2009 Group Project 4

2009-10-06T00:29:18Z

Z3252340:

== THE MOUSE (''Mus musculus'') ==
[[image:Picture_of_mus_musculus.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Picture of Mouse (Mus Musculus) Wikipedia, 2009]]
=== Introduction ===
The mouse is a small animal which can be used as a model to study embryological development. It belongs to the class of mammalian and order of rodentia and shares a significant similarity in homology with humans. The mouse is one of the most commonly used animals in experimental embryology and most sciences. The mouse is a useful mammalian model for human embryological development because the mouse:
*Has a very similar size genome as the human genome
*Has genes which can be easily manipulated and studied
*Has a high degree of homogeny with humans
*Produces a large offspring in a short amount of time
*Has no ethical issues limiting its use in experiments
*Are small organisms which can be easily maintained
*Are not expensive

----

===History of the use of the Mouse Embryo Model===

====Introduction====
The mouse has had a significant contribution to the field of Biomedicine since the middle of the sixteenth century (Hendrich et al. 2004). During the twentieth century, the use of the mouse embryo in particular increased significantly, and continues to be a popular experimental choice for researchers.

It's popularity over time in mammalian biology, biomedicine, immunology, oncology, pathology, and genetics is a result of:

*The small size of the mouse and its resistance to infection (Nagy et.al. 2003).
*The efficient mouse breeding system: Which consistently monitors the characterisitcs, that are precisley known, generation after generation, thereby producing highly standardised strains (Hedrich et al. 2004).

*The metabolic and internal anatomical similarities between the mouse and the human, which allows for comparisons. Because of these similarities, they share similar diseases, for example, cancer, diabetes, autoimmunity, endocrine disease, and neurological dysfunctions (Hedrich et al. 2004).

*The ability to manipulate the mouse germ line. This can be achieved by the:

1. Genetic manipulation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, or

2. Direct injection of cloned DNA into zygotes. See ''Genetics'' section below.

Please note that the following findings are based on research which have utilised the model of the mouse embryo. Also, this section mentions certain mouse embryo stages such as the morula stage. For a better understandment, view the ''Timeline'' and ''Staging'' section of this page when needed.

====Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), Augustinian priest and scientist====

[[image:Gregor_Mendel.png|thumb|100px|left|Gregor Johann Mendel]]

In his notes, ''One Hundred Years of Mouse Genetics: An Intellectual History I The classical period (1902-1980)'', Kenneth Paigen wrote that Mendel's first experiment on the transmission of inheritance was made using mice segregating for coat colour markers. Due to complaints from members of the Catholic Church about the smell of the mice , he changed his material to Pea plants (Hedrich et.al. 2004).

====1895: Robert Heinrich Johannes Sobotta (1869-1945), German Anatomist [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sobotta&ei=6OmdSta8CMWfkQXY4oXiBA&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Djohannes%2Bsobotta%26hl%3Den]====
Researched the fertilisation and cleavage of the mouse's egg (Andrews, 1895). Link to Dr. Sobotta's research [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2452637]

'''What did he find?'''
*The corpus Luteum is formed by the enlargement of the epithelial cells of the follicle, aided by growth of connective tissue.
*There is no distinction between corpora lutea vera and corpora lutea spuria.
*The corpora lutea do not degenerate. They remain unchanged during the life of the animal, and therefore add to the size of the ovary.

====1949: John H. Hammond, Jr. (1888-1965) [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/hammond.html], Animal Husbandry Scientist====

'''What did he do?'''

Cultured eight-cell morulae and four-cell-stage mouse embryos to the Blastocyst sage.

This was the first report of successful attempts to culture mouse embryos in vitro to the Blastocyst stage (Nagy et.al. 2003).

The embryos removed at the two-cell stage died a while after (Nagy et.al. 2003).

====1956: Wesley Kingston Whitten (1918-), Australian Veterinary Scientist====

[[image:Wesley_Whitten.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Wesley K. Whitten]]

'''What did he do?'''

Cultured 8-cell mouse embryos to the Blastocyst stage.

'''How did he do this?'''

Used a medium containing Krebs-Ringer's bicarbonate solution supplemented with glucose and bovine serum albumin (Nagy et. el. 2003).

Soon after, he found that some two-cell-stage embryos developed into blastocysts, upon some modifications to the original medium.

He moved to the United States later on, continuing his work in the well known, The Jackson Laboratory.

====1958: Dame Anne Laura Dorinthea McLaren (1927-2007), Developmental Biologist====

Developed the first birth of mice in-vitro. Link to Published article [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v182/n4639/abs/182877a0.html]

[[image:Dame_Anne_Laura_Dorinthea_McLaren.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Dame Anne Laura Dorinthea McLaren]]

====1962: George Todaro (1937-) and Howard Green, Cell Biologists====

[[image:HOWARD_GREEN.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Dr. Howard Green]]

:By studying the fibroblast cells of the mouse embryo , they explained how cells behave in a similar fashion once they have undergone transformation (Bhamrah et al. 2002).

'''How did they do this?'''
:Todaro and Green cultured the fibroblast cells from the mouse embryo.

'''What did they find?'''
:A few weeks after the culture, the growth rate of the Fibroblast cells slowed down. They thought that the cells, as with normal human fibroblast cells, would eventually stop dividing and die. However this was not the case.

:Two to three months later, the cell growth rate increased. This meant that the resulting new population of cells had undergone spontaneous transformation. The resulting permanently dividing cell line, called the '3T3 cell line', have been growing in culture for over 20 years. (Bhamrah et al. 2002)

====1963: Ralph L. Brinster (1932-)[http://www.vet.upenn.edu/FacultyandDepartments/Faculty/tabid/362/Default.aspx?faculty_id=4381375], American Geneticist====

'''What did he do?'''

*Determined the nutritional requirements of the pre-implantation mouse embryo.
*Established the microdrop technique that allowed two-cell-stage mouse embryos to be cultured to the Blastocyst stage (Nagy et.al. 2003).

====1965: Beatrice Mintz (1921-)[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/beatrice-mintz/], American Embryologist====

[[image:Beatrice_Mintz.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Beatrice Mintz]]

'''What did she do?'''
*Found that the zona pelucida of the mouse embryo could be digested using pronase (Nagy et.al 2003).
*Generated adult chimeras. Link to description of a chimera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)]

====1974: Rudolf Jaenisch (1942-), German biologist and Beatrice Mintz====
[[image:Rudolf_Jaenisch.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Rudolf Jaenisch]]

'''What did they do?'''
Injected purified SV40 (Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus 40 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40]) DNA into the mouse blastocyst cavity.

'''What was the result?'''
Viral DNA sequences were detected in the somatic tissue of these mice. This result suggested that the DNA had integrated into the genome of embryonic cells (Nagy et.al. 2003).

====1974: Ralph Brinster [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=4610074], & 1975: Mintz and Illmensee [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1059147], and Papaioannou et al. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1059147]====

'''What did they do?'''
They demonstrated that embryonic carcinoma (EC) stem cells could be injected into blastocysts to create adult chimeras that contained normal tissues derived from the EC cells.

====1976: Rudolf Jaenisch====

'''What did he do?'''
Infected a preimplanted mouse embryo with the Moloney murine leukemia virus. By doing this, he introduced the virus into the mouse germ line in a '''stable''' manner.

'''Importance?'''

The significance of this finding is outlined below under the findings of Anderson (1980), Capecchi (1980), and Gordon (1980). Overall, Jaenisch's work on the mouse embryo led to the findings of these mentioned researchers.

====1977: R.J. Mullen====
'''What did he do?'''
Fused the normal and reeler mouse embryo at the morula stage to produce allophenic mice. (Rouvroit & Goffinet 1998)

Allophenic mice are produced using cells from two or more genetically different mouse embryos [http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/allophenic].

====1980: Ralph L. Brinster====

'''What did he do?'''
The first to inject purified globin mRNA into mouse zygotes (Nagy et.al. 2003).

This formed the basis for the production of transgenic mice.

====1980: Wayne F. Anderson, Lydia Killos, L Sanders-Haigh, P J Kretschmer, and E G Diacumakos & 1980: Mario R. Capecchi====

'''What did they do?'''
Microinjected cloned herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (''tk'') gene into the nuclei of cultured TK-deficient mouse fibroblast cells.

'''Result?'''
It allowed for the stable incorporation and expression of the ''tk'' gene.

'''Importance?'''
This suggested that the microinjection of DNA into the one-cell mouse embryo might allow for the efficient introduction of cloned genes into the developing mouse (Nagy et.al. 2003). This triggered researchers, including Gordon (mentioned below), to test this possibility.

Click [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=6254080/ here] for Anderson's published article, or click [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WSN-4C7WJTR-N&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3bc51ea43dcac12e1e879f16f14cd038/ here] for Capecchi's published article.

====1980: J.W. Gordon, G A Scangos, D J Plotkin, J A Barbosa, and F H Ruddle====

'''What did they do?'''

Directly injected the cloned HSV thymidine kinase (tk) gene into the pronuclei of zygotes.

'''Result?'''
Introduced the gene into the somatic tissues (Nagy et.al. 2003).

Click [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=6261253/ here] for Gordon's published article.

====1981: M.H. Kaufman & M.J. Evans, and 1981: G.R. Martin====

'''What did they do?'''
They were the first to develop ES cells from cultured mouse blastocysts (Nagy et.al. 2003).

Click [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=6950406/ here] for Martin's published article.

====1983: Davor Solter (1939-), Developmental Biologist====

'''What did he do?'''
Transferred nuclei between zygotes.

'''The importance?'''
Revealed the importance of parent gene imprinting in mammalian development (Nagy et.al. 2003).

[[image:Davor_Solter.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Professor Davor Solter]]

====1986: Elizabeth Robertson, Allan Bradley, Michael Kuehn & Martin Evans====

'''What did they do?'''
They were the first to genetically manipulate ES cells (Nagy et.al. 2003).

'''Importance?'''

Allows for the modification and selection of cells with germ-line potential. In turn, this allows them to derive the transgenic strains with pre-determined genetic changes.

By doing this, they inserted many proviral vector sequences that
*Provide new chromosomal molecular markers for linkage studies in the mouse, and
*May cause mutations [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v323/n6087/pdf/323445a0.pdf].

====1996: Toshio Ohshima, Jerrold M. Wardt, Chang-Goo Huht, Glenn Longenecker, Veeranna, Harish C.Pant, Roscoe O. Bradyt, Lee J. Martins, and Ashok B. Kulkarni====

'''What did they do?'''
Generated Cyclin-dependant kinase 5 (Cdk5) null mice, a type of mutant mice, by homologous recombination to assess the role of Cdk5 in vivo.

Targeted ES cells were injected into blastocysts to generate chimeric mice.

====1998: Teruhiko Wakayama (1967-), Developmental Biologist and Ryuzo Yanagimachi (1928-), Animal Embryologist====

'''What did they do?'''
Cloned the first mouse, named Cumulina.

[[image:Teruhiko_Wakayama.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Teruhiko Wakayama]]

====1998: Nikola Skreb and colleagues====
'''What did they do?'''
Showed that the early embryonic ectoderm contains cells capable of contributing to all three germ layers of the mouse fetus (Nagy et.al. 2003.

====Use of teratocarcinomas====
'''What are teratocarcinomas?'''
They are '...gonadal tumors that contain a...mixture of different tissue types, all derived from a population of undifferentiated stem cells known as embryonal carcinoma cells.' (Nagy et.al. 2003)

The use of teratocarcinomas in research complement the studies on pluripotentiality of cells from the normal embryo and allows further study of early embryonic development.

'''First pioneered by Leroy Stevens (1920-), Mammalian Embryologist & Barry Pierce'''

[[image:Leroy_Stevens.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Leroy Stevens]]

Leroy C. Stevens, Jr.:

*The first to identify that male mice of the inbred 129 strain have a low incidence of testicular teratoma arising from primordial germ cells (Link to Stevens and C. C. Little's related article [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16578442] PMID: 16578442).
*The first to identify modifier genes such as ''ter'' that increase the frequency of teratomas in the testis and eventually developed an inbred strain (129/Sv).
* Developed the LT strain, in which about 50% of females develop ovarian teratocarcinomas.

----

===Staging Of Embryonic Development===
===Reproduction===

[[image:Mice_pups.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Picture: Photo of pups of mice Wikipedia 2009]]
Mice can reproduce all year round and are also polyestrous animals, meaning they can breed many times during the year. Male and female mice are capable of breeding at 50 days old and female mice begin their estrous cycle (go on 'heat') between 25-40 days old. The estrous cycle duration is 4-5 days and ovulation occurs spontaneously. A mouse produces an average litter of about 10-12 mice and begins a normal estrous cycle 3-10 days following partuition. Having an understanding of mouse reproduction, can highlight the useful nature of studying the mouse as a mamallian model for human emryology (Greenwald, 1956).
====Theiler stages====
Mouse embryonic development commences once the female's egg or oocyte has become fertilized by the male's sperm. Mouse development has a gestation period of 19-21 days, and can range in different strains of mice. The development of an embryo can be categorized into different stages including cell number, somite stages and morphology. The most common method of staging is by Theiler (1989) which categorizes mouse development into prenatal and postnatal stages consisting of 26 and 2 stages respectively. Downs and Davies (1993) have also established a method of staging the mouse development based on morphological changes. Link to Downs and Davies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8269852?dopt=Abstract]
The developmental stages of the mouse embryo can be summarised in the tables and corresponding figures below in relation to characteristics at that stage. The first stage begins with fertiliation of the egg which divides into multiple cells to form a morulla and further go on to form a blastocyst which is ready for implantation (Nagy, et al., 2003).
[[image:Babymouse-1-.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Picture 1: Photo of a one day old mouse Wikipedia 2009]]
[[image:picture 1.JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 1: Illustration of Mouse embryonic stages of development from fertilization to zona free blastocyst (stages 1 to 5). E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Mouse_theiler_stage8.JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 2: Illustration of Theiler stage 8 (6 dpc). E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Mouse_theiler_stage_10.JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 3: Illustration of Theiler stage 10 (7 dpc). E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Mouse_theiler_stage_11.JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 4: Illustration of Theiler stage 11. E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Theiler_12.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Figure 4: Illustration of Theiler stage 12. E.Newton 2009]]

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 1: Mouse embryonic stages of development from fertilization to zona free blastocyst, Theiler Stages 1 to 5. (Nagy, et al., 2003; Hill, 2009; Theiler, 1989;)
!Theiler Stage !!Embryonic Age in Days Post Coitum (dpc)!!Stage Characteristic !!Cell Characteristics !!Zona Pellucida !!Location !!
|-
|1
|0-0.9
(range 0-0.25)
|One-celled embryo (fertilized)
|One cell
|Present
|Ampulla
|-
|2
|1
(range 1-2.5)
|Dividing egg
|2-4 cells
- 1st cleavage after 24hrs
|Present
|Travelling down oviduct
|-
|3
|2
(range 1-3.5)
|Morula (early to fully compacted)
|4-16 cells
|Present
|Oviduct (utero-tubal junction)
|-
|4
|3
(range 2-4)
|Morula to Blastocyst
-Intra-cellular matrix
-Blastocoelic cavity
|16-40 compacted cells
-Inner cell mass
-Outer layer of trophectoderm cells
|Present
|Uterine lumen
|-
|5
|4
(range 3-5.5)
|Zona free Blastocyst (hatching)
|Blastocyst implants as zona pelludica is lost
|Absent
|Uterine lumen
|-
|}
Once the Blastocyst has lost the zona pellucida, it is free to implant onto the uterine wall.
After implantation multiple features of a trilaminar embryo start to develop. Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm layers form, which further develop many structures corresponding to different stages as summariesed in the table below.
The developing mouse embryo which is implanted on the uterine wall can be viewed by ultrasonic radiation. Link to ultrasound of mouse embryo [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_tZHD7iwzQ]

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 2: Mouse embryonic staging from blastocyst implantation to pre-somite formation, Theiler stages 6 to 11(Nagy, et al., 2003; Hill, 2009; Theiler, 1989;)
! Theiler Stage !! Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !! Stage Characteristic !! Cell characteristics !!
|-
|6
|4.5 (range 4-5.5)
Human carnegie stage: 4
|Attachment of blastocyst
-Implantation
|Embryonic Endoderm
|-
|7
|5 (range 4.5-6)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Implantation
-Egg cylinder
-Ectoplacental cone
|Inner cell mass increases
-Epiblast
-Mural trophectoderm lined by endoderm
|-
|8
|6 (range 5-6.5)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|embryonic and extra-embryonic regions
-Pro-amniotic cavity
|Trophoblast giant cells invade
-Maternal blood invades
-Reichert's membrane
|-
|9 a)
|Pre-streak
|Advanced Endometrial and egg cylinder
-Embryonic axis
|Embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm
-Uterine crypts lose lumen
|-
|9 b)
|Early streak
|Gastrulation begins
|Mesodermal cells
|-
|10 a)
|7 (range 6.5-7.5)
Mid to late streak
Human carnegie stage: 8
|Amnion formation
|Amniotic fold
-Allantoic bud
-Primitive node
-Amnion closes
|-
|11
|7.5 (range 7.25-8)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|Neural plate and presomites
|Amniotic cavity, exocoelom and ectoplacental cleft
-Allantoic bud elongates
-Notochodal plate
-Early head fold
-Foregut pocket
|-
|}
The next stage (Theiler stage 12) is marked by the first somite pair formation. Stages 13 onwards is characterized by increasing somite pairs up to 20 somite pairs. These embryo stages have characteristic features of developing forgut, prominent head fold, optic pits, branchial arch and neuropore formation. These four stages can be shown in table 3 below.

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 3: Theiler stage 12-14 (Nagy, et al., 2003; Hill, 2009; Theiler, 1989;)
!Theiler stage !!Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !!Stage characteristic !!Cell characteristics !! Number of somite pairs !!
|-
|12 a)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|Unturned embryo
-1st somite pairs
|Allantois extends into exocoelom
-Maxillary components of 1st brachial arch prominent
-Preotic sulcus
-Cardiogenic plate
-Foregut pocket
|1-4
|-
|12 b)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
|Unturned embryo
|Prominent headfolds
-Neural closure
-Optic placodes with optic pits
-Rapid development of heart rudiment
|5-7
|-
|13
|8.5 (range 8-9.25)
Human carnegie stage: 10
|Turning of embryo at around 6-8 pairs
|1st branchial arch with maxillary and mandibular components
-2nd branchial arch visible
- Regionalization of heart visible
-neural tube closure
|8-12
|-
|14
|9 (range 8.5-9.75)
Human carnegie stage: 11
|Anterior neuropore formation and closure
|optic pit indented
-Mandibular process of 1st branchial arch visible
-3rd branchial arch visible
|13-20
|
|-
|}
[[image:Theiler_13.JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 5: Illustration of Theiler stage 12 b). E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Theiler_13...JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 6: Illustration of Theiler stage 13. E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Theiler_14.JPG|thumb|200px|Figure 7: Illustration of Theiler stage 14. E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Chart_of_mouse_development_1.JPG|thumb|200px|Graph 1:Graph of Mouse Development day 1 to 4 dpc. E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Chart_of_mouse_development_2.JPG|thumb|200px|Graph 2:Graph of Mouse Development of somites. E.Newton 2009]]
[[image:Mousevasc.gif|thumb|200px|Picture: Photo of mouse vascular development at Theiler stage 20]]
Following stage 14, The embryo continues to develop more distinguished features of a mouse, including forelimb and hindlimb bud, tail elongation, lungs and brain development. The stages 15-20 are summarised in the table below.

{| border='1px'
|+Table 4: Mouse embryonic stages from Theiler stage 15 to 20, somite stages (Nagy, et al., 2003; Hill, 2009; Theiler, 1989;)
!Theiler Stage!!Embryonic Age (dpc)!!Stage Characteristic!!Cell Characteristic!! Somite Number(pairs)!!
|-
|15
|9.5 (range 9-10.25)
Human carnegie stage: 12
|Forelimb bud (8-12th somite pair)
-Posterior neuropore
|Hind limb bud
-Telencephalic and diencephalic vesicle division
-Lung development
-Dorsal pancreatic bud
|21-29
|-
|16
|10 (range 9.5-10.75)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Caudal neuropore closes
-Hind limb and tail bud
|Concave 3rd and 4th branchial arches.
-Rathke's pouch
-Nasal processes
-Ventral pancreatic bud
|30-34
|-
|17
|10.5 (range 10-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Deep Lens Indentation
|Physiological umbilical hernia
-1st branchial arch (maxillary and mandibular components)
-Brain tube development
-Tail elongates
|35-39
|-
|18
|11 (range 10.5-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Lens Vesicle closes
|Cervical somites not visible
-Brain rapidly grows
-Nasal pit
|40-44
|-
|19
|11.5 (range 11-12.25)
Human carnegie stage: 16
|Lens vesicle separated
–Closed and detached from ectoderm
|Eyes and their peripheral margins
-Limb-girdle and arm
-Anterior footplate.
-Auditory hillocks
|45-47
|-
|20
|12 (range 11.5-13)
Human carnegie stage: 17
|Gingers
|Anterior footplate (develops angles)
-Posterior footplate
-Pigmentation of retina
-Tongue and brain vesicles
|48-51
|-
|}
To visualize the mouse development so far a movie showing the mouse embryo can be seen by following the link [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgYlqgb2V_0]( note the heart beat)
The last few stages of develop (stages 21-26) shown in table 5 are the complete prenatal developmental stages. These stages involve fine development of the pinna over the external acoustic meatus, finger and toe,hair, eyes and whiskers.

{| border='1px'
|+Table 5: Mouse embryonic stages of development Theiler Stages 21-26 (Nagy, et al., 2003; Hill, 2009; Theiler, 1989;)
!Theiler Stage!!Embryonic Age (dpc)!!Stage Characteristic!!Cell Characteristic!! Somite Number(pairs)!!
|-
|21
|13 (range 12.5-14)
Human Carnegie Stage 18-19
|Anterior footplate indented
-Pinna develops
|Digits, elbow and wrist
-5 rows of vibrissae visible
-Hair follicle over eye and ear
-Lens loses lumen
|52-55
|-
|22
|14 (range 13.5-15)
Human Carnegie stage 20-23
|Individual fingers on anterior footplate
-Umbilical hernia visible
|Deep indentations between toes( not separated)
-Long bones of limbs present
-Hair present in pectoral, trunk and pelvis
-Pinna turned forwards
|56-60
|-
|23
|Human fetal period
|Toes separate
|Hair follicles present in cephalic region
-Eyelids open
-Pinna covering ½ of external auditory meatus
|>60
|-
|24
|16
|Reposition of umbilical hernia
|Parallel fingers (2-5)
-Toe nail primordia
-Eyelids fused
-Complete coverage by pinna
-Increase in peritoneal sac size
|>60
|-
|25
|17
|Skin thickened and wrinkled
-Umbilical hernia disappeared
|Subcutaneous veins less visible
-Fingers and toes parallel
-Whiskers visible
|
|-
|26
|18
|Skin thickened
Long whiskers
|Pinna larger (auditory meatus lumen not visible)
|
|-
|}
To view the mouse embryo in late stages of development clink the link [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kieMWaBmNuw]]
Following the prenatal development are the two Theiler stages 27 and 28 which involve birth of the mouse and postnatal development.

----

===Timeline of Development===

The development of the mouse embryo takes 19 days on average from fertilisation to newborn mouse. This timing depends on rate of development.

{{Insert timeline}}

----

===Genetics===

[[image:Genetics_of_laboratory_rodents.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Genetics of labarotory rodents]]

====Genome====

Sequencing of the mouse genome was completed in late 2002. Tha haploid genome is about 3 billion long (3000 Mb distributed over 20 chromosomes) and therefore equal to the size of the human genome. The current estimated gene count is 23,786 and humans are estimated to have 23,686 genes.

====The genetic map of the mouse====

Genetic maps, the road maps of genetics, are of two types: linkage and physical. The 'sign posts' on the maps are loci, any location or marker in the genome that can be detected by genetic or DNA analysis. The term 'gene' is more restrictive than loci and refers to DNA segments that encode proteins or can be linked to phenotypes. Linkage maps are recombinational maps and are constructed by carrying out linkage crosses that measure the recombination frequency between genes or loci on the same chromosome.
*The first genetic linkage in the mouse (and first autosomal linkage in mammals) was described in 1915 in the classic paper on the linkage of pink-eyed dilution and albino (Haldane et al., 1915)
*Genetic mapping with spontaneous mutations that created visible phenotypes, such as changes in coat colour/texture or behaviour was labarious and sometimes took years because crosses between mice carrying recessive mutations yielded so few informative progeny, and genes on only one or two chromosomes could be scored in each cross.
*The first real breakthrough in linkage mapping, enabling the scoring of many test markers and chromosomes in the same cross, was the discovery and use of co-dominant biochemical (isoenzyme) genes (e.g. glucose phosphate isomerase 1, Gpil; Hutton and Coleman 1969).

====How large is the genome?====

With the use of Feulgen reagent the quantitative DNA-specific staining can be achieved. Through micro photometric measurements of the staining intensity in individual sperm nuclei, it is possible to determine the total amount of DNA present in the haploid mouse genome (Laird, 1971). Measurements indicated a total haploid genome content of 3 pg, which translates into a molecular weight of 1.8 x 1012 daltons (Da).

====How complex is the genome?====

Another method for determining genome size relies upon the kinetics of DNA renaturation as a sign of the total content of different DNA sequences in a sample. When a solution of double stranded DNA is denatured into single strands which are then allowed to renature, the time required for renaturation is directly proportional to the complexity of the DNA in the solution, if all other parameters are held constant.

Complexity is a measure of the information contained within the DNA. The maximal information possible in a solution of genomic DNA purified from one animal or tissue culture line is equivalent to the total number of base pairs present in the haploid genome.The information content of a DNA solution is independent of the actual amount or concentration of DNA present. DNA obtained from one million cells of a single animal or cell line contains no more information than the DNA present in one cell. Furthermore, if sequences within the haploid genome are duplicates of one another — repeated sequences — the complexity will drop accordingly.

Renaturation analysis of mouse DNA reveals an overall complexity of approximately 1.3-1.8 x 109 bp. This value is only 40-60% of the size of the complete haploid genome and it implies the existence of a large fraction of repeated sequences.

====What proportion of the genome is functional?====
Bacterial species are remarkably efficient at packing the most genetic information into the smallest possible space. In one analysis of a completely sequenced 100 kb region of the E. coli chromosome, it was found that 84% of the total DNA content was actually used to encode polypeptides. Most of the remaining DNA is used for regulatory purposes, and only 2% was found to have no recognizable function.

Comparative sequence analysis over long regions of the mouse and human genomes shows evolutionary conservation over stretches of sequence that do not have coding potential or any obvious function (Hood, 1992). However, sequences can only be conserved when selective forces act to maintain their integrity for the benefit of the organism. Thus, conservation implies functionality.The fraction of the mouse genome that is functional is likely to lie somewhere between 5% and 10% of the total DNA present.

[[image:Mice_expressing_GFP.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Mice expressing GFP]]

===Chromosome number and banding patterns===

All of the Mus musculus subspecies have the same standard karyotpye with;
* 20 pairs of chromosomes, including 19 autosomal pairs and the X and Y chromosomes
* All of the 19 autosomes as well as the X and Y chromosome appear to be telocentric, with a centromere at one end and a telomere at the other.
The biological explanation for this uniformity in chromosome morphology is entirely unknown; however, it makes the task of individual chromosome identification much more difficult than it is with human karyotypes.

[[image:Normal_Mus_musculus_karyotype.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Normal Mus musculus karyotype]]
====Chromosome length and DNA content====

The amount of DNA present in each chromosome can be estimated by measuring its length — cytologically — relative to the sum of the lengths of all 20 chromosomes and multiplying this fraction by the total genome length of 3,000 mb (Evans, 1989). From these measurements, one finds that the largest chromosome (1) has a DNA length of approximately 216 mb and the smallest chromosome (19) has a DNA length of 81 mb, with all others following in a near-continuum between these two values.

====Mice with chromosomal aberrations====
The diploid chromosomal complement of standard inbred laboratory strains is 2N=40:19 autosomes, X and Y chromosomes.The autosomes and the X chromosomes are telocentric (i.e. the centromere is at one end of a single-armed chromosome) while the y chromosome is acrocentric (i.e. it has a short p arm as well as the longer q arm, use of 'p' and 'q' is patterned on human chromosomal nomenclature). The sex determining genes resides in the short arm of the Y chromosome.

Strains of mice whose chromosomal complement devaites from the normal chromosomal makeup are designated chromosomal aberration starins. Chromosomal aberrations can include intra- and interchromosomal rearragements or aneuploidy. These include;

* inversions and transpositions, rearrangements of DNA segments within chromosomes
* reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian chromosomes, and insertions, exchanges of DNA segments between chromosomes
* aneuploidy, deviations from the normal diploid number of chromosomal arms in somatic cells (e.g. trisomies).
Some chromosomal deletions and duplications also may be cytologically detectable.

====Comparative mapping====
Comparative mapping began in the early 1970s and gained momentum until it culminated with the sequencing of the two genomes in 2001 and 2002.
* First conserved mouse and human autosomal linkage was reported in 1978.
* 13 conserved autosomal segments and estimated 178(+-)39 chromosomal rearrangements between mouse and human chromosomes were identified (Nadeau and Taylor,1984)
*Sequencing of the two genomes revealed that 95% of the coding sequence is conserved at the DNA level (Consortium,2002)

[[image:Figure3-3.jpg‎|thumb|200px|right|Examples of some commonly used mouse strains]]

====The Knockout Mouse====
A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been turned off through a gene knockout. They are important animal models for studying the role of genes which have been sequenced. Mice are currently the most closely related laboratory animal species to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied.The first knockout mouse was created by Mario R, Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smilthies in 1989.
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEHDGeKMaqY]]

:Use
Knocking out the acitivity of a gene provides information about what that gene normally does. Humans share many genes with mice. Consequently, observing the characterisitcs of knockout mice gives researchers information that can be used to better understand how a similar gene may contribute to disease in humans.

:Areas of research in which knockout mice have been useful include:
*cancer
*obesity
*heart disease
*diabetes
*arthritis
*anxiety
*aging
*Parkinson's disease.

[[image:Transgenicmouse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Image of Transgenic Mouse Embryo Wins Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition]]

:Limitations of the use of Knockout mice
While knockout mice technology represents a valuable research tool, its use may be limited. For example:

*About 15% of gene knockouts are developmentally lethal, which means that the genetically altered embryos cannot grow into adult mice. This problem is often overcome through the use of conditional mutations. The lack of adult mice limits studies to embryonic development and often makes it more difficult to determine a gene's function in relation to human health.

*Knocking out a gene may fail to produce an observable change in a mouse or may even produce different characteristics from those observed in humans in which the same gene is inactivated. E.g mutations in the p53 gene are associated with more than half of human cancers and often lead to tumors in a particular set of tissues. However, when the p53 gene is knocked out in mice, the animals develop tumors in a different array of tissues.

[[image:Knockoutmouse_picture.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Knockout mice being used as a model for obesity, Wikipedia, 2009]]

[[image:Knockout_mouse_process.JPG|thumb|300px|right| Illustration of the process involved in making a knockout mouse. E.Newton, 2009]]

====Examples of transgenic models for human diseases====
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujZHrR1mro8&feature=related]]

====Models for AIDS study====

The HIV-1 virus is known to have two major receptors in human cells CD4 and CCR5. Transgenic rabbits expressing the human CD4 gene were used, the virus replicated in rabbit cells but was unable to generate any disease. Therefore, mouse models were generated. It appeared that transgenic rats expressing all the HIV-1 genes except gag and pol showed pathogeny having many similarities to human AIDS.

====Models for aging====

Aging is a complex phenomenon which has only been partially described. Defects in genomes appear to be a major cause of aging. A growing number of trangenic models are being used to study aging. Mice in which the XPD gene has been knocked out are more sensitive to oxidative DNA damage. This sensitivity was increased further when the XPA gene was also knonked out. These models reflect some of the aging syndromes in human.

====Models for Cancer====

Transgenic mice are used to generate models for cancer study. The first oncomouse expressed c-myc gene in the mammary gland. This was sufficient to trigger the formation of mammary tumors. Further studies made it pissible to identify additional genes involve din mammary cancer. Genes whose expression is amplified in mammary tumors have an oncogenic effect when used as transgenes. Crossing mice harboring different oncogenes and having knocked out genes has made it possible to determine the cooperative actions of some of these genes.

====The Future====

The future of the mouse in genome analysis and as a model organism seems virtually unlimited. Whole genome sequence and gene preditction programs make it quite feasible to knock out or genetically modify every mouse gene. Almost certainly, ES cells will play a key role in future mouse genomics because they can be manipulated in culture. More phenotype screens that can detect mutations prior to making live mice will be needed to increase the number and types of mutations that can be detected in the ES cells themselves. While other model organisms, such as Drosophilia, yeast, worms and zebrafish may be easier to manipulate and allow analysis that require hundreds or thousands of animals, the mouse is likely to continue to be the premier mammalian model for understanding human inherited diseases.

====International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)[http://www.findmice.org//]====
An on-line database that lists the international availability and supply of inbred, mutant, and genetically engineered mice.

----

===Current Research===

====Overview====
Mice are highly used models of developmental biology, immunity, neurobiology, and human diseases in pathology. It's main contribution to developmental biology has been through transgenic and knockout technology which are both very important to the research of early development or organogenesis (Slack, 2006).

[[image:nude_mouse_pic.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Genetic mutation in gene FOXN1, used in research for tumour grafts and tumours, Wikipedia, 2009]]

====National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research ([http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/ NIDCR])====

[[image:NIDCR.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Members of NIDCR]]

2003: Dr. Ashok Kulkarni and his colleagues (pictured above)

=====What did they do=====

They created a mouse model of the disease known in humans as ''dentinogenesis imperfecta III''. This heredtitary tooth disorder involves the teeth wearing down to the innermost pulp.

=====How did they do this?=====

They achieved this by knocking out the dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) mouse gene, thought to be responsible for coordinating the mineralization of a tooth's dentin.

=====Results?=====

The role of Dspp is to organise the in organising the events during dentin mineralization, including potential regulation of proteoglycan levels. PMID for Dr. Ashok Kulkarni published article: 12721295

====The International Knockout Mouse Consortium ([http://www.knockoutmouse.org/ IKMC])====

There goal is to mutate all protein-coding mouse genes using a combination of gene trapping and gene
targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Programs running under IKMC:
*Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) (USA)
*European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Program (EUCOMM) (Europe)
*North American Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Project (NorCOMM) (Canada)
*Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Medicine (TIGM) (USA)

====Green Lab, School of Medicine, Harvard University[http://green.hms.harvard.edu/]====

Researchers from the Green Lab:

*cultivated Fibroblastic cells of a 12-13 day mouse embryo by 27 consecutive transfers and roughly 63 cell generations.
*This resulted in a new 'immortalised' cell line called, MMM which:

1.Supports the multiplication of the H9 cells better than the 3T3 line.

2.More effectively maintains the 'immortalised' cells as stem cells.

*Published Article: ''An immortalized drug-resistant cell line established from 12-13 day mouse embryos for the propagation of human embryonic stem cells''. Link to Abstract [http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/cgi-bin/Data/db.cgi?db=fulltexttest&uid=default&view_records=1&url=http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?atitle=Harvard+University,+School+of+Medicine;+Human+embryonic+stem+cells+propagated+on+immortalized+drug-resistant+cell+line&date=2006&rft_val_fmt=ori:fmt:kev:mtx:journal&spage=236&issn=1551-529X&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&genre=article&res_id=xri:pqd&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=&Address=http://gateway.proqu] or [http://pt.wkhealth.com/pt/re/diff/abstract.00003444-200604000-00003.htm;jsessionid=KqQdGQpCB70X67D379jLJ2y6ZbCT2TxLP2pLH2LQXnNQgjWXyz23!783167578!181195629!8091!-1]

*Article Date: June 28, 2006.

====The Jackson Laboratory[http://www.jax.org/index.html]====

=====What did they do?=====
Conducted a series of transplantation experiments using three JAX® Mice strains: C57BL/6J (B6, 000664), B6.129S2-Alox5tm1Fun/J (004155) - an Alox5-deficient mouse on a B6 background, and B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/BoyJ (002014) (also known as "pep boy").

=====What did they find?=====
Alox5 deficiency blocks differentiation, alters the cell cycle, and induces apoptosis of long term LSCs (LT-LSCs).
At the moment, it is not known why the Alox5 signaling pathway does not have the same effects on mormal HSCs.

=====Importance?=====

Their results demonstrate that targeting a specific gene can completely inhibit only cancer stem cells in vivo.

=====What's next?=====
The efficiency of an anti-stem cell strategy as a cancer therapy will be clinically trialed in order to target ALOX5 in human leukemia patients (The Jackson Laboratory 2009).

====Department of Experimental Medicine, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy====

In 2009, Al Cornaglia, A Casasco, M Casasco, F Riva and V Necchi used the knock out mouse to research how mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulphate transporter (dtdst) gene cuased different forms of the disease chondrodysplasia in humans. By producing a knouck out mice strain of this mutated dtdst gene, they were able to investigate how this gene affected tissue organisation, matrix structure and cell differentiation in the epiphyseal growth plate of the bone. Click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19637059?ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum/ here] for their published article.

A Pubmed search of the use of the mouse as a model in the study of embryology was done which produced 5213 literature articles. To view this search please [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pmc&cmd=search&term=embryology%20mouse%20model| click here] . A brief selection of these articles include:

====2009: Gabriela Pavlinkova, J Michael Salbaum and Claudia Kappen====

They investigated how maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo by using a mouse diabetes model. Maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for abnormalities in the newborn, but it is unknown how this comes about.

=====Their Hypothesis?=====
The defects were caused by a change in critical developmental pathways that can result in changes in gene expression.

=====What did they find?=====
That exposure to maternal diabetes had caused alterations in the transcriptional profiles of the developing embryo.

Click [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2715936&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract/ here] for their published article.

====Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio====

In 2009, Ravindhra G. Elluru, Felisa Thompson and Alisa Reece published their article [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358209?ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum/ Fibroblast growth factor 18 gives growth and directional cues to airway cartilage].

=====Their Hypothesis?=====
The rate and direction of chondrocyte growth was affected by Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18).

=====What did they do?=====
Used the mouse as a model and observed the affect that FGF18 had on the cartilage specifying gene, Sox9.

=====What did they find?=====
That FGF18 did regulate the rate and direction of chondrocyte growth by up-regulating Sox9 expression.

====Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois & the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia====

In 2009, Denise R. Archambeault, Jessica Tomaszewski, Avenel Joseph, Barry T. Hinton and Humphrey Hung-Chang Yao published their article [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121496839/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0/ Epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk in Wolffian duct and fetal testis cord development].

=====What did they do?=====

They used the mouse as a model organism to study the epithelial - mesenchymal crosstalk that occurs in Wolffian duct and testis cord development.

=====What did they find?=====

The epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the development of these two male structures are critical for normal development. They were able to identify Inhba and its protein product activin A as being an interstitially derived factor that acts upon sertoli cells in the testis that hints that crosstalk occurs between both organs.

====Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Istituto G Gaslini [http://www.gaslini.org/eng/default.asp], Genova, Italy====

In 2009, Fardin P, Ognibene M, Vanni C, De Santanna A, Varesio L, and Eva A. used the mouse as a model for understanding the function of oncogenes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal uncontrolled growth (Fardin et.al. 2009).

=====What did they do?=====
They examined a protein Dbl which belongs to the family of proto-oncogenes or proteins involved in normal cell growth. These proteins when mutated become oncogenes and cause unregulated cell growth. The transgenic mice were used to incorporate the complement DNA strand of Dbl oncogene for analysis.

=====What did they find?=====
That expression of onco-Dbl in mice correlated with up regulation of epithelial transition, apoptosis, vasculogenesis and cell proliferation.

====Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine[http://medschool.umaryland.edu/microbiology/], Baltimore, MD, USA====

In 2009, Andreasen C, Powell DA, and Carbonetti NH used the mouse as a model of immune response to respiratory tract infections by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis.
=====What did they do?=====
Infected the mosue with the bacteria.

=====What did they find?=====
*That the mouse secretes a virulence factor called pertussis toxin. This toxin is responsible for promoting bacterial growth and proliferation in the airways.

*The study showed that the toxin rather than the bacterial cell numbers is important in the production of cytokine and chemokine responses, and hence the pertussis toxin produces the host immune response not the bacteria.'

====2009: Regales L, Gong Y, Shen R, de Stanchina E, Vivanco I, Goel A, Koutcher JA, Spassova M, Ouerfelli O, Mellinghoff IK, Zakowski MF, Politi KA, & Pao W====

In 2009, they published their article [http://www.jci.org/articles/view/38746/ Dual targeting of EGFR can overcome a major drug resistance mutation in mouse models of EGFR mutant lung cancer].

They used transgenic mice as models for testing anticancer drugs in lung tumours involved with tyrosine receptor mutations. The lung tumours' mutations were of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance mutations T790M.

=====What did they do?=====
*They used the mice (bearing the EGFR mutation) to evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of anticancer drugs.
*Two anticancer agents BIBW-2992 tyrosine kinase inhibitor and EGFR specific antibody cetuximab were tested on the mice containing EGFR mutated lung tumors. It was found that the combination of the two agents produced marked shrinkage of tumours with T790M mutations.

====Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark====

In 2009, Gram GJ, Karlsson I, Agger EM, Andersen P, & Fomsgaard A. published their article [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=19759892/ A novel liposome-based adjuvant CAF01 for induction of CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) to HIV-1 minimal CTL peptides in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice].

They used mice in development of HIV-1 vaccines.
Note that a vaccine needs to have several factors including several antigens and epitopes as well as an appropriate adjuvant capable for inducing a strong host cellular immune response.

=====What did they do?=====
*They used transgenic mice to develop a new lipophillic adjuvant called '''CAF01''' which has been studied to assist in generating antibody and CD4 T helper cell responses.

*This process explained above can generate CD8 T lymphocytes against HIV-1 derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptides in human leukocyte antigen mouse models.

----

== Glossary ==
'''Allantoic bud:''' A sac or diverticulum that prodrudes out from the caudal wall of the umbilical vesicle into the connecting stalk.

'''Amnion:''' A fluid filled sac which encloses the amniotic cavity.

'''Ampulla:''' The dilated end of the Fallopian tube, site of fertilization.

'''Auricular hillocks:''' Embryological bumps which correspond to external ear features in adulthood

'''Blastocyst:''' Structure formed when morula develops a fluid filled space( blastocystic cavity). The balstocyst contains trophoblast and embryoblast cells.

'''Branchial arch:''' Primordial pharyngeal structures, also known as pharyngeal arch

'''Cardiogenic plate:''' Consisting of cardiogenic mesoderm where the heart primordium will develop.

'''Cephalic:''' Term used to describe the head.

'''Diencephalon:''' The third ventricle consisting of 3 swellings which contains the embryonic neural tube region that will form the hypothalmus, thalmus and epithalamus of the brain.

'''Ectoderm:'''One of the 3 germ cell layers, which gives rise to the epidermis, central and peripheral nervous system, ear, eye and neural crest cells.

'''Ectoplacental cone:''' Term describing the polar trophectoderm cell proliferation, of the bastocyst.

'''Endoderm:'''One of the 3 germ cell layers which gives rise to epithelial lining of the respiratory and GIT tract, accessory organs of GIT and lines the yolk sac.

'''Epiblast:''' A thick layer of columnar cells related to the amniotic cavity.

'''Estrous cycle:''' The cycle of female animals which involves the alterations in the female tract as well as sexual receptivity in relation to hormone changes.

'''Exocoelom:''' Term describing the yolk sac, the source of nutrients and cells for the developing embryo.

'''External auditory meatus:''' Also know as ear canal, is the tube from the outer ear to the inner ear.

'''Footplate:''' The paddle shaped structure which forms in the anterior and posterior limb buds to form the hand and foot.

'''Forelimb:''' The anterior limb of an animal.

'''Gastrulation:''' The process in which the three germ layers are developed. These germ layers are the precursors of all embryoni tissue and axial orientation.

'''Genome:''' The total genetic content or genes in an animal.

'''Gestation:''' The period of development from when fertilization occurs or conception until time of birth.

'''Heart rudiment:''' Cone like transitional structure of migrating myocardial precursors which form the primitive heart tube.

'''Hindlimb:''' The posterior limb of an animal.

'''Homology:''' Anatomical structure or traits of two different organisms which resemble similarity from a common ancestral organism.

'''Mesoderm:''' One of the 3 germ cell layers, which gives rise to all skeletal muscles, blood cells and vessel lining, linings of all body cavities, ducts and organs of reporductive system and most of cardiovascular system.

'''Morulla:''' Embryonic structure which consists of 12 to 32 blastomeres.

'''Neural plate:'''Structure when embryonic ectoderm thickens and forms an elongated plate of thickened epithelial cells.

'''Neural tube:''' Structure when neural folds move together and fuse, converting the neural plate into a tube.

'''Neuropore:''' The temporary opening of the neural tube at both rostral and caudal ends of the embryo.

'''Optic pit:''' Depression for optic disc.

'''Optic placode:''' The surface structure of ectoderm thickening in the head region of an early embryo, forms a component of the sensory system of the eye.

'''Ovulation:''' The process of releasing an egg or oocyte from the ovary ( normally midcycle).

'''Pancreatic bud:'''

'''Peritoneal sac:'''

'''Pinna:'''

'''Polyestrous:'''

'''Postnatal:'''

'''Prenatal:'''

'''Preotic sulcus:'''

'''Pre-somites:'''

'''Pre-streak:'''

'''Reicherts membrane:'''

'''Somite:'''

'''Subcutaneous:'''

'''Telencephalic vesicle:'''

'''Trophectoderm:'''

'''Trophoblast:''' Outer cell layer of blastocyst which gives rise to embryonic part of the placenta.

'''Umbilical hernia:'''

'''Uterine crypts:'''

'''Vibrissae:'''

'''Zona pellucida:'''

(Moore & Persaud, 2008; Biology Online, accessed 2009 [http://www.biology-online.org/])

===References===

<references />

'''*Allophenic Definition. Available HTTP: http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/allophenic (23/09/09)'''

*Andreasen, C., Powell, D.A., Carbonetti, N.H. (2009). Pertussis Toxin Stimulates IL-17 Production in Response to Bordetella pertussis Infection in Mice. ''PLoS ONE'', 4(9), accessed date, web page address. (e7079 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007079 not needed)

*Andrews, E.A. (1895). Embryology. ''The American Naturalist'', 29(344), pp167-169.

* Arcambeault, D. R., Tomaszewski, J., Joseph, A., Hinton, B. T., Yao, H. H. C.('''DATE?'''). Epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk in Wolffian duct and fetal testis cord development. ''Genesis'', 47(1), pp40-48.

*Bard, Kaufman, Dubreuil, Brune, Burger, Baldock, Davidson (1998). An internet accessible database of mouse development anatomy based on a systemic nomenclature, Mechanisms of development. '''Journal''' (74), pp111-120.

*Bard, J., Kaufman, M. (2003). The Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project. ''The Medical Research Council & University of Edinburgh'', accessed date, [http://genex.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Atlas/intro.html].

'''*Bhamrah, H.S., Juneja, K. (2002). Molecular Cell Biology 1st edition. New Delhi: Anmol Publications.''' '''page??'''

*Cornaglia Al et. al. (2009). Dysplastic histogenesis of cartilage growthby alteration of sulphation pathway: a transgenic model, Connective Tissue Research, 2009;50(4):232-42 PMID: 19637059

*Elluru, R G., F Thompson & A Reece. 'Fibroblast Growth Factor 18 Gives Growth and Directional Cues to Airway Cartilage' Laryngoscope. '''Journal,''' 199(6), pp1154 - 1165. PMID: 19358209

*Fardin, P., Ognibene, M., Vanni, C. (2009). Induction of Epithelial Mesenchimal Transition and Vasculogenesis in the Lenses
of Dbl Oncogene Transgenic Mice. ''PLoS ONE'' 4(9)'''page, web site''' e7058. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007058

Ginsburg, Snow, Mc Laren. (1990). Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. ''Journal of Development'' (110), pp521-528.

*Gram, G.J., Karlsson, I., Agger, E.M., Andersen, P., Fomsgaard, A. (2009) A Novel Liposome-Based Adjuvant CAF01 for Induction of CD8+ Cytotoxic TLymphocytes(CTL) to HIV-1 Minimal CTL Peptides in HLA-A 0201 Transgenic Mice. ''PLoS ONE'' 4(9) '''page''' e6950. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006950

*Greenwald, G. (1956). The Reproductive Cycle of the Field Mouse, Microtus californicus, ''Journal of Mammalogy''. 37(2), p213-222.

*Hedrich, H., Bullock, G., Petrusz, P. (2004). The Laboratory Mouse. London, Elsevier Academic Press. '''access date''', [http://www.google.com/books?id=XLIarRWHikAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+laboratory+mouse#v=onepage&q=&f=false/ here]for the online text.

*Hill, M. (2009). The Mouse, UNSW Embryology. ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/mouse1.htm]

*Image of Transgenic Mouse Embryo Wins Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition. accessed 24/09/09, [[ http://www.eyeondna.com/2007/10/08/image-of-transgenic-mouse-embryo-wins-nikon-small-world-photomicrography-competition/]]

*Moore, K. & Persaud, T. (2008). The developing Human clinically oriented embryology; 8th Edition,Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia.

*Mouse Genetics, concepts and applications. accessed 15/09/09, [[http://www.informatics.jax.org/silver/]]

*Mouse Resequencing and SNP Discovery Project Completed. accessed 24/09/09, [[http://www.biotech-weblog.com/50226711/mouse_resequencing_and_snp_discovery_project_completed.php]].

*Nagy, A., Gertsenstein, M., Vintersten, K., Behringer, R. ( 2003). Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd edition, New York, ''Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press'', p1-100.

*('''2009) 'Novel Leukemia Treatment Discovered in Mice' The Jackson Laboratory [online]. Availiable HTTP: [http://jaxmice.jax.org/news/2009/leukemia.html] (21/09/09)'''

* Pavlinkova, G., Salbaum, J.M., Kappen, C. (2009). Maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo. ''BMC Genomics''. 10(274) '''page''' PMID: PMC2715936

*Regales (2009). Dual targeting of EGFR can overcome a major drug resistance mutation in mouse models of EGFR mutation in lung cancer. ''journal of clinical investigation''.'''volume (issue), page,''' doi:10.1172/SC138746

*Rouvroit, C. L., Goffinet, A. M. (1998). Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology: The Reeler Mouse as a Model of Brain Development. Berlin: Springer.

*Theiler, K. (1989). The House Mouse; Atlas of Embryonic Development, Springer - Verlag New York Inc, New York

*'''Hedrich, J. H. (2004). The Laboratory Mouse, Elsevier Limited'''

{{Template:Projects09}}
[[Category:Mouse]]

2009-09-23T07:52:51Z

2009-09-22T08:43:24Z

Z3252340:

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:46, 8 September 2009 (EST) Well the content is there now, but what a mess, and I am not just talking about the formatting problem which can be easily fixed, you have no structure to your project, its not a matter of throwing everything at a wall and seeing what sticks. Work together for an integrated coverage. Timeline of development, is not the way to start your page with a huge table of data.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:43, 21 August 2009 (EST) OK guys, time to see some actual content uploaded on both your discussion and project pages.

* Timeline of Development - how long (Emily)
* Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when (Elide)
* History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research (Begum)
* Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing (Angama)
* Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings (All)

Here is a link for timeline
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XLIarRWHikAC&pg=PT199&lpg=PT199&dq=mouse+embryo+development+timeline&source=bl&ots=fobLBRiacx&sig=cK4cuZah6Ksczs3o8v4NXQqoAyk&hl=en&ei=rGB6SvTHMMmIkAXB_piAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false
]

link for the mouse brain development timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_brain_development_timeline

hey guys there is another interesting link about mouse development http://mouseatlas.caltech.edu/index_content.html

Hey Emily. The link below has a timeline that you can check out in your spare time. Begum.
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4juoa5xMs8oC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=mouse+embryology&source=bl&ots=9tJAfRG4R6&sig=hjR5Zs-sL1sCW5FY8FnR5TMaUk0&hl=en&ei=LuuMSr_aCNjakAX714icDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=mouse%20embryology&f=false]

Hi girls,
here is a link to a text book about mouse embryology it looks pretty good. hope it can help
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4juoa5xMs8oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mouse+development&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q=mouse%20development&f=false]
let me know if the link doesnt work. Ive been working on the main page, so have a look and tell me what you think, Also what are we doing about references? If we have used information but put it in our own words do we need to put in text citations,or do we just reference the journal at the end? I just want to be very careful. Thanks!

Hey Elide, i think your work is looking really good. its very easy to read and understand. keep going!!!! emily

hey everyone,
I have uploaded some of my timeline work. I'm not sure if I've gone into to much detail or not and also on how is best to present the timeline. It is fairly basic and definately needs some work - especially on presentation, grammar, etc. let me know what you think.
Emily

good site for stages or timeline- atlas of pictures of stages- The Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project [http://genex.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/]

Hello girls, it's Begum. I put some info under the history section. Wanted to let you all know that I've got a fair bit of info, and I will do my part as best as I can. Btw Emily, I think maybe dot from would be best for you, but if you can use those lines that I was talking to you about on Wednesday, that would be great...I know it's hard.

hey everyone, i have put some info under the genetics heading and some under research. I am still struggling to find the appropriate info related to the topic of genetics because there is alot of info abt the different types of stains used in labarotories but not the genetics. I emailed Dr.Hill and have asked him what to include in my section specifically,hopefully he will help. So far i have just started it needs alot of more work to be done,girls just read thru my section n leme know wt u think of it. have a nice weekend everyone. Angama.

Hi girls!
Begum, you history info is really good. If very interesting! I really like how you are doing it in order of dates of discovery and what they did, what they found etc! Cant wait to know more.
Angama, your doing well! it sounds like your finding the info hard to get. I'll keep an eye out for you! If your stuck on what you sound be doing then i might have a few ideas. I remember Mark Hill saying that you should compare the genome to the humans genome. so maybe if the genome is the same size as the humans, could you descibe similarities or differences? I know that there is a link to the mouse genome on the mouse web page he gave us ( next to the discussion link). Are you just ment to list the mouse genome sequence? could you go into what genes code what, eg which one codes for the sex linked gene, is it the X and Y gene etc? hopefully Mark gives you some ideas.
well as you might have noticed i've been adding to my stages. the only thing is im worried about there being too much info up there. basically ive tried to get all the info available included in my stages to make sure i cover everything, and then later i'll go over it all and edit and polish it up a bit. Ive done some drawings to the best of my ability, but i can scrap them if you all think they arnt professional enough. just thought i'd try to present the information differently. let me know if you think i'm including too much information. i think i'm having the same problem as you begum, there is lots of info! Elide

Thanks Elide. I'm trying. (Again, loved the artwork!)Btw, Emily, I had a think about your section and I think it might be too much 'clicking' back-and-forth if we link the displayed pic to the 'info' page. Don't stress, you've got the info (heaps which is excellent) but make sure you get some pictures soon so we can start drawing (I'm helping with the drawings as well ok). Mark said 'Nature' and 'Science' have useable images so lets make that our start.
BTW, I will be using the question mark symbol(???) so I don't forget to reference. Begum

Hey everyone, I have found an online text book. it has a chapter on genetics and history and a lot of other stuff. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Vt6nUmz1yEQC&pg=RA1-PA207&dq=mouse+development+anatomy&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=mouse%20development%20anatomy&f=false] Emily

Hey girls. If you've seen my section, the info is not on the main page, but linked to another page. I thought that it might make everything look more neat. I thought we could all do it like that. It's just an idea. Something different. Maybe we could have something on the main page (picture of a mouse). Your thoughts everybody? Begum

hey begum, ur work looks really good. i like the idea of linking the work to another page. - we don't have to worry about to much info being on the front page and it gives people to option of viewing the work if they want to. ive been working on drawings, i'll show them to you next week but am not sure how to upload them at the moment. Emily

Thanks! That sounds great that you like the idea. About the photos that you are drawing, if there by hand, you can scan them somehow. But overall,
1. click 'Upload File' on the left hand side of this page
2. New page comes up: click 'Browse' and choose your file that you want to upload.
3. Name it (under the Browse button)
NOTE: write down what you named the file as because like Elide says "...it's going to be lost in space!..."
4. Write down info/comments (like who is the author (YOU), and if the drawing is based on a picture)
5. UPLOAD!
6. Go to your section and just normally type this down to the area you want the picture to be seen:
[[image:THE NAME THAT YOU SAVED THE FILE UNDER.jpg|thumb|200px|right|WHAT YOU WANT THE FILE NAME TO VISUALLY COME UP AS]]

Your thoughts Angama and Elide? (about the linking of our sections to separate pages?) Begum.

Oh and another thing:
What do you girls think about my page, I've got a heading for each DATE and underneath each there are further subheadings (e.g. 'What did he do?'. Should I change them to just text, I mean, does it look messy with sub-sub-headings? Begum.

wow girls! great work.. okay so i asked mark about a new page and he said to avoid it because our info is meant to be on our one page. he said if there is extra information on what we wanted to say but is too much for the main page then have a link to our discussion page. (which is what im going to do) Begum your new page is fantastic!! you have done lots of work! but why dont you just put it on our main page? also girls i think we are getting too carried away with info. just keep it simple! i'm sorry i havent been around this week to work on it but i plan to get going asap. just fixing up some things, summarising, writing introductions etc.
did you all read his note about slabbing info onto our page?? how about some introductions, and sentences to ease ourselves into the content. planning on trying to work on that now anyway..

also lets get the information flowing. why dont we go intro, history of model use, stages, timeline, genetics, then current use.. what do you all think?

hey, i thing that that sounds like a good, logical way to do the page. i've finished the drawings, just need to upload them. About the timeline information, is there anything specific that i should include. the stuff that is on the page is a little vague and so i need some advice as to what are key points that i should include. i know that the drawing are very simplistic, let me know wjat you think about them. ive put one up below. i just need a way to link it to text. emily

Thanks Elide. You know, I think that's a great idea. Have it all on one page, seems less 'diverging...', seems more COMPLETE. I love the ORDER as well. I'll fix all that up!

Hey girls, please have a look at what i've done on the timeline. the images are all hand drawn based upon the text: 'the house mouse'. if anyone could give me any ideas on how best to present the pictures - which would be better - next to or below the text? keep in mind that it is incomplete and there is an illustration for each day of development (i.e. 19 in total). if you think that is too many let me know, some may be similar to Elide's ones. Also, do you think i should put some colour into the drawings? Emily

I love your work Emily. All you need to do is put the info on the growth of the mouse that is on the main page, onto the page with the graph of the growth of the mouse embryo...we talked about that before any way-AND I think your parts finished! Begum.
Angama, I added something to the end of your section that I thought was interesting. Have a look. And are you mentioning manipulation and 'shut-down' of the genes in your section?? Begum.
To everyone, apparently ''Mus Musculus'' is the scientific name of the common house mouse, not the mouse. I was thinking of editing that.

HEY EVERYONE! well i've added in some pictures just to make it look more visual, change them if you have better ones.. and i'm going to be working on the current research section tommorow. oh i also added some graphs like we thought of for emilys section.. so i think my section is finished finally! what do you think? can i just say, I think the whole thing looks great! you girls have been a pleasure to work with! :) Thanks so much!!

Current research : I have put some information in the current research part. not sure where they should be put. Begum, as discussed you can edit it or place it in its appropriate place.

[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=19538749| maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414407?ordinalpos=35&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Abnormal mammary gland development in MMTV-CBLC transgenic mouse], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394325?ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Sonic hedgehog signalling inhibits palatogenesis and arrests tooth development in a mouse model of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358209?ordinalpos=55&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum| Fibroblast growth factor 18 gives growth and directional cues to airway cartilage.]

== Staging of mouse embryo development ==

===Theiler stage 6-11===

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 2: Mouse embryonic staging from blastocyst implantation to pre-somite formation (Theiler stages 6 to 11)
! Theiler Stage !! Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !! Stage Characteristic !! Cell characteristics !!
|-
|6
|4.5 (range 4-5.5)
Human carnegie stage: 4
|Attachment of blastocyst
-Implantation
|Embryonic Endoderm present covering the blastocoelic cells of the inner cell mass.
|-
|7
|5 (range 4.5-6)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Implantation
-Egg cylinder formation

-Ectoplacental cone
|Inner cell mass increases in size
-Epiblast formation (enlarged mass)

-Proximal cells are cuboidal in shape

-Mural trophectoderm is lined by primary endoderm
|-
|8
|6 (range 5-6.5)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Differentiation of egg cylinder into embryonic and extra-embryonic regions
-Pro-amniotic cavity formation
|Trophoblast giant cells invade maternal tissue
-Maternal blood invades the ectoplacental cone

-Reichert's membrane appears

-Implantation site is 2x3mm
|-
|9 a)
|Pre-streak
|Advanced Endometrial and egg cylinder stage
-First evidence of embryonic axis
|Morphological difference can be seen between embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm
-Maternal blood further invades ectoplacental cone

-Uterine crypts lose their original lumen
|-
|9 b)
|Early streak
|Gastrulation begins (later in stage)
|First mesodermal cells produced
|-
|10 a)
|7 (range 6.5-7.5)
Mid streak to late streak
Human carnegie stage: 8
|Amnion formation
|The amniotic fold starts to form from posterior tissue of primitive streak bulging.
-Allantoic bud evident
-Gastrulation continues
-Primitive node visible
-Amnion begins to close
|-
|11
|7.5 (range 7.25-8)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|Formation of neural plate and presomites
|Amniotic cavity is sealed to form 3 cavities (amniotic cavity, exocoelom and ectoplacental cleft)
-Allantoic bud elongates
-Notochodal plate can be seen in the midline and subjacent to neural groove
-Head form from the enlargement of the rostral end of neural plate (early head fold)
-Formation of foregut pocket begins
|-
|}

=== Theiler stage 12-14 ===
{| border='1px'
!Theiler stage !!Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !!Stage characteristic !!Cell characteristics !! Number of somite pairs !!
|-
|12 a)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|unturned embryo
-1st appearance of somite pairs
|allantois extends into exocoelom
-maxillary components of 1st brachial arch prominent
-visible preotic sulcus in 2-3 stomite embryo
-formation of cardiogenic plate begins
- foregut pocket visible
|1-4
|-
|12 b)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
|unturned embryo
- formation of somites 5-7
-abscent 2nd branchial arch
|prominent headfolds
-neural closure at site of 4th and 5th somites closing in caudal and rostral directions
-optic placodes visible with indentation of optic pits
-rapid development of heart rudiment
-allantois comes in contact with chorion
|5-7
|-
|13
|8.5 (range 8-9.25)
Human carnegie stage: 10
|turning of embryo at around 6-8 pairs
-3rd branchial arch absent
|1st branchial arch with maxillary and mandibular components
-2nd branchial arch visible
- regionalization of heart visible
-neural tube closure at point opposite outflow tract to proximal part of tail
-notocord and prepancreatic endoderm contact remaining
|8-12
|-
|14
|9 (range 8.5-9.75)
Human carnegie stage: 11
|anterior neuropore formation and closure (at 15-18 somite pairs)
-forelimb bud absent
|optic pit becomes more indented
-mandibular process of 1st branchial arch visible
-3rd branchial arch visible
-prominent ridge on lateral body wall at 8th-12th somite
|13-20
|
|-
|}

=== Theiler stages 15-20 ===

Table 3: Mouse embryonic stages from Theiler stage 15 to 20 ( somite stages)
{| border='1px'
!Theiler Stage!!Embryonic Age (dpc)!!Stage Characteristic!!Cell Characteristic!! Somite Number(pairs!!
|-
|15
|9.5 (range 9-10.25)
Human carnegie stage: 12
|Formation of Forelimb bud
-Posterior neuropore
|8-12th somite pair condensation of forelimb bud is visible

-Hind limb bud appears

-Forebrain vesicle division into telencephalic and diencephalic vesicles

-Lung development commences

-1st sign of Pancreas morphogenesis of dorsal pancreatic bud (22-25 somites).
|21-29
|-
|16
|10 (range 9.5-10.75)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Caudal neuropore closes
-Hind limb bud (23rd-28th somite) and tail bud
|Concave 3rd and 4th branchial arches.
-Rathke's pouch formation

-Nasal processes formation.

-Ventral pancreatic bud appears
|30-34
|-
|17
|10.5 (range 10-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Deep Lens Indentation
|Lens pit is deepened and has a narrowed outer opening.
-Physiological umbilical hernia present.

-1st branchial arch divides into maxillary and mandibular components.

-Advanced development of brain tube

-Tail elongates and thins
|35-39
|-
|18
|11 (range 10.5-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Closure of Lens Vesicle
|Cervical somites no longer visible
-Brain rapidly grows

-Formation of nasal pit
|40-44
|-
|19
|11.5 (range 11-12.25)
Human carnegie stage: 16
|Lens vesicle separated completely from surface
–Closed and detached from ectoderm
|Well Defined eyes and their peripheral margins
-Forelimbs divided into two regions

-Proximal part of the future limb-girdle and 'arm'

-Peripheral part forming a circular or anterior footplate.

-Otic pit medial and lateral margins move together

-Auditory hillocks visible
|45-47
|-
|20
|12 (range 11.5-13)
Human carnegie stage: 17
|First sign of fingers
|Anterior footplate no longer circular (develops angles)
-Posterior footplate visible

-Pigmentation of retina visible

-Tongue and brain vesicles identifiable
|48-51
|-
|}

Talk:2009 Group Project 4

2009-09-22T05:50:46Z

Z3252340:

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:46, 8 September 2009 (EST) Well the content is there now, but what a mess, and I am not just talking about the formatting problem which can be easily fixed, you have no structure to your project, its not a matter of throwing everything at a wall and seeing what sticks. Work together for an integrated coverage. Timeline of development, is not the way to start your page with a huge table of data.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:43, 21 August 2009 (EST) OK guys, time to see some actual content uploaded on both your discussion and project pages.

* Timeline of Development - how long (Emily)
* Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when (Elide)
* History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research (Begum)
* Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing (Angama)
* Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings (All)

Here is a link for timeline
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XLIarRWHikAC&pg=PT199&lpg=PT199&dq=mouse+embryo+development+timeline&source=bl&ots=fobLBRiacx&sig=cK4cuZah6Ksczs3o8v4NXQqoAyk&hl=en&ei=rGB6SvTHMMmIkAXB_piAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false
]

link for the mouse brain development timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_brain_development_timeline

hey guys there is another interesting link about mouse development http://mouseatlas.caltech.edu/index_content.html

Hey Emily. The link below has a timeline that you can check out in your spare time. Begum.
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4juoa5xMs8oC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=mouse+embryology&source=bl&ots=9tJAfRG4R6&sig=hjR5Zs-sL1sCW5FY8FnR5TMaUk0&hl=en&ei=LuuMSr_aCNjakAX714icDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=mouse%20embryology&f=false]

Hi girls,
here is a link to a text book about mouse embryology it looks pretty good. hope it can help
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4juoa5xMs8oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mouse+development&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q=mouse%20development&f=false]
let me know if the link doesnt work. Ive been working on the main page, so have a look and tell me what you think, Also what are we doing about references? If we have used information but put it in our own words do we need to put in text citations,or do we just reference the journal at the end? I just want to be very careful. Thanks!

Hey Elide, i think your work is looking really good. its very easy to read and understand. keep going!!!! emily

hey everyone,
I have uploaded some of my timeline work. I'm not sure if I've gone into to much detail or not and also on how is best to present the timeline. It is fairly basic and definately needs some work - especially on presentation, grammar, etc. let me know what you think.
Emily

good site for stages or timeline- atlas of pictures of stages- The Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project [http://genex.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/]

Hello girls, it's Begum. I put some info under the history section. Wanted to let you all know that I've got a fair bit of info, and I will do my part as best as I can. Btw Emily, I think maybe dot from would be best for you, but if you can use those lines that I was talking to you about on Wednesday, that would be great...I know it's hard.

hey everyone, i have put some info under the genetics heading and some under research. I am still struggling to find the appropriate info related to the topic of genetics because there is alot of info abt the different types of stains used in labarotories but not the genetics. I emailed Dr.Hill and have asked him what to include in my section specifically,hopefully he will help. So far i have just started it needs alot of more work to be done,girls just read thru my section n leme know wt u think of it. have a nice weekend everyone. Angama.

Hi girls!
Begum, you history info is really good. If very interesting! I really like how you are doing it in order of dates of discovery and what they did, what they found etc! Cant wait to know more.
Angama, your doing well! it sounds like your finding the info hard to get. I'll keep an eye out for you! If your stuck on what you sound be doing then i might have a few ideas. I remember Mark Hill saying that you should compare the genome to the humans genome. so maybe if the genome is the same size as the humans, could you descibe similarities or differences? I know that there is a link to the mouse genome on the mouse web page he gave us ( next to the discussion link). Are you just ment to list the mouse genome sequence? could you go into what genes code what, eg which one codes for the sex linked gene, is it the X and Y gene etc? hopefully Mark gives you some ideas.
well as you might have noticed i've been adding to my stages. the only thing is im worried about there being too much info up there. basically ive tried to get all the info available included in my stages to make sure i cover everything, and then later i'll go over it all and edit and polish it up a bit. Ive done some drawings to the best of my ability, but i can scrap them if you all think they arnt professional enough. just thought i'd try to present the information differently. let me know if you think i'm including too much information. i think i'm having the same problem as you begum, there is lots of info! Elide

Thanks Elide. I'm trying. (Again, loved the artwork!)Btw, Emily, I had a think about your section and I think it might be too much 'clicking' back-and-forth if we link the displayed pic to the 'info' page. Don't stress, you've got the info (heaps which is excellent) but make sure you get some pictures soon so we can start drawing (I'm helping with the drawings as well ok). Mark said 'Nature' and 'Science' have useable images so lets make that our start.
BTW, I will be using the question mark symbol(???) so I don't forget to reference. Begum

Hey everyone, I have found an online text book. it has a chapter on genetics and history and a lot of other stuff. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Vt6nUmz1yEQC&pg=RA1-PA207&dq=mouse+development+anatomy&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=mouse%20development%20anatomy&f=false] Emily

Hey girls. If you've seen my section, the info is not on the main page, but linked to another page. I thought that it might make everything look more neat. I thought we could all do it like that. It's just an idea. Something different. Maybe we could have something on the main page (picture of a mouse). Your thoughts everybody? Begum

hey begum, ur work looks really good. i like the idea of linking the work to another page. - we don't have to worry about to much info being on the front page and it gives people to option of viewing the work if they want to. ive been working on drawings, i'll show them to you next week but am not sure how to upload them at the moment. Emily

Thanks! That sounds great that you like the idea. About the photos that you are drawing, if there by hand, you can scan them somehow. But overall,
1. click 'Upload File' on the left hand side of this page
2. New page comes up: click 'Browse' and choose your file that you want to upload.
3. Name it (under the Browse button)
NOTE: write down what you named the file as because like Elide says "...it's going to be lost in space!..."
4. Write down info/comments (like who is the author (YOU), and if the drawing is based on a picture)
5. UPLOAD!
6. Go to your section and just normally type this down to the area you want the picture to be seen:
[[image:THE NAME THAT YOU SAVED THE FILE UNDER.jpg|thumb|200px|right|WHAT YOU WANT THE FILE NAME TO VISUALLY COME UP AS]]

Your thoughts Angama and Elide? (about the linking of our sections to separate pages?) Begum.

Oh and another thing:
What do you girls think about my page, I've got a heading for each DATE and underneath each there are further subheadings (e.g. 'What did he do?'. Should I change them to just text, I mean, does it look messy with sub-sub-headings? Begum.

wow girls! great work.. okay so i asked mark about a new page and he said to avoid it because our info is meant to be on our one page. he said if there is extra information on what we wanted to say but is too much for the main page then have a link to our discussion page. (which is what im going to do) Begum your new page is fantastic!! you have done lots of work! but why dont you just put it on our main page? also girls i think we are getting too carried away with info. just keep it simple! i'm sorry i havent been around this week to work on it but i plan to get going asap. just fixing up some things, summarising, writing introductions etc.
did you all read his note about slabbing info onto our page?? how about some introductions, and sentences to ease ourselves into the content. planning on trying to work on that now anyway..

also lets get the information flowing. why dont we go intro, history of model use, stages, timeline, genetics, then current use.. what do you all think?

hey, i thing that that sounds like a good, logical way to do the page. i've finished the drawings, just need to upload them. About the timeline information, is there anything specific that i should include. the stuff that is on the page is a little vague and so i need some advice as to what are key points that i should include. i know that the drawing are very simplistic, let me know wjat you think about them. ive put one up below. i just need a way to link it to text. emily

Thanks Elide. You know, I think that's a great idea. Have it all on one page, seems less 'diverging...', seems more COMPLETE. I love the ORDER as well. I'll fix all that up!

Hey girls, please have a look at what i've done on the timeline. the images are all hand drawn based upon the text: 'the house mouse'. if anyone could give me any ideas on how best to present the pictures - which would be better - next to or below the text? keep in mind that it is incomplete and there is an illustration for each day of development (i.e. 19 in total). if you think that is too many let me know, some may be similar to Elide's ones. Also, do you think i should put some colour into the drawings? Emily

I love your work Emily. All you need to do is put the info on the growth of the mouse that is on the main page, onto the page with the graph of the growth of the mouse embryo...we talked about that before any way-AND I think your parts finished! Begum.
Angama, I added something to the end of your section that I thought was interesting. Have a look. And are you mentioning manipulation and 'shut-down' of the genes in your section?? Begum.
To everyone, apparently ''Mus Musculus'' is the scientific name of the common house mouse, not the mouse. I was thinking of editing that.

HEY EVERYONE! well i've added in some pictures just to make it look more visual, change them if you have better ones.. and i'm going to be working on the current research section tommorow. oh i also added some graphs like we thought of for emilys section.. so i think my section is finished finally! what do you think? can i just say, I think the whole thing looks great! you girls have been a pleasure to work with! :) Thanks so much!!

Current research

[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=19538749| maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414407?ordinalpos=35&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Abnormal mammary gland development in MMTV-CBLC transgenic mouse], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394325?ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum|Sonic hedgehog signalling inhibits palatogenesis and arrests tooth development in a mouse model of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358209?ordinalpos=55&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum| Fibroblast growth factor 18 gives growth and directional cues to airway cartilage.]

== Staging of mouse embryo development ==

===Theiler stage 6-11===

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 2: Mouse embryonic staging from blastocyst implantation to pre-somite formation (Theiler stages 6 to 11)
! Theiler Stage !! Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !! Stage Characteristic !! Cell characteristics !!
|-
|6
|4.5 (range 4-5.5)
Human carnegie stage: 4
|Attachment of blastocyst
-Implantation
|Embryonic Endoderm present covering the blastocoelic cells of the inner cell mass.
|-
|7
|5 (range 4.5-6)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Implantation
-Egg cylinder formation

-Ectoplacental cone
|Inner cell mass increases in size
-Epiblast formation (enlarged mass)

-Proximal cells are cuboidal in shape

-Mural trophectoderm is lined by primary endoderm
|-
|8
|6 (range 5-6.5)
Human carnegie stage: 5
|Differentiation of egg cylinder into embryonic and extra-embryonic regions
-Pro-amniotic cavity formation
|Trophoblast giant cells invade maternal tissue
-Maternal blood invades the ectoplacental cone

-Reichert's membrane appears

-Implantation site is 2x3mm
|-
|9 a)
|Pre-streak
|Advanced Endometrial and egg cylinder stage
-First evidence of embryonic axis
|Morphological difference can be seen between embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm
-Maternal blood further invades ectoplacental cone

-Uterine crypts lose their original lumen
|-
|9 b)
|Early streak
|Gastrulation begins (later in stage)
|First mesodermal cells produced
|-
|10 a)
|7 (range 6.5-7.5)
Mid streak to late streak
Human carnegie stage: 8
|Amnion formation
|The amniotic fold starts to form from posterior tissue of primitive streak bulging.
-Allantoic bud evident
-Gastrulation continues
-Primitive node visible
-Amnion begins to close
|-
|11
|7.5 (range 7.25-8)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|Formation of neural plate and presomites
|Amniotic cavity is sealed to form 3 cavities (amniotic cavity, exocoelom and ectoplacental cleft)
-Allantoic bud elongates
-Notochodal plate can be seen in the midline and subjacent to neural groove
-Head form from the enlargement of the rostral end of neural plate (early head fold)
-Formation of foregut pocket begins
|-
|}

=== Theiler stage 12-14 ===
{| border='1px'
!Theiler stage !!Embryonic age in Days Post Coitum (dpc) !!Stage characteristic !!Cell characteristics !! Number of somite pairs !!
|-
|12 a)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
Human carnegie stage: 9
|unturned embryo
-1st appearance of somite pairs
|allantois extends into exocoelom
-maxillary components of 1st brachial arch prominent
-visible preotic sulcus in 2-3 stomite embryo
-formation of cardiogenic plate begins
- foregut pocket visible
|1-4
|-
|12 b)
|8 (range 7.5-8.75)
|unturned embryo
- formation of somites 5-7
-abscent 2nd branchial arch
|prominent headfolds
-neural closure at site of 4th and 5th somites closing in caudal and rostral directions
-optic placodes visible with indentation of optic pits
-rapid development of heart rudiment
-allantois comes in contact with chorion
|5-7
|-
|13
|8.5 (range 8-9.25)
Human carnegie stage: 10
|turning of embryo at around 6-8 pairs
-3rd branchial arch absent
|1st branchial arch with maxillary and mandibular components
-2nd branchial arch visible
- regionalization of heart visible
-neural tube closure at point opposite outflow tract to proximal part of tail
-notocord and prepancreatic endoderm contact remaining
|8-12
|-
|14
|9 (range 8.5-9.75)
Human carnegie stage: 11
|anterior neuropore formation and closure (at 15-18 somite pairs)
-forelimb bud absent
|optic pit becomes more indented
-mandibular process of 1st branchial arch visible
-3rd branchial arch visible
-prominent ridge on lateral body wall at 8th-12th somite
|13-20
|
|-
|}

=== Theiler stages 15-20 ===

Table 3: Mouse embryonic stages from Theiler stage 15 to 20 ( somite stages)
{| border='1px'
!Theiler Stage!!Embryonic Age (dpc)!!Stage Characteristic!!Cell Characteristic!! Somite Number(pairs!!
|-
|15
|9.5 (range 9-10.25)
Human carnegie stage: 12
|Formation of Forelimb bud
-Posterior neuropore
|8-12th somite pair condensation of forelimb bud is visible

-Hind limb bud appears

-Forebrain vesicle division into telencephalic and diencephalic vesicles

-Lung development commences

-1st sign of Pancreas morphogenesis of dorsal pancreatic bud (22-25 somites).
|21-29
|-
|16
|10 (range 9.5-10.75)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Caudal neuropore closes
-Hind limb bud (23rd-28th somite) and tail bud
|Concave 3rd and 4th branchial arches.
-Rathke's pouch formation

-Nasal processes formation.

-Ventral pancreatic bud appears
|30-34
|-
|17
|10.5 (range 10-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Deep Lens Indentation
|Lens pit is deepened and has a narrowed outer opening.
-Physiological umbilical hernia present.

-1st branchial arch divides into maxillary and mandibular components.

-Advanced development of brain tube

-Tail elongates and thins
|35-39
|-
|18
|11 (range 10.5-11.25)
Human carnegie stage: 13-15
|Closure of Lens Vesicle
|Cervical somites no longer visible
-Brain rapidly grows

-Formation of nasal pit
|40-44
|-
|19
|11.5 (range 11-12.25)
Human carnegie stage: 16
|Lens vesicle separated completely from surface
–Closed and detached from ectoderm
|Well Defined eyes and their peripheral margins
-Forelimbs divided into two regions

-Proximal part of the future limb-girdle and 'arm'

-Peripheral part forming a circular or anterior footplate.

-Otic pit medial and lateral margins move together

-Auditory hillocks visible
|45-47
|-
|20
|12 (range 11.5-13)
Human carnegie stage: 17
|First sign of fingers
|Anterior footplate no longer circular (develops angles)
-Posterior footplate visible

-Pigmentation of retina visible

-Tongue and brain vesicles identifiable
|48-51
|-
|}

2009 Group Project 4

2009-09-22T05:31:14Z

Z3252340: /* References */

2009 Group Project 4

2009-09-22T05:29:58Z

Z3252340: /* References */

2009 Group Project 4

2009-09-22T05:25:44Z

Z3252340: /* Current Research */

File:Average length of the mouse embryo.JPG

2009-09-21T08:57:38Z

Z3252340:

This graph illustrates the average length of the mouse embryo throughout its embryonic development.

A tabulated form of the graph is shown below

{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Day'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Length'''
|-
| 0||0.06
|-
| 1||0.064
|-
| 2||0.07
|-
| 3||0.07
|-
| 4||0.075
|-
| 5||0.1
|-
| 6||0.75
|-
| 7||1.25
|-
| 8||2.5
|-
| 9||3.9
|-
| 10||4.9
|-
| 11||7
|-
| 12||9
|-
| 13||11
|-
| 14||12
|-
| 15||14
|-
| 16||17
|-
| 17||20
|-
| 18||23
|-
| 19||27
|-
|
|}

Tabulated by z3252340, Based upon information in Dr Karl Theiler’s ‘The House Mouse; Atlas of Embryonic Development’, 1989

"Beginning six months after publication, I, z3252340, grant the public the non-exclusive right to copy, distribute, or display the Work under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode."