adipose tissue can be induced into pluripotent stem cells. This is done by reprogramming the four genes which turn the cells into embryonic like stem cells. '''Lenti virus''' was used to induce those four genes.

to induce iPSC in skin cells, the developers wanted to use a virus free method to deliver the 4 genes, so they used '''episomal vectors.''' This is because the virus may insert itself to the cell, making this risky.

''Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."''

True, mitochondrial DNA can only be passed on by the mother hence if there is any mutation in the DNA, the offspring automatically inherits it as there is no competing DNA.

very difficult to see and handle if one wants to remove it.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:11, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Z3218657

2009-10-31T04:10:51Z

Z3283499:

'''Lab 1 Questions'''

1. What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface of the ova?
ZP3 protein

2. Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary?
Primary
Secondary
Graafian

Though I thought i loaded this up when I was in Class... At least i thought i did sorry
and i also heard the question differently.

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 13:12, 6 August 2009 (EST)
'''Lab 2 Questions'''

1.What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy? HCG (human chorionic Gonadotropin) hormone secreted to stop the menstral cycle by acting on cells in the ovary. These cells in the ovary secrete hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen to stop the menstral flow. It also maintains the Decidua and the Corpus Luteum and secretes proteletic enzymes. HCG in the urine is what a pregnacy test, tests for to determine pregancy.

2.What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle? The Leteul cells – granulosa and theca (synthesise in the hormone) secretes Progesterone which stops menstral cycle. The corpus luteum is signalled by the HCG produced by the Synctiotrophoblasts.

3.What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac? The main tissues are the Nervous Tissue and Epithelial Layer

Process: Epiblast and hypoblast layers are in the Bilaminal Layers --> formation of the Trilaminal Layers with the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm layers. Here the Hyperblast layer is lost and the Yoke, Chorionic and Amnoitic Sac are formed.
Yoke sac – layer is lined with endoderm, contributes to the gut formation – The yoke sac is lined with the same cells that will form the gut
Corionic sac – aminon fuses with the cornion

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 13:05, 13 August 2009 (EST)
'''Lab 3 Questions'''

1.What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
8weeks – 8 weeks 4 days

2.What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
The column differentiates from the paired sclerotome component (ventral half) of the somite and the midline ventral patterning structure the notochord thus contributing to the vertebral column.

3.At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?
Stage 13 – 4 weeks.

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 13:10, 20 August 2009 (EST)
'''Lab 4 Questions'''

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
Sinus Venosus

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
The Desending Aorta

3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
* Cytotrophoblast layer
* Extra-Embryonic Mesoderm
* Blood Vessels

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 13:14, 27 August 2009 (EST)
'''Lab 5 Questions'''

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
I'm assuming the question was to "Explain the foramen of Bochdalek within Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia"

2. What is the answer to the above question?
When the pleuroperitoneal foramen (foramen of Bochdalek) fails to close it allows different viscera into thorax. Thus Intestine, stomach or spleen can enter the pleural cavity, compressing the lung which stops full development of the lung. This usually occurs on the left side more commonly than the right.

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 13:06, 3 September 2009 (EST)
'''Lab Question 6'''

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
The Cleft lip is more common because a cleft lip always forms from a cleft palate but a cleft lip can also occur individually as well, whereas a cleft palate can not.

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
The Pharyngeal arch elongates to form tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?
Forms melanocytes within the skin

'''My apologies for my absence from class I was at a Funeral. I will complete the questions tonight. Sal'''

'''Lab 7 Questions'''

1. What is a myotube and how is it formed?
It is a multi-nucleated cell that comes from the differentiation of myoblasts and creates the mature muscle fibres.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my leg if I...

(a) Suffered a spinal cord injury?
Muscle Atrophy would occur within the muscles

(b) Took up Marathon Running?
There would be a conversion to slow twitch fibres within the muscles

MARK 3/5 SP

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 13:57, 24 September 2009 (EST)'''Lab 8 Questions'''

Feedback on Websites

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 14:29, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 14:38, 8 October 2009 (EST)'''Lab 10 Questions'''

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.
*Muscle
*Fat(adipose tissue)
*Bone Marrow

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.
* Virus - '''Lenti Virus''' containing 4 genesIntroduction of 4 genes into Adipose tissue,its twice as quick growth. Want to find out which type of Adipose cell is most programable. Yamanaka Factors.
* Virus Free integrations '''Epizonal Vectors'''- avoids viruses intergrating into the genome

Pluripotency is the ability of the human embryonic stem cell to differentiate or become almost any cell in the body.

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."
*TRUE

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:10, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct. (NB Q2 Episomal Vectors)

Z3218146

2009-10-31T04:10:05Z

Z3283499:

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:42, 17 September 2009 (EST)'''lab 1'''

Questions

1-what is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface of the egg
2- name the three stages of follicle development in the ovary

answer
1-Zona pellucida lypoprotein ZP3
2/ premodal, pre-antral, antral
--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:07, 6 August 2009 (EST)

'''lab 2 6/8/09'''

questions

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

answer

1.Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that acts on cells in the ovary and stops the menstrul cycle.
2.progesterone,this maintains the thick lining of the endometrium
3.nervous system and skin tissue
--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:08, 13 August 2009 (EST)

lab 3 questions 13/8/09

1/ What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
2/What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
3/At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

answer
1/ 8 weeks
2/the sclerotome forms the vertebral column
3/stage 13 ( week 4 ) the neural tube normally completely closes
--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:39, 27 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 4 Questions

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

answer
1.
2. segmental arteries
--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:07, 3 September 2009 (EST)

Lab 6 Questions

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?

1. cleft lip is more common
2. pharyngeal pouch 1 forms these specific structures - tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube. the overall structure that the pharyngeal pouch 1 forms is the tubotympanic recess.
3. neural crest cells froms melanocytes within the skin

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:43, 17 September 2009 (EST)

Lab 7 Questions

1/ Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?

2/What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:
a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
b) Took up marathon running

answer

1/ a myotube is a multinucleated but undifferentiated contractile apparatus. The nuclei of the myotube is located centrally in the muscle fibre. Several myoblasts undergoes frequent divisions and fuses together to form the multinucleated myotubes.

2 a/ changes in contraction time ( from fast to slow ) size of motor neuron ( large to small )
b/ changes in resistance to fatigue, maximum duration of use, mitochondrial density, capillary density

MARK 3/5 SP

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:10, 31 October 2009 (EST) Lab 10 Questions: 0/3 Correct.

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:44, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:23, 15 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 13:12, 22 October 2009 (EST)

Z3217686

2009-10-31T04:09:04Z

Z3283499:

Lab 1 Q1: What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface of the egg? ZP3

Lab 1 Q2: Name the three stages of follicle development in the ovary: Primordial, pre-antral and Graafian.

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 14:58, 30 July 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:09, 6 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 2 Q1: What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
(hCG) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Lab 2 Q2: What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
(hCG) release encourages the ovary to release oestrogen and progesterone.

Lab 2 Q3: What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
Ectoderm - nervous system and epidermis epithelium

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 14:25, 6 August 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:49, 13 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 3 Q1: What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
The first 8 weeks of human development.

Lab 3 Q2: What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
The sclerotome contributes to the vertebral column.

Lab 3 Q3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?
Carnegie stage 13 is when the human neural tube normally closes completely.

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 14:01, 13 August 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:12, 20 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 4 Q1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
The sinus venosus.

Lab 4 Q2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult? The descending aorta.

Lab 4 Q3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi? mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:05, 27 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 5 Q1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
Is it more common for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia to happen on one side or both?

Lab 5 Q2. What is the answer to the above question?
They occur on one side only, with the majority of cases occurring on the left side of the diaphragm.

Lab 6 Q1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
Cleft lip is more common with an 8.1-9.9/1000 live births occurrence rate compared to Cleft palate which has a 4.8-6/1000 live births occurrence rate.

Lab 6 Q2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
Pharyngeal pouch forms the tubotympanic recess.

Lab 6 Q3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin? Melanocytes.

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 14:27, 3 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:19, 17 September 2009 (EST)

Lab 7 Q1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?

It is the precursor to a mature muscle fibre and it is formed from the differentiation (or fusion) of myoblasts.

Lab 7 Q2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
The slow muscle fibre types would begin to atrophy (degenerate)

b) Took up marathon running
Slow twitch muscle fibres increase in size and efficiency while the fast twitch muscle fibres will begin to slowly degenerate or become less efficient.

MARK 3/5 SP

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:10, 24 September 2009 (EST)

'''NOTE: UTERIC BUD TYPO ON PAGE: LATE EMBRYO - URINARY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN LAB 8'''

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:37, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:46, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Lab 10 Q1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Bone marrow, Skeletal muscle, Fat tissue.

Lab 10 Q2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Episomal vectors.
Non-integrating Adenoviruses.

Lab 10 Q3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:09, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Z3217015

2009-10-31T04:08:35Z

Z3283499:

Apparently it did not save when I answered the questions in the class, so here I go again.

1) What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface of the egg?
Zona Pellucida protein ZP3

2) Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary?
1-Primordial follicle
2-Preantral follicle
3-Antral follicle

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:10, 6 August 2009 (EST)

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, which acts on the ovary, altering the secretion of oestrogen, and progesterone, altering menstrual cycle

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
Ectoderm, which forms nervous system tissue, and epidermis epithelia tissue types

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:14, 13 August 2009 (EST)

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover? 8 weeks
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? Sclerotome
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Carnegie stage 13

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:08, 20 August 2009 (EST)
Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
Sinus venosus

What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
Descending aorta

What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:12, 27 August 2009 (EST)

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is it more common for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia to happen on one side or both?

2. What is the answer to the above question?

They occur on one side only, with the majority of cases occurring on the left side of the diaphragm.

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 14:17, 3 September 2009 (EST)

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
Cleft lip with 8.1-9.9 abnormalities out of 100,000, versus 4.8-6 abnormalities per 100,000 for cleft palate

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
Forms the tubotympanic recess, the tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and the eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?
Melanocytes

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:23, 17 September 2009 (EST)

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
A myotube is a single unit of a muscle fibre. It is formed by the determination of myogenic progenitor cells, and then the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
Slow fibres get converted to fast fibres

b) Took up marathon running

A conversion of fast muscle fibres to slow muscle fibres

MARK 4/5 SP

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:27, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:19, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

Muscle stem cells, adipose stem cells, bone marrow stem cells

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

(the ways to introduce the adult cells into prepotent stem cell state) - Virus (what type), Non-viral (term)
Adult human adipose stem cells using nonintegrating adenoviruses
Non viral method to induce genes by episomal reprogramming strategy

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:08, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:22, 15 October 2009 (EST)

Z3215682

2009-10-31T04:07:56Z

Z3283499:

Lab 1 Questions

1. What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface?

ZP3 protein

2. Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary?

1-Primordial follicle 2-Preantral follicle 3-Antral follicle

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:10, 6 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 2 Questions

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?

hCG – Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?

oestrogen and progesterone

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

Epidermis epithelium
Nervous tissue

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:15, 13 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 3 Questions

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?

Week 8

2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?

Cells differentiate to form sclerotome, which forms ventral column

3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

By stage 13 the neural tube is completely closed

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:08, 20 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 4 Questions

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?

Sinus Venosus

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?

descending aorta

3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:13, 27 August 2009 (EST)

Lab 5 Questions

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is the Congenital Disphramatic Hernia more common on one side or both?

2. What is the answer to the above question?

Yes it is more common for the hernia to happen on one side than the other resulting in the viscera entering the thorax and compressing the lung.

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:59, 3 September 2009 (EST)

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?

cleft lip

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?

Pharyngeal pouch 1 elongates to form tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin

melanocytes (skin)

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:12, 17 September 2009 (EST)

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?

Myoblasts are single cells that differentiate to form myotube. The myotube is multiple nuclei all bound by a single membrane
a developing muscle cell or fiber with a centrally-located nucleus. Thus, the myotubes must have been formed from the fusion of numerous myoblasts

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury

Atrophy: Reduction of slow fibres (type I) and conversion to fast twitch fibres (type II)

b) Took up marathon running

Muscles would conversion from fast twitch(type II) to slow twitch fibres(type 1)

MARK 5/5 SP

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:39, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:02, 8 October 2009 (EST)

1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

muscle,
bone marrow,
adipose tissue

2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

Adipose – nonintergrating adenoviruses

Non-viral – episomal vectors/plasmids reprogramming strategies

3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin

True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:07, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 13:07, 15 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 14:23, 22 October 2009 (EST)

Z3187802

2009-10-31T04:07:18Z

Z3283499:

--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:09, 6 August 2009 (EST)--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 21:58, 5 August 2009 (EST) Where are your answers from Laboratory 1 Assessment?
--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:09, 6 August 2009 (EST)
Attended lab --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:13, 27 August 2009 (EST)
Attended lab --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:18, 3 September 2009 (EST)
Attended lab--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 14:07, 17 September 2009 (EST)
Attended lab--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:24, 24 September 2009 (EST)
Attended lab--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:05, 1 October 2009 (EST)
attended lab--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:24, 8 October 2009 (EST)
attended lab --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:04, 15 October 2009 (EST)

Lab 1 Questions:

1. What is the zona pellucida protein that binds spermatozoa to the oocyte surface? ZP3 glycoprotein

2. Name the 3 main stages of follicle development in the ovary?

1) Primordial follicle
2) Preantral follicle
3) Antral follicle

Lab 2 Questions:

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy? Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) hormone

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle? Progesterone

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
1) Epithelium of skin covering embryo
2) Nervous system from neural crest & neural tube

Lab 3 Questions:

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
In human development, the Carnegie stages cover the first 8 weeks of embryonic development

2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? The sclerotome

3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Carnegie Stage 13

Lab 4 Questions:

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart? The Sinus Venosus

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult? The Decending Aorta

3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
Tertiary (placental) villi are composed of a core of villous capillaries (from mesenchymal cells) surrounded by an inner
layer of mononuclear cells called cytotrophoblast and an outer layer of multinucleated cells called syncytiotrophoblast

Lab 5 Questions:

1.What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is the Congenital Disphramatic Hernia more common on one side or both?

2.What is the answer to the above question?

Yes, it is more common for a diaphragmatic hernia to occur on one side, primarily (80% of the time) on the left side
causing viscera to enter the thorax and compress the lungs

Lab 6 Questions:

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate? Cleft lip

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?

Pharyngeal pouch 1 forms tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube & tympanic membrane of tubotympanic recess

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin? Melanocytes of skin

Lab 7 Questions:

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed? A myotube is a developing muscle fiber with a centrally located nucleus

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury - Muscles below the spinal level of the injury will undergo conversion to fast-fatiguing (fast-twitch) fibres because of disuse

b) Took up marathon running - Slow fibers become more efficient and over time intermediate fast-twitch fibers may be converted to slow-twitch fibers

MARK 4/5 SP

Lab 10 Questions:

Question 1 - Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Muscle, bone marrow, fat cells (adipocytes)

Question 2 - Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

1) Introduction of 4 genes using viruses method:
Yamanaka factors (genes) introduced into cell using a lenti virus

2) Virus free method:
Episomal vectors (these are plasmids) used to introduce genes into cells.

Question 3 - Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

True

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:07, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Z3186093

2009-10-31T04:06:17Z

Z3283499: /* Lab 10 Questions */

==Lab 1 Questions==

''1. What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the egg surface?''

ZP3

''2. Name the three stages of follicle development in the ovary?''

Primordal Follicle
Primary Follicle
Graafian Follicle

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 15:00, 30 July 2009 (EST)

== Lab 2 Questions ==

''1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?''

hCG is secreted

''2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?''

an increase in progesterone as usually there is a decrease in progesterone as a result of corpus luteum degeneration at the end of a menstrual cycle.

''3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?''

Ectoderm - Neural and epithelium.

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 14:31, 6 August 2009 (EST)

== Lab 3 Questions ==

''1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?''

8 weeks

''2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?''

sclerotome

''3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?''

stage 13

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 13:58, 13 August 2009 (EST)

== Lab 4 Questions ==

''1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empy before they enter the embryonic heart?''

Liver

''2. Into what do the dorsal aortas become in the adult''

Descending aorta

''3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?''

syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, mesoderm, fetal capillaries

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 14:24, 20 August 2009 (EST)

== Lab 5 Questions ==

''1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?''

"Is the Congenital Disphramatic Hernia more common on one side or both?"

''2. What is the answer to the above question?''

Yes it is more common for the hernia to happen on one side than the other resulting in the viscera entering the thorax and compressing the lung.

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 14:31, 27 August 2009 (EST)

== Lab 6 Questions ==

''1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?''

Cleft Lip

''2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?''

tubotympanic recess - tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

''3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?''

malanocytes

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 14:52, 3 September 2009 (EST)

== Lab 7 Questions ==
1. What is a myotube and how is it formed?

It is a multi-nucleated cell that comes from the differentiation of myoblasts and creates the mature muscle fibres.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my leg if I...

(a) Suffered a spinal cord injury? Muscle Atrophy would occur within the muscles

(b) Took up Marathon Running? There would be a conversion to slow twitch fibres within the muscles

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 15:23, 17 September 2009 (EST)

MARK 3/5 SP

== Lab 8 Questions ==
Peer marking of other groups

== Lab 9 Questions ==
Combination of the peer responses on group project discussion page.

== Lab 10 Questions ==
''Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.''

# muscle
# bone marrow
# fat

''Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.''

# episomal vectors virus free
# lenti virus with ‘‘Yamanaka’’ four factors

''Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? "Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin." ''

TRUE, mtDNA is maternally inherited through the egg's cytoplasm, whereas sperm mitochondria constitute a minor fraction of the zygote's cohort and are rapidly eliminated after fertilization.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:06, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

== Lab 11 Questions ==

Z3185685

2009-10-31T04:05:23Z

Z3283499: /* Lab 10 Questions */

== '''Lab 1 Questions''' ==

1)What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface?
ZP3

2)Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary.

- Primordial follicle
- Preantral follicle
- Antral follicle (Graafian)

----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:08, 6 August 2009 (EST)
== '''Lab 2 Questions''' ==

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?

Progesterone

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

Nervous tissue and epithelium of the skin

----
'''Links for group assignment'''

http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/48/1/43

http://books.google.com/books?id=RY0rXE2HgqsC&pg=PA344&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false - good for what studies in rabbit embryo has been used for. And has a good table for embryological stages!!

http://books.google.com/books?id=ljAKtC-iIrIC&pg=PA264&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=73bbKzqRvLsC&pg=PA156&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false - picture of implantation

http://books.google.com/books?id=aZ7DQYFyxswC&pg=PA122&dq=%22rabbit+development+stages%22&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false

----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:14, 13 August 2009 (EST)
== '''Lab 3 Questions''' ==

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover? 8 weeks

2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? The ventromedial component - sclerotome

3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Stage 13

----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:57, 20 August 2009 (EST)
== '''Lab 4 Questions''' ==

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart? The liver

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult? The descending aorta

3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 14:13, 27 August 2009 (EST)
== '''Lab 5 Questions''' ==

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is it more common for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia to happen on one side or both?

2. What is the answer to the above question?

It is more common for a diaphragmatic hernia to occur on one side. Majority (80%) occur on the left side.

----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:59, 3 September 2009 (EST)

== '''Lab 6 Questions''' ==

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate? Cleft lip is more common

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form? tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin? melanocytes

http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/125/4/479
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2694706

----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:46, 17 September 2009 (EST)

== '''Lab 7 Questions''' ==

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
- Elongated mulitinucleated cells that have peripherally located myofibrils.
- They are formed by a fusion of myoblasts during skeletal development and eventually develop into mature muscle fibres.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
-Muscle atrophy
-conversion of slow twitch muscle fibres to fast twitch muscle fibres.

b) Took up marathon running
-Conversion of fast twitch muscle fibres to slow twitch muscle fibres
----

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:32, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 13:21, 1 October 2009 (EST)

MARK 4/5 SP

== '''Lab 10 Questions''' ==

* Question 1 - Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.
-Muscle, Bone marrow and adipose tissue

* Question 2 - Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.
Lentivirus, Virus-free integration - epizonal factors

* Question 3 - Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?

"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."
- TRUE

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:05, 31 October 2009 (EST)3/3 Correct (NB Q2 Episomal Vectors)
----
--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 15:35, 8 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 14:41, 15 October 2009 (EST)
--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 14:08, 22 October 2009 (EST)

Z3126328

2009-10-31T04:03:27Z

Z3283499:

[[Attendance LAB1]]--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:15, 13 July 2009 (EST)

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 21:58, 5 August 2009 (EST) Where are your answers from Laboratory 1 Assessment?

[[Attendance LAB2]]--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:07, 6 August 2009 (EST)

===Lab 1 Questions===

1. What is the protein that the sperm binds to on the surface?

Zona pellucida protein ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm

2. Name the three stage of follicle development in the ovaries?

1. Primordal follicle

2. Secondary follicle- (Pre-antral follicle)

3. Graffian follicle- (Antral follicle):is the mature follicle

===Lab 2 Questions===

1.What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?

hCG(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

2.What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?

progesterone, oestrogen

3.What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

1.ectoderm, which forms nervous system tissue
2.epidermis of epithelium of skin
--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:53, 12 August 2009 (EST)

[[Attendance LAB3]]--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:05, 13 August 2009 (EST)

===Lab 3 Questions===

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages over?

8weeks 4days

2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?

paired Sclerotome of somite (ventral half)and the midline ventral patterning structure the notochord contribute to the formation of axial vertebral column.

SomiteinVertebralColumn

3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

Human neural tube normally completely close at Carnegie stage 13(appox.4 weeks).

--[[Attendance LAB4]]--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:16, 20 August 2009 (EST)

===Lab 4 Questions===

1. Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?

Sinus Venosus

2. What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?

The Desending Aorta

3. What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

Blood Vessels, Cytotrophoblast layer, Extra-Embryonic Mesoderm

Attendance LAB5--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:21, 27 August 2009 (EST)

===Lab 5 Questions===
1.What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Explain the foramen of Bochdalek within Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

2.What is the answer to the above question?

When the pleuroperitoneal foramen (foramen of Bochdalek) fails to close it allows different viscera into thorax. Thus Intestine, stomach or spleen can enter the pleural cavity, compressing the lung which stops full development of the lung. This usually occurs on the left side more commonly than the right. Hence the Congenital Disphragmatic Hernia is more common on one side than both.

--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 18:37, 31 August 2009 (EST)

===Lab 6 Questions===
1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?

The Cleft lip is more common because a cleft lip always forms from a cleft palate but a cleft lip can also occur individually as well, whereas a cleft palate can not.

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?

The Pharyngeal arch elongates to form tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?

Forms melanocytes within the skin

Attendance LAB6--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:30, 3 September 2009 (EST)

===Lab 7 Questions===
1. What is a myotube and how is it formed?

It is a multi-nucleated cell that comes from the differentiation of myoblasts and creates the mature muscle fibres.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my leg if I...

(a) Suffered a spinal cord injury? Muscle Atrophy would occur within the muscles

(b) Took up Marathon Running? There would be a conversion to slow twitch fibres within the muscles

oops, I forgot to do the timestamp for lab7;;;;;;--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 17:33, 20 September 2009 (EST)

Attendance LAB8--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:23, 24 September 2009 (EST)

Attendance LAB9--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:10, 1 October 2009 (EST)

MARK 3/5 SP

===Lab 10 Questions===
Attendance LAB10--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:49, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.
*skeltal tissue, adipose tissue, bone marrow

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.
*virus inserting method. (what type of virus?Lenti-virus conatining yamanaka factors ( Oct4, SOX2, Klf4, c-MYC)

*non-viral method:episomal vectors

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."
*TRUE!! unlike the nuclear genome (derive from both egg and sperm), mtDNA is exclusively from the egg.
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 15:03, 31 October 2009 (EST) 3/3 Correct.

Talk:2009 Lab 10

2009-10-07T23:33:12Z

Z3283499:

= Stem Cells =

==Practical Preparation==
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:33, 8 October 2009 (EST) Hi Mark, I have uploaded Lab 10 Assessment Questions on both the Lab Page and Student's Page. I will make myself down to the lab at 12:45-50 this afternoon. Thanks.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 11:26, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi Mark, I have updated each group discussion boards with assigned links and PDFs (uploaded). Please take a look and let me know if they are okay. I will put couple of assessment questions before the lab next week. Thanks,

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 09:22, 2 October 2009 (EST):Hi Mark, Yes, I'd definitely like to provide the readings beforehand and encourage them to read their paper beforehand. I will try to paste each paper on assigned group's discussion board. I am sure not all students will read their papers before hand and I appreciate during 15-20 minutes it is impossible to digest the full content of the paper. That is why I thought each student from the group (of 4 students) can address 1 question only during the class time (essentially, Intro, M&M, Results or Discussion). Then each student can present their bits in couple of minutes to make up the whole story the paper is saying?
:I will also make sure to leave ~15 mins at the end for them. Thanks,

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 06:57, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi Antonio, looks good so far. I have not yet checked the length of your readings for the group work, but you may consider how long it will take them to do this. Do you want to provide the readings to the groups beforehand? If so, you can paste it onto each group discussion page and see whether some read the paper before the lab (some listed papers are not accessible from outside UNSW). Also, the students will require some time (15 minutes or so) at the end of the lab to discuss their ongoing group project.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 21:13, 1 October 2009 (EST) Hello Mark, I have put the materials on the Lab Page. Could you take a look and let me know if the format/use of external links are appropriate? I will also set 2-3 easy questions and post them on the page for the students before the lab next week. Thanks,

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:48, 18 September 2009 (EST) I now have permission for this image if you want to use the mitochondrial example. [[:File:Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes.jpg|Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes]]

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:34, 18 September 2009 (EST)Thanks Mark, just trying to get used to in using this Wiki - it's my first. I take all of your comments on board and will work on those over the weekend. Thanks.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:56, 18 September 2009 (EST) Yes I do fine email back n forth a little tedious. Lets work together here. Your class plan looks fine to me so far.

===Title: Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues===

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:10, 18 September 2009 (EST) I have now renamed the actual [[2009 Lab 10|practical page]] to this title. Feel free to change any content yourself. I think the students also need a good but brief description of new terms you will be using in your presentation. See example [[2009_Lab_7#Terms|Muscle Lab 7 Terms]].

====Structure====

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2009 (EST) These don't have to be power points, but if you do use, need to convert to PDF and link to the lab page. I usually prepare 2 PDF versions (1 slide /page and 4 slides / page printing)

* 15 min: (PPT) Brief introduction on Embyonic and Adult Stem cells (I will borrow some of your slides and incorporate my own) & their potentials as new therapeutic agents.
* 15 min: (PPT) Outline our own work - Developing better stem cell transplantation strategy using chemotherapy & genetically engineered chemo-resistant stem cells for treating muscle diseases (muscular dystrophies).

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:03, 18 September 2009 (EST) You might also consider using this very recent example for '''Mitochondrial Disease''' as well, because its very current, therapeutically relevant and just interesting new application, and the paper in nature also has an illustrated editorial. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710649? PMID: 19710649] | [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/nature08368.html Nature Article] | [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html Nature editorial]

* 20 min: (Web Search Exercise) Each group of 4 students (pre-existing groups) will be given a recent news article on stem cell break-through / advancement with clinical/therapeutic implication (I will pre-select these from news feeds and post them on the web-site 1 week before the lab, one assigned to each group). They will do web-search exercise to prepare answers / comments for each of the following questions regarding their news piece.

Q1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

Q2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

Q3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

Q4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

Q5. Are there any ethical / moral issues or concerns in your view?

Suggestive format will be that each of the 4 students will prepare a paragraph-long answer to 1 of 4 questions (from Q1 ~ Q4) using web-search. Each student then can express their view on Q5 verbally during discussion. They can type-up the answers as they go (or copy and paste relevant information from web-pages and include the http address for reference).

50-60 min: (Student Participation) Each group will present their answers (5 min) followed by questions/discussions (5 min).

I will have prepared my own version of "answers" for each of the news piece to facilitate.

If you require some sort of assessable material, how about if we ask the students to hand-in the write-up of their answers (Q1 ~ 4), say by the following Thursday? - to give them little more time to polish their paragraphs?

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:50, 18 September 2009 (EST) I have only been setting relatively easy questions to mark as part of their ongoing assessment. [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment]]

That is all, and by all means, if you find making comments on e-mail laborious, do drop by (or I can come down to your office) and we can have a chat.

== Previous Webpage ==

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:44, 18 September 2009 (EST) Feel free to use what you need from below.

[[Image:Week1 cartoon600.jpg|thumb|Week 1 Human Development - Embryonic Stem Cells]]
[[Image:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]
The term "stem cell" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. This lecture will focus on the cell biology of stem cells and the current research on growing and differentiating theses cells.

Background information can also be found at '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] and [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Development].

Why are they in the News?
* Scientific and Ethical
* Therapeutic uses
* Issues relating to human cloning
* Use of excess human eggs/sperm for research purposes
* Availability of human stem cell lines

What can they be used for?
* Generation of “knock out” mice
* Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Therapeutic uses?
* Genetic disease
* Neurodegenerative
* Injury

PubMed
* Medline Search “stem cell”
** 2002 - 110,920
** 2004 - 128,485
** 2005 - 140,966
** 2006 - 154,176

==Research that led to Stem Cells==
* Human Diseases
** Generation of “knock out” mice
* Human Development
** Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Human Reproduction
** Disorders, sterility

==Tissue Stem Cells==
* differentiated cells have short life spans continually replaced
* blood cells, epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract
* fully differentiated cells do not proliferate
* proliferation of less differentiated- stem cells
* produce daughter cells that either differentiate or remain as stem cells

==Blood Cells==
[[Image:Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
* All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
* Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
** proliferation ceases at terminal stages of differentiation

== Embryonic Stem Cells ==
[[Image:Progenitor and stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|Difference between a Progenitor and Stem Cell]]

[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?]

Pluripotent Stem Cells
* What is a stem cell- Pluripotent
* Pluripotent - to describe stem cells that can give rise to cells derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers
** Mesoderm
** Endoderm
** Ectoderm
* layers are embryonic source of all cells of the body

Blastocyst
* hollow structure composed of about 100 cells surrounding an inner cavity
* Only ES cells, which form inner cell mass, actually form the embryo.
* ES cells can be removed from the blastocyst and grown on lethally irradiated “feeder cells.” (See E. Robertson et al., 1986, Nature 323:445)

Stem Cell Definition

* cell that has ability to divide for indefinite periods
* self replicate
* throughout life of organism
* stem cells can differentiate
** conditions, signals
* to the many different cell types

===Chimeric Mouse===
* ES or teratocarcinoma
* shows that stem cells can combine with cells of a normal blastocyst to form a healthy chimeric mouse

===Embryoid Bodies===

* spheroid cellular tissue culture structure
* mouse and human ES cells have the capacity to undergo controlled differentiation
* recapitulate some aspects of early development
** regional-specific differentiation program
** derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers

==Historic References==
===Mouse===
* Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Martin GR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7634-8.
* Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from a mouse embryo. Wobus AM, Holzhausen H, Jakel P, Schoneich J. Exp Cell Res. 1984 May;152(1):212-9.
* Transgenesis by means of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):9065-9. Gossler A, Doetschman T, Korn R, Serfling E, Kemler R.

===Pig and Sheep===
Derivation of pluripotent, embryonic cell lines from the pig and sheep. Notarianni E, Galli C, Laurie S, Moor RM, Evans MJ. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1991;43:255-60.

===Primate===
Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Thomson JA, Kalishman J, Golos TG, Durning M, Harris CP, Becker RA, Hearn JP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7844-8.

===Human===
Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7.

Stem Cell Lines [http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/StemCellProducts/tabid/170/Default.aspx ATCC - Embryonic Stem cell lines]

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

==Cord Blood Stem Cells ==
* Blood collected from the placental umbilical cord of a newborn baby shortly after birth
** total amount of blood about 90 ml
* blood stem cells that can be used to generate red blood cells and cells of the immune system
* collected, typed, stored in Cord Blood Bank
** Both public and private Banks have arisen
** available for use by the donor and compatible siblings

* suggested use to treat a range of blood disorders and immune system conditions such as leukaemia, anaemia and autoimmune diseases
* cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases

Cord Blood - Disease Treatments
* Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
* Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia
* Adrenoleukodystrophy
* Blackfan-Diamond
* Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
* Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
* Fanconi's Anaemia
* Hurler's Syndrome
* Krabbe's disease
* Lymphomas
* Myelodysplastic Syndrome
* Mucolipopolysaccharide deficiency
* Osteopetrosis
* Syndrome Severe Aplastic Anaemia
* Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
* Thalassaemia
* Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
* Miscellaneous
* Cancer
* Genetic disorders
* Immune deficiency
* Storage disorders

==Adult Stem Cells==
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp NIH - What are adult stem cells?]

Stem Cells in the Adult
* Connective Tissue
* Bone marrow
** Blood Cells, Osteoclasts, blasts
* Epithelia
** Gut
** Skin
* Neural?
Epidermis: Immortal Stem Cell

==Induced Pluripotent Cells==

* non-pluripotent cells engineered to become pluripotent
** a cell with a specialized function ‘reprogrammed’ to an unspecialized state

==Stem Cell Markers==
In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.

* Every cell surface has specialized proteins (receptors) that can selectively bind or adhere to other “signalling” molecules (ligands)
* Different types of receptors differ in structure and affinity for signalling molecules
* Cells use these receptors and molecules that bind to them as a way of communicating with other cells and to carry out their proper functions in the body

* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1''' (SSEA-1) cell surface embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-480 (SSEA-1).
* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4''' (SSEA-4) cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-813-70 (SSEA-4)
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-81) antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
** Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
* '''Oct-4''' (Pou5f1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
* '''Stem Cell Antigen 1''' (Sca-1) member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.
* CD133, AC133, prominin 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.

* '''Alkaline Phosphatase'''
** embryonic stem cell is characterized by high level of expression alkaline phosphatase (undifferentiated state) [http://www.atcc.org/ELFregPhosphataseDetectionKit/tabid/567/Default.aspx ATCC ELF Phosphatase Detection Kit for Embryonic Stem Cells]
** assay to determine if embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated or are starting to differentiate
** uses a fluorescent detection of endogenous phosphatase activity in embryonic stem cells

[http://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8239/F5.expansion.html PNAS - Expression of molecular markers characteristic of ES cells in morula-derived cell lines]

==Stem Differentiation==
Epithelium
* each generation at least 1 "immortal" stem cell
** descendants present in patch in future
* Other basal cells
** leave basal layer and differentiate
* Committed, born different
or may be stem cells
equivalent to immortal stem cell in character
mortal in sense that their progeny jostled out of basal layer and shed from skin

Amplifying Cells
* Stem cells in many tissues divide only rarely
* give rise to transit amplifying cells
* daughters committed to differentiation that go through a limited series of more rapid divisions before completing the process.
* each stem cell division gives rise in this way to eight terminally differentiated progeny

Stem Cell Production - Stem Cell Daughter Fates
* Environmental asymmetry
** daughters are initially similar
** different pathways according to environmental influences that act on them after they are born
** number of stem cells can be increased or reduced to fit niche available
* Divisional asymmetry
** stem cell has an internal asymmetry
** divides in such a way two daughters are already have different determinants at time of their birth

==Current stem cell research==
[[Image:NIH stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|NIH - stem cell cartoon]]
How to:
* Isolate
* Grow
* Maintain, store
* Differentiate
* Therapeutic uses

===Growth of Embryonic Stem Cells===
* Mouse blastocyst-derived ES cell line D3
** from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
* Undifferentiated ES cells
** maintained on gelatin-coated dishes
** earlier studies, feeder layer

Growth Media
* DMEM (dulbecco’s modified essential media)
* 2 mM glutamine (essential amino acid)
* 0.001% beta-mercaptoethanol (reducing agent)
* 1x nonessential amino acids (amino acids for growth)
* 10% donor horse serum (source of growth factors etc)
* human recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 2,000 units/ml

== Neural Therapeutic Uses?==
[[Image:Stem cell therapy cartoon.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy cartoon]]
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/2006Chapter4.html NIH - Use of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in Experimental Gene Therapies]

Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
* Implantation of fetal dopamine (DA) neurons can reduce parkinsonism in patients
* current methods are rudimentary
* lacking a reliable donor cell source

Transplanted ES cells can develop spontaneously into dopamine (DA) neurons
* Such DA neurons can restore cerebral function and behavior in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
* Björklund et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, Issue 4, 2344-2349, February 19, 2002

===Parkinson Rat Model===
Embryonic stem cell Transplant
* transplanting low doses of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into rat striatum
* results in a proliferation of ES cells into fully differentiated DA neurons
* ES cell-derived DA neurons caused gradual and sustained behavioral restoration of DA-mediated motor asymmetry

Staining of a Graft
* 16 weeks after implantation of D3 ES cells into adult 6-OHDA lesioned striatum
** TH-positive neurons were found within the graft (A and B, green)
** All TH-positive profiles coexpressed the neuronal marker NeuN (A, red)
** TH (B) also was coexpressed with DAT (C, red) and AADC (D, blue), shown by white triple labelling (E)

Rotation response to Amphetamine
* 6-OHDA-lesioned animals were selected for transplantation by quantification of rotational behaviour in response to amphetamine
* response was examined post-transplantation at 5, 7, and 9 weeks
* Animals with ES cell-derived DA neurons showed recovery over time from amphetamine-induced turning behavior

== References ==

===Textbooks===
====Essential Cell Biology====
* Chapter 19 Tissues p622-627

====Molecular Biology of the Cell====
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter
New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
* Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. - Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

====Molecular Cell Biology====
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E.
New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
* Molecular Cell Biology - Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

====The Cell- A Molecular Approach====
Cooper, Geoffrey M.
Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
* The Cell - A Molecular Approach - IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

====Search Online Textbooks====

* "stem cell" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D Molecular Biology of the Cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D Molecular Cell Biology] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D The Cell- A molecular Approach]

===Books===

===PubMed===

====Reviews====

* Jensen J, Hyllner J, Björquist P. Human embryonic stem cell technologies and drug discovery. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jun;219(3):513-9. Review. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000678 PMID: 19277978]

====Articles====
* Allen ND, Baird DM. Telomere length maintenance in stem cell populations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19419691 PMID: 19419691]
* Kenji Matsumoto, Takayuki Isagawa, Toshinobu Nishimura, Takunori Ogaeri, Koji Eto, Satsuki Miyazaki, Jun-ichi Miyazaki, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, and Hideo Ema Stepwise Development of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(3): e4820. Published online 2009 March 16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004820. PMCID: PMC2653650
* Tesar PJ. Derivation of germ-line-competent embryonic stem cell lines from preblastocyst mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8239-44. Epub 2005 May 25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917331 PMID: 15917331]

====Search Entrez====

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* UNSW Embryology [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells]
* Australian Stem Cell Centre [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* NIH [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
* International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks [http://icscn.wordpress.com/about-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* STEM CELLS Journal [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

2009 Lab 10

2009-10-07T23:30:51Z

Z3283499:

=Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues=
[[File:CSt3.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
This laboratory will be presented by a guest researcher and will look at the topic of stem cells, their therapeutic use, practical hurdles and ethical issues.

This topic is also covered in [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_21 ANAT3231 Cell Biology - Stem Cells] in relation to stem cell research and applications.

The laboratory will also allow time for work on the group online project.

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

== Objectives ==

# Develop a general understanding of current landscape for the field of stem cell technology and therapeutics.
# Able to identify the background, key advancement and future perspectives of a recent scientific break-through in stem cell biology.
# Engage in peer-discussions and share own views on potential ethical and moral issues around a particular scientific advancement.

== Lab Tutorial ==
'''PART 1.'''

Brief introduction and re-cap on general concepts in stem cell biology with a focus on therapeutic use of stem cells.
As an example, a pre-clinical project using stem cell engineering and chemotherapy to enhance stem cell engraftment for the treatment of muscular dystorphies will be discussed.

'''Slides:''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009.pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use]]

'''Slides (4 per page):''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009(4pp).pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use (for printing)]]

With any new concepts or terms, please check [[#Terms|'''Terms''']] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|'''Glossary''']].

'''PART 2.'''

In groups of 4, read the following news article links assigned to your group. Using web search engines and the relevant journal article associated with the news article, each member of the group should address at least one of the following questions from their assigned news article.

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 3 :''' [http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2009/09/21/study-shows-mozobil-induces-mobilization-of-stem-cells-but-not-tumor-cells/ '''Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells'''] in The Myeloma Beacon Published online 21 September 2009 10:28 pm [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 3 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 5 :''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918111056.htm '''Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Some Gene Expression Of Donor Cells'''] in Science Daily Published online 19 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 5 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

== Lab 10 Assessment Questions==

Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.

:Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

:Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

:Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
:"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

Questions are also shown listed on the Students Page [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Lab_10_Questions| Lab 10 Assessment]]

== Terms ==

'''Tibialis Anterior (TA)''' - skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

'''Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)''' - is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the tibia deep to tibialis anterior and is a direct extensor of the digits of the foot.

'''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)''' - A form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The condition is often called Lou Gehrig's Disease in North America.

'''Stem Cell Niche''' - is a phrase loosely used in the scientific community to describe the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment.

'''Satellite Cells''' - are small mononuclear progenitor cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle. They are found sandwiched between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibres, and can be difficult to distinguish from the sub-sarcolemmal nuclei of the fibres.

'''BCNU (bis-chloronitrosourea)''' - Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related α-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. It is used in the treatment of several types of brain cancer (including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin).

'''MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)''' - is a human gene and Methylation of the gene's promoter may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. A 2005 study showed that -- in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a severe type of brain tumor -- the methylation state of the MGMT gene determined whether tumor cells would be responsive to temozolomide; if the promotor was methylated, temozolomide was effective. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010]

'''Temozolomide''' - is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma -- an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme.

'''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR)''' - Also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique based on the polymerase chain reaction, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample.

'''FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)''' - is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence similarity.

'''Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ''' - is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.

'''mdx mice''' - is a strain of mice that has a hereditory disease of the muscles caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome. It is used as a disease model for human muscular dystrophy.

'''Dystrophin''' - is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

== References ==

Lee et al. Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle. Stem Cells (2009) vol. 27 (5) pp. 1098-1108 [[media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

===Textbooks===
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039 | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

* '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''' Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] |

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cells - Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell5.htm Stem Cells - Adult]
* '''Australian Stem Cell Centre''' [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* '''NIH''' [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
*''' International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks''' [http://icscn.wordpress.com/ab''Italic text''out-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* '''STEM CELLS Journal''' [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]] [[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Stem Cell]]

2009 Lab 10

2009-10-07T23:30:08Z

Z3283499:

=Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues=
[[File:CSt3.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
This laboratory will be presented by a guest researcher and will look at the topic of stem cells, their therapeutic use, practical hurdles and ethical issues.

This topic is also covered in [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_21 ANAT3231 Cell Biology - Stem Cells] in relation to stem cell research and applications.

The laboratory will also allow time for work on the group online project.

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

== Objectives ==

# Develop a general understanding of current landscape for the field of stem cell technology and therapeutics.
# Able to identify the background, key advancement and future perspectives of a recent scientific break-through in stem cell biology.
# Engage in peer-discussions and share own views on potential ethical and moral issues around a particular scientific advancement.

== Lab Tutorial ==
'''PART 1.'''

Brief introduction and re-cap on general concepts in stem cell biology with a focus on therapeutic use of stem cells.
As an example, a pre-clinical project using stem cell engineering and chemotherapy to enhance stem cell engraftment for the treatment of muscular dystorphies will be discussed.

'''Slides:''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009.pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use]]

'''Slides (4 per page):''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009(4pp).pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use (for printing)]]

With any new concepts or terms, please check [[#Terms|'''Terms''']] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|'''Glossary''']].

'''PART 2.'''

In groups of 4, read the following news article links assigned to your group. Using web search engines and the relevant journal article associated with the news article, each member of the group should address at least one of the following questions from their assigned news article.

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 3 :''' [http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2009/09/21/study-shows-mozobil-induces-mobilization-of-stem-cells-but-not-tumor-cells/ '''Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells'''] in The Myeloma Beacon Published online 21 September 2009 10:28 pm [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 3 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 5 :''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918111056.htm '''Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Some Gene Expression Of Donor Cells'''] in Science Daily Published online 19 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 5 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

== Lab 10 Assessment Questions==

Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.

:Question 1.
:Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

:Question 2.
:Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

:Question 3.
:Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
:"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

Questions are also shown listed on the Students Page [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Lab_10_Questions| Lab 10 Assessment]]

== Terms ==

'''Tibialis Anterior (TA)''' - skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

'''Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)''' - is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the tibia deep to tibialis anterior and is a direct extensor of the digits of the foot.

'''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)''' - A form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The condition is often called Lou Gehrig's Disease in North America.

'''Stem Cell Niche''' - is a phrase loosely used in the scientific community to describe the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment.

'''Satellite Cells''' - are small mononuclear progenitor cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle. They are found sandwiched between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibres, and can be difficult to distinguish from the sub-sarcolemmal nuclei of the fibres.

'''BCNU (bis-chloronitrosourea)''' - Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related α-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. It is used in the treatment of several types of brain cancer (including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin).

'''MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)''' - is a human gene and Methylation of the gene's promoter may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. A 2005 study showed that -- in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a severe type of brain tumor -- the methylation state of the MGMT gene determined whether tumor cells would be responsive to temozolomide; if the promotor was methylated, temozolomide was effective. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010]

'''Temozolomide''' - is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma -- an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme.

'''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR)''' - Also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique based on the polymerase chain reaction, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample.

'''FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)''' - is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence similarity.

'''Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ''' - is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.

'''mdx mice''' - is a strain of mice that has a hereditory disease of the muscles caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome. It is used as a disease model for human muscular dystrophy.

'''Dystrophin''' - is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

== References ==

Lee et al. Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle. Stem Cells (2009) vol. 27 (5) pp. 1098-1108 [[media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

===Textbooks===
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039 | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

* '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''' Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] |

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cells - Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell5.htm Stem Cells - Adult]
* '''Australian Stem Cell Centre''' [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* '''NIH''' [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
*''' International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks''' [http://icscn.wordpress.com/ab''Italic text''out-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* '''STEM CELLS Journal''' [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]] [[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Stem Cell]]

2009 Lab 10

2009-10-07T23:29:35Z

Z3283499:

=Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues=
[[File:CSt3.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
This laboratory will be presented by a guest researcher and will look at the topic of stem cells, their therapeutic use, practical hurdles and ethical issues.

This topic is also covered in [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_21 ANAT3231 Cell Biology - Stem Cells] in relation to stem cell research and applications.

The laboratory will also allow time for work on the group online project.

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

== Objectives ==

# Develop a general understanding of current landscape for the field of stem cell technology and therapeutics.
# Able to identify the background, key advancement and future perspectives of a recent scientific break-through in stem cell biology.
# Engage in peer-discussions and share own views on potential ethical and moral issues around a particular scientific advancement.

== Lab Tutorial ==
'''PART 1.'''

Brief introduction and re-cap on general concepts in stem cell biology with a focus on therapeutic use of stem cells.
As an example, a pre-clinical project using stem cell engineering and chemotherapy to enhance stem cell engraftment for the treatment of muscular dystorphies will be discussed.

'''Slides:''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009.pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use]]

'''Slides (4 per page):''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009(4pp).pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use (for printing)]]

With any new concepts or terms, please check [[#Terms|'''Terms''']] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|'''Glossary''']].

'''PART 2.'''

In groups of 4, read the following news article links assigned to your group. Using web search engines and the relevant journal article associated with the news article, each member of the group should address at least one of the following questions from their assigned news article.

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 3 :''' [http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2009/09/21/study-shows-mozobil-induces-mobilization-of-stem-cells-but-not-tumor-cells/ '''Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells'''] in The Myeloma Beacon Published online 21 September 2009 10:28 pm [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 3 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 5 :''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918111056.htm '''Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Some Gene Expression Of Donor Cells'''] in Science Daily Published online 19 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 5 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

== Lab 10 Assessment Questions==

Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.

:Question 1.
Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

:Question 2.
Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

:Question 3.
Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

Questions are also shown listed on the Students Page [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Lab_10_Questions| Lab 10 Assessment]]

== Terms ==

'''Tibialis Anterior (TA)''' - skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

'''Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)''' - is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the tibia deep to tibialis anterior and is a direct extensor of the digits of the foot.

'''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)''' - A form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The condition is often called Lou Gehrig's Disease in North America.

'''Stem Cell Niche''' - is a phrase loosely used in the scientific community to describe the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment.

'''Satellite Cells''' - are small mononuclear progenitor cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle. They are found sandwiched between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibres, and can be difficult to distinguish from the sub-sarcolemmal nuclei of the fibres.

'''BCNU (bis-chloronitrosourea)''' - Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related α-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. It is used in the treatment of several types of brain cancer (including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin).

'''MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)''' - is a human gene and Methylation of the gene's promoter may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. A 2005 study showed that -- in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a severe type of brain tumor -- the methylation state of the MGMT gene determined whether tumor cells would be responsive to temozolomide; if the promotor was methylated, temozolomide was effective. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010]

'''Temozolomide''' - is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma -- an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme.

'''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR)''' - Also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique based on the polymerase chain reaction, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample.

'''FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)''' - is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence similarity.

'''Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ''' - is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.

'''mdx mice''' - is a strain of mice that has a hereditory disease of the muscles caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome. It is used as a disease model for human muscular dystrophy.

'''Dystrophin''' - is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

== References ==

Lee et al. Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle. Stem Cells (2009) vol. 27 (5) pp. 1098-1108 [[media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

===Textbooks===
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039 | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

* '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''' Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] |

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cells - Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell5.htm Stem Cells - Adult]
* '''Australian Stem Cell Centre''' [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* '''NIH''' [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
*''' International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks''' [http://icscn.wordpress.com/ab''Italic text''out-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* '''STEM CELLS Journal''' [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]] [[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Stem Cell]]

2009 Lab 10

2009-10-07T23:28:38Z

Z3283499:

=Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues=
[[File:CSt3.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
This laboratory will be presented by a guest researcher and will look at the topic of stem cells, their therapeutic use, practical hurdles and ethical issues.

This topic is also covered in [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_21 ANAT3231 Cell Biology - Stem Cells] in relation to stem cell research and applications.

The laboratory will also allow time for work on the group online project.

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

== Objectives ==

# Develop a general understanding of current landscape for the field of stem cell technology and therapeutics.
# Able to identify the background, key advancement and future perspectives of a recent scientific break-through in stem cell biology.
# Engage in peer-discussions and share own views on potential ethical and moral issues around a particular scientific advancement.

== Lab Tutorial ==
'''PART 1.'''

Brief introduction and re-cap on general concepts in stem cell biology with a focus on therapeutic use of stem cells.
As an example, a pre-clinical project using stem cell engineering and chemotherapy to enhance stem cell engraftment for the treatment of muscular dystorphies will be discussed.

'''Slides:''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009.pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use]]

'''Slides (4 per page):''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009(4pp).pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use (for printing)]]

With any new concepts or terms, please check [[#Terms|'''Terms''']] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|'''Glossary''']].

'''PART 2.'''

In groups of 4, read the following news article links assigned to your group. Using web search engines and the relevant journal article associated with the news article, each member of the group should address at least one of the following questions from their assigned news article.

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 3 :''' [http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2009/09/21/study-shows-mozobil-induces-mobilization-of-stem-cells-but-not-tumor-cells/ '''Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells'''] in The Myeloma Beacon Published online 21 September 2009 10:28 pm [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 3 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 5 :''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918111056.htm '''Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Some Gene Expression Of Donor Cells'''] in Science Daily Published online 19 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 5 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

== Lab 10 Assessment Questions==

Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.

Question 1.
Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

Question 2.
Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

Question 3.
Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

Questions are also shown listed on the Students Page [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Lab_10_Questions| Lab 10 Assessment]]

== Terms ==

'''Tibialis Anterior (TA)''' - skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

'''Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)''' - is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the tibia deep to tibialis anterior and is a direct extensor of the digits of the foot.

'''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)''' - A form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The condition is often called Lou Gehrig's Disease in North America.

'''Stem Cell Niche''' - is a phrase loosely used in the scientific community to describe the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment.

'''Satellite Cells''' - are small mononuclear progenitor cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle. They are found sandwiched between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibres, and can be difficult to distinguish from the sub-sarcolemmal nuclei of the fibres.

'''BCNU (bis-chloronitrosourea)''' - Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related α-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. It is used in the treatment of several types of brain cancer (including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin).

'''MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)''' - is a human gene and Methylation of the gene's promoter may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. A 2005 study showed that -- in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a severe type of brain tumor -- the methylation state of the MGMT gene determined whether tumor cells would be responsive to temozolomide; if the promotor was methylated, temozolomide was effective. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010]

'''Temozolomide''' - is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma -- an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme.

'''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR)''' - Also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique based on the polymerase chain reaction, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample.

'''FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)''' - is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence similarity.

'''Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ''' - is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.

'''mdx mice''' - is a strain of mice that has a hereditory disease of the muscles caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome. It is used as a disease model for human muscular dystrophy.

'''Dystrophin''' - is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

== References ==

Lee et al. Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle. Stem Cells (2009) vol. 27 (5) pp. 1098-1108 [[media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

===Textbooks===
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039 | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

* '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''' Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] |

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cells - Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell5.htm Stem Cells - Adult]
* '''Australian Stem Cell Centre''' [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* '''NIH''' [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
*''' International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks''' [http://icscn.wordpress.com/ab''Italic text''out-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* '''STEM CELLS Journal''' [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]] [[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Stem Cell]]

ANAT2341 2009 Students

2009-10-07T23:27:48Z

Z3283499:

== Introduction ==

This page allows 2009 Students to access their own specific wiki page.

* Please note that all changes including additions, deletions and edits are logged by the wiki.
* For individual assessment, specific comments about the course and for your own use, each student has their own wiki page using their student number as a title for the page.
* Hint - you can quickly get directly to your own page on your own home computer by adding your student number to the link below and then bookmarking.
<nowiki>http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title= </nowiki>

== Progressive Assessment ==

===Lab 1 Questions===

# What is the zona pellucida protein that binds spermatozoa to the oocyte surface?
# Name the 3 main stages of follicle development in the ovary?

===Lab 2 Questions===

# What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
# What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
# What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

===Lab 3 Questions===
# What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
# What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
# At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

===Lab 4 Questions===

# Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
# What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
# What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

===Lab 5 Questions===

# What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
# What is the answer to the above question?

===Lab 6 Questions===
# Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
# What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
# Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?

===Lab 7 Questions===

# Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
# What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:
:a) Suffered a spinal cord injury

:b) Took up marathon running

===Lab 8 Group Project Peer Assessment===

* You will now have the opportunity to assess the other group projects. Your feedback will be used for each group to update their project before the course coordinator assessment.

* On the discussion page of each project you will assess add your signature and follow this by your own assessment of the online project using the assessment criteria (copied below) and your own comments.

* Your own comments are up to you. If you are having trouble getting started here are some examples: did you learn something about that animals development, was it overall clearly structured and organised, was it missing something, was there too much of one particular concept, did it lack a "scientific" feel etc.

* Your assessment should be objective, avoid inappropriate terms, not "gushing" not "damning". If possible include an example of what you found good or bad about the project.

Finally and most importantly include a section "What would improve this project....".

Your individual peer assessments need to be completed before '''Week 9 Laboratory 31st September'''.

====Procedure====

* Project initial assessment by other groups after the Group Project submission date.
** Written comments will be added to the discussion page.
* Group will have opportunity to work on the project in response to comments.
** Individuals will provide an assessment of their contribution to the final project on their own student page.
* Final assessment by course co-ordinator. '''20% of final course assessment mark'''

====Content====
Does the group project include the following information?
* Timeline of Development (how long and key events)
* Staging (is there a species specific staging and what criteria are used)
* History of Model Use (what embryological studies have used this model)
* Genetics (chromosome number, genome sequencing)
* Current Embryology Research (what embryological studies have used this model)

====Structure====
* Are there visual ways of representing information?
* Is the content correctly referenced in a reference list?
* Are there links to related resources/research laboratories?

====Contribution====
* Have all group members contributed?
* Has the group responded to peer assessment feedback?

===Lab 9 Group Project Peer Assessment===
* There are no individual Lab assessment questions this week.
* Your group should discuss the individual peer assessments of your project, establish the key criticisms and distribute the work required to improve your final submission.
* There should also be a list prepared describing the changes based upon criticisms and your own changes/ideas about improving the project.

===Lab 10 Questions===

Question 1.
Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Question 2.
Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Question 3.
Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

== Student List ==

# If you have not yet done anything then your student number will be shown in red above.
# Clicking on your own student number will create a new page with your number as the title. '''Do not''' enter your name in your details unless you wish it to be displayed, I would prefer to only have student IDs displayed.
# If you make any additional pages please start the page name with your number, followed by a suitable title.
# '''Only click your own student number.''' Mediawiki will log who has done what, creating and editing pages other than your own will be recorded.
# The course coordinator will add any comments on your assessment items and group project on your project discussion page, shown as a tab next to edit.
=== Group 1 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_1|Group Project 1 - Rabbit]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_1|Group 1 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Rabbit.htm UNSW Embryology - Rabbit]

* [[z3126328]]
* [[z3185685]]
* [[z3186093]]
* [[z3187802]]

=== Group 2 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_2|Group Project 2 - Fly]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_2|Group 2 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Fly.htm UNSW Embryology - Fly]

* [[z3215682]]
* [[z3217015]]
* [[z3217686]]
* [[z3218146]]

=== Group 3 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_3|Group Project 3 - ZebraFish]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_3|Group 3 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Zebfish.htm UNSW Embryology - ZebraFish]
* [[z3218657]]
* [[z3218792]]
* [[z3220040]]
* [[z3223194]]

=== Group 4 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Mouse]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_4|Group 4 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Mouse.htm UNSW Embryology - Mouse]

* [[z3224449]]
* [[z3252231]]
* [[z3252340]]
* [[z3254857]]

=== Group 5 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_5|Group Project 5 - Frog]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_5|Group 5 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Frog.htm UNSW Embryology - Mouse]
* [[z3255007]]
* [[z3258567]]
* [[z3295026]]
* [[z3126345]]

== Group Projects==
Select an animal model of development and discuss the models use in understanding embryological development. You may select from the commonly used animal models or select one of your own choosing.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:35, 8 September 2009 (EST) I have added some general comments to all project discussion pages. You should read my comments and look afresh at your project, and those of the other groups, how does yours stand up?

This is how to make a link to a sub-heading. The first part of the link is the page name followed by a # and then the name of the sub-heading.
ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment

[[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment]] links to Progressive_Assessment on this current page, the text of the link does not have to be the sub-heading title [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment|this will also link to the same place]].

A similar form of linking can be used for internal and external links, see [[Editing_Basics#Links|the section on links in editing basics]].

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 17:37, 1 September 2009 (EST) I have updated the group submission date to the '''24 September''', to allow more time for your groups to complete the project and give you an opportunity to improve the final project submission. Use this extra time wisely. Here are some examples of earlier Cell Biology Projects from S1. [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_1_Project Meiosis] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_2_Project Cell Death - Apoptosis] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_3_Project Cell Division] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_4_Project Trk Receptors] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_5_Project The Cell Cycle] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_6_Project Golgi Apparatus] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_7_Project Mitochondria] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_8_Project Cell Death - Necrosis] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_9_Project Nucleus] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_10_Project|Cell Shape]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:25, 27 August 2009 (EST) This week you now have your background work done, where is everyone else up too and why is their work not on the project or discussion page?

* Where are the images, drawing, tables and summaries which make the content more interesting?
** Lets make the project interesting, not great slabs of text.
** Think of a picture/pictures to replace those words. All those extra details (words) could appear in the image summary.

* Where are the historic and current references?
** Have you carried out a Medline search?
** Organised the results by date and read the paper/review abstract?
** What do the authors say and think?

* Have you made your own search button?
** Copy the text below, replace ANIMAL with your species and paste on your project page. What does it find?

Bookshelf Search http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=ANIMAL ANIMAL

Pubmed Search http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=ANIMAL ANIMAL

* Are there better search terms? (more than one word must be linked by AND)

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:50, 21 August 2009 (EST) There should be a list of relevant references now on the group discussion pages under the heading "Background Reading" containing: Citation , PMID and your summary information.

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 15:20, 20 August 2009 (EST) '''Lab 4'''
* [[Editing Basics]] a page designed to help beginners edit their project page.
* [[Embryology_Image_Tutorial| Embryology Image Tutorial]] This page contains image uploading and formatting information.
* [[media:Wiki-refcard.pdf‎ | One page Wiki Reference Card]] print this out and use it to help you with editing your project.
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents#For_editors WikiHelp For editors] external link to more detailed information on page editing.
* [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] is a free office suite that includes a word processor that can export documents in Wiki format.
* These can then be opened and pasted into your project page. [[Using Open Office]]
* Online [http://devblog.cloudsync.com/examples/wikiTableGenerator Generate Mediawiki table code].
* See also the information about [[ANAT2341_References|reference sources]] and reuse.

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 12:37, 20 August 2009 (EST) If you are having trouble making an online table, this link to online [http://devblog.cloudsync.com/examples/wikiTableGenerator Generate Mediawiki table code] may help. Also read the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Table Help:Table] information.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 14:08, 13 August 2009 (EST) Link to [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Pubmed]| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/Books Books] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pmc PubMed Central] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar Entrez] |

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 10:47, 11 August 2009 (EST) Did you know that when you have logged in, "my preferences" at the top of the screen allows you to be notified of changes to your '''Group Project''' talk page?

# Select "my preferences" at the top of the page. (Note - under '''User profile''' leave all settings as your student ID, unless you wish to be identified by all on the inetrnet.)
# Under the heading '''E-mail''' select the box for "E-mail me when a page on my watchlist is changed" and enter the email address you would like to be notified upon.
# Now go to your Group Project talk page and just click the tab once at the top of the screen it will change from '''watch''' to '''unwatch'''.

You will now get an email to your specified account whenever a change has been made to your group talk page. This can be turned off at anytime by clicking unwatch' and it is an option for all the webpages in UNSW Embryology.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:18, 7 August 2009 (EST) Each group has now selected an animal model to research and done an initial division of work amongst group members.
* I have added the relevant '''UNSW Embryology''' page for background information on your animal model project.
* Use the '''Group Talk''' pages to paste discussion, comments and weblinks.
* At this stage do not worry too much about formatting etc until you have gathered some information and decided upon the scope.
* In the next lab you can discuss progress with group members.
* There will also be a brief tutorial on basic editing and formatting of your project page.
* Here are some [[Editing Basics]] to read beforehand and a [[media:Wiki-refcard.pdf‎ | One page Wiki Reference Card PDF]] to print out and use to help you with editing.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:31, 2 August 2009 (EST) I would recommend that you put your animal model of choice on the group project discussion page to prepare for a final group decision in Lab 2 this week. No two groups can select the same species.

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/EmbHome.htm|Common Developmental Models]

* Chicken
* Fly
* Frog
* Worm
* Mouse
* Rat
* Rabbit
* Zebrafish
* Guinea Pig

Examples of topics you should cover in your project.

* Timeline of Development - how long
* Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when
* History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research
* Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing
* Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings

==Group Project Assessment Criteria==

===Procedure===

* Project initial assessment by other groups after the Group Project submission date.
** Written comments will be added to the discussion page.
* Group will have opportunity to work on the project in response to comments.
** Individuals will provide an assessment of their contribution to the final project on their own student page.
* Final assessment by course co-ordinator. '''20% of final course assessment mark'''

===Content===
Does the group project include the following information?
* Timeline of Development (how long and key events)
* Staging (is there a species specific staging and what criteria are used)
* History of Model Use (what embryological studies have used this model)
* Genetics (chromosome number, genome sequencing)
* Current Embryology Research (what embryological studies have used this model)

===Structure===
* Are there visual ways of representing information?
* Is the content correctly referenced in a reference list?
* Are there links to related resources/research laboratories?

===Contribution===
* Have all group members contributed?
* Has the group responded to peer assessment feedback?

== Student Groups ==

* [[2009_Group_Project_1|Group Project 1]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_1|Group 1 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_2|Group Project 2]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_2|Group 2 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_3|Group Project 3]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_3|Group 3 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_4|Group 4 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_5|Group Project 5]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_5|Group 5 Discussion]]

== Student Wiki Page Help ==

* [[Editing Basics]] a page designed to help beginners edit their project page.
* [[media:Wiki-refcard.pdf‎ | One page Wiki Reference Card]] print this out and use it to help you with editing your project.
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents#For_editors WikiHelp For editors] external link to more detailed information o page editing.
* [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] is a free office suite that includes a word processor that can save documents in Wiki format. These can then be opened and pasted into your project page.
* sources for your project.
* [[ANAT2341 Project Referencing]] how to add references to your project page.

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]][[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]

ANAT2341 2009 Students

2009-10-07T23:26:38Z

Z3283499:

== Introduction ==

This page allows 2009 Students to access their own specific wiki page.

* Please note that all changes including additions, deletions and edits are logged by the wiki.
* For individual assessment, specific comments about the course and for your own use, each student has their own wiki page using their student number as a title for the page.
* Hint - you can quickly get directly to your own page on your own home computer by adding your student number to the link below and then bookmarking.
<nowiki>http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title= </nowiki>

== Progressive Assessment ==

===Lab 1 Questions===

# What is the zona pellucida protein that binds spermatozoa to the oocyte surface?
# Name the 3 main stages of follicle development in the ovary?

===Lab 2 Questions===

# What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
# What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
# What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?

===Lab 3 Questions===
# What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover?
# What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column?
# At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close?

===Lab 4 Questions===

# Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
# What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
# What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?

===Lab 5 Questions===

# What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?
# What is the answer to the above question?

===Lab 6 Questions===
# Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
# What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
# Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?

===Lab 7 Questions===

# Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
# What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:
:a) Suffered a spinal cord injury

:b) Took up marathon running

===Lab 8 Group Project Peer Assessment===

* You will now have the opportunity to assess the other group projects. Your feedback will be used for each group to update their project before the course coordinator assessment.

* On the discussion page of each project you will assess add your signature and follow this by your own assessment of the online project using the assessment criteria (copied below) and your own comments.

* Your own comments are up to you. If you are having trouble getting started here are some examples: did you learn something about that animals development, was it overall clearly structured and organised, was it missing something, was there too much of one particular concept, did it lack a "scientific" feel etc.

* Your assessment should be objective, avoid inappropriate terms, not "gushing" not "damning". If possible include an example of what you found good or bad about the project.

Finally and most importantly include a section "What would improve this project....".

Your individual peer assessments need to be completed before '''Week 9 Laboratory 31st September'''.

===Lab 10 Questions===

Question 1.
Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Question 2.
Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the 5 articles discussed during the tutorial.

Question 3.
Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

====Procedure====

* Project initial assessment by other groups after the Group Project submission date.
** Written comments will be added to the discussion page.
* Group will have opportunity to work on the project in response to comments.
** Individuals will provide an assessment of their contribution to the final project on their own student page.
* Final assessment by course co-ordinator. '''20% of final course assessment mark'''

====Content====
Does the group project include the following information?
* Timeline of Development (how long and key events)
* Staging (is there a species specific staging and what criteria are used)
* History of Model Use (what embryological studies have used this model)
* Genetics (chromosome number, genome sequencing)
* Current Embryology Research (what embryological studies have used this model)

====Structure====
* Are there visual ways of representing information?
* Is the content correctly referenced in a reference list?
* Are there links to related resources/research laboratories?

====Contribution====
* Have all group members contributed?
* Has the group responded to peer assessment feedback?

===Lab 9 Group Project Peer Assessment===
* There are no individual Lab assessment questions this week.
* Your group should discuss the individual peer assessments of your project, establish the key criticisms and distribute the work required to improve your final submission.
* There should also be a list prepared describing the changes based upon criticisms and your own changes/ideas about improving the project.

===Lab 10 Questions===
* The guest presenter will be providing specific questions that are required to be answered based upon laboratory content.
* Note also that each group has questions, not part of your individual assessment, to work on within the laboratory that have been added to each project discussion page.

== Student List ==

# If you have not yet done anything then your student number will be shown in red above.
# Clicking on your own student number will create a new page with your number as the title. '''Do not''' enter your name in your details unless you wish it to be displayed, I would prefer to only have student IDs displayed.
# If you make any additional pages please start the page name with your number, followed by a suitable title.
# '''Only click your own student number.''' Mediawiki will log who has done what, creating and editing pages other than your own will be recorded.
# The course coordinator will add any comments on your assessment items and group project on your project discussion page, shown as a tab next to edit.
=== Group 1 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_1|Group Project 1 - Rabbit]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_1|Group 1 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Rabbit.htm UNSW Embryology - Rabbit]

* [[z3126328]]
* [[z3185685]]
* [[z3186093]]
* [[z3187802]]

=== Group 2 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_2|Group Project 2 - Fly]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_2|Group 2 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Fly.htm UNSW Embryology - Fly]

* [[z3215682]]
* [[z3217015]]
* [[z3217686]]
* [[z3218146]]

=== Group 3 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_3|Group Project 3 - ZebraFish]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_3|Group 3 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Zebfish.htm UNSW Embryology - ZebraFish]
* [[z3218657]]
* [[z3218792]]
* [[z3220040]]
* [[z3223194]]

=== Group 4 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Mouse]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_4|Group 4 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Mouse.htm UNSW Embryology - Mouse]

* [[z3224449]]
* [[z3252231]]
* [[z3252340]]
* [[z3254857]]

=== Group 5 ===
[[2009_Group_Project_5|Group Project 5 - Frog]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_5|Group 5 Discussion]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Frog.htm UNSW Embryology - Mouse]
* [[z3255007]]
* [[z3258567]]
* [[z3295026]]
* [[z3126345]]

== Group Projects==
Select an animal model of development and discuss the models use in understanding embryological development. You may select from the commonly used animal models or select one of your own choosing.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:35, 8 September 2009 (EST) I have added some general comments to all project discussion pages. You should read my comments and look afresh at your project, and those of the other groups, how does yours stand up?

This is how to make a link to a sub-heading. The first part of the link is the page name followed by a # and then the name of the sub-heading.
ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment

[[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment]] links to Progressive_Assessment on this current page, the text of the link does not have to be the sub-heading title [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment|this will also link to the same place]].

A similar form of linking can be used for internal and external links, see [[Editing_Basics#Links|the section on links in editing basics]].

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 17:37, 1 September 2009 (EST) I have updated the group submission date to the '''24 September''', to allow more time for your groups to complete the project and give you an opportunity to improve the final project submission. Use this extra time wisely. Here are some examples of earlier Cell Biology Projects from S1. [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_1_Project Meiosis] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_2_Project Cell Death - Apoptosis] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_3_Project Cell Division] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_4_Project Trk Receptors] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_5_Project The Cell Cycle] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_6_Project Golgi Apparatus] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_7_Project Mitochondria] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_8_Project Cell Death - Necrosis] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_9_Project Nucleus] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Group_10_Project|Cell Shape]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:25, 27 August 2009 (EST) This week you now have your background work done, where is everyone else up too and why is their work not on the project or discussion page?

* Where are the images, drawing, tables and summaries which make the content more interesting?
** Lets make the project interesting, not great slabs of text.
** Think of a picture/pictures to replace those words. All those extra details (words) could appear in the image summary.

* Where are the historic and current references?
** Have you carried out a Medline search?
** Organised the results by date and read the paper/review abstract?
** What do the authors say and think?

* Have you made your own search button?
** Copy the text below, replace ANIMAL with your species and paste on your project page. What does it find?

Bookshelf Search http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=ANIMAL ANIMAL

Pubmed Search http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=ANIMAL ANIMAL

* Are there better search terms? (more than one word must be linked by AND)

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:50, 21 August 2009 (EST) There should be a list of relevant references now on the group discussion pages under the heading "Background Reading" containing: Citation , PMID and your summary information.

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 15:20, 20 August 2009 (EST) '''Lab 4'''
* [[Editing Basics]] a page designed to help beginners edit their project page.
* [[Embryology_Image_Tutorial| Embryology Image Tutorial]] This page contains image uploading and formatting information.
* [[media:Wiki-refcard.pdf‎ | One page Wiki Reference Card]] print this out and use it to help you with editing your project.
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents#For_editors WikiHelp For editors] external link to more detailed information on page editing.
* [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] is a free office suite that includes a word processor that can export documents in Wiki format.
* These can then be opened and pasted into your project page. [[Using Open Office]]
* Online [http://devblog.cloudsync.com/examples/wikiTableGenerator Generate Mediawiki table code].
* See also the information about [[ANAT2341_References|reference sources]] and reuse.

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 12:37, 20 August 2009 (EST) If you are having trouble making an online table, this link to online [http://devblog.cloudsync.com/examples/wikiTableGenerator Generate Mediawiki table code] may help. Also read the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Table Help:Table] information.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 14:08, 13 August 2009 (EST) Link to [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Pubmed]| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/Books Books] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pmc PubMed Central] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar Entrez] |

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 10:47, 11 August 2009 (EST) Did you know that when you have logged in, "my preferences" at the top of the screen allows you to be notified of changes to your '''Group Project''' talk page?

# Select "my preferences" at the top of the page. (Note - under '''User profile''' leave all settings as your student ID, unless you wish to be identified by all on the inetrnet.)
# Under the heading '''E-mail''' select the box for "E-mail me when a page on my watchlist is changed" and enter the email address you would like to be notified upon.
# Now go to your Group Project talk page and just click the tab once at the top of the screen it will change from '''watch''' to '''unwatch'''.

You will now get an email to your specified account whenever a change has been made to your group talk page. This can be turned off at anytime by clicking unwatch' and it is an option for all the webpages in UNSW Embryology.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:18, 7 August 2009 (EST) Each group has now selected an animal model to research and done an initial division of work amongst group members.
* I have added the relevant '''UNSW Embryology''' page for background information on your animal model project.
* Use the '''Group Talk''' pages to paste discussion, comments and weblinks.
* At this stage do not worry too much about formatting etc until you have gathered some information and decided upon the scope.
* In the next lab you can discuss progress with group members.
* There will also be a brief tutorial on basic editing and formatting of your project page.
* Here are some [[Editing Basics]] to read beforehand and a [[media:Wiki-refcard.pdf‎ | One page Wiki Reference Card PDF]] to print out and use to help you with editing.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:31, 2 August 2009 (EST) I would recommend that you put your animal model of choice on the group project discussion page to prepare for a final group decision in Lab 2 this week. No two groups can select the same species.

[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/EmbHome.htm|Common Developmental Models]

* Chicken
* Fly
* Frog
* Worm
* Mouse
* Rat
* Rabbit
* Zebrafish
* Guinea Pig

Examples of topics you should cover in your project.

* Timeline of Development - how long
* Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when
* History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research
* Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing
* Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings

==Group Project Assessment Criteria==

===Procedure===

* Project initial assessment by other groups after the Group Project submission date.
** Written comments will be added to the discussion page.
* Group will have opportunity to work on the project in response to comments.
** Individuals will provide an assessment of their contribution to the final project on their own student page.
* Final assessment by course co-ordinator. '''20% of final course assessment mark'''

===Content===
Does the group project include the following information?
* Timeline of Development (how long and key events)
* Staging (is there a species specific staging and what criteria are used)
* History of Model Use (what embryological studies have used this model)
* Genetics (chromosome number, genome sequencing)
* Current Embryology Research (what embryological studies have used this model)

===Structure===
* Are there visual ways of representing information?
* Is the content correctly referenced in a reference list?
* Are there links to related resources/research laboratories?

===Contribution===
* Have all group members contributed?
* Has the group responded to peer assessment feedback?

== Student Groups ==

* [[2009_Group_Project_1|Group Project 1]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_1|Group 1 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_2|Group Project 2]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_2|Group 2 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_3|Group Project 3]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_3|Group 3 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_4|Group 4 Discussion]]
* [[2009_Group_Project_5|Group Project 5]] | [[Talk:2009_Group_Project_5|Group 5 Discussion]]

== Student Wiki Page Help ==

* [[Editing Basics]] a page designed to help beginners edit their project page.
* [[media:Wiki-refcard.pdf‎ | One page Wiki Reference Card]] print this out and use it to help you with editing your project.
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents#For_editors WikiHelp For editors] external link to more detailed information o page editing.
* [http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office] is a free office suite that includes a word processor that can save documents in Wiki format. These can then be opened and pasted into your project page.
* sources for your project.
* [[ANAT2341 Project Referencing]] how to add references to your project page.

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]][[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]

2009 Lab 10

2009-10-02T04:28:06Z

Z3283499:

=Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues=
[[File:CSt3.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
This laboratory will be presented by a guest researcher and will look at the topic of stem cells, their therapeutic use, practical hurdles and ethical issues.

This topic is also covered in [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_21 ANAT3231 Cell Biology - Stem Cells] in relation to stem cell research and applications.

The laboratory will also allow time for work on the group online project.

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

== Objectives ==

# Develop a general understanding of current landscape for the field of stem cell technology and therapeutics.
# Able to identify the background, key advancement and future perspectives of a recent scientific break-through in stem cell biology.
# Engage in peer-discussions and share own views on potential ethical and moral issues around a particular scientific advancement.

== Lab Tutorial ==
'''PART 1.'''

Brief introduction and re-cap on general concepts in stem cell biology with a focus on therapeutic use of stem cells.
As an example, a pre-clinical project using stem cell engineering and chemotherapy to enhance stem cell engraftment for the treatment of muscular dystorphies will be discussed.

'''Slides:''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009.pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use]]

'''Slides (4 per page):''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009(4pp).pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use (for printing)]]

With any new concepts or terms, please check [[#Terms|'''Terms''']] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|'''Glossary''']].

'''PART 2.'''

In groups of 4, read the following news article links assigned to your group. Using web search engines and the relevant journal article associated with the news article, each member of the group should address at least one of the following questions from their assigned news article.

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 3 :''' [http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2009/09/21/study-shows-mozobil-induces-mobilization-of-stem-cells-but-not-tumor-cells/ '''Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells'''] in The Myeloma Beacon Published online 21 September 2009 10:28 pm [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 3 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 5 :''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918111056.htm '''Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Some Gene Expression Of Donor Cells'''] in Science Daily Published online 19 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 5 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

== Lab 7 Assessment Questions==
Questions will be posted close to the date of the Lab for you to answer on your own student page.

== Terms ==

'''Tibialis Anterior (TA)''' - skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

'''Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)''' - is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the tibia deep to tibialis anterior and is a direct extensor of the digits of the foot.

'''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)''' - A form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The condition is often called Lou Gehrig's Disease in North America.

'''Stem Cell Niche''' - is a phrase loosely used in the scientific community to describe the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment.

'''Satellite Cells''' - are small mononuclear progenitor cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle. They are found sandwiched between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibres, and can be difficult to distinguish from the sub-sarcolemmal nuclei of the fibres.

'''BCNU (bis-chloronitrosourea)''' - Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related α-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. It is used in the treatment of several types of brain cancer (including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin).

'''MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)''' - is a human gene and Methylation of the gene's promoter may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. A 2005 study showed that -- in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a severe type of brain tumor -- the methylation state of the MGMT gene determined whether tumor cells would be responsive to temozolomide; if the promotor was methylated, temozolomide was effective. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010]

'''Temozolomide''' - is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma -- an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme.

'''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR)''' - Also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique based on the polymerase chain reaction, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample.

'''FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)''' - is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence similarity.

'''Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ''' - is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.

'''mdx mice''' - is a strain of mice that has a hereditory disease of the muscles caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome. It is used as a disease model for human muscular dystrophy.

'''Dystrophin''' - is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

== References ==

Lee et al. Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase-Mediated Drug Resistance-Based Selective Enrichment and Engraftment of Transplanted Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle. Stem Cells (2009) vol. 27 (5) pp. 1098-1108 [[media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

===Textbooks===
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039 | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

* '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''' Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] |

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cells - Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell5.htm Stem Cells - Adult]
* '''Australian Stem Cell Centre''' [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* '''NIH''' [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
*''' International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks''' [http://icscn.wordpress.com/ab''Italic text''out-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* '''STEM CELLS Journal''' [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]] [[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Stem Cell]]

File:ANAT2341 Lab10 2009 Stem Cells 2009 Lee et al.pdf

2009-10-02T04:26:11Z

Z3283499:

2009 Lab 10

2009-10-02T04:10:15Z

Z3283499:

=Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues=
[[File:CSt3.jpg|left]]
== Introduction ==
This laboratory will be presented by a guest researcher and will look at the topic of stem cells, their therapeutic use, practical hurdles and ethical issues.

This topic is also covered in [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=2009_Lecture_21 ANAT3231 Cell Biology - Stem Cells] in relation to stem cell research and applications.

The laboratory will also allow time for work on the group online project.

[[File:Week 1_cartoon.jpg|thumb| Week 1 human development]]
[[File:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]

[[File:Hematopoietic_and_stromal_cell_differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
[[File:Blood_stem_cell.jpg|thumb|Blood stem cell]]
[[File:Stem_cell_therapy.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy]]

== Objectives ==

# Develop a general understanding of current landscape for the field of stem cell technology and therapeutics.
# Able to identify the background, key advancement and future perspectives of a recent scientific break-through in stem cell biology.
# Engage in peer-discussions and share own views on potential ethical and moral issues around a particular scientific advancement.

== Lab Tutorial ==
'''PART 1.'''

Brief introduction and re-cap on general concepts in stem cell biology with a focus on therapeutic use of stem cells.
As an example, a pre-clinical project using stem cell engineering and chemotherapy to enhance stem cell engraftment for the treatment of muscular dystorphies will be discussed.

'''Slides:''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009.pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use]]

'''Slides (4 per page):''' [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_08Oct2009(4pp).pdf‎|Stem Cells: Introduction & Therapeutic Use (for printing)]]

With any new concepts or terms, please check [[#Terms|'''Terms''']] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|'''Glossary''']].

'''PART 2.'''

In groups of 4, read the following news article links assigned to your group. Using web search engines and the relevant journal article associated with the news article, each member of the group should address at least one of the following questions from their assigned news article.

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 3 :''' [http://www.myelomabeacon.com/news/2009/09/21/study-shows-mozobil-induces-mobilization-of-stem-cells-but-not-tumor-cells/ '''Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells'''] in The Myeloma Beacon Published online 21 September 2009 10:28 pm [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 3 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

:'''Group 5 :''' [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918111056.htm '''Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Retain Some Gene Expression Of Donor Cells'''] in Science Daily Published online 19 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 5 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF)]]

== Lab 7 Assessment Questions==
Questions will be posted close to the date of the Lab for you to answer on your own student page.

== Terms ==

'''Tibialis Anterior (TA)''' - skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.

'''Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)''' - is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the tibia deep to tibialis anterior and is a direct extensor of the digits of the foot.

'''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)''' - A form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. The condition is often called Lou Gehrig's Disease in North America.

'''Stem Cell Niche''' - is a phrase loosely used in the scientific community to describe the microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem cell microenvironment.

'''Satellite Cells''' - are small mononuclear progenitor cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle. They are found sandwiched between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibres, and can be difficult to distinguish from the sub-sarcolemmal nuclei of the fibres.

'''BCNU (bis-chloronitrosourea)''' - Carmustine or BCNU is a mustard gas-related α-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. It is used in the treatment of several types of brain cancer (including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma and lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin).

'''MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)''' - is a human gene and Methylation of the gene's promoter may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. A 2005 study showed that -- in patients with glioblastoma multiforme, a severe type of brain tumor -- the methylation state of the MGMT gene determined whether tumor cells would be responsive to temozolomide; if the promotor was methylated, temozolomide was effective. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758010]

'''Temozolomide''' - is an oral alkylating agent which can be used for the treatment of Grade IV astrocytoma -- an aggressive brain tumor, also known as glioblastoma multiforme.

'''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR)''' - Also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique based on the polymerase chain reaction, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. It enables both detection and quantification (as absolute number of copies or relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes) of a specific sequence in a DNA sample.

'''FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)''' - is a cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence similarity.

'''Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ''' - is a severe recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. This affliction affects one in 3500 males, making it the most prevalent of muscular dystrophies.

'''mdx mice''' - is a strain of mice that has a hereditory disease of the muscles caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome. It is used as a disease model for human muscular dystrophy.

'''Dystrophin''' - is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

== References ==

===Textbooks===
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039 | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

* '''Molecular Cell Biology''' Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999 Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

* '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''' Cooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

===Search ===

* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] |

* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem_cell stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell3.htm Stem Cells - Ethics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell4.htm Stem Cells - Cord Blood] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell5.htm Stem Cells - Adult]
* '''Australian Stem Cell Centre''' [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* '''NIH''' [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
*''' International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks''' [http://icscn.wordpress.com/ab''Italic text''out-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* '''STEM CELLS Journal''' [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

{{Template:2009ANAT2341}}

[[Category:2009ANAT2341]] [[Category:Science-Undergraduate]]
[[Category:Stem Cell]]

Talk:2009 Lab 10

2009-10-02T01:26:31Z

Z3283499:

= Stem Cells =

==Practical Preparation==
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 11:26, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi Mark, I have updated each group discussion boards with assigned links and PDFs (uploaded). Please take a look and let me know if they are okay. I will put couple of assessment questions before the lab next week. Thanks,

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 09:22, 2 October 2009 (EST):Hi Mark, Yes, I'd definitely like to provide the readings beforehand and encourage them to read their paper beforehand. I will try to paste each paper on assigned group's discussion board. I am sure not all students will read their papers before hand and I appreciate during 15-20 minutes it is impossible to digest the full content of the paper. That is why I thought each student from the group (of 4 students) can address 1 question only during the class time (essentially, Intro, M&M, Results or Discussion). Then each student can present their bits in couple of minutes to make up the whole story the paper is saying?
:I will also make sure to leave ~15 mins at the end for them. Thanks,

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 06:57, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi Antonio, looks good so far. I have not yet checked the length of your readings for the group work, but you may consider how long it will take them to do this. Do you want to provide the readings to the groups beforehand? If so, you can paste it onto each group discussion page and see whether some read the paper before the lab (some listed papers are not accessible from outside UNSW). Also, the students will require some time (15 minutes or so) at the end of the lab to discuss their ongoing group project.

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 21:13, 1 October 2009 (EST) Hello Mark, I have put the materials on the Lab Page. Could you take a look and let me know if the format/use of external links are appropriate? I will also set 2-3 easy questions and post them on the page for the students before the lab next week. Thanks,

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:48, 18 September 2009 (EST) I now have permission for this image if you want to use the mitochondrial example. [[:File:Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes.jpg|Swapping_mitochondrial_DNA_mammalian_oocytes]]

--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:34, 18 September 2009 (EST)Thanks Mark, just trying to get used to in using this Wiki - it's my first. I take all of your comments on board and will work on those over the weekend. Thanks.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:56, 18 September 2009 (EST) Yes I do fine email back n forth a little tedious. Lets work together here. Your class plan looks fine to me so far.

===Title: Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells - Practical Hurdles & Ethical Issues===

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:10, 18 September 2009 (EST) I have now renamed the actual [[2009 Lab 10|practical page]] to this title. Feel free to change any content yourself. I think the students also need a good but brief description of new terms you will be using in your presentation. See example [[2009_Lab_7#Terms|Muscle Lab 7 Terms]].

====Structure====

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:59, 18 September 2009 (EST) These don't have to be power points, but if you do use, need to convert to PDF and link to the lab page. I usually prepare 2 PDF versions (1 slide /page and 4 slides / page printing)

* 15 min: (PPT) Brief introduction on Embyonic and Adult Stem cells (I will borrow some of your slides and incorporate my own) & their potentials as new therapeutic agents.
* 15 min: (PPT) Outline our own work - Developing better stem cell transplantation strategy using chemotherapy & genetically engineered chemo-resistant stem cells for treating muscle diseases (muscular dystrophies).

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:03, 18 September 2009 (EST) You might also consider using this very recent example for '''Mitochondrial Disease''' as well, because its very current, therapeutically relevant and just interesting new application, and the paper in nature also has an illustrated editorial. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710649? PMID: 19710649] | [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/nature08368.html Nature Article] | [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html Nature editorial]

* 20 min: (Web Search Exercise) Each group of 4 students (pre-existing groups) will be given a recent news article on stem cell break-through / advancement with clinical/therapeutic implication (I will pre-select these from news feeds and post them on the web-site 1 week before the lab, one assigned to each group). They will do web-search exercise to prepare answers / comments for each of the following questions regarding their news piece.

Q1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?

Q2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?

Q3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?

Q4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

Q5. Are there any ethical / moral issues or concerns in your view?

Suggestive format will be that each of the 4 students will prepare a paragraph-long answer to 1 of 4 questions (from Q1 ~ Q4) using web-search. Each student then can express their view on Q5 verbally during discussion. They can type-up the answers as they go (or copy and paste relevant information from web-pages and include the http address for reference).

50-60 min: (Student Participation) Each group will present their answers (5 min) followed by questions/discussions (5 min).

I will have prepared my own version of "answers" for each of the news piece to facilitate.

If you require some sort of assessable material, how about if we ask the students to hand-in the write-up of their answers (Q1 ~ 4), say by the following Thursday? - to give them little more time to polish their paragraphs?

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:50, 18 September 2009 (EST) I have only been setting relatively easy questions to mark as part of their ongoing assessment. [[ANAT2341_2009_Students#Progressive_Assessment]]

That is all, and by all means, if you find making comments on e-mail laborious, do drop by (or I can come down to your office) and we can have a chat.

== Previous Webpage ==

:--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 11:44, 18 September 2009 (EST) Feel free to use what you need from below.

[[Image:Week1 cartoon600.jpg|thumb|Week 1 Human Development - Embryonic Stem Cells]]
[[Image:Inner cell mass cartoon.jpg|thumb|Inner cell mass]]
The term "stem cell" is used so freely these days in many different forums that it is difficult sometimes understand without context what scientists, politicians, ethicists and commentators are discussing. This lecture will focus on the cell biology of stem cells and the current research on growing and differentiating theses cells.

Background information can also be found at '''UNSW Embryology''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells] and [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Development].

Why are they in the News?
* Scientific and Ethical
* Therapeutic uses
* Issues relating to human cloning
* Use of excess human eggs/sperm for research purposes
* Availability of human stem cell lines

What can they be used for?
* Generation of “knock out” mice
* Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Therapeutic uses?
* Genetic disease
* Neurodegenerative
* Injury

PubMed
* Medline Search “stem cell”
** 2002 - 110,920
** 2004 - 128,485
** 2005 - 140,966
** 2006 - 154,176

==Research that led to Stem Cells==
* Human Diseases
** Generation of “knock out” mice
* Human Development
** Studying regulation of cell differentiation in development
* Human Reproduction
** Disorders, sterility

==Tissue Stem Cells==
* differentiated cells have short life spans continually replaced
* blood cells, epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract
* fully differentiated cells do not proliferate
* proliferation of less differentiated- stem cells
* produce daughter cells that either differentiate or remain as stem cells

==Blood Cells==
[[Image:Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation.jpg|thumb|Hematopoietic and stromal cell differentiation]]
* All different types of blood cells develop from a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow
* Precursors of differentiated cells undergo several rounds of cell division as they mature
** proliferation ceases at terminal stages of differentiation

== Embryonic Stem Cells ==
[[Image:Progenitor and stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|Difference between a Progenitor and Stem Cell]]

[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp NIH - What are embryonic stem cells?]

Pluripotent Stem Cells
* What is a stem cell- Pluripotent
* Pluripotent - to describe stem cells that can give rise to cells derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers
** Mesoderm
** Endoderm
** Ectoderm
* layers are embryonic source of all cells of the body

Blastocyst
* hollow structure composed of about 100 cells surrounding an inner cavity
* Only ES cells, which form inner cell mass, actually form the embryo.
* ES cells can be removed from the blastocyst and grown on lethally irradiated “feeder cells.” (See E. Robertson et al., 1986, Nature 323:445)

Stem Cell Definition

* cell that has ability to divide for indefinite periods
* self replicate
* throughout life of organism
* stem cells can differentiate
** conditions, signals
* to the many different cell types

===Chimeric Mouse===
* ES or teratocarcinoma
* shows that stem cells can combine with cells of a normal blastocyst to form a healthy chimeric mouse

===Embryoid Bodies===

* spheroid cellular tissue culture structure
* mouse and human ES cells have the capacity to undergo controlled differentiation
* recapitulate some aspects of early development
** regional-specific differentiation program
** derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers

==Historic References==
===Mouse===
* Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Martin GR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7634-8.
* Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from a mouse embryo. Wobus AM, Holzhausen H, Jakel P, Schoneich J. Exp Cell Res. 1984 May;152(1):212-9.
* Transgenesis by means of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):9065-9. Gossler A, Doetschman T, Korn R, Serfling E, Kemler R.

===Pig and Sheep===
Derivation of pluripotent, embryonic cell lines from the pig and sheep. Notarianni E, Galli C, Laurie S, Moor RM, Evans MJ. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1991;43:255-60.

===Primate===
Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Thomson JA, Kalishman J, Golos TG, Durning M, Harris CP, Becker RA, Hearn JP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7844-8.

===Human===
Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7.

Stem Cell Lines [http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/StemCellProducts/tabid/170/Default.aspx ATCC - Embryonic Stem cell lines]

==Timeline of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research==

* '''1878''' First reported attempts to fertilize mammalian eggs outside the body
* '''1959''' First report of animals (rabbits) produced through IVF in the United States
* '''1960's''' Studies of teratocarcinomas in the testes of several inbred strains of mice indicates they originated from embryonic germ cells. The work establishes embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells as a kind of stem cell
* '''1968''' Edwards and Bavister fertilize the first human egg in vitro
* '''1970's''' EC cells injected into mouse blastocysts produce chimeric mice. Cultured SC cells are explored as models of embryonic development, although their complement of chromosomes is abnormal
* '''1978''' Louise Brown, the first IVF baby, is born in England
* '''1980''' Australia's first IVF baby, Candace Reed, is born in Melbourne
* '''1981''' Evans and Kaufman, and Martin derive mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. They establish culture conditions for growing pluripotent mouse ES cells in vitro. The ES cells yield cell lines with normal, diploid karyotyes and generate derivatives of all three primary germ layers as well as primordial germ cells. Injecting the ES cells into mice induces the formation of teratomas. The first IVF baby, Elizabeth Carr, is born in the United States.
* '''1984–88''' Andrews et al., develop pluripotent, genetically identical (clonal) cells called embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells from Tera-2, a cell line of human testicular teratocarcinoma. Cloned human teratoma cells exposed to retinoic acid differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types
* '''1989''' Pera et al., derive a clonal line of human embryonal carcinoma cells, which yields tissues from all three primary germ layers. The cells are aneuploid (fewer or greater than the normal number of chromosomes in the cell) and their potential to differentiate spontaneously in vitro is typically limited. The behavior of human EC cell clones differs from that of mouse ES or EC cells
* '''1994''' Human blastocysts created for reproductive purposes using IVF and donated by patients for research, are generated from the 2-pronuclear stage. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is maintained in culture and generates aggregates with trophoblast-like cells at the periphery and ES-like cells in the center. The cells retain a complete set of chromosomes (normal karyotype); most cultures retain a stem cell-like morphology, although some inner cell mass clumps differentiate into fibroblasts. The cultures are maintained for two passages
* '''1995–96''' Non-human primate ES cells are derived and maintained in vitro, first from the inner cell mass of rhesus monkeys, and then from marmosets. The primate ES cells are diploid and have normal karyotypes. They are pluripotent and differentiate into cells types derived from all three primary germ layers. The primate ES cells resemble human EC cells and indicate that it should be possible to derive and maintain human ES cells in vitro.
* '''1998''' Thomson et al., derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of normal human blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The cells are cultured through many passages, retain their normal karyotypes, maintain high levels of telomerase activity, and express a panel of markers typical of human EC cells non-human primate ES cells. Several (non-clonal) cell lines are established that form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. The teratomas include cell types derived from all three primary germ layers, demonstrating the pluripotency of human ES cells. Gearhart and colleagues derive human embryonic germ (EG) cells from the gonadal ridge and mesenchyma of 5- to 9-week fetal tissue that resulted from elective abortions. They grow EG cells in vitro for approximately 20 passages, and the cells maintain normal karyotypes. The cells spontaneously form aggregates that differentiate spontaneously, and ultimately contain derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Other indications of their pluripotency include the expression of a panel of markers typical of mouse ES and EG cells. The EG cells do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
* '''2000''' Scientists in Singapore and Australia led by Pera, Trounson, and Bongso derive human ES cells from the inner cell mass of blastocysts donated by couples undergoing treatment for infertility. The ES cells proliferate for extended periods in vitro, maintain normal karyotypes, differentiate spontaneously into somatic cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers, and form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice.
* '''2001''' As human ES cell lines are shared and new lines are derived, more research groups report methods to direct the differentiation of the cells in vitro. Many of the methods are aimed at generating human tissues for transplantation purposes, including pancreatic islet cells, neurons that release dopamine, and cardiac muscle cells.

:Modified from [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/chapter3.asp NIH - Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001]

==Cord Blood Stem Cells ==
* Blood collected from the placental umbilical cord of a newborn baby shortly after birth
** total amount of blood about 90 ml
* blood stem cells that can be used to generate red blood cells and cells of the immune system
* collected, typed, stored in Cord Blood Bank
** Both public and private Banks have arisen
** available for use by the donor and compatible siblings

* suggested use to treat a range of blood disorders and immune system conditions such as leukaemia, anaemia and autoimmune diseases
* cells provide a resource for bone marrow replacement therapy in many diseases

Cord Blood - Disease Treatments
* Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
* Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia
* Adrenoleukodystrophy
* Blackfan-Diamond
* Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
* Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia
* Fanconi's Anaemia
* Hurler's Syndrome
* Krabbe's disease
* Lymphomas
* Myelodysplastic Syndrome
* Mucolipopolysaccharide deficiency
* Osteopetrosis
* Syndrome Severe Aplastic Anaemia
* Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
* Thalassaemia
* Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
* Miscellaneous
* Cancer
* Genetic disorders
* Immune deficiency
* Storage disorders

==Adult Stem Cells==
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp NIH - What are adult stem cells?]

Stem Cells in the Adult
* Connective Tissue
* Bone marrow
** Blood Cells, Osteoclasts, blasts
* Epithelia
** Gut
** Skin
* Neural?
Epidermis: Immortal Stem Cell

==Induced Pluripotent Cells==

* non-pluripotent cells engineered to become pluripotent
** a cell with a specialized function ‘reprogrammed’ to an unspecialized state

==Stem Cell Markers==
In order to carry out research on stem cells, it is important to be able to identify them. A number of different research groups in the late 90's generated several antibodies which specifically identified undifferentiated, differentiating or differentiated stem cells from a number of different sources and species. Note that the nomenclature in some cases is based upon the antibody used to identify the cell surface marker.

* Every cell surface has specialized proteins (receptors) that can selectively bind or adhere to other “signalling” molecules (ligands)
* Different types of receptors differ in structure and affinity for signalling molecules
* Cells use these receptors and molecules that bind to them as a way of communicating with other cells and to carry out their proper functions in the body

* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1''' (SSEA-1) cell surface embryonic antigen which has a role in cell adhesion, migration and differentiation and is often differentially expressed during development. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-480 (SSEA-1).
* '''Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-4''' (SSEA-4) cell surface embryonic antigen of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES) which is down-regulated following differentiation of human EC cells. Antigen not expressed on undifferentiated murine EC, ES and EG cells but upregulated on differentiation of murine EC and ES cells. Can be identified by Davor Solter monoclonal antibody MC-813-70 (SSEA-4)
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
* '''Tumor Rejection Antigen''' (TRA-1-81) antigen expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES).
** Both TRA antibodies identify a major polypeptide (Mr 240 kDa) and a minor polypeptide (Mr 415 kDa).
* '''Oct-4''' (Pou5f1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) gene has an essential role in control of developmental pluripotency (Oct4 knockout embryo blastocysts die at the time of implantation). Oct4 also has a role in maintaining viability of mammalian germline.
* '''Stem Cell Antigen 1''' (Sca-1) member of the Ly-6 family of GPI-linked surface proteins (Mr 18 kDa) and a major phenotypic marker for mouse hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell subset.
* CD133, AC133, prominin 5 transmembrane glycoprotein (865 aa) expressed on stem cells with hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic differentiation potential.

* '''Alkaline Phosphatase'''
** embryonic stem cell is characterized by high level of expression alkaline phosphatase (undifferentiated state) [http://www.atcc.org/ELFregPhosphataseDetectionKit/tabid/567/Default.aspx ATCC ELF Phosphatase Detection Kit for Embryonic Stem Cells]
** assay to determine if embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated or are starting to differentiate
** uses a fluorescent detection of endogenous phosphatase activity in embryonic stem cells

[http://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8239/F5.expansion.html PNAS - Expression of molecular markers characteristic of ES cells in morula-derived cell lines]

==Stem Differentiation==
Epithelium
* each generation at least 1 "immortal" stem cell
** descendants present in patch in future
* Other basal cells
** leave basal layer and differentiate
* Committed, born different
or may be stem cells
equivalent to immortal stem cell in character
mortal in sense that their progeny jostled out of basal layer and shed from skin

Amplifying Cells
* Stem cells in many tissues divide only rarely
* give rise to transit amplifying cells
* daughters committed to differentiation that go through a limited series of more rapid divisions before completing the process.
* each stem cell division gives rise in this way to eight terminally differentiated progeny

Stem Cell Production - Stem Cell Daughter Fates
* Environmental asymmetry
** daughters are initially similar
** different pathways according to environmental influences that act on them after they are born
** number of stem cells can be increased or reduced to fit niche available
* Divisional asymmetry
** stem cell has an internal asymmetry
** divides in such a way two daughters are already have different determinants at time of their birth

==Current stem cell research==
[[Image:NIH stem cell cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|NIH - stem cell cartoon]]
How to:
* Isolate
* Grow
* Maintain, store
* Differentiate
* Therapeutic uses

===Growth of Embryonic Stem Cells===
* Mouse blastocyst-derived ES cell line D3
** from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
* Undifferentiated ES cells
** maintained on gelatin-coated dishes
** earlier studies, feeder layer

Growth Media
* DMEM (dulbecco’s modified essential media)
* 2 mM glutamine (essential amino acid)
* 0.001% beta-mercaptoethanol (reducing agent)
* 1x nonessential amino acids (amino acids for growth)
* 10% donor horse serum (source of growth factors etc)
* human recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 2,000 units/ml

== Neural Therapeutic Uses?==
[[Image:Stem cell therapy cartoon.jpg|thumb|Stem cell therapy cartoon]]
[http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/2006Chapter4.html NIH - Use of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in Experimental Gene Therapies]

Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model
* Implantation of fetal dopamine (DA) neurons can reduce parkinsonism in patients
* current methods are rudimentary
* lacking a reliable donor cell source

Transplanted ES cells can develop spontaneously into dopamine (DA) neurons
* Such DA neurons can restore cerebral function and behavior in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
* Björklund et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99, Issue 4, 2344-2349, February 19, 2002

===Parkinson Rat Model===
Embryonic stem cell Transplant
* transplanting low doses of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into rat striatum
* results in a proliferation of ES cells into fully differentiated DA neurons
* ES cell-derived DA neurons caused gradual and sustained behavioral restoration of DA-mediated motor asymmetry

Staining of a Graft
* 16 weeks after implantation of D3 ES cells into adult 6-OHDA lesioned striatum
** TH-positive neurons were found within the graft (A and B, green)
** All TH-positive profiles coexpressed the neuronal marker NeuN (A, red)
** TH (B) also was coexpressed with DAT (C, red) and AADC (D, blue), shown by white triple labelling (E)

Rotation response to Amphetamine
* 6-OHDA-lesioned animals were selected for transplantation by quantification of rotational behaviour in response to amphetamine
* response was examined post-transplantation at 5, 7, and 9 weeks
* Animals with ES cell-derived DA neurons showed recovery over time from amphetamine-induced turning behavior

== References ==

===Textbooks===
====Essential Cell Biology====
* Chapter 19 Tissues p622-627

====Molecular Biology of the Cell====
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter
New York and London: Garland Science; c2002
* Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. - Chapter 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development p1037-1039

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4090 Figure 22-4. The definition of a stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4119 Figure 22-19. Renewal of the gut lining]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4092 Figure 22-5. Two ways for a stem cell to produce daughters with different fates]

====Molecular Cell Biology====
Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E.
New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999
* Molecular Cell Biology - Chapter 23. Cell Interactions in Development
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.7080 Figure 24-8. Formation of differentiated blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow]

====The Cell- A Molecular Approach====
Cooper, Geoffrey M.
Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000
* The Cell - A Molecular Approach - IV. Cell Regulation Chapter 14. Cell Proliferation in Development and Differentiation
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2499#2501 Stem Cells]

====Search Online Textbooks====

* "stem cell" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D Molecular Biology of the Cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D Molecular Cell Biology] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=stem+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D The Cell- A molecular Approach]

===Books===

===PubMed===

====Reviews====

* Jensen J, Hyllner J, Björquist P. Human embryonic stem cell technologies and drug discovery. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jun;219(3):513-9. Review. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000678 PMID: 19277978]

====Articles====
* Allen ND, Baird DM. Telomere length maintenance in stem cell populations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19419691 PMID: 19419691]
* Kenji Matsumoto, Takayuki Isagawa, Toshinobu Nishimura, Takunori Ogaeri, Koji Eto, Satsuki Miyazaki, Jun-ichi Miyazaki, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, and Hideo Ema Stepwise Development of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(3): e4820. Published online 2009 March 16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004820. PMCID: PMC2653650
* Tesar PJ. Derivation of germ-line-competent embryonic stem cell lines from preblastocyst mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8239-44. Epub 2005 May 25. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917331 PMID: 15917331]

====Search Entrez====

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=stem+cell+marker stem cell marker]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=embryonic+stem+cell embryonic stem cell]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=mesenchymal+stem+cell mesenchymal stem cell]

==Links==
* UNSW Embryology [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cells]
* Australian Stem Cell Centre [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/ Australian Stem Cell Centre] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education.aspx Public Education] | [http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/public-education_fact-sheets.aspx Fact Sheets] | [http://www.asscr.org/ Australasian Society for Stem Cell Research]
* NIH [http://stemcells.nih.gov/ Stem Cell Information Home Page] | [http://www.nationalstemcellbank.org/National Stem Cell Bank (NSCB)] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2001report/2001report.htm Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions 2001] | [http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/2006report/ Regenerative Medicine 2006]
* International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks [http://icscn.wordpress.com/about-icscn/ International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks] | [http://www.stemgen.org/mapworld.cfm Stem Cell Legislation - World Map] | [http://www.isscr.org/science/faq.htm FAQs]
* STEM CELLS Journal [http://www.stemcellsportal.com/ Stem Cells Portal]

Talk:2009 Group Project 1

2009-10-02T01:21:13Z

Z3283499:

== Project Updates ==
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:52, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi everyone, I will be working with you during the Lab10 Tutorial and here is the news link and PDF of the manuscript for your group exercise. I encourage you to read the paper before the tutorial. Also, please indicate next to the questions below (using either your initials or student number) which one of the four questions you wish to address.
:'''Group 1 :''' [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7262/full/461354a.html '''Developmental biology: Asexual healing'''] in Nature News and Views - Nature 461, 354-355 (17 September 2009) [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 1 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF): Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells]]

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?
:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?
:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?
:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

==Constructive Criticism of Peers==

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 09:32, 1 October 2009 (EST)
Nice work Guys!
- Fantastic images used throughout - maybe a few more in the timeline so we can understand what is going on
- As you start going down the page though the information starts to read a bit haphazardly, for example the developing body; jumping for section to section and the timeline section. it would be great if you could clean this up as it doesn't really flow.
- The section on the abnormal development is great.
- The page is quite long - Maybe you could condense some of the text as it is kind of slab like
- i really enjoyed the breeding section
- The advantages and Disadvantages would be better in a table.

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 08:08, 1 October 2009 (EST) Hi Group 1! This is obviously a well organised and well researched assignment. I found it very informative. There are (of course) some things I feel could improve the overall submission. I loved that the timeline/staging section was clear and concise, however I think it could be improved by adding more colour/pictures to maintain the readers' interest. There is also a lot of content which might be alleviated by reducing the section on abnormal development. Hope this helps :)

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 01:11, 1 October 2009 (EST) good job guys.
-Theres alot of relevant information.
-The timeline and staging bits are very well written and clear but i think you should add a few images in there to match up with the text.
-The image for the genetics bit is awesome.
-The page is nicely set out.
-Too much information about the abnormalities.

--[[User:Z3258567|Sando Rashed]] 20:04, 30 September 2009 (EST)hey guys, your page looks good, starts off well as there is not a bunch of information just thrown in, the information used is well thought, with the history you might want to put the advantages and disadvantages into a table to make the page look a bit more tidy and easier to read when we go through it (you can also do this with the info under genome), the group makes good usage of diagrams but towards the end diagrams die out, you might want to make the current research part of your assignment into diagrams and steps as there is just a bunch of information thrown there and alot of reading needed, if you put it into steps or diagrams it will make the marking process and reading process easier and allow us as reader to understand the information with ease, other than that the page looks quite good, well done on all your contributions

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 21:51, 29 September 2009 (EST)

Nice page. I particularly liked the idea of lists of what is to come before each flood of information as was done with the ‘history of model use’ section.

- Nice easing into the topic with ‘advantages’ and ‘disadvantages’ lists.

- I liked the of rabbit embryo development to that of humans- puts it into perspective

- Good glossary- informative but not over- the- top

- Nice genetics section! Easy to read and a great use of illustrations to break up the information

- I also like that you took a page out of Mark’s book in the addition of the abnormalities section

Improvements:

- Perhaps some pictures of embryos throughout development.

- It’s a little confusing that the development jumps back and forth according to the body part developing. Maybe it should be categorised according to time of development instead for greater clarity at first glance

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 17:01, 29 September 2009 (EST)

Your assessment has come along great in regard to the criteria format. There are a few alterations that could improve your project, the following alterations may enhance your wiki page:

'''-''' The usage of rabbits for experimental models in both science and medicine could be state under the history section to allow background information for the readers to become aware of the topic and why the rabbit have been used to study specfic medical procedures and diseases.

'''-''' Secondly the information on 'Transgenic Rabbit' should be shifted toward the genetic information on the rabbit. So far the project is looking and coming along great except for minor edits.

'''-''' Background information should be placed subsequent to the introduction allowing the reader to understand why this specific animal is used for specfic purposes.

'''-''' Figures/Graphs and the illustration of the anatomy and genetic development of the embryo were useful and clear allowing the viwers to understand and learn through the demonstration of pictures which were extremely informative.

'''-''' Genetics: the Genetics and Abnormalities information was great and very informative. It was great how the group compared the embryo with the human chromosome allowing the audience to understand the difference between both.

'''-''' Abnormalities: Information and details which were in the genetic section provided informative and interesting information, and it could be truncated a bit, additionally just discussing the chromosome development of the rabbit.

'''-''' Current Embryology Research: information in regard to stem cells should be brief and truncated. Example in regard to stem cell research should have brief and simple model explaining the process and why it used.

'''-''' Consequently, I thought the project was good it flowed and was very informative. The information was detailed, and the illustrations were useful and allowed the readers to gain a brief overview on the topic and it usage in history and in current research. Overall group 1 seem to achieve the critriea outcomes and summarised the topic really well, the comparsion to human embryo development througout the text was great and is a good referencing point in comparsion to the species choosen.
Great job --[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 17:01, 29 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 12:09, 30 September 2009 (EST)Hello Group 1! Congrats on your awesome group project! I must say im very impressed with all the information you have posted and i have listed down the good bits and the bits that need to be improved. Since i am posting this a lil late, i have seen that u have already improved your project and few aspects...Good Job guys!

1. Very brief introduction...maybe just a little bit more info will be perfect

2. Abnormalities section is very informative and well researched, but very long, how about making it a little more precise?

3. The Advantages and Disadvantages of the using Rabbit is just simply perfect

4. The timeline is just a little confusing, as its divided into development of different parts, which breaks the time flow.

5. Pictures for every stage would make it more visually attractive rather than just reading text

6. Great Glossary!

There were few things earlier that need to be improved but you guys fixed it as soon as comments were posted so basically you guys rock :)An excellent effort guys. Best Wishes

# --[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 09:45, 25 September 2009 (EST)Very nice. The information was maybe a bit spread out, with heaps of gaps everywhere (formatting???), but the information was there, and relevant, and easy to read. I like how there was tonnes of information on current research, as I think that was the main aim, but the abnormalities went a bit over board, and didn't need that much attention I think. pictures for stages would have been nice, unless there were none???? The references are top notch, and the glossary is pretty amazing, and in the right place. Overall very good, I think formatting was the major downfall though, as it makes the page that much longer, and hence a little bit more difficult to read.

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:12, 26 September 2009 (EST)
HEllO GROUP 1: Well done on such a great assignemnt, looks like you have all worked very hard. Well my one point of constructive criticism would be to reduce the writing content. for example. In the current research section, you have two scientific process of transgenic rabbits as well as cloning which is described in how these are done. why not draw a step by step diagram, and put these written steps in the link to the image. that way it is more visual, the info is still there under the image link, and the page wont look as daunting to read. :) hope this helps!

--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 00:46, 26 September 2009 (EST)
Hello Group 1. Firstly, I would like to let you all know that you have all done a great job. I'm impressed. I have a few suggestions that I think mite help to improve the page even more:

*Introduction:

1)For the first sentence (the characteristics that make the rabbit an excellent model for study), mention the section 'Why are we using rabbits?' under History section.

2)For the second sentence (study that developed and improved micromanipulation techniques), mention the 'Transgenic Rabbit' section below under the genetics section. I've read the entire project page, and the introduction was the only place I found that was not precise enough (which is a great thing). These are minor things, but I think they will help with improving your project page.

3)Breeding information was informative.

4) A suggestion: Place the history section after the Introduction. This gives the viewer an overview of the use of the rabbit embryo. This way the viewer is first subjected to a few examples of the rabbit embryos use. It also allows him/her to understand where the rabbit embryo sits in with history. I guess this is a matter of personal preference.

*Timeline:

1)Graphs, and the illustration of the zona pellucida and mucin coat were very clear and informative.

*Staging: I had no problems with it. The lack of information I think was a plus. It touched on the content in the Timeline section.

*History:

1) I loved the idea of the 'Disadvantages' of the rabbit embryo, it seemed unbiased. The brief timeline provided a clear and short summary.

2) Spelling mistake under 'Discovery of Graafian Follicle', 2nd paragraph. I think it's previous instead of 'previcous'. Also, the 2nd paragraph under this heading does not flow that well. Try rephrasing the 2nd sentence.

*Genetics:

The Genetics and Abnormalities section flow into eachother very well. I appreciated the comparison of the rabbit chromosome to the human chromosome.

*Abnormalities:

1) The information provided under Hydrocephalus and Brachydactylia was informative and interesting, but it contained too much text. I suggest you narrow it down and make use of Dots point, numbering, bold/italic words, and/or sub-sub-headings.

*Current Embryology Research:
1) There is too much information under stem cells. There is 2 examples of studies dealing with stem cells. A suggestion would be to just have one, and have a link saying 'Koga's research on Stem Cells'.

2) Have the section 'links to Research labs and researchers' placed at the end of current research. That way, the information on the page will flow smoother.

Overall, I thought there was a consistent structure in each section. The information was informative, and the pictures were relevant and helped me better understand the topics of discussion.

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 10:58, 27 September 2009 (EST) Firstly, great work. It is a well researched, structured and organised page. The content is very in depth and includes information on all of the specified areas. It is well referenced, with an extensive reference list indicating the amount of research put into the page. Some areas are more detailed than others. For example, the staging section is quite short and concise where as the Abnormal development section is extremely long considering it is not a needed topic. There is moderate use of pictures and diagrams, but more use could benefit the page as it may be able to negate some of the large slabs of text. The comparisons made between the human and the rabbit embryos are a good part of the project page. Each member of the group has contributed to the page and provided a lot of information on the section of content they were working on. What would improve this project is a more even distribution of information, particularly more detail in the stages, a few more diagrams or pictures to negate some of the text presented, more of a focus on current research i.e. what each method is being used for and less on the process behind each method.

--[[User:Z3126345|Gang Liu]] 14:26, 27 September 2009 (EST)In my opionion, this is a well constructed page. It includes major subheadings such as history, timeline, stages, genetics and current research. It is very concise and straightforward, which makes it easy to read. For example, a short introduction paragraph,"...the rabbit is an appropriate animal model as the results from many experiments are significant to that of other mammals, including humans.", explains to reader why rabbit is such a suitable model.

It also provides a logic flow. For example, in history of rabbit model use section, it has provided advangtages and disadvantages of model use. This is appropriate, as it demonstrates the significance of rabbit model use in scitific discovery. In addition, it has provided detailed background information for each discovery. This makes it interesting to read.

It is also important to compare development of embryo between rabbit and human. For example, "... the similarities of this developmental pattern in humans and rabbits, suggests that the same growth increment is required to achieve the same stage. The main difference observed between human rabbit gestational duration is due to the fetal growth phase...", this has suggested human and rabbit share many similarities. Not only this page has demonstrated detailed written information of timeline development, it also provided graphics to reinforce the concept. For example, the hand drawing of developing embryo. As well as the comparison between human embryo and rabbit embryo timeline development.

It is also interesting to learn that rabbits have 22 pairs of chromosome, whereas humans have 23 pairs of chromosome.

Sections such as abnormal development and current research have demonstrated extended research and understanding. For example, hydrocephalus, spina Bifida, stem cell research and cloning techniques. All of these have showed the in depth research in textbooks, journals and internet based literatures.

However, this page can be improved by considering the following points.

*Provide pictures for individual stages. Get visual, and make the stages interesting to read.

*Reformating in sections such as hitory and genetics. Make pictures appear on the same side of page.

*Typo: "A rabbits potential for reproduction..."

*Sections such as abnormal development and current research are too lengthy. Might consider shrink the content.

*Lack of glossary.

Overall, big thumbs up!

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 01:12, 28 September 2009 (EST)
First of all i would like to congratulate all the team members for a great team work.
Well done guys!! The group project looks amazing, the information presented is very concise
and straight to the point which makes it very easy for the readers to grab
the important information that they need to enhance their knowledge.
I like the section of history, the information is very clear,
and i like the idea of providing some background knowledge to the readers
about the disadvantages of the use of rabbit.
The history section can be improved if the infomation is expanded
to give some more detailed background knowledge althought
i like the idea that the information is concise describing each
scientists contribution towards the model.
The section for timeline is impressive, in my perspective its a great idea to cover alot of content in a very smart way
which is by the use of subheadings to make it easy to understand for audience.
Staging section is also very well presented but the information presented
in a table would even look better if there is use of some pictures
to make it more interesting for its audience. Genetics section
is beautifully presented, all the information is there with some
amazing pictures but will look much better if there is some work to
be done for the structure of it especially the paragraph under the
heading of 'abnormalities'. Section for "Abnormal Development" gives
the readers useful amount of information but i think its very lenghty,
use of dot points can make it look even better and easy to understand.
The same for Current embryology research, great amount of information but
in my perspective replacing the paragraphs with some dot points with
heading and subheadings would further enrich understanding of readers.
Also glossary would complement the webpage. But overall,
great amount of information which shows alot of research
which has been done by all the team members. Well done guys!!

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:29, 28 September 2009 (EST) Hey guys! Good work on your assignment! Plenty of info which is good, and very well referenced. The glossary is a good idea too! I do agree with a few others about the lots of clear spaces in the formatting, and the lack of pics in the timeline though. Also under the genetics section, maybe aligning the pics on either the left or right side instead of both left and right, and possibly putting them as thumbnails could also work. In the abnormalities section, there might have been a little too much info that probably wasn't needed, but i do like the effort put in. Over all, possibly more time spent on formatting and determining which sections are more important and which sections may need to be limited. Other than those points, the whole assignment seemed very well done!

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 11:32, 29 September 2009 (EST)
You assignment is visually appealing and the genetic information e.g. the number of chromosomes of a rabbit was very interesting.There are some additional sections you have added which really complement your assignment e.g the abnormalities and I really liked the advantages and disadvantages of using the rabbit model. The few suggestions I would make is to:
* include pictures in the stages section
*place the pictures throughout the text (e.g. to left or right). You did this up until abnormalities and I felt it broke the flow of the written text.
* and maybe move the links to current research labs up closer to the current research section, just to keep it all together.
Overall very impressive though.

--[[User:Z3220040|Joanne Raffel]] 15:25, 29 September 2009 (EST) Nice wikipage, the page looked interesting however I agree with some others that the formatting of the page was inconsistent. I thought the referencing was great but found it a bit confusing with the reference numbers after the paragraphs. I thought the subheadings werent distinct enough, especially in relation to the text, which made it difficult to read. The history section could be formatted to make the information stand out and a lot more appealing, I would recommend including pictures if possible that link to the text and making the advantages and disadvantages into a table rather than listing it. I especially liked the comparison between the rabbit and the human embryo, however some of the information for the timeline section was too heavy for the page, I would recommend only using some of the information on your actual page and having the rest as links to separate pages. The staging section was very bland and would be more appealing with pictures. I dont think its necessary to cite your entire reference within the text, especially in the genetics section, maybe instead of writing the entire reference, you could just state The Broad Institute or just the people related to it. The abnormalities section was a good inclusion however it was very extensive, along with the current research section. Overall a very good wikipage.

----
*Hey, Well done guys!!! I think our group worked pretty well! I think we communicated each other well and did very best for their section. I fixed my spelling mistake and problem with sentence! As Begum mentioned, I think placing the history part after the introduction is better idea. --[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:36, 26 September 2009 (EST)

*Hey guys,
the project has come together brilliantly! it looks quite good. Hopefully mark will like it! ill add some terms to the glossary and try do some formatting (the first image is a little too big i think!) --[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 10:28, 24 September 2009 (EST)

Hey. Yep all good. I had to get rid of the pics, so stages table is now blank. Im pretty much done. I'll see what i can add to the glossary. thanks :)--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 23:34, 23 September 2009 (EST)

Hey all, I'm going to start a glossary and add it under the reference section. Scan your text and add to the glossary in alphabetical order. Also under the marking criteria, it says to provide links to researchers and research laboratories.....i'll start that under the glossary. Everyone else OK with their stuff?--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 23:08, 23 September 2009 (EST)

Hey Sum, The images look fine but I don't think you can use the images like that since the journal KARGER is being particular about its copyright laws. I tried tracing around the images but it does not seem to resemble anything like an embryo. I did however find this link...go to it and scroll down to the images of the developing embryo. You might be able to edit it to resemble rabbit embryo. --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 15:10, 23 September 2009 (EST). To get to the link, Google image search "rabbit gestation"....click on the "rabbit,gestation age" image from nature.com
Also google image search "The Haeckel embryo sequence"...could be useful after some editing

oh my god!! I summarised all of my research and wrote down on the page. Then I blew up everything!!!
it says 'edit conflict' what da?? I lost all of my work...it was my stupid mistake...--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 01:06, 23 September 2009 (EST)

Oh also.. let me know if the images look stupid --[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 00:34, 23 September 2009 (EST)

Hey thanks vishnuu. I put some images up in the stages table. I did edit the pictures, but im not sure if im allowed to use it like this? have a look and let me know. Also im not sure what is going on with the reference section seems kinda all over the place, so i havnt added mine in yet. Maybe we should fix that up somehow? :) oh LOL about the breeding rabbits bit! haha
--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 00:31, 23 September 2009 (EST)

Hey Sum, Sorry for the late reply. For $330, I'd rather breed rabbits and take the photos myself. I had a look at the original images, what we can do is trace around the developing rabbit embryo using the pencil tool on an image editing software(eg. microsoft paint - already preloaded into most windows). Then upload the image to the assignment. Does your PC have adobe fireworks?...extremely good for tracing images. If not, have a go at it with microsoft paint....I shall also have a go at it, then I shall let you know on this discussion page at about 3PM t'morrow. If any good then I'll send it to your student email. If not, we discuss potential alternatives. good luck Sum! --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 23:51, 22 September 2009 (EST)

Yep thats the article i used for the developmental stages and put in a table. I should have my timeline posted by end of today. I also couldn't get permission to use the pictures as they wanted about $330 for me to use it!! no thanks. I'll see if i can work it in somehow. Vishnuu did u have any ideas on editing the images?? --[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 12:29, 22 September 2009 (EST)

Have a look at this article, it's helpful for comparison bt rabbit and human in developmental stages!--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:35, 21 September 2009 (EST)
*Sampled rabbit embryos were staged using the Carnegie criteria, in order first to determine if they were consistent with the rabbit developmental pattern, and second to compare this pattern with the human one. Our results show a suitable '''comparison of rabbits and humans in early developmental stages''', except for the neural growth.
[http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=73136&Ausgabe=229537&ProduktNr=224239
]

Absolutely correct Juliana, my research articles and their links are labelled 1-6 so far, the rest is yours..... I'll fix it for you. A timeline image seems tricky and i'm unsure, send Dr. Hill an email on m.hill@unsw.edu.au and see what he says. We still have till thursday to finish everything, so don't be too worried....try to finish all your other stuff and leave the drawing of the timeline last.--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 17:49, 20 September 2009 (EST)

*no.1-7 in reference section is mine. and I think links under Vishnnu's research on the discussion board is mine. let me know please. (I can't remember all of my researches)
I want to make a timeline image but I can't do it;;; I asked Mark few weeks ago but havn't replied yet....can somebody help me???--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 17:26, 20 September 2009 (EST)

'''** Hey Jenny, dont worry!! the project is not due until next week! (24th) we will have it done by then!! I am still waiting for permission to use the pictures in my stages section, thats why it hasnt been done yet. Hopefully i can get permission, otherwise i'll have to draw them (or something) myself.''' --[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 14:03, 17 September 2009 (EST)

It says project due date 24th september.......if the due date had been brought forward why was it not posted on the project main page? --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 13:48, 17 September 2009 (EST)

EVERYONE...WHY IS THE REST OF OUR PROJECT NOT DONE??
* vishnuu...its due TODAY!! how can you post things up next Monday? Please make sure youve referenced EVERY image and all text (i know youve said you need to do this...but its easiest done when writing the section as now you have to go back and find everything, insert numbers etc. Remember to put the reference in the reference section. For the current research section i thought this might help you (as during my lecture in another class they spoke about how rabbits are used in heart development. Is there anything that you've found to include this?). Also I found this website during my research so it may help you? [http://www.evergen.com/rabbit_experience.html/ Rabbit Experiments]
* sum - where is the timeline???? It doesn't exist? Where is it? Also, we need some sort of visual for the staging. Have you found an images? Could you draw the stages of embryo development? It just looks incredibly boring.
* julianna...you need to put up more other than just two historians...there is NO referencing whatsoever in your entire section. where have you found this information? have you put it in your own words or copied it? You need to add some more refences to the reference section at the bottom..there just aren't many to back up your research.

seriously guys. ive added photos and tried to spice up the project but i am NOT going to finish your sections for you. ITS DUE IN 3 HRS! i cant believe you guys haven't bothered to even try finish this. Im very disappointed and i think its slack to let the team down. --[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 10:34, 17 September 2009 (EST)

----

Hey all, just need to finish editing the current research part before i post it up, also need to edit some of my images under abnormal development and also references. Should be all done by Monday. --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 07:02, 17 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:40, 8 September 2009 (EST) OK guys, this is still just a page of text......

--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 14:50, 3 September 2009 (EST) I want to make a timeline?

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:42, 21 August 2009 (EST) z3187802 has contacted me and has been away sick. He should still complete his components of the group project.

Our group is Sum, Vishnnu, Juliana and Jenny. Today in the lab we have decided to research the RABBIT! [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Rabbit.htm/ Rabbit embryology from Mark Hill]

(Juliana's email belebele85@msn.com)

----
This is apparently what we need to include in our case study:
#Timeline of Embryo Development - how long (SUM)
#Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when (SUM)
#History of Model Use - when was it first used, (JULIANNA)
#Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing (JENNY)
#Abnormal Development (VISHNNU)
#Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings (VISHNNU)

Hey guys, maybe we should add a section comparing rabbit to human development
--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 16:45, 6 August 2009 (EST)

That sounds like a good idea Sum....seeing that human development is the primary theme of the course, not including it would be criminal!. -vishnnu

Report:
* Links to resources and discussions are to be posted on the group talk page, the project page is for the actual assignment
* Final assignment will be marked by another group and everyone will be given a marking criteria
* No information should be obtained from Wikipedia and all information (tables & graphs included) must be referenced
* Please feel free to suggest any further topics which can be included

== Research: ==
So i think the main rabbit used in research is the oryctolagus cuniculus. Lets focus mostly on that (or at least i, Jenny, will since im going genetics). This link is great for the specific genetics: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AJ001588/ Oryctolagus cuniculus complete mitochondrial genome]

Here's some stuff about benefits of modeling from a textbook. I haven't yet written as my own so its still the authors material. Just thought it might benefit us all (and raise our morale as we thought the rabbit might suck..but it doesn't!) We're not "submitting" this as our own work so technically we're not yet copyrighting their material.
Ive cited the book here and the website i got it from:
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RY0rXE2HgqsC&pg=PA344&lpg=PA344&dq=rabbit+embryology+genetics&source=bl&ots=rbr3CuBRxY&sig=p8055w9oYQmsQeuN78mgXBGmRK4&hl=en&ei=NI2KStaQJIvSsQOEpMjEDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false/ Cibelli, J., Lanza, R., Campbell, K. and West, M. 2002. Principles of Cloning. Academic Press]

“Rabbits were one of the first species in which blastomere nuclear transfer succeeded; as a model species, rabbits placed a central role in developing the micromanipulation technologies in embryos.” Other advantages for using rabbits are:

# “The costs to animal procurement, animal care, and oocyte production in rabbits are relatively low compared to large animals.” e.g. a cow embryo is 30x more expensive that a rabbit embryo
# “The developmental biology of rabbit embryos and fetuses resembles more closely that of large farm animals than that of rodent model species, including the transition from maternal to embryonic control of embryo development.”
# “The pregnancy of rabbits is relatively short (1 month), allowing rapid evaluation of fetal and postnatal development. In comparison, the gestation length for cattle is 9x longer.”
# “The sizeable milk production of rabbits allows their use as test animals for therapeutic protein expression in milk, or as a living bioreactor.”
# “Rabbits are induced ovulators. Domesticated rabbits are nonseasonal breeders and produce multiple offspring in one litter. These reproductive patterns make the use of rabbits for reproductive research highly efficient.”

----
Here are some links i (sum) found which may help. Need to go through all the info and sort it out, But there are a couple of good diagrams.

'''Links for group assignment'''

http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/48/1/43

http://books.google.com/books?id=RY0rXE2HgqsC&pg=PA344&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false - good for what studies in rabbit embryo have been used for. And has a good table for embryological stages!!

http://books.google.com/books?id=ljAKtC-iIrIC&pg=PA264&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=73bbKzqRvLsC&pg=PA156&dq=rabbit+embryo+stages&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=rabbit%20embryo%20stages&f=false - picture of implantation

http://books.google.com/books?id=aZ7DQYFyxswC&pg=PA122&dq=%22rabbit+development+stages%22&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false
-------
Hi I(Juliana) uploaded file, you guys can have a look.
Go to 'Upload File' tab and click ' early growth of rabbit trophoblast' file.

-------------
also I found an interesting article!
'''An Electron Microscope Study of the Embryology of the Intercalated Disc in the Heart of the Rabbit'''
Alan R. Muir
The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Mar. 25, 1957), pp. 193-202
Published by: The Rockefeller University Press

http://info.library.unsw.edu.au/cgi-bin/local/access/ej-access.cgi?url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfx%3Asfx&sici=0095-9901(1957)3%3A2%3C193%3AAEMSOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S
--

[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 10:48, 25 August 2009 (EST)

----------------
I found helpful book in the library
'''Bensley's Practical Anatomy of the Rabbit 8thE by E.Horne Craigie, Toronto, University of Toronto Press 1948'''
--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:27, 27 August 2009 (EST)

==Vishnnu's Research==

'''Background reading (Vishnnu)'''

Hey everyone. I'm starting my background reading section where I shall describe my research resources. They contain a summary and a link to the resource itself. I shall keep this "notes" section updated with each new entry I add.

'''Notes:'''

*Articles 1 & 2 - Juliana this could be useful to you.

*Article 2 - Sum this could be useful to you.

*Articles 3 & 4 - Abnormal development articles (added: 02/09/2009)

*Articles 5 & 6 - Abnormal development articles (added: 13/09/2009)

'''Article 1'''

'''The rabbit as a model for reproductive and developmental toxicity studies''' --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 21:05, 30 August 2009 (EST)

''Robert H. Foote and Edward W. Carney'' ''Reproductive Toxicology 14 (2000) 477–493'' ''Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 204 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-4801, USA Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, ''The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan 48674, USA''

'''Summary'''

This is a review article of a study looking at the use of rabbits in toxicological studies. The article describes the advantages in using the rabbit experimental model as opposed to the rodent model (mice & rats) and outlines the differences that make toxicological studies on rabbit embryos more accurate than rodents to resemble similar toxicological effects in human embryos. The article describes various techniques that can be used (eg. blood collection from marginal ear vein, artificial insemination, embryo collection) and solutions to some common problems that researchers face when using animal models. Very interesting article with a great quote from Robert Koch to open the eyes of researchers to other animal models:

“Gentlemen, never forget that mice are not human beings”

Want to find out more? Follow the link!

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TC0-41SBGDH-1&_user=37161&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000004218&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=37161&md5=4db60dc9352996fc4865b9d781b0128d

'''Article 2'''

'''Developmental stages in the rabbit embryo: guidelines to choose an appropriate experimental model''' --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 21:05, 30 August 2009 (EST)

''S. Beaudoin; P. Barbet; F. Bargy''
''Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy; Nov/Dec 2003; 18, 6; Academic Research Library''
''pg. 422''

'''Summary'''

The article describes the various stages in the developing rabbit embryo and the rationale for using rabbits to study normal and abnormal embryology. The article details normal developments in the rabbit embryo and compares it to the developing human embryo. By making this comparison the article argues for the validity of rabbit embryology to better understand human embryology and also suggests that due to the similarities in the developing rabbit and human embryos, experiments on rabbit embryo’s yield more reliable results for human embryology. The article has some rare images on normally developing rabbits and breaks the developmental stages down (in days) describing the observable characteristics that form (eg. Limb development & body formation).
I have decided to use the image provided in the journal.

Definitely worth reading people, follow the link!

http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=FDT2003018006422

'''Article 3'''

'''Acheiropodia is caused by a genomic deletion in C7orf2, the human orthologue of the Lmbr1 gene''' --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 04:32, 2 September 2009 (EST)

''P. Ianakiev, M. J. van Baren, M. J. Daly, S. P. A. Toledo, M. G. Cavalcanti, J. Correa Neto, E. Lemos Silveira, A. Freire-Maia, P. Heutink, M. W. Kilpatrick, P. Tsipouras''
''Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:38–45, 2001''
''Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT;''
''Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam;''
''Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA;''
''LIM/25-D, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine,''
''And Private Practice, Sao Paulo;''
''Private Practice, Porto Alegre, Brazil;''
''Department of Genetics, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu SP, Brazil''

'''Summary'''

The article describes the developmental abnormality Acheiropodia can be passed down genetically from parent to offspring. Acheiropodia (also known as Horn Kolb Syndrome) is a condition where the distal extremities of the embryo fail to form. Although it is not fatal, the individual endures a very difficult life without hands and feet. The article notes that the disorder only affects the development of the limbs and has no other reported manifestations. The article defines this to be an autosomal recessive disorder which means that two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in the affected individual in order for the disease to develop. Thus, each parent passes an abnormal gene to the offspring. It is interesting to note the process of the malformation from genotype to phenotype: small deletions on the chromosomes produce abnormal genes, the abnormal genes are then passed down to the offspring, the offspring that inherits two of the abnormal genes is unable to code for the correct proteins and as a result, there is failure in normal development of limb extremities in the embryo phenotype. The article also has a shocking image of an individual with Acheiropodia which highlights the extent to which it can impact a person’s life and the urgent need to find a cure.

Read more about the exact nature of the abnormal gene using the link.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1109034

'''Article 4'''

'''Epidemiology of congenital clefts of the lip and palate''' --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 04:32, 2 September 2009 (EST)

''JOHN C. GREENE'' ''D.M.D. ,M.P.H.'' ''Public Health Rep. 1963 July; 78(7): 589–602''

'''Summary'''

This review article combines research to study the factors causing the developmental abnormalities cleft palate and cleft lip in populations. “Cleft palate (palatoschisis)” and “cleft lip (cheiloschisis)” are the terms used to describe the non- fusion of the upper lip, hard or soft palate and typically occur during the gestation phase of embryonic development. The article tables the occurrence of cleft palate and cleft lip in populations of people in various cities across the world. It also compares the occurrence of cleft palate and cleft lip in males and females. The article finds that the incidence of cleft palate and cleft lip is:

*Is random in males and females (ie. Occurs approximately evenly in both sexes)

*Is random in people living in different cities

*Is higher in children of mothers over the age of 35

*Is higher in white populations and lower in the negro populations which suggests possible role of environmental factors

*No concrete proof that cleft palate and cleft lip is hereditary

*Is higher in rats exposed to radiation and those fed riboflavin

*Is higher in rabbits and other lab animals exposed to higher stress through cortisone injections

Although the article is now quite ancient, it is interesting to note the incidence of cleft palate and cleft lip among people. It also shows the historical foundation of research into the causes of cleft palate and cleft lip through animal experimentation.

Read more about cleft palate epidemiology using the link.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1915191

'''Article 5'''

'''Chromosome abnormalities in human embryos''' --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 00:10, 13 September 2009 (EST)

''Santiago Munne & Jaques Cohen The Center for Reproductive Medicine and science of Saint Barnabas Medical Center, New Jersey, USA Human Reproductive Update 1998, Vol. 4, No. 6 pp. 842-855 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology''

'''Summary'''

As the title suggests, this article focuses on chromosomal abnormalities in the developing human embryo. To understand this article, it is necessary to first establish some basic definitions that are used throughout the article. Aneuploidy can be defined as the occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes leading to an unbalanced chromosome number. Although most babies with an unbalanced amount of chromosomal material miscarry during the first trimester of pregnancy, those that are born have crippling conditions such as:

* Birth defects

* Turner's syndrome (disorder where a female child is born with only 1 X chromosome)

* Down's syndrome (disorder where child is born with 3 copies of chromosome 21)

* Edward's syndrome (disorder where child is born with 3 copies of chromosome 18)

* Patau's syndrome (disorder where child is born with 3 copies of chromosome 13)

* Klinefelter's syndrome (disorder where male child is born with 2 copies of the X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome)

Polyploidy is a type of aneuploidy where the baby has three, four, or more sets of chromosomes instead of the two present in diploids. Chromosomal mosaicism is when different cells within an individual, who has developed from a single fertilized egg, have a different chromosomal makeup. Most commonly there will be some cells with a typical number of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) and other cells with an altered number or structure of chromosomes.

The article explores the possible causes of chromosomal abnormalities resulting from pregnancy though techniques such as IVF (In-Vitro Fertilization) and ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection). It also analyses the role of FSH (follicle stimulation hormone), temperature, water and light in chromosomal abnormalities.

The article finds:

* High FSH concentration increases likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities

* ICSI & IVF techniques have increased likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities

* Chromosomes exhibit temperature sensitivity and changes in temperature can cause chromosomal abnormalities

Although the article makes a number of findings, it is yet to be backed up with convincing evidence; the article has some really cool images of the developing embryo soon after fertilization. Overall, an interesting read.

Interested? Follow the link!

http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/4/6/842.pdf

'''Article 6'''

'''Evaluation of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Multi-Targeted Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib During Embryo–Fetal Development in Rats and Rabbits''' --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 00:10, 13 September 2009 (EST)

''S. Patyna, J. Haznedar, D. Morris, K. Freshwater, G. Peng, J. Sukbuntherng, G. Chmielewski, and D. Matsumoto''
''Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California''
''Roche LLC, Palo Alto, California''
''Pfizer Global Research and Development, Kalamazoo, Michigan''
''Xenoport Inc., Santa Clara, California''
''Pfizer Global Research and Development,'' ''Groton, Connecticut '' ''Birth Defects Research (Part B) 86:204–213 (2009)''

'''Summary'''

The article looks at how toxicity affects embryo-fetal development. The article describes the abnormal changes that occur when Sunitinib (an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases) is administered to pregnant rabbits and rats. This experiment was performed in an attempt to mirror the effects of antiangiogenic agents used in cancer treatment. Sunitinib is an antiangiogenic agent and the use of antiangiogenic agents is not recommended for treating cancer in pregnant patients because of the potential harm to embryo-fetal development. Angiogenesis (the formation of blood vessels) plays a critical role in embryo–fetal development and antiangiogenic agents slow down and/or stop the formation of blood vessels in order to control cancer and stop its spread. In pregnant patients however, this has the potential to adversely affect the developing embryo and these adverse effects is what is investigated in this article.

The article finds the antiangiogenic agent Sunitinib at toxic levels can result in:

* Embryo death

* Fetal skeletal malformations including vertebrae malformation and cleft lip/palate

* Teratogenic effects in rabbits

* Decreased maternal and fetal body weight

This article is a recent study and provides important findings regarding the use of antiangiogenic agents, especially during pregnancy. Although the maternal effects are minimal, the adverse effects to the embryo are significant and permanent. The article makes good use of tables and graphs to juxtapose pieces of information and to show trends. It is very interesting to note the extent to which chemicals can impact the vulnerable developing embryo.

Read more at link. (Use institutional login from UNSW computers)

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122262246/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

------
thank you so much Vishnuu~~^^ from Juliana
-----
I also changed the format if you guys dont mind--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 18:33, 31 August 2009 (EST)
----

Hey '''Vishnuu''', that link you found with the stages is awesome! thanks so much. Do you know if i am allowed to use the embryo pics in that article on our wiki page?? i'm not sure about the copyright rules. It says at the bottom of the article "Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission."
Does this mean we can only provide a link to it on our page? if so that's a shame, because those pics were fantastic!! '''SUM'''

Oh i also added an introduction - sum

Hey Sum,
Unfortunately, since its copyright protected we can't use the image directly......but there is a way of getting around it....You can modify the image using picture editing tools, then simply reference where the original picture came from and state that it has been modified by you. Alternatively, you can trace around the picture and provide only an outline (this will be very difficult to do with detailed pictures, a good picture editing software is recommended). Either way according to whats written under '''editing basics''' we need to include a picture that has been drawn up ourselves in the project. Also, not sure if you are aware, but the project is NOT due on Thursday (3rd September), Dr. Hill has very generously given everyone an extension till after mid-session break. --[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 02:35, 2 September 2009 (EST)

==Julianna's Research==
[http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/rabbits/rabtmodl.txt]
HISTORY OF THE RABBIT (IN RESEARCH)

A. Discovered in Spain about 100 B.C.
B. Domesticated in the 1500's
C. Standardization of breeds in 1800's
1. Research Uses
a. 1852: Rabbits have DL-hyoscyamine
(a) Can survive belladonna
(b) Endogenous atropine esterase
b. 1884: Pasteur develops rabies vaccine
c. 1891: Heape performs embryo transfer
(a) Influence on phenotype of the
uterine environment
d. 1908: Ignatowsky produces atherosclerosis
(a) Fed diets of milk, meat, and
eggs
(b) Produced intimal lesions
(c) Believed lesions due to protein
e. 1928: Demonstrated intranuclear development
of herpes virus
f. Graafian follicle was first observed
g. Coat colors and Mendelian inheritance
h. Immunology studies
i. Testing of human use products
j. Basic science studies
k. Diagnostic requirements
l. Eye Research
m. Pyrogen testing
n. Fetal drug induced teratology
o. Parasite research

LITERATURE REVIEW OF RABBIT USE

A. 1956 to 1800 ... Over 8000 citations
B. 1966 to 1987 ... 130,000 citations linking the rabbit to
all areas of research
C. 1988 to present ... 821 citations under the search
criteria: Rabbit: Model: Human Disease
D. Numbers of Rabbits Used (APHIS; ILAR records 1989)

1967 504,500
1978 439,986
1982 547,312
1983 466,810
1984 529,101
1985 544,621
1986 521,773
1987 534,385

ADVANTAGES OF USING RABBITS
A. Provides repeatability of animal model studies
B. Large enough for single samples
C. Many stocks/strains as animal models
D. Easily managed
E. Quality of immunologic products
F. Ease of reproductive control

DISADVANTAGES OF USING RABBITS
A. Most colonies are a storehouse of diseases
B. Extremely variable to responses to general anesthetics

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18430597]
The rabbit as a model to study asthma and other lung diseases.Keir S, Page C.
Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK.

No single animal model is able to reproduce all the features of human asthma. However, the similarities between neonatally immunised rabbits and human asthma highlight the value of this model in the investigation of asthma pathophysiology and in the development of therapeutic agents. Airway inflammation and airway responses to various stimuli including histamine, adenosine 5'monophosphte and antigen in allergic rabbits have shown similarities with the responses observed in asthmatics. Furthermore, functional studies in rabbit airways show they are poorly responsive to capsaicin as are human airways. Chronic pre-treatment with capsaicin desensitises the TRPV(1) receptor enabling studies into the effect of this drug in both rabbits and man. The allergic rabbit model has been used extensively in assessing the various classes of anti-asthma drugs and is sensitive to similar drugs as patients with asthma, including beta-adrenoceptor agonists, corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and theophylline. This article highlights the usefulness of the rabbit as a species to study lung biology.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8447943]
Effects of strain and embryo transfer model (embryos from one versus two donor does/recipient) on results of cryopreservation in rabbit.Vicente JS, García-Ximénez F.
Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain.

Differential effects of 2 transfer models for normal thawed embryos of 1 donor doe were studied on the offspring rate and their embryo survival at birth from 3 selected rabbit strains (SY and SB: synthetic strains, NZ: New Zealand White). Morulae were obtained 64-66 h post-coitum from 93 adult does treated with 25 IU of hCG (SY:36, NZ:27, SB:30). Morphologically normal morulae were frozen in the presence of 1.5M DMSO and stored in liquid nitrogen. Normal thawed embryos were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does of the same strain 48 h after being injected with 25 IU of hCG (SY:28, NZ:21, SB:24). Each recipient received embryos from 1 (single transfer) or 2 different donor does (double transfer). Significant differences were observed in the post-thawing percentage of normal embryos between strains (SY:95 +/- 1% and SB:85 +/- 3%, P < 0.05; NZ: ,91 +/- 2%). After transfer, no significant differences were observed in pregnancy rate and offspring rate between the transfer models, whereas significant differences were only found in survival rate when all transfers were analyzed (double: 24 +/- 4% vs single: 14 +/- 3%, P < 0.05). An effect of strain was detected in the pregnancy rate (NZ: 33% vs SB: 71%, P < 0.05; SY: 61%) and in the survival rate per donor doe on pregnant recipient doe (SY: 42 +/- 5 vs SB: 19 +/- 5, P < 0.05; NZ: 34 +/- 7%). These results suggest a differential embryo sensitivity with respect to their genetic origin in both the freezing-thawing and transfer procedures.

--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 13:06, 3 September 2009 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14064965?log$=activity]GROSS EFFECTS ON RABBIT EMBRYOS AND MEMBRANES OF X-IRRADIATION IN THE BLASTOCYST STAGE.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11139224?ordinalpos=408&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]Onset of zygotic transcription and maternal transcript legacy in the rabbit embryo.Brunet-Simon A, Henrion G, Renard JP, Duranthon V.
Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, INRA, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France.

Onset of zygotic transcription is progressive from the one-cell stage onward in the rabbit embryo. Maternal transcripts remain fairly stable until the 8-16 cell stage when major transcriptional activation of the zygotic genome takes place. To understand the mechanisms of the maternal-to-zygotic transition in the genetic information governing development, we asked whether a progressive synthesis of zygotic transcripts takes over the maternal molecules, or whether the synthesis of zygotic transcripts is very abrupt and independent of the persistence of the maternal counterparts. To answer this question, we set up mRNA differential display experiments comparing the mRNA content of rabbit embryos at different stages during the preimplantation period. We isolated eight zygotic transcripts whose synthesis is abruptly turned on at the 8-16 cell stage. These transcripts are involved in general cellular metabolism and their maternal counterparts are still present up to the four-cell and even the 8-16 cell stage. This identification of early zygotic transcripts suggests that global long range modifications of chromatin structure result in a rapid increase in transcription rates during the major transcriptional activation of the zygotic genome.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245264?ordinalpos=409&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]
Reconstruction of the heteroparental diploid condition in rabbit zygotes by nuclear transfer.Escribá MJ, García-Ximénez F.
Departamento de Ciencia Animal Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain. mescriba@dca.upv.es

Studies on genomic imprinting showed that parental genomes have complementary roles during embryogenesis, are both essential and need to be synchronized in their embryonic stage for successful development to term. To our knowledge, these studies have not been performed in species other than mice. We studied the in vitro and in vivo development of reconstructed zygotes by combining female haploid nuclear donors and androgenetic hemizygous recipients. Haploid donor embryos at the 8- or 32-cell stage were obtained from electroactivated young rabbit ova (eight pulses maximum, consisting of 0 6 kVcm(-1) for 60 microsec each, 38 min apart) which were further cultured for 24 h or 32 h. Couplets formed by both the haploid male hemizygous recipients and haploid female donor cells were electrofused (2.2 kVcm(-1) for 60 microsec duration each, 30 min apart) and their nuclear configuration determined 122 of those fused (43%: 122/286) were diploid. Reconstructed diploid zygotes developed in vitro up to the compacted morula, blastocyst and hatched stages (1/8-nuclei x 50%, 18% and 9% vs. 1/32-nuclei: 47%, 25% and 19%; P > 0.05), respectively. In embryo transfer assays, both 1/32-reconstructed zygotes and control, non-manipulated zygotes were transferred to synchronized does Four live reconstructed fetuses (4/49: 8 1% survival rate) and five in regression stage (9/49: 18% implantation rate) were observed on Day 21 post-ovulation, whereas from control zygotes, 11 fetuses were alive (11/53 21% fetal survival rate) and 2 degenerated (13/53 x 24 5% implantation rate). Similar results were obtained from a final experiment, in which development was allowed to progress to term. Six live rabbit pups derived front experimentally reconstructed zygotes (11%; 6/54) and three fetuses in regression stage were obtained; values slightly lower than those derived from non-manipulated and transferred control zygotes (18% 9/50, live born rate).

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11589623?ordinalpos=412&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]
Effects of leukaemia inhibitory factor on endometrial receptivity and its hormonal regulation in rabbits.Liu CQ, Yuan Y, Wang ZX.
Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, P. R. China.

The effects of hormones on production of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and the uterine receptivity in rabbits were studied. In ovariectomised rabbits, LIF protein was not detected in control but upregulated by progesterone alone. Oestrogen had a slightly negative effect when the rabbits were treated with both oestrogen and progesterone. Mifepristone (Mi) inhibited the progesterone-stimulated production of LIF in rabbit uterus. The transfer of embryos to LIF-treated recipients significantly increased pregnancy rate (70%) and implantation rate (27%) as compared with control (pregnancy rate=40% and implantation rate=17%). The transfer of embryos to LIF and mifepristone-treated recipients significantly decreased pregnancy rate (30%) and implantation rate (9%). The results indicated that LIF protein had a beneficial effect on uterine receptivity and mifepristone prevented this effect. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8447943]
Effects of strain and embryo transfer model (embryos from one versus two donor does/recipient) on results of cryopreservation in rabbit.Vicente JS, García-Ximénez F.
Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain.

Differential effects of 2 transfer models for normal thawed embryos of 1 donor doe were studied on the offspring rate and their embryo survival at birth from 3 selected rabbit strains (SY and SB: synthetic strains, NZ: New Zealand White). Morulae were obtained 64-66 h post-coitum from 93 adult does treated with 25 IU of hCG (SY:36, NZ:27, SB:30). Morphologically normal morulae were frozen in the presence of 1.5M DMSO and stored in liquid nitrogen. Normal thawed embryos were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does of the same strain 48 h after being injected with 25 IU of hCG (SY:28, NZ:21, SB:24). Each recipient received embryos from 1 (single transfer) or 2 different donor does (double transfer). Significant differences were observed in the post-thawing percentage of normal embryos between strains (SY:95 +/- 1% and SB:85 +/- 3%, P < 0.05; NZ: ,91 +/- 2%). After transfer, no significant differences were observed in pregnancy rate and offspring rate between the transfer models, whereas significant differences were only found in survival rate when all transfers were analyzed (double: 24 +/- 4% vs single: 14 +/- 3%, P < 0.05). An effect of strain was detected in the pregnancy rate (NZ: 33% vs SB: 71%, P < 0.05; SY: 61%) and in the survival rate per donor doe on pregnant recipient doe (SY: 42 +/- 5 vs SB: 19 +/- 5, P < 0.05; NZ: 34 +/- 7%). These results suggest a differential embryo sensitivity with respect to their genetic origin in both the freezing-thawing and transfer procedures.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14564113]
'''Developmental stages in the rabbit embryo: guidelines to choose an appropriate experimental model.'''Beaudoin S, Barbet P, Bargy F.
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France. sylvie.beaudoine@svp.ap-hop-paris.fr

Researchers involved in the field of congenital malformations are often forced to work on an animal model. Both accurate description of its normal development and comparative staging with human development will be mandatory. To complete the lacking medical literature, we herein provide such data for the rabbit model. Sampled rabbit embryos were staged using the Carnegie criteria, in order first to determine if they were consistent with the rabbit developmental pattern, and second to compare this pattern with the human one. Our results show a suitable comparison of rabbits and humans in early developmental stages, except for the neural growth. Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel

Talk:2009 Group Project 4

2009-10-02T01:21:10Z

Z3283499:

== Project Updates ==
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:57, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi everyone, I will be working with you during the Lab10 Tutorial and here is the news link and PDF of the manuscript for your group exercise. I encourage you to read the paper before the tutorial. Also, please indicate next to the questions below (using either your initials or student number) which one of the four questions you wish to address.
:'''Group 4 :''' [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stem-cells-from-fat-cells '''Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created from Fat Cells'''] in Scientific American Published online 8 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 4 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF): Feeder-free derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult human adipose stem cells]]

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition?
:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem?
:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance?
:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

==Constructive Criticism of Peers==

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 09:59, 1 October 2009 (EST)Well Done!

I'm just jumping straight into it..

- I Think the timeline stage is fantastic - the images and information are displayed really well

- the staging information is a little cramped and thrown in together - it doesn't flow very well and the images are all over the shop

- The history section has A LOT of information an images of the scientists, what they did and how they did it - great... i know this would have taken a lot of work but its a bit long. I think maybe making it into a timeline on different pages might help this.

- The headings and sub headings are really good and informative but there is a few formatting errors which is easy to fix

- The genetics sections is really good, nice and concise yet informative

Great assignment guys!

--[[User:Z3258567|Sando Rashed]] 09:12, 1 October 2009 (EST)hey wow lots of information in this page :D, well done with the effort use all put in it looks and sounds goood, few things im not sure if it was my computer but staging of embryonic development there was just a bunch of photos and they were crammed up and overlapping each other making it very hard to read use might want to cut down on the photos in that area or scale them down to make it easier to read. you have a lot of information in your history section its good that you have what they do and their contribution to make it look a bit better you might want to split it up into a 3 way table (name/what they do/how it helped) minimise the reading as i recall dr mark saying to much reading is not something he wants he wants something more appealing to him where he can lay in bed and mark it without falling asleep so a table would be good here. other than that its a great page :D well done hope use all do well!!

--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 08:53, 1 October 2009 (EST) Congratulations on a great assignment. There are so many good things about this page. I think the biggest (and easiest) improvement to be made is to cut down on the amount of headings for the History and Current Research. The headings used such as "What did they do?" etc are helpful in showing the reader what exactly they are to understand from what is written, however they interrupt the flow and spread out the information so that it seems rather daunting. If you can summarise each section into a few sentences then I think that will not only reduce your contents section to a more useful size but also make the page more reader friendly. If you don't like that idea you could strike a happy medium by either having you "What did they do..." to bold instead of a heading or have (in bold or italics) a very short summary sentence under the name followed by a short few sentences. This would still give the reader an impression of what do get out of each section but would increase the flow inside and between notable researchers etc. Hope you find this helpful. :)

--[[User:Z3218146|Julianna Lam]] 01:31, 1 October 2009 (EST)
- the history section is TOO long ! the structure of the history section is good, i liked the whole idea of the sub headings ie ' what did he do?' but i think you guys included way too many people in there. the layout of the history section is not very neat and very inconsistent. you provided pictures of some people but didnt provide pictures of others. there are gaps everywhere and it just looks really messy.

- the stages and timeline parts are really good. the table looks really nice. and i especially like the pictures, very well labelled.

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 18:46, 30 September 2009 (EST)

Improvements:
* The history is wayyyy too long. Seriously, there are too many sub sub sub headings. Cut it down and for each scientist make it a paragraph instead of so many dot points. I almost couldnt be bothered reading them all. Definitely not a good way to represent information. Looks as though you gave up on looking for pictures of the scientists. I would too if i had that many of them. Pick the main scientists that caused a breakthrough instead of listing all 1000 of them. Also, it is inconsistent if you did decide to keep the subsubsubsub headings as 'what he did', "what he found" and "what the importance" are generally all targeting the same question.
* I think you guys are confused as your information is conflicting. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. In your introduction you state they humans and mice have the same number. However in the genetics it states that mice have 20pairs. What is true?
* There are a few gaps (large random spaces) in the genetics sections. Might want to format this a little.
* For the current research see the same massive point i mentioned first....
* Your referencing in the bibliography is inconsistent. Stick with one type of system, e.g. apa OR harvard. Some of the references aren't even referenced properly. You must reference websites.
* You haven't referenced ANY of you text. How do we know you havent just cut and paste? You need to either reference within the text (e.g. Andrews, E.A. (1895) states .....) or at the end of sentences/paragraphs with (Andrews 1895) or the number used in the bibliography.

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 15:43, 30 September 2009 (EST)Hey Group 4! Congrats on your great project guys! I have listed few points that might help:

1. Very well researched History section, lots of people doin lots of work..maybe you can make it a little short as its just a little too much info on them.

2. A bit more proper formatting, lots of gaps after every picture and table, maybe you can get rid of them

3. Timeline is great, just enough info to make sense and needed.

4. 'Why use of mouse is important?' this issue is well discussed. Great work!

5. Impressive hand drawn diagrams, any chances of making them a little larger on the main page? it would look really good!

6. Glossary is also needed...will make our life easier is understanding few words.

Rest is all well guys. The current research Section is awesome, very informative and lots of details. Its a great project guys...Best of Luck!!

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 12:59, 30 September 2009 (EST) Hello! constructive criticism as follows:

- intro is a nice ease in but needs to be edited for grammar

- wow the history section is very well researched. I like that you've included so many contributors but are you sure you need to go into so much detail? It looks a little cluttered and detracts from the overall purpose of the assignment. Think about cutting down on it a little

- I really like the ''staging of embryonic development'' section! very engaging and well formatted! well done

-I also liked the timeline of development. I like that there was not too much information at each stage, but just enough to give a clear outline. Maybe a link to find out more would be useful

- genetics section is perfect

- again, the current research section is a little too spread out. The continuous "what did they do..." works well to begin with but after a while gets to be too much

Overall, a really nice looking page

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 17:59, 29 September 2009 (EST)

Awesome looking wiki page, mouse group 4 an excellent assignment.

It is a really interesting reading and viewing your wiki page the content flow really well when reviewed.

1. The assignment is impressive it outlines the point with the use of sub headings which is always useful in the project as a referencing point.

2. (What did he do?) and (What did they find?) is a great way to state the history as it allows the reader to quickly get the brief information and understand it , also the illustrations throughout the assessment was great it referred to the text really well, which supported the info impressively. The hand drawn images in the (staging) and (timeline) sections were extremely great the detail was impressive.

3. Some ways to improve the assignment:
A) There are some unnecessary data throughout the project which are not relevant for example the ‘length of mouse embryo’ , removing this sections can truncate the assignment which would enhance the structure.

B) Current research information on the background of the research finders reveal great info on the development of the model usage, the findings and the relevance to human embryology have been summarized greatly.

C) The referencing need to be fixed in proper format. Visit : www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/ref_apa.html for help with APA referencing

D) a glossary is needed to help the reader understand terms.

Overall a great project. The criteria was covered really well it, stated specfic topic in regards to the mouse and it embryonic developent which group 4 has summarised really well.

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 17:59, 29 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 09:39, 25 September 2009 (EST)Page looks good. I liked how there was heaps of information on the genetics and the current research (however, this was a bit too spread out maybe). There seems to be a lot of gaps in the text, so the formatting could be maybe tightened up. The references maybe should be formatted better, and there is repeated information (tables and text for stages), but I really like how clicking the image goes to another page with more information...that is cool. The drawings are cute as well. Overall very good, I think formatting was the downfall from that, but the information is top notch.

--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 16:42, 26 September 2009 (EST) hellow group4~ very impressive assignment guys!well done! I really enjoyed reading your assignment. it was easy to read and the information was relevant. However, I found the formatting of the images and texts were too sqeezy. may be resize the images and line up with the relevant information. Also, I think the reference needs to be looked after as well. Overall, the contents of the assignment is very useful and interesting.

--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 20:02, 26 September 2009 (EST)Congratulations mouse group on an excellent assignment. It is a real joy to read. One of the best features of the assignment is how it gets straight to the point with the use of sub headings “What did he do?” & “What did they find?”. Even the images used throughout the text are interesting, especially the fully labeled hand drawn images in the “staging” and “timeline” sections. Some ways to improve the assignment:

-There are some unnecessary graphs in the assignment such as “the average length of mouse embryo”, “number of cells” and “number of somites”. These could perhaps be combined into a single graph. It will also reduce the congested appearance of the assignment as it seems too densely packed with no particular focus.

- In current research section, it is advisable to reduce the number of research and focus on just a few but provide more comprehensive information on the background of the research, the findings and the relevance to human embryology. It currently contains too many different types of research that have described very briefly.

- Edit the "content" section at the top of the page as it's length seems to be getting out of control. It is perhaps better to exclude the sub headings “What did he do?” & “What did they find?” in the contents.

- The referencing in the text need to be completed as there are some sections well referenced and others with no referencing. see www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/ref_apa.html for help with APA referencing

- A Glossary would also complement the text.

Overall a classy project, only some changes necessary

--[[User:Z3126345|Gang Liu]] 16:49, 27 September 2009 (EST)This is one of the better wikipage i have seen so far. It demonstrates not only extended literature research skill, but also an in-depth understanding of the topic. The content of this page has been consistent throughout. In addition, paragraphs are straigtforward and concise, and make the point. Detailed texts with accessory graphics are appropriate in here. In paticular, history section. It describes the model use in terms of details of experiment, and results of experiment. Stages and timeline are very self-explanatory and visually enhanced.

This project can be improved by considering the following points.

*Lack of glossary list. Need to provide meaning of words such as "polyestrous", "oocyte", "Ectoderm", "endoderm", etc;

*Reformat stages section. I found this section a bit "busy". Might considering resize the pictures.

Last few words. I have learnt from this page that mouse has the same size genome as the human genome; Mouse genes can be easily manipulated and studied; Mouse a high degree of homogeny with humans. Well done!

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 14:12, 28 September 2009 (EST)Hey guys! Wow so much info first off! Not entirely sure we need to know about everyone involved in the history, maybe could have collaborated and joined people together or possibly even left certain people out. To me, the whole page is like how mark described, with everything all one great smudge of info with no real formatting or sequence or continuation. It was just kind of like an overload and reading it was a little difficult at some stages. Also corresponding the images in the timeline could have been included in the text.

Also I think your numbering of figures is a little off in the timeline section, with figures 1-4 on the right and then you have figures 4-7 describing stages 12-14. Just seems that there is two figure 4's for two different images.

Love the large amount of research and information, but could just work on your presentation and you'll do fine! Great work guys!

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 16:56, 28 September 2009 (EST) Hey guys! Overall a very nice assignment with a great deal of information! You can tell you guys did a lot of research. The contents are massive! Maybe you could cut this down and not use so many subheadings such as “what did they do?”, “what did they find?” and only have a subheading for each researcher. The introduction is well written. The history of model use has some really good information. My only criticism in this section is that there are a lot of gaps and blank spaces. You just need to delete all the spaces. The staging section showed a lot of research and effort. Well done!! The only thing is, is it a bit too much? There are a lot of tables and images that it was hard to keep track. Maybe this could be set out differently and made to look less busy. The timeline of development is fantastic and set out really well. It is very easy to understand and the drawings are great! Once again the current research is very spread out with lots of spaces. Also adding a glossary may help the readers in understanding the text. GREAT JOB!

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 11:49, 29 September 2009 (EST)
I think all your material is there but the page layout needs work. Especially the history of the models use.
*The spacing and images are inconsistent. I liked the history of timeline section information and how it was presented, just the spacing of it all needs to be even.
*The stages of embryonic development was a little all over the place, and very daunting to look at.
*A glossary would help.
I think you guys did a really good job and just have to work on presentation.

--[[User:Z3220040|Joanne Raffel]] 16:14, 29 September 2009 (EST) Very impressive page, however it was very long!!! The introduction was very clear and concise. The history section was extremely long and poorly formatted, there were too many pictures with too little information, I would recommend cutting some of the images and just keeping the pictures of those who made a significant impact upon the mouse embryo, I also thought it was unneccessary to write after each subheading, what did he do and their result, I would prefer if it was just one paragraph. Your main heading were overshadowed by the subheadings and the rest of the text. There is a lot of information for the staging section, which is good however it can made it difficult to read, I would recommend having some of the information linked onto a separate page. The picture and format for the timeline section was exceptional however it lacked information, I also thought that it was irrelevent rewriting the timeline after the pictures, I would recommend including it with the picture rather than after it and the graph size made it seem insignificant. The genetics section was very extensive and I thought some of the information was better included with the current research. Similar to the history section, I thought the formatting of the current research section was very unorganised and too spaced out. Overall a very nice page.

----

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:46, 8 September 2009 (EST) Well the content is there now, but what a mess, and I am not just talking about the formatting problem which can be easily fixed, you have no structure to your project, its not a matter of throwing everything at a wall and seeing what sticks. Work together for an integrated coverage. Timeline of development, is not the way to start your page with a huge table of data.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:43, 21 August 2009 (EST) OK guys, time to see some actual content uploaded on both your discussion and project pages.

* Timeline of Development - how long (Emily)
* Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when (Elide)
* History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research (Begum)
* Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing (Angama)
* Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings (All)

Here is a link for timeline
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XLIarRWHikAC&pg=PT199&lpg=PT199&dq=mouse+embryo+development+timeline&source=bl&ots=fobLBRiacx&sig=cK4cuZah6Ksczs3o8v4NXQqoAyk&hl=en&ei=rGB6SvTHMMmIkAXB_piAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false
]

link for the mouse brain development timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_brain_development_timeline

hey guys there is another interesting link about mouse development http://mouseatlas.caltech.edu/index_content.html

Hey Emily. The link below has a timeline that you can check out in your spare time. Begum.
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4juoa5xMs8oC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=mouse+embryology&source=bl&ots=9tJAfRG4R6&sig=hjR5Zs-sL1sCW5FY8FnR5TMaUk0&hl=en&ei=LuuMSr_aCNjakAX714icDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=mouse%20embryology&f=false]

Hi girls,
here is a link to a text book about mouse embryology it looks pretty good. hope it can help
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4juoa5xMs8oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mouse+development&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q=mouse%20development&f=false]
let me know if the link doesnt work. Ive been working on the main page, so have a look and tell me what you think, Also what are we doing about references? If we have used information but put it in our own words do we need to put in text citations,or do we just reference the journal at the end? I just want to be very careful. Thanks!

Hey Elide, i think your work is looking really good. its very easy to read and understand. keep going!!!! emily

hey everyone,
I have uploaded some of my timeline work. I'm not sure if I've gone into to much detail or not and also on how is best to present the timeline. It is fairly basic and definately needs some work - especially on presentation, grammar, etc. let me know what you think.
Emily

good site for stages or timeline- atlas of pictures of stages- The Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project [http://genex.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/]

Hello girls, it's Begum. I put some info under the history section. Wanted to let you all know that I've got a fair bit of info, and I will do my part as best as I can. Btw Emily, I think maybe dot from would be best for you, but if you can use those lines that I was talking to you about on Wednesday, that would be great...I know it's hard.

hey everyone, i have put some info under the genetics heading and some under research. I am still struggling to find the appropriate info related to the topic of genetics because there is alot of info abt the different types of stains used in labarotories but not the genetics. I emailed Dr.Hill and have asked him what to include in my section specifically,hopefully he will help. So far i have just started it needs alot of more work to be done,girls just read thru my section n leme know wt u think of it. have a nice weekend everyone. Angama.

Hi girls!
Begum, you history info is really good. If very interesting! I really like how you are doing it in order of dates of discovery and what they did, what they found etc! Cant wait to know more.
Angama, your doing well! it sounds like your finding the info hard to get. I'll keep an eye out for you! If your stuck on what you sound be doing then i might have a few ideas. I remember Mark Hill saying that you should compare the genome to the humans genome. so maybe if the genome is the same size as the humans, could you descibe similarities or differences? I know that there is a link to the mouse genome on the mouse web page he gave us ( next to the discussion link). Are you just ment to list the mouse genome sequence? could you go into what genes code what, eg which one codes for the sex linked gene, is it the X and Y gene etc? hopefully Mark gives you some ideas.
well as you might have noticed i've been adding to my stages. the only thing is im worried about there being too much info up there. basically ive tried to get all the info available included in my stages to make sure i cover everything, and then later i'll go over it all and edit and polish it up a bit. Ive done some drawings to the best of my ability, but i can scrap them if you all think they arnt professional enough. just thought i'd try to present the information differently. let me know if you think i'm including too much information. i think i'm having the same problem as you begum, there is lots of info! Elide

Thanks Elide. I'm trying. (Again, loved the artwork!)Btw, Emily, I had a think about your section and I think it might be too much 'clicking' back-and-forth if we link the displayed pic to the 'info' page. Don't stress, you've got the info (heaps which is excellent) but make sure you get some pictures soon so we can start drawing (I'm helping with the drawings as well ok). Mark said 'Nature' and 'Science' have useable images so lets make that our start.
BTW, I will be using the question mark symbol(???) so I don't forget to reference. Begum

Hey everyone, I have found an online text book. it has a chapter on genetics and history and a lot of other stuff. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Vt6nUmz1yEQC&pg=RA1-PA207&dq=mouse+development+anatomy&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=mouse%20development%20anatomy&f=false] Emily

Hey girls. If you've seen my section, the info is not on the main page, but linked to another page. I thought that it might make everything look more neat. I thought we could all do it like that. It's just an idea. Something different. Maybe we could have something on the main page (picture of a mouse). Your thoughts everybody? Begum

hey begum, ur work looks really good. i like the idea of linking the work to another page. - we don't have to worry about to much info being on the front page and it gives people to option of viewing the work if they want to. ive been working on drawings, i'll show them to you next week but am not sure how to upload them at the moment. Emily

Thanks! That sounds great that you like the idea. About the photos that you are drawing, if there by hand, you can scan them somehow. But overall,
1. click 'Upload File' on the left hand side of this page
2. New page comes up: click 'Browse' and choose your file that you want to upload.
3. Name it (under the Browse button)
NOTE: write down what you named the file as because like Elide says "...it's going to be lost in space!..."
4. Write down info/comments (like who is the author (YOU), and if the drawing is based on a picture)
5. UPLOAD!
6. Go to your section and just normally type this down to the area you want the picture to be seen:
[[image:THE NAME THAT YOU SAVED THE FILE UNDER.jpg|thumb|200px|right|WHAT YOU WANT THE FILE NAME TO VISUALLY COME UP AS]]

Your thoughts Angama and Elide? (about the linking of our sections to separate pages?) Begum.

Oh and another thing:
What do you girls think about my page, I've got a heading for each DATE and underneath each there are further subheadings (e.g. 'What did he do?'. Should I change them to just text, I mean, does it look messy with sub-sub-headings? Begum.

wow girls! great work.. okay so i asked mark about a new page and he said to avoid it because our info is meant to be on our one page. he said if there is extra information on what we wanted to say but is too much for the main page then have a link to our discussion page. (which is what im going to do) Begum your new page is fantastic!! you have done lots of work! but why dont you just put it on our main page? also girls i think we are getting too carried away with info. just keep it simple! i'm sorry i havent been around this week to work on it but i plan to get going asap. just fixing up some things, summarising, writing introductions etc.
did you all read his note about slabbing info onto our page?? how about some introductions, and sentences to ease ourselves into the content. planning on trying to work on that now anyway..

also lets get the information flowing. why dont we go intro, history of model use, stages, timeline, genetics, then current use.. what do you all think?

hey, i thing that that sounds like a good, logical way to do the page. i've finished the drawings, just need to upload them. About the timeline information, is there anything specific that i should include. the stuff that is on the page is a little vague and so i need some advice as to what are key points that i should include. i know that the drawing are very simplistic, let me know wjat you think about them. ive put one up below. i just need a way to link it to text. emily

Thanks Elide. You know, I think that's a great idea. Have it all on one page, seems less 'diverging...', seems more COMPLETE. I love the ORDER as well. I'll fix all that up!

Hey girls, please have a look at what i've done on the timeline. the images are all hand drawn based upon the text: 'the house mouse'. if anyone could give me any ideas on how best to present the pictures - which would be better - next to or below the text? keep in mind that it is incomplete and there is an illustration for each day of development (i.e. 19 in total). if you think that is too many let me know, some may be similar to Elide's ones. Also, do you think i should put some colour into the drawings? Emily

I love your work Emily. All you need to do is put the info on the growth of the mouse that is on the main page, onto the page with the graph of the growth of the mouse embryo...we talked about that before any way-AND I think your parts finished! Begum.
Angama, I added something to the end of your section that I thought was interesting. Have a look. And are you mentioning manipulation and 'shut-down' of the genes in your section?? Begum.
To everyone, apparently ''Mus Musculus'' is the scientific name of the common house mouse, not the mouse. I was thinking of editing that.

HEY EVERYONE! well i've added in some pictures just to make it look more visual, change them if you have better ones.. and i'm going to be working on the current research section tommorow. oh i also added some graphs like we thought of for emilys section.. so i think my section is finished finally! what do you think? can i just say, I think the whole thing looks great! you girls have been a pleasure to work with! :) Thanks so much!!

hi girls, i am sorry..i have been very busy during the mid-sem break and i know we all had our exams and assignments due. but i was having some issues in my family and also the exams and assignments so didnt really had the chance to read wat u girls have got on the main page. i just finished reading thru it and it looks amazing..WELL DONE GIRLS!! you all have done a marvellous job...Eldie and Begum thanks for suggesting some main points to add for the genetics.i am currently working on it.. hopefully tonight i will have all the information on the page..Begum i love how you have presented alot of info into a very easy and understandable way..it makes so much sense..n it looks very nice with the pictures. Eldie and Emily great amount of work and the pictures and the graphs are superb. i just had a look to other groups pages. n i think so far our page looks very interesting with concise info n amazing pictures. n Begum yes i read what you have added thanks for tht..i will cu girls around..gudluck everyone. cheers. Angama.

Girls can you please help me out.. i am so annoyed..
like rite now i was typing some info and when i clicked to save.
it says "conflict" so i think some one else is also editing
the page at the same time that i am. and i lost all my work..arghh..
so which means i have to type it all again.
is there any other way that it tells me that someone else
is also using it so i dont click on save or even preview
because when i do tht i lost all the work tht i had.
If anyone knows please let me know. thanks. Angama.

Current research : I have put some information in the current research part. not sure where they should be put. Begum, as discussed you can edit it or place it in its appropriate place.

Don't stress Angama at all, now you know, it will be over soon. Uploading it easy:

1. click 'Upload File' on the left hand side of this page

2. New page comes up: click 'Browse' and choose your file that you want to upload.

3. Name it (under the Browse button) NOTE: write down what you named the file as because like Elide says "...it's going to be lost in space!..."

4. Write down info/comments (like who is the author (YOU), and if the drawing is based on a picture)

5. UPLOAD! 6. Go to your section and just normally type this down to the area you want the picture to be seen:

It's easier than it is typed! Of you still have problems I will be at the embryo lab, of there is exams there the ANAT LAB opposite to it, if not Level 3 library computers.

[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=19538749| maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414407?ordinalpos=35&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Abnormal mammary gland development in MMTV-CBLC transgenic mouse], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394325?ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Sonic hedgehog signalling inhibits palatogenesis and arrests tooth development in a mouse model of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358209?ordinalpos=55&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum| Fibroblast growth factor 18 gives growth and directional cues to airway cartilage.]

Hi girls, i think i have completed my section. could you all please just read thru it and leme know wat you think of it. i did it to the best of my ability. Hopefully you will all like it if you girls think therez anything more to add or to delete leme know..thanks. gudluck girls. Angama.

Angama your work is fantastic! Thanks so much! im sorry i wasnt around to help you with the problems. hope it went okay. your info is perfect! im very happy with our page! lets hope everyone else is :)

I love it Angama, good work! And the pictures you uploaded are very interesting. Cool. Awesome. Your done!! Begum.

Thanks Begum :) Girls gudluck and cu all tomorrow. Angama.

== Staging of mouse embryo development ==

===Theiler stage 6-11===

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 2: Mouse embryonic staging from blastocyst implantation to pre-somite formation (Theiler stages 6 to 11)
! Theiler Stage !! Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !! Stage Characteristic !! Cell characteristics !!
|-
|6
|4.5 (range 4-5.5)
Human carnegie stage: 4
|Attachment of blastocyst
-Implantation
|Embryonic Endoderm present covering the blastocoelic cells of the inner cell mass.
|-
|7
|5 (range 4.5-6)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Implantation
-Egg cylinder formation

-Ectoplacental cone
|Inner cell mass increases in size
-Epiblast formation (enlarged mass)

-Proximal cells are cuboidal in shape

-Mural trophectoderm is lined by primary endoderm
|-
|8
|6 (range 5-6.5)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Differentiation of egg cylinder into embryonic and extra-embryonic regions
-Pro-amniotic cavity formation
|Trophoblast giant cells invade maternal tissue
-Maternal blood invades the ectoplacental cone

-Reichert's membrane appears

-Implantation site is 2x3mm
|-
|9 a)
|Pre-streak
|Advanced Endometrial and egg cylinder stage
-First evidence of embryonic axis
|Morphological difference can be seen between embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm
-Maternal blood further invades ectoplacental cone

-Uterine crypts lose their original lumen
|-
|9 b)
|Early streak
|Gastrulation begins (later in stage)
|First mesodermal cells produced
|-
|10 a)
|7 (range 6.5-7.5)
Mid streak to late streak
Human carnegie stage: 8
|Amnion formation
|The amniotic fold starts to form from posterior tissue of primitive streak bulging.
-Allantoic bud evident
-Gastrulation continues
-Primitive node visible
-Amnion begins to close
|-
|11
|7.5 (range 7.25-8)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|Formation of neural plate and presomites
|Amniotic cavity is sealed to form 3 cavities (amniotic cavity, exocoelom and ectoplacental cleft)
-Allantoic bud elongates
-Notochodal plate can be seen in the midline and subjacent to neural groove
-Head form from the enlargement of the rostral end of neural plate (early head fold)
-Formation of foregut pocket begins
|-
|}

=== Theiler stage 12-14 ===
{| border='1px'
!Theiler stage !!Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !!Stage characteristic !!Cell characteristics !! Number of somite pairs !!
|-
|12 a)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|unturned embryo
-1st appearance of somite pairs
|allantois extends into exocoelom
-maxillary components of 1st brachial arch prominent
-visible preotic sulcus in 2-3 stomite embryo
-formation of cardiogenic plate begins
- foregut pocket visible
|1-4
|-
|12 b)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
|unturned embryo
- formation of somites 5-7
-abscent 2nd branchial arch
|prominent headfolds
-neural closure at site of 4th and 5th somites closing in caudal and rostral directions
-optic placodes visible with indentation of optic pits
-rapid development of heart rudiment
-allantois comes in contact with chorion
|5-7
|-
|13
|8.5 (range 8-9.25)
Human carnegie stage: 10
|turning of embryo at around 6-8 pairs
-3rd branchial arch absent
|1st branchial arch with maxillary and mandibular components
-2nd branchial arch visible
- regionalization of heart visible
-neural tube closure at point opposite outflow tract to proximal part of tail
-notocord and prepancreatic endoderm contact remaining
|8-12
|-
|14
|9 (range 8.5-9.75)
Human carnegie stage: 11
|anterior neuropore formation and closure (at 15-18 somite pairs)
-forelimb bud absent
|optic pit becomes more indented
-mandibular process of 1st branchial arch visible
-3rd branchial arch visible
-prominent ridge on lateral body wall at 8th-12th somite
|13-20
|
|-
|}

=== Theiler stages 15-20 ===

Table 3: Mouse embryonic stages from Theiler stage 15 to 20 ( somite stages)
{| border='1px'
!Theiler Stage!!Embryonic Age (dpc)!!Stage Characteristic!!Cell Characteristic!! Somite Number(pairs!!
|-
|15
|9.5 (range 9-10.25)
Human carnegie stage: 12
|Formation of Forelimb bud
-Posterior neuropore
|8-12th somite pair condensation of forelimb bud is visible

-Hind limb bud appears

-Forebrain vesicle division into telencephalic and diencephalic vesicles

-Lung development commences

-1st sign of Pancreas morphogenesis of dorsal pancreatic bud (22-25 somites).
|21-29
|-
|16
|10 (range 9.5-10.75)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Caudal neuropore closes
-Hind limb bud (23rd-28th somite) and tail bud
|Concave 3rd and 4th branchial arches.
-Rathke's pouch formation

-Nasal processes formation.

-Ventral pancreatic bud appears
|30-34
|-
|17
|10.5 (range 10-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Deep Lens Indentation
|Lens pit is deepened and has a narrowed outer opening.
-Physiological umbilical hernia present.

-1st branchial arch divides into maxillary and mandibular components.

-Advanced development of brain tube

-Tail elongates and thins
|35-39
|-
|18
|11 (range 10.5-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Closure of Lens Vesicle
|Cervical somites no longer visible
-Brain rapidly grows

-Formation of nasal pit
|40-44
|-
|19
|11.5 (range 11-12.25)
Human carnegie stage: 16
|Lens vesicle separated completely from surface
–Closed and detached from ectoderm
|Well Defined eyes and their peripheral margins
-Forelimbs divided into two regions

-Proximal part of the future limb-girdle and 'arm'

-Peripheral part forming a circular or anterior footplate.

-Otic pit medial and lateral margins move together

-Auditory hillocks visible
|45-47
|-
|20
|12 (range 11.5-13)
Human carnegie stage: 17
|First sign of fingers
|Anterior footplate no longer circular (develops angles)
-Posterior footplate visible

-Pigmentation of retina visible

-Tongue and brain vesicles identifiable
|48-51
|-
|}