Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

User:Z3217043

2011-10-28T07:20:29Z

Z3217043:

{{2011Student}}

== LAB ATTENDANCE ==

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:35, 20 October 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:20, 6 October 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:21, 29 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:59, 15 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 1 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 25 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:07, 18 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:40, 11 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:11, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|Z3217043]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 12 ==

Give examples of 3 systems that continue to develop postnatally.

Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Gastrointestinal systems.

Identify the abnormalities detected by the Guthrie Test and link to one abnormality listed in OMIM.

PKU, Hyperthyroidism and Cystic Fibrosis [http://www.omim.org/entry/219700]

== Lab Assessment 11 ==

1.Name the components that give rise to the interatrial septum and the passages that connect the right and left atria.

Septum Primum and Septum Secundum form the interatrial septum. Foramen Ovale and Foramen Secundum form the passages between the right and left atria.

2.Identify the cardiac defects that arise through abnormal development of the outflow tract

Truncus Arteriosus and Ventricular Septal defects.

== Group Project Contribution ==

I contributed to the Treatment and Introduction sections. I edited all my work in Word before I added it to the group page to avoid leaving the editing sections open for too long.

I also formatted all of the references so there was no double ups and editted the website for grammer and sentence structure. This is as of the 13/10/2011.

== Lab Assessment 10 ==

1.Besides fetal alcohol syndrome, identify another environmental teratogen that can lead to hearing loss.

Maternal Diabetes

2.Identify 3 factors that contribute to poor neonatal drainage of the middle ear.

Opened by only the tensor palatini muscle, narrow and almost horizontal.

3.Identify 1 genetic abnormality that affects hearing development and link to the OMIM record. (Your individual abnormality should be different from all other students)

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 3; FGF3 [http://www.omim.org/entry/164950]

== Lab Assessment 8 ==

Group 2 Peer Review

:*The first three sentences about congenital disease is misplaced. This should be in your glossary, not in your very first sentences.

:*The common symptoms could be left out of the introduction and discussed in the appropriate section.

:*Written like an essay rather than a webpage. Language such as “for example” not necessary.

:*Clinical Diagnosis was well structured and good use of pictures.

:*Clinical Manifestations could be simplified slightly in the table.

:*Some references need to be adjusted rather than just a web address.

Group 3 Peer Review

:*The first paragraph is not necessary, talk about Klinefelter’s specifically not about sex chromosomes. This can be discussed further in the webpage.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs and other formatting looks awkward.

:*Great historic information but could be integrated into the timeline instead of having large paragraphs and a timeline.

:*Really liked “other similar disorders”. Great idea.

:*Some references need to be fixed so there is not double ups in the reference list.

Group 4 Peer Review

:* History could be adapted into the timeline. Unnecessary for both.

:*The table of medications in treatments is slightly hard to follow. Perhaps some use of bolding or different font sizes would make it easier to read.

:* Great use of images. Make sure they are formatted correctly. In the Tetrabenezine section the image is large and cuts off one sentence which is then placed under the image which makes it look like a caption.

:* Some references are missing entirely. Make sure the referencing is uniform. Review list and fix up double references.

Group 5 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*The lone sentence at the beginning of the history is unnecessary.

:*Essay language such as “for example” is a bit out of place on a wiki page. Tailor language to a web page.

:*In the epidemiology section some statements are not referenced. Where are these ‘examples’ coming from?

:*Research section would benefit from the bolding of paper headings or authors names.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 6 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*Introduction does not flow very well. Sentences are very choppy.

:*History section would benefit from a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology and symptoms sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. Also images?

:*Diagnostic section needs the rest of the information added to its table. “Insert text here”. Also use of bolding or different font sizes would benefit this table.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 7 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology, aetiology and complications sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. The table in aetiology could be explained much better.

:*Seems to be too many sections with only a small amount of content. These could be merged as some headings fit under a broader heading. This would make the page seem more content filled and give it a better flow.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 8 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Could also be expanded.

:*In the epidemiology section the subheadings do not present the information in the best way possible. It makes it look like there is a lack of research into this area. Perhaps combining into paragraphs, or adding more information to each subheading.

:*The pathogenesis section needs some additional information.

:*Further explanation of terms in the symptoms section is needed as the web page is aimed at those that may not have a clinical knowledge.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research.

:*Glossary is extensive but would be more appropriate following the information on the page rather than after the references as it gets forgotten about.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 9 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the diagnosis section each of the hallmark symptoms could be further explained rather than just listed.

:*The management steps could be explained rather than just listed. Not enough information in this section. Treatment is very choppy, should be written in paragraphs not sentences.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research or individuals that are researchers.

:*Glossary needs to be finished. If you didn’t have time, should have gotten rid of terms.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Several different styles of referencing used, just have one.

Group 10 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*Epidemiology section could be expanded and written in more flowing way rather than long sentences.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

Group 11 Peer Review

Some places for improvement

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Having both a history section and a timeline section makes no sense.

:*Syndromes and anomalies has sections where “text will be added soon”. Definitely needs more information.Symptoms need to be explained instead of just listed.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward. Text needs to be grammatically corrected and formatted into paragraphs.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to. Listing the name of a paper isn’t discussing it.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*Where are the references? Where did you get this information from? Large blocks of text without references. References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Links to pubmed could be good. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

== Lab Assessment 7 ==

1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy?

a)Satellite cells are not necessary for hypertrophy.

b)They are generally involved in hypertrophy.

2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

It causes the fast to slow fibre shift, as the fast fibres become adapt and become more like slow fibres in order to work more efficently with the low frequency stimulation.

Peer Review

*The linking of words to the glossary is good.
*Some pictures are formatted in a way that the page doesn't flow very well.
*Formatting is ok. Some areas where there is large empty spaces.
*Good amount of pictures and text.
*Informative content.
--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:55, 22 September 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 6 ==

1. The palatal shelves fuse in week 9.

2. The chicken model was used.

3. The abnormality is Tetralogy of Fallot.

== Lab Assessment 5 ==

The most common side is the left side. This is due to the mutation in the pulmonary development gene which causes diaphragmatic hernia. It causes hernia as the left pleural cavity is sealed off at a later stage of development.

== Lab Assessment 4 ==

1. It is continuous with the bladder.

2. Ductus venosus in the liver, Oval foramen between the atria and Ductus arteriosus from the left pulmonary artery to the dorsal aorta (6th arterial arch from the left).

3. I will be doing the history and treatment of thalassemia.

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:31, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 3 ==

1. Folic Acid and Iodine

2. [[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 2 ==

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

ZP3, it initiates the acrosome reaction, where acrosomal cortical granules are exocytosed from the egg. The granules modify the zona pellucida by making it unable to bind with further sperm and also hardened it.

2. Review articles

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:31, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 1 ==

1. Robert G Edwards

2. B Klln, O Finnstrm, A Lindam, E Nilsson, K-G Nygren, P Otterblad Olausson Trends in delivery and neonatal outcome after in vitro fertilization in Sweden: data for 25 years. Hum. Reprod.: 2010, 25(4);1026-34 PMID:20139431

Paper discussing the decrease in unwanted outcomes in IVF in Sweden.

3. Congenital Dislocated Hip and Cleft Palate

--z3217043 20:58, 3 August 2011 (EST)

User:Z3217043

2011-10-20T00:35:33Z

Z3217043:

{{2011Student}}

== LAB ATTENDANCE ==

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:35, 20 October 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:20, 6 October 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:21, 29 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:59, 15 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 1 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 25 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:07, 18 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:40, 11 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:11, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|Z3217043]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 11 ==

1.Name the components that give rise to the interatrial septum and the passages that connect the right and left atria.

Septum Primum and Septum Secundum form the interatrial septum. Foramen Ovale and Foramen Secundum form the passages between the right and left atria.

2.Identify the cardiac defects that arise through abnormal development of the outflow tract

Truncus Arteriosus and Ventricular Septal defects.

== Group Project Contribution ==

I contributed to the Treatment and Introduction sections. I edited all my work in Word before I added it to the group page to avoid leaving the editing sections open for too long.

I also formatted all of the references so there was no double ups and editted the website for grammer and sentence structure. This is as of the 13/10/2011.

== Lab Assessment 10 ==

1.Besides fetal alcohol syndrome, identify another environmental teratogen that can lead to hearing loss.

Maternal Diabetes

2.Identify 3 factors that contribute to poor neonatal drainage of the middle ear.

Opened by only the tensor palatini muscle, narrow and almost horizontal.

3.Identify 1 genetic abnormality that affects hearing development and link to the OMIM record. (Your individual abnormality should be different from all other students)

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 3; FGF3 [http://www.omim.org/entry/164950]

== Lab Assessment 8 ==

Group 2 Peer Review

:*The first three sentences about congenital disease is misplaced. This should be in your glossary, not in your very first sentences.

:*The common symptoms could be left out of the introduction and discussed in the appropriate section.

:*Written like an essay rather than a webpage. Language such as “for example” not necessary.

:*Clinical Diagnosis was well structured and good use of pictures.

:*Clinical Manifestations could be simplified slightly in the table.

:*Some references need to be adjusted rather than just a web address.

Group 3 Peer Review

:*The first paragraph is not necessary, talk about Klinefelter’s specifically not about sex chromosomes. This can be discussed further in the webpage.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs and other formatting looks awkward.

:*Great historic information but could be integrated into the timeline instead of having large paragraphs and a timeline.

:*Really liked “other similar disorders”. Great idea.

:*Some references need to be fixed so there is not double ups in the reference list.

Group 4 Peer Review

:* History could be adapted into the timeline. Unnecessary for both.

:*The table of medications in treatments is slightly hard to follow. Perhaps some use of bolding or different font sizes would make it easier to read.

:* Great use of images. Make sure they are formatted correctly. In the Tetrabenezine section the image is large and cuts off one sentence which is then placed under the image which makes it look like a caption.

:* Some references are missing entirely. Make sure the referencing is uniform. Review list and fix up double references.

Group 5 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*The lone sentence at the beginning of the history is unnecessary.

:*Essay language such as “for example” is a bit out of place on a wiki page. Tailor language to a web page.

:*In the epidemiology section some statements are not referenced. Where are these ‘examples’ coming from?

:*Research section would benefit from the bolding of paper headings or authors names.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 6 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*Introduction does not flow very well. Sentences are very choppy.

:*History section would benefit from a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology and symptoms sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. Also images?

:*Diagnostic section needs the rest of the information added to its table. “Insert text here”. Also use of bolding or different font sizes would benefit this table.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 7 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology, aetiology and complications sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. The table in aetiology could be explained much better.

:*Seems to be too many sections with only a small amount of content. These could be merged as some headings fit under a broader heading. This would make the page seem more content filled and give it a better flow.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 8 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Could also be expanded.

:*In the epidemiology section the subheadings do not present the information in the best way possible. It makes it look like there is a lack of research into this area. Perhaps combining into paragraphs, or adding more information to each subheading.

:*The pathogenesis section needs some additional information.

:*Further explanation of terms in the symptoms section is needed as the web page is aimed at those that may not have a clinical knowledge.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research.

:*Glossary is extensive but would be more appropriate following the information on the page rather than after the references as it gets forgotten about.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 9 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the diagnosis section each of the hallmark symptoms could be further explained rather than just listed.

:*The management steps could be explained rather than just listed. Not enough information in this section. Treatment is very choppy, should be written in paragraphs not sentences.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research or individuals that are researchers.

:*Glossary needs to be finished. If you didn’t have time, should have gotten rid of terms.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Several different styles of referencing used, just have one.

Group 10 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*Epidemiology section could be expanded and written in more flowing way rather than long sentences.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

Group 11 Peer Review

Some places for improvement

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Having both a history section and a timeline section makes no sense.

:*Syndromes and anomalies has sections where “text will be added soon”. Definitely needs more information.Symptoms need to be explained instead of just listed.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward. Text needs to be grammatically corrected and formatted into paragraphs.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to. Listing the name of a paper isn’t discussing it.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*Where are the references? Where did you get this information from? Large blocks of text without references. References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Links to pubmed could be good. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

== Lab Assessment 7 ==

1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy?

a)Satellite cells are not necessary for hypertrophy.

b)They are generally involved in hypertrophy.

2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

It causes the fast to slow fibre shift, as the fast fibres become adapt and become more like slow fibres in order to work more efficently with the low frequency stimulation.

Peer Review

*The linking of words to the glossary is good.
*Some pictures are formatted in a way that the page doesn't flow very well.
*Formatting is ok. Some areas where there is large empty spaces.
*Good amount of pictures and text.
*Informative content.
--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:55, 22 September 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 6 ==

1. The palatal shelves fuse in week 9.

2. The chicken model was used.

3. The abnormality is Tetralogy of Fallot.

== Lab Assessment 5 ==

The most common side is the left side. This is due to the mutation in the pulmonary development gene which causes diaphragmatic hernia. It causes hernia as the left pleural cavity is sealed off at a later stage of development.

== Lab Assessment 4 ==

1. It is continuous with the bladder.

2. Ductus venosus in the liver, Oval foramen between the atria and Ductus arteriosus from the left pulmonary artery to the dorsal aorta (6th arterial arch from the left).

3. I will be doing the history and treatment of thalassemia.

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:31, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 3 ==

1. Folic Acid and Iodine

2. [[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 2 ==

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

ZP3, it initiates the acrosome reaction, where acrosomal cortical granules are exocytosed from the egg. The granules modify the zona pellucida by making it unable to bind with further sperm and also hardened it.

2. Review articles

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:31, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 1 ==

1. Robert G Edwards

2. B Klln, O Finnstrm, A Lindam, E Nilsson, K-G Nygren, P Otterblad Olausson Trends in delivery and neonatal outcome after in vitro fertilization in Sweden: data for 25 years. Hum. Reprod.: 2010, 25(4);1026-34 PMID:20139431

Paper discussing the decrease in unwanted outcomes in IVF in Sweden.

3. Congenital Dislocated Hip and Cleft Palate

--z3217043 20:58, 3 August 2011 (EST)

User:Z3217043

2011-10-19T22:05:13Z

Z3217043:

{{2011Student}}

== LAB ATTENDANCE ==

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:20, 6 October 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:21, 29 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:59, 15 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 1 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 25 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:07, 18 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:40, 11 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:11, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|Z3217043]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 11 ==

1.Name the components that give rise to the interatrial septum and the passages that connect the right and left atria.

Septum Primum and Septum Secundum form the interatrial septum. Foramen Ovale and Foramen Secundum form the passages between the right and left atria.

2.Identify the cardiac defects that arise through abnormal development of the outflow tract

Truncus Arteriosus and Ventricular Septal defects.

== Group Project Contribution ==

I contributed to the Treatment and Introduction sections. I edited all my work in Word before I added it to the group page to avoid leaving the editing sections open for too long.

I also formatted all of the references so there was no double ups and editted the website for grammer and sentence structure. This is as of the 13/10/2011.

== Lab Assessment 10 ==

1.Besides fetal alcohol syndrome, identify another environmental teratogen that can lead to hearing loss.

Maternal Diabetes

2.Identify 3 factors that contribute to poor neonatal drainage of the middle ear.

Opened by only the tensor palatini muscle, narrow and almost horizontal.

3.Identify 1 genetic abnormality that affects hearing development and link to the OMIM record. (Your individual abnormality should be different from all other students)

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 3; FGF3 [http://www.omim.org/entry/164950]

== Lab Assessment 8 ==

Group 2 Peer Review

:*The first three sentences about congenital disease is misplaced. This should be in your glossary, not in your very first sentences.

:*The common symptoms could be left out of the introduction and discussed in the appropriate section.

:*Written like an essay rather than a webpage. Language such as “for example” not necessary.

:*Clinical Diagnosis was well structured and good use of pictures.

:*Clinical Manifestations could be simplified slightly in the table.

:*Some references need to be adjusted rather than just a web address.

Group 3 Peer Review

:*The first paragraph is not necessary, talk about Klinefelter’s specifically not about sex chromosomes. This can be discussed further in the webpage.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs and other formatting looks awkward.

:*Great historic information but could be integrated into the timeline instead of having large paragraphs and a timeline.

:*Really liked “other similar disorders”. Great idea.

:*Some references need to be fixed so there is not double ups in the reference list.

Group 4 Peer Review

:* History could be adapted into the timeline. Unnecessary for both.

:*The table of medications in treatments is slightly hard to follow. Perhaps some use of bolding or different font sizes would make it easier to read.

:* Great use of images. Make sure they are formatted correctly. In the Tetrabenezine section the image is large and cuts off one sentence which is then placed under the image which makes it look like a caption.

:* Some references are missing entirely. Make sure the referencing is uniform. Review list and fix up double references.

Group 5 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*The lone sentence at the beginning of the history is unnecessary.

:*Essay language such as “for example” is a bit out of place on a wiki page. Tailor language to a web page.

:*In the epidemiology section some statements are not referenced. Where are these ‘examples’ coming from?

:*Research section would benefit from the bolding of paper headings or authors names.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 6 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*Introduction does not flow very well. Sentences are very choppy.

:*History section would benefit from a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology and symptoms sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. Also images?

:*Diagnostic section needs the rest of the information added to its table. “Insert text here”. Also use of bolding or different font sizes would benefit this table.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 7 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology, aetiology and complications sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. The table in aetiology could be explained much better.

:*Seems to be too many sections with only a small amount of content. These could be merged as some headings fit under a broader heading. This would make the page seem more content filled and give it a better flow.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 8 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Could also be expanded.

:*In the epidemiology section the subheadings do not present the information in the best way possible. It makes it look like there is a lack of research into this area. Perhaps combining into paragraphs, or adding more information to each subheading.

:*The pathogenesis section needs some additional information.

:*Further explanation of terms in the symptoms section is needed as the web page is aimed at those that may not have a clinical knowledge.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research.

:*Glossary is extensive but would be more appropriate following the information on the page rather than after the references as it gets forgotten about.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 9 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the diagnosis section each of the hallmark symptoms could be further explained rather than just listed.

:*The management steps could be explained rather than just listed. Not enough information in this section. Treatment is very choppy, should be written in paragraphs not sentences.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research or individuals that are researchers.

:*Glossary needs to be finished. If you didn’t have time, should have gotten rid of terms.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Several different styles of referencing used, just have one.

Group 10 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*Epidemiology section could be expanded and written in more flowing way rather than long sentences.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

Group 11 Peer Review

Some places for improvement

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Having both a history section and a timeline section makes no sense.

:*Syndromes and anomalies has sections where “text will be added soon”. Definitely needs more information.Symptoms need to be explained instead of just listed.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward. Text needs to be grammatically corrected and formatted into paragraphs.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to. Listing the name of a paper isn’t discussing it.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*Where are the references? Where did you get this information from? Large blocks of text without references. References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Links to pubmed could be good. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

== Lab Assessment 7 ==

1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy?

a)Satellite cells are not necessary for hypertrophy.

b)They are generally involved in hypertrophy.

2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

It causes the fast to slow fibre shift, as the fast fibres become adapt and become more like slow fibres in order to work more efficently with the low frequency stimulation.

Peer Review

*The linking of words to the glossary is good.
*Some pictures are formatted in a way that the page doesn't flow very well.
*Formatting is ok. Some areas where there is large empty spaces.
*Good amount of pictures and text.
*Informative content.
--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:55, 22 September 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 6 ==

1. The palatal shelves fuse in week 9.

2. The chicken model was used.

3. The abnormality is Tetralogy of Fallot.

== Lab Assessment 5 ==

The most common side is the left side. This is due to the mutation in the pulmonary development gene which causes diaphragmatic hernia. It causes hernia as the left pleural cavity is sealed off at a later stage of development.

== Lab Assessment 4 ==

1. It is continuous with the bladder.

2. Ductus venosus in the liver, Oval foramen between the atria and Ductus arteriosus from the left pulmonary artery to the dorsal aorta (6th arterial arch from the left).

3. I will be doing the history and treatment of thalassemia.

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:31, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 3 ==

1. Folic Acid and Iodine

2. [[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 2 ==

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

ZP3, it initiates the acrosome reaction, where acrosomal cortical granules are exocytosed from the egg. The granules modify the zona pellucida by making it unable to bind with further sperm and also hardened it.

2. Review articles

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:31, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 1 ==

1. Robert G Edwards

2. B Klln, O Finnstrm, A Lindam, E Nilsson, K-G Nygren, P Otterblad Olausson Trends in delivery and neonatal outcome after in vitro fertilization in Sweden: data for 25 years. Hum. Reprod.: 2010, 25(4);1026-34 PMID:20139431

Paper discussing the decrease in unwanted outcomes in IVF in Sweden.

3. Congenital Dislocated Hip and Cleft Palate

--z3217043 20:58, 3 August 2011 (EST)

2011 Group Project 1

2011-10-13T00:09:08Z

Z3217043: /* Clinical Manifestations */

{{2011ProjectsMH}}
----

== Turner Syndrome ==

== Introduction ==

[[File:Karyotype.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Figure 1: The arrow indicates the presence of only one X chromosome in Karyotype <ref name= "PMID20680156"><pubmed>20680156</pubmed></ref>.]]

Turner Syndrome (TS), named after Henry Hubert Turner who first described the syndrome in his paper in 1938,<ref><pubmed>4557013</pubmed></ref> is one of the most commonly occuring chromosomal disorders. It is caused by a complete or partial X [[#Glossary19 | '''monosomy''']] in some or all cells and occurs in approximately 1 in 2000 live births in females only. The morbidity rate of spontaneous abortions is 10% and only about 1% of fetuses survive to term.

During normal fetal development, each ovary contain as many as 7 million oocytes. The oocytes gradually reduce to 400,000 during menarche, and during menopause fewer than 10,000 remain. However in TS, the ovaries develop normally during embryogenesis but the absence of the second X chromosome leads to an accelerated loss of oocytes, which is complete by the time the infant reaches 2 years of age. Genetically, menopause occurs before menarche and the ovaries are reduced to atrophic fibrous strands, devoid of ova and follicles (streak ovaries). Development of somatic (nongonadal) tissues that gentically resides on the missing or abnormal X chromosome are also severely affected. For example short stature is caused by a deletion of the Xp chromosome and the deletion of Xq causes gonadal dysfunction <ref>Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th Ed. V. Kumar, R. Cotran & S Robbins (2007), Saunders & Co.</ref>.

The most frequent clinical features of TS are short stature and gonadal dysgenesis. Other features may include [[#Glossary4 | '''coarctation''']] of the aorta, renal anomalies, neck webbing and lymphoedema. People who have TS all vary in their clinical phenotype. In recent years there has been increased interest in TS due to the introduction of growth hormone treatment and there has been marked improvement in the understanding of this condition as advances in molecular genetic techniques occur. However, there is still need for further research as a multidisciplinary approach to treatment is vital in improving the quality of life of girls with Turner Syndrome <ref name="PMID16544046"><pubmed>16544046</pubmed></ref>.

== Epidemiology ==

[[File:Stats abnormal.jpg|225px|thumb|left|Figure 2: The arrow indicates the presence of only one X chromosome in the karyotype <ref name= "PMID20680156"/>.]]

TS affects about 1 in 2000 live-born females. There are three types of karyotypic abnormalities but the most frequently observed is the entire X chromosome deletion resulting in 45 X [[#Glossary17 | '''karyotype''']]. The remaining third have structural abnormalities of the X chromosomes and two thirds are mosaics, whereby, the maternal X is retained in two-thirds of women and the paternal X in the remainder.

The phenotype of TS varies but involves anomalies of the sex chromosome. It could be caused by the limited amount of genetic material in these abnormal chromosomes. TS can be transmitted from mother to daughter, and thus could be described as a heredity linked syndrome <ref name="PMID16544046"/>.

The loss of one of the sex chromosomes in TS, occurs after the zygote has formed or just after the fusion of the [[#Glossary10 | '''gametes''']]. In 70-80% of cases the retained X chromosome is inherited from the mother. In such circumstances it has led to the different phenotypic expression of the genes present on the X chromosome depending if inherited from the maternally or paternally. The morphological differences from those retaining the maternal, compared to retaining the paternal X chromosome, have shown to have a greater incidence of cardiovascular anomalies and neck webbing.

The missing sex chromosome could be either an X or a Y. This has clinical implications because if the Y material is present there is a risk of up to 30% of [[#Glossary11 | '''gonadoblastoma''']] developing in the dysgenetic gonads. This is because the 'gonadoblastoma locus' is located on the Y chromosome which is situated just below the centromere.
The inactivation of the abnormal X chromosomes is another cause that primarily affects hypogonadism phenotypically in females. <ref>Wade, Nicholas (2009-09-15). '''"New Clues to Sex Anomalies in How Y Chromosomes Are Copied"'''. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-26. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/15/science/15chrom.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hpw</ref>.

== Etiology ==
[[File:nondisjunction.jpg|1000px|thumb|right|alt text|Figure 3: This figure shows the progeny created from normal disjunction (A), and non-disjunction during both Meiosis I (B) and Meiosis II (C).]]

Causation of TS can be traced back to the stages of sex-cell development. When sex cells divide through a process called [[#Glossary18 | '''meiosis''']] to create gametes, either a [[#Glossary12 | '''haploid''']] egg (for females) or sperm (for males) two divisions occur, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis is the main process which helps create the vast genetic diversity within all populations by allowing [[#Glossary25 | '''recombination''']] and [[#Glossary24 | '''random assortment''']]. During Meiosis I [[#Glossary14 | '''homologous chromosomes''']] are separated; following Meiosis I, [[#Glossary27 | '''sister chromatids''']] separate during Meiosis II. If during either stage of Meiosis I or II the homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids, respectively, do not fully separate, a phenomenon can occur called [[#Glossary21 | '''nondisjunction''']]. Nondisjunction causes an uneven distribution of genetic material to each daughter nuclei. When an uneven distribution is such that one of the gametes does not have any of a chromosome, it can combine with another normal gamete to create a fertilized egg with only one chromosome as opposed to the normal two that are found in human cells; this is called a monosomy. When this occurs in the sex chromosomes leaving only a single X chromosome (X0 genotype) TS is created, leaving only 45 chromosomes in the zygote rather than the normal 46.

[[File:22+23=45.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Figure 4: 22 chromosomal egg + 23 chromosomal sperm = 45 chromsomes in zygote instead of normal 46.]]

TS can also be created by partial monosomy or disjunctions, meaning that although a whole X chromosome is not missing, portions of it are not present or are non-functional, rendering the chromosome useless. Any disjunction seems to be completely sporadic and have yet to be attributed to any genetic link. The only thing known for sure is that during conception a portion of or the whole second sex chromosome is not conveyed to the zygote.<ref><pubmed>7763055</pubmed></ref> Because at least one X chromosome is necessary for vital functions, this condition can only be found in females.

== Clinical Manifestations ==

The following are a list of characteristics and diseases which tend to accompany, be caused by, or be related to TS.

{|style= align="center" border="1"
|- bgcolor="#99CCCC"
|
| '''Clinical Manifestations'''
| '''Related Image'''
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Physical Attributes'''
|
*congenital malformations (heart, urinary system, face, neck, ears) <ref name="PMID16929365"><pubmed>16929365</pubmed></ref>
*gonadal dysgenesis (causes oestrogen deficiencies, which can cause infertility) <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*increased risk of fractures <ref name="PMID16624607"><pubmed>16624607</pubmed></ref>
*low cortical bone mineral density (BMD) <ref name="PMID16624607"/>
*middle ear infections <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*premature ovarian failure <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*short/reduced stature <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*webbed neck <ref name="PMID17562588"><pubmed>17562588</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Webbed Neck.jpg|none|thumb|250px|Figure 5: An example of neck webbing.]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Prone to Develop Autoimmune Conditions'''
|
*alopecia areata <ref name="PMID12602969"><pubmed>12602969</pubmed></ref>
*coeliac disease (CD) <ref><pubmed>12466343</pubmed></ref>
*psoriasis <ref name="PMID12602969"/>
*thyroiditis <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*type 1 diabetes <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
|[[File:Psoriasis.jpg|none|thumb|250px|Figure 6: An example of a patient with psoriasis on their arm.]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Decreased Cognition'''
|
*emotion processing difficulties <ref name="PMID20014362"><pubmed>20014362</pubmed></ref>
*increased impulsivity <ref name="PMID19750135"><pubmed>19750135</pubmed></ref>
*low IQ score <ref name="PMID19750135"/>
*nonverbal learning disability (slow math calculations)<ref name="PMID20014362"/>
*social cognition difficulties <ref name="PMID20014362"/>
*visuoperception/visuoconstruction deficit (identifying and locating is difficult due to poor visual working memory) <ref name="PMID19750135"/>
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Increased Risk of'''
|
*cirrhosis of the liver <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*colon and rectal cancers <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*hypothyroidism <ref name="PMID11844747"><pubmed>11844747</pubmed></ref>
*inflammatory bowel disease <ref name="PMID11844747"/>
*morbidity and mortality <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*neurovascular disease <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*osteoporosis <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*ovarian failure <ref name="PMID17562588"/>
*renal and gastrointestinal disease <ref name="PMID11844747"/>
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Cardiac Abnormalities''' (most serious/life threatening medical problems created by TS)
|
*absence of portal vein <ref><pubmed>16612647</pubmed></ref>
*aortic dilatation and dissection <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*arrhythmias <ref><pubmed>17015510</pubmed></ref>
*arteriosclerosis <ref name="PMID17562588"/>
*biscuspid aortic valves <ref name="PMID17562588"/>
*coarctation of the aorta <ref name="PMID17562588"/>
*hypertension <ref name="PMID17562588"/>
*ischemic heart disease <ref name="PMID16929365"/>
*prolapsed mitral valve <ref name="PMID17562588"/>
|}

== Diagnostic Procedures ==

===Diagnostic Definition===

[[File:Turner Syndrome X Chromosome Variations.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 7: Variations of the Second X Chromosome in Turner Syndrome]]
TS is diagnosed through both an evaluation of physical features and by analysis of the second sex chromosome. The two criteria must be met for classification of TS, an abnormality in the second sex chromosome must be found and the abnormality must be found to be expressed somehow in the individual's traits. Hence if physical characteristics are not present even when the cytogenetic criterion is met the patient is not diagnosed as having TS.<ref name="PMID11443168"><pubmed>11443168</pubmed></ref> In TS the second sex chromosome is either:

*Completely absent (45,X)<ref name="PMID16714725"><pubmed>16714725</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID1511250"><pubmed>1511250</pubmed></ref>
*Partially absent<ref name="PMID16714725"/><ref name="PMID1511250"/>
*Forms an isochromosome (isoXq), possessing a long arm duplication (q) and being devoid of a short arm (p)<ref name="PMID16714725"/>
*In a ring formation (rX)<ref name="PMID16714725"/><ref name="PMID1511250"/>
*Is devoid of the homeobox gene, [[#Glossary26 | '''SHOX''']] (short stature homeobox), the deletion being prior to the junction between Xp22.2 and Xp22.3<ref name="PMID21325865"><pubmed>21325865</pubmed></ref><ref name="PMID11443168"/>

Any of these variations of the second sex chromosome may occur with or without cell line [[#Glossary20 | '''mosaicism''']].
TS may be diagnosed prenatally or postnatally, using this genetic diagnostic definition coupled with an appropriate phenotypic evaluation of the individual, as outlined below.<ref name="PMID11443168"/>

===Prenatal Diagnosis===

The prenatal diagnostic tool for TS is karyotype screening and testing for phenotype abnormalities. If TS is diagnosed prenatally, karyotype screening and an evaluation of the individual's traits should be conducted again postnatally for confirmation of this diagnosis. TS is frequently diagnosed after karyotype screening during [[#Glossary5 | '''chorionic villous sampling''']] or [[#Glossary2 | '''amniocentesis''']].<ref name="PMID11443168"/>
The table below outlines various prenatal tests conducted and the indications that may be present in babies with TS. Although these techniques and the indications they reveal may highlight TS signs, they should not be used as sole diagnostic tools.<ref name="PMID11443168"/>

{|style= align="center" border="1"
|- bgcolor="#99CCCC"
| '''Technique'''
| '''Turner syndrome indications'''
| '''Image'''
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Ultrasound'''
|
*Increased nuchal translucency <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*[[#Glossary6 | '''Cystic hygroma''']] <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Coarctation of the aorta <ref name="PMID21527014"><pubmed>21527014</pubmed></ref>
*Left-sided cardiac defects <ref name="PMID21527014"/>
*[[#Glossary3 | '''Brachycephaly''']] <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Renal anomalies <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*[[#Glossary23 | '''Polyhydramnios''']] <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*[[#Glossary22 | '''Oligohydramnios''']] <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Growth retardation <ref><pubmed>10599686</pubmed></ref>
|[[File:Turner Syndrome Test Showing Nuchal Translucency.gif|none|thumb|400px|Figure 8: Ultrasound Test Showing Nuchal Translucency.]]
[[File:Turner Syndrome Test Showing Cystic Hygroma.gif|none|thumb|400px|Figure 9: Ultrasound Test Showing Cystic Hygroma.]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|'''Maternal serum screening'''
|
*Abnormal [[#Glossary1 | '''α-fetoprotein''']] levels <ref name="PMID16544046"/>
*Abnormal [[#Glossary16 | '''inhibin A''']] levels <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Abnormal [[#Glossary13 | '''hCG''']] levels <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Abnormal unconjugated [[#Glossary9 | '''estriol''']] levels <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
|[[File: TurnerSyndromeMaternalSerumSampling.jpg|none|thumb|400px|Figure 10: Maternal Serum Sampling.]]
|}

===Postnatal Diagnosis===

In postnatal diagnosis, karyotype investigation is undertaken for the individual. When a female presents with the following clinical findings, explained in table below, it is recommended that chromosomal analysis is undertaken, so that TS may be eliminated<ref name="PMID11443168"/>:
{|sstyle= align="center" border="1"
|- bgcolor="#99CCCC"
| '''Age'''
| '''Phenotypic manifestations/indications'''
| '''Image'''
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Baby/infant'''
|
*Oedema of the hands or feet <ref name="PMID6753342"><pubmed>6753342</pubmed></ref>
*Nuchal folds <ref name="PMID6753342"/>
*Cardiac abnormalities for example aortic dilation, bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation <ref name="PMID21527014"/>
*Low hairline <ref name="PMID6753342"/>
*Low set ears <ref name="PMID6753342"/>
*Small mandible <ref name="PMID6753342"/>
*Gonadal dysgenesis <ref name="PMID21527014"/>
|
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|'''Child'''
|
*Short stature with low growth velocity <ref name="PMID16714725"/>
*Markedly elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Turned in elbows <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Nail [[#Glossary15 | '''hypoplasia''']] <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Hyperconvex uplifted nails <ref name="PMID16714725"/>
*Multiple pigmented benign birthmarks/moles <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Characteristic faecies <ref name="PMID6753342"/>
*Short fourth metacarpal <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*High arched palate <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Extensive and chronic inflammation/infection of the ear <ref name="PMID16714725"/>
*Hearing loss <ref name="PMID11443168"/>

|[[File: Turners syndrome 4 year old child.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Figure 11: Four-year-old girl with Turner syndrome. Note somewhat broad chest, prominent ears and ptosis, but otherwise normal proportion. There is no pronounced neck webbing or edema.]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| '''Adolescent/Adult'''
|
*Absence of breast development by 13 yr of age <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Pubertal arrest <ref name="PMID21527014"/>
*Primary or secondary amenorrhoea<ref name="PMID6753342"/>
*Markedly elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone <ref name="PMID11443168"/>
*Unexplained short stature <ref name="PMID21527014"/>
*Renal abnormalities <ref name="PMID16714725"/>
*Immune disorders <ref name="PMID16714725"/>

|[[File: Turners syndrome 35 year old woman.jpg|none|thumb|150px|Figure 12: A Thirty-five-year-old woman with Turner syndrome. Note increased carrying angle of arms, broad flat chest and sexual infantilism, but the lack of pronounced neck webbing or peripheral edema.]]
|}

Since an absence of the physical signs of puberty and/or growth failure are often seen as normal variations in the population, these possible indications/symptoms of TS may not be further investigated by many clinicians.<ref><pubmed>20361125</pubmed></ref> When karyotyping in order to exclude natural cell variation, a sufficient number of cells should be assessed. Whilst a sample of blood will often reveal TS, an evaluation of a second tissue sample like the skin is recommend.<ref name="PMID1511250"/>
[[#Glossary7 | '''DNA hybridisation''']] or fluorescent in situ hybridisation should be conducted using a Y centromeric or short arm probe to detect for any additional Y or X chromosomal material.
If there is any of the Y chromosome present, this may initiate gonadoblastoma development, another primary indicator of TS. Hence the individual should have both a vaginal [[#Glossary28 | '''ultrasonograph''']] and colour [[#Glossary8 | '''Doppler sonograph''']] of their gonads to detect whether any Y chromosome fragments are present. These tests should be repeated regularly to monitor the patient for any malignancy, if a gonadectomy is not undertaken.<ref name="PMID16714725"/><ref name="PMID11443168"/>

== Treatment ==

=== Cardiac Treatment ===

When patients are confirmed with TS, it is necessary to have a full cardiac evaulation including a physical exam and a echocardiogram. If cardiac abnormalities are found, monitoring by a cardiologist is recommended including regular blood pressure checks <ref name="PMID11443168"/>. If no abnormalities are found, blood pressure in TS patients is still routinely checked and a follow up cardiac evaulation is recommended for girls around the age of puberty (12-15) <ref name="PMID11443168"/>. Coarctation of the aorta and hypoplastic left heart are quite often very serious issues which present in infancy<ref name="PMID16714725"/> which need to be dealt with surgically <ref name="PMID6753342"/>. Aortic valves which are bicuspid rather than tricuspid are monitored regularly to ensure complications are found before they seriously effect the health of the patient. <ref name="PMID16714725"/>

=== Renal care ===

Renal anomalies such as posteriorly rotated or horseshoe kidneys are assessed via an ultrasound to determine if any further treatment such as surgery or drug treatment is needed. This renal ultrasound is repeated again at the time the patient is handed over from the pediatic doctor to the adult specialist. <ref name="PMID16714725"/>

=== Liver function ===

As abnormal liver function is highly prevelant in the TS community, liver function tests are performed when regular blood tests are performed. This is particularlly important test at the begining of puberty and when patients are transfered from their pediatrican to adult specialist to pick up any changes in liver enzymes, as raised levels may indicate the onset of cirrhosis of the liver<ref name="PMID16714725"/>.

=== Speech and Feeding difficulties ===
Many TS patients have trouble with their speech. It is necessary for them to be refered to an Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) specialist and to a speech therapist to work on improve any speech problems <ref name="PMID11443168"/>. TS infants also often suffer from feeding difficulties due to dysfunctional tongue movemnts, poor chewing skills and a highly arched palate. The ENT specialist and speech therapist may be able to help with improving chewing skills and settling down any difficulties <ref name="PMID16714725"/>.

=== Management of Puberty and Growth ===

The main treatment for growth and pubertal development is Hormone Replacement Therapy. Growth Hormone is administered to girls with abnormal growth, resulting in postive growth that is consistent with the expected height of the patient. It is administered as early as 2 years of age, but more often in the age group of 9-12 which is in line with the growth spurt that occurs during puberty <ref name="PMID11443168"/>.

Natural oestrogen and progesterone are administered to girls when they reach the age of puberty in early adolescence. The age at which this treatment commences varies between individuals, as does the dosage. The administration of oestrogen will begin the process of puberty in girls affected by TS and it is important that this begins around the same time as her peers <ref name="PMID6753342"/>.The use of oestrogen is often held off if the patient is also undergoing GH treatment so that maximum growth can be achieved, as oestrogen will induce the fusion of the epiphyses and limit longitudinal bone growth <ref name="PMID11443168"/>. Around 10% of nonmosaic and 20% of mosaic women with TS will have spontaneous menses (periods) and may not need to undergo Hormone Replacement to initiate puberty. Around 2-5% of these women will have the potential to fall pregnant naturally <ref name="PMID6753342"/>.

=== Appearance ===

Extreme neck webbing maybe worrying or uncomfortable to women with TS and in some cases plastic surgery such as Z-Plasty is undertaken to fix this problem. Surgery can however, leave scars which may further trouble patients and often advice is given to wear their hair long<ref name="PMID16714725"/>.

Foot problems are common in young girls with TS with short broad feet making it hard to buy and wear convential shoes<ref name="PMID16714725"/>.Also if convex growth of toenails occurs, surgery is conducted so that the woman can wear normal shoes <ref name="PMID6753342"/>. Referal to a podiatrist is necessary for correct up to date advice on foot care and for shoe fittings<ref name="PMID16714725"/>.

=== Ongoing Adult Treatment ===

Closely monitoring the health of TS adults is vital in the reduction of morbidity and mortality. An annual physical evalution should be undertaken which includes, blood pressure, heart auscultation, thyroid function, breast exam, and pap smear<ref name="PMID11443168"/>. Particular attention needs to be taken in the area of weight and obesity in TS women due to their high risk of developing diabetes, osteoporosis and hypertension. Patients are to be encouraged to have a healthy lifestyle including healthy eating and exercise<ref name="PMID11443168"/>. Many TS women will need to undergo fertility treatment and in many cases need the assistance of an egg donation to fall pregnant. Counselling throughout this process is recommended as is the referal to a reproductive specialist with the patient feels ready to start a family <ref name="PMID16714725"/>.

== Research ==

===Current research===

Since there is no preventative or cure, currently mainly research is being conducted into the areas of symptoms, possible treatments and risks involved with TS.

'''Growth hormone therapy in Turner syndrome: its affect on height, weight and stature.'''
*'''Growth hormone effect on body composition in Turner syndrome.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21720878</pubmed></ref>: The research findings from this paper conclude that people with TS have lower height, higher BMI and higher proportional sitting height and leg length than that of the normal population, no matter whether they undergo hormone replacement therapy or not.
*'''Health-related quality of life of young adults with Turner syndrome following a long-term randomized controlled trial of recombinant human growth hormone.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21619701</pubmed></ref>: This study has concluded that all adults with TS had a similar quality of life regardless of whether they have a higher stature due to undergoing growth hormone replacement therapy or not. It was hypothesised that height differences did not affect quality of life as the individuals seemed to adapt to their own life challenges.
*'''Growth hormone treatment for Turner syndrome in Australia reveals that younger age and increased dose interact to improve response.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21375553</pubmed></ref>: The research from this study found that growth hormone therapy works most optimally if given earlier in life and at a high dose in the first year of treatment.
*'''Growth hormone treatment before the age of 4 years prevents short stature in young girls with Turner syndrome.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21398400</pubmed></ref>: Another study which confers that the early introduction of growth hormone therapy is most efficacious. However the individual's glucose metabolism should be monitored as the hormones may affect glucose tolerance transiently.

'''Oestrogen hormone replacement therapy in Turner syndrome: the adequate dosage and its effect on uterine development, breast development, bone mineral density and sexual characteristics.'''
*'''Growth hormone plus childhood low-dose oestrogen in Turner syndrome.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21449786</pubmed></ref>: This study indicates that undergoing both growth hormone and oestrogen therapy together may help increase the efficacy of each (increasing growth in height and pubertal development) more than when they act alone.
*'''Oestrogen requirements in girls with Turner syndrome; how low is enough for initiating puberty and uterine development?(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21793702</pubmed></ref>: This study assessed the minimal dosage of oestrogen that is required to bring about desired pubertal development in girls with TS.
*'''Puberty induction in Turner syndrome: results of oestrogen treatment on development of secondary sexual characteristics, uterine dimensions and serum hormone levels.(2009)'''<ref><pubmed>19200215</pubmed></ref>: It was found that uterus of women with TS who had undergone oestrogen was underdeveloped, however the exact cause of this needs to be further researched.

'''Pregnancy and Turner syndrome: evaluation and treatment of risks involved with pregnancy for: the mothers of Turner syndrome babies, for individuals with Turner syndrome and for the babies of individuals with Turner syndrome.'''
*'''Familial occurrence of Turner syndrome: casual event or increased risk?(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21648298</pubmed></ref>: This research examined whether there is a higher probability of having a second child with Turner syndrome and concluded that there is evidence in the small cohort that they used of a greater probability. It is suggested that a larger study be conducted to look further into these findings.that
*'''Obstetric Outcomes in Women with Turner Karyotype.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21865365</pubmed></ref>: In this study it was found that women with TS had shorter pregnancies than that of a control group, but no other marked difference was observed between the groups.
*'''Outcomes of spontaneous and assisted pregnancies in Turner syndrome: the U.S. National Institutes of Health experience.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21496813</pubmed></ref>: This paper examined a number of pregnant women with TS, some who incidentally went through puberty even though they had no hormone replacement therapy and another group that had undertaken hormone replacement therapy. Though there were not many complications in either group, the groups were small in number and one mother did have cardiovascular difficulties later on in life. Hence a thorough examination of pregnant TS women should be conducted prior to conception.
*'''Turner's syndrome and pregnancy: has the 45,X/47,XXX mosaicism a different prognosis? Own clinical experience and literature review.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>20923275</pubmed></ref>: This article assessed the prognosis of pregnant women with TS. They concluded that spontaneous pregnancy increases the risk of the baby having phenotypic and chromosomal abnormalities compared with women having assisted reproductive therapies.

===Future research===

Future research needs to be conducted in the following areas: to follow up on the suggestions given in the conclusions of current research papers as outlined in the prior section and also into how the care system is functioning for TS individuals as outlined below.

*'''Medical Care of Girls with Turner Syndrome: Where are we Lacking?(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21454226</pubmed></ref>: This research found that a large proportion (>50%) of people with TS are not given adequate information upon diagnosis or screenings for complications and symptoms. Therefore it is suggested in order to rectify this issue that more education should be given to physicians on the syndrome
*'''Standardized multidisciplinary evaluation yields significant previously undiagnosed morbidity in adult women with Turner syndrome.(2011)'''<ref><pubmed>21752892</pubmed></ref> and '''Turner's syndrome requires multidisciplinary approach.(2009)'''<ref><pubmed>19514616</pubmed></ref>: These article evaluate the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment of TS. Since the symptoms can be wide ranging and severe, it is difficult but necessary for all of them to be examined in each individual. Hence a greater care plan for individuals should be implemented upon diagnosis.

== Related Pages ==

*[[Genital System - Abnormalities]] : Other genital abnormalities are described here, which may assist in a differential diagnosis of TS.

*[[X Chromosome]] : A more in depth description of the structure and role of the X chromosome.

*[[Cell Division - Meiosis]] & [[Oocyte Development]] : Examination of the process of meiosis and the developing oocyte, will assist in the comprehension of why and how there is and abnormality or absence of the X chromosome.

*[[Menstrual Cycle]] : An abnormal menstrual cycle can often be an indicator of TS, hence this information on the normal menstrual pattern is helpful in understanding more about the symptoms and diagnosis of TS.

== Glossary ==

<div id="Glossary1"></div>'''Alpha-fetoprotein''' is a protein with an unknown function. It makes up, up to one third of the protein serum levels found in the second trimester of pregnancy and in neural tube defects, these alpha-fetoprotein levels are elevated. <ref name="McPherson">McPherson, R 2011, ''McPherson: Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 22nd ed.'', ebook, accessed 15 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?about=true&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-0974-2..C2009-0-45915-4--TOP&isbn=978-1-4377-0974-2&uniqId=282556246-14 </ref>

<div id="Glossary2"></div>'''Amniocentesis''' is a prenatal diagnostic tool. The procedure involves the sampling of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac using a syringe, that is then tested for a number of abnormalities. <ref name="Moore">Moore, K & Persaud, T 2007, ''Moore & Persaud: Before We Are Born, 7th ed.'', ebook, accessed 15 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3705-7..X5001-3--TOP&isbn=978-1-4160-3705-7&about=true&uniqId=282556246-15</ref>

<div id="Glossary3"></div>'''Brachycephaly''' is a condition where the coronal suture of the skull fuses prematurely. Since the skull is unable to expand any further in the anterior-posterior directions due to this closure, it grows to an abnormal size in in the lateral dimension.<ref>Flint, P 2010, ''Flint: Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, 5th ed.'', ebook, accessed 20 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?about=true&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-323-05283-2..00186-5--s0045&isbn=978-0-323-05283-2&uniqId=282726024-5</ref>

<div id="Glossary4"></div>'''Coarctation''' of the aorta is an abnormality where the aorta is constricted at one or various sections. This can be caused by genetic and/or environmental factors.<ref name="Moore"/>

<div id="Glossary5"></div>'''Chorionic villous sampling''' is a prenatal diagnostic tool which can be used from 7 weeks after fertilisation. It is used to test for a number of chromosomal abnormalities including X-linked and metabolic disorders.<ref name="Moore"/>

<div id="Glossary6"></div>'''Cystic hygroma''' is a prenatal abnormality where fluid builds up in the posterior portion of the neck. The body may or may not relieve itself naturally of this accumulation of fluid after birth. <ref>Gabbe, S 2007, ''Gabbe: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 5th ed.'', ebook, accessed 20 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?about=true&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06930-7..50011-6--cesec51&isbn=978-0-443-06930-7&uniqId=282726024-10</ref>

<div id="Glossary7"></div>'''DNA-DNA hybridisation''' is a technique used to compare the similarities and differences between two sets of genes.<ref>Long, S 2009, ''Bradley: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 5th ed.Long: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Revised Reprint, 3rd ed.'', ebook, accessed 20 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-7020-3468-8..C2009-0-41479-X&isbn=978-0-7020-3468-8&uniqId=282726024-19#4-u1.0-B978-0-7020-3468-8..C2009-0-41479-X--TOP</ref>

<div id="Glossary8"></div>'''Doppler sonography''' uses the doppler effect to help image and measure blood flow pattern in the patient.<ref name="Bradley">Bradley, W 2008, ''Bradley: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 5th ed.'', ebook, accessed 20 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-7506-7525-3..X5001-8&isbn=978-0-7506-7525-3&uniqId=282726024-17#4-u1.0-B978-0-7506-7525-3..X5001-8--TOP</ref>

<div id="Glossary9"></div>'''Estriol''' is a hormone that is produced in greater amounts during pregnancy especially in the second and third trimester. One of its main functions is to assist with blood flow in the placenta and uterus.<ref name="McPherson"/>

<div id="Glossary10"></div>'''Gametes''' are reproductive (sex) cells (ie: eggs and sperm) that can unite to form a new cell called a zygote. <ref name="Schoenwolf">Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H 2009 “Larsen’s Human Embryology”, 4th ed.'', ebook, accessed 22 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&uniqId=283289096-4#4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6--b0020</ref>

<div id="Glossary11"></div>'''Gonadoblastoma''' is an abnormal proliferation of gonadal cells, that may or may not be malignant.<ref name="Wein">Wein, A 2011, ''Wein: Campbell-Walsh Urology, 10th. ed.'', ebook, accessed 20 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?about=true&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-6911-9..00156-0--s0040&isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9&uniqId=282726024-29 </ref>

<div id="Glossary12"></div>'''Haploid''' is the status of a cell having only a single set of unpaired chromosomes, or half the number of chromosomes contained in typical body cells. <ref name="Schoenwolf"/>

<div id="Glossary13"></div>'''hCG''' is the abbreviation for human chorionic gonadotropin. It is a hormone that functions in the early stage of pregnancy to maintain the blood supply to the corpus luteum.<ref name="McPherson"/>

<div id="Glossary14"></div>'''Homologous chromosomes''' are pairs of chromosomes, one each obtained from maternal and paternal gametes. 46 total chromosome complements are within an organism, 22 pairs of which are homologous chromosomes (called autosomes); the other 2 chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. <ref name="Schoenwolf"/>

<div id="Glossary15"></div>'''Hypoplasia''' is when an organ or tissue is not completely developed.<ref name="Wein"/>

<div id="Glossary16"></div>'''Inhibin A''' is a peptide produced by the ovaries and acts to restrain the production of follicle-stimulating hormone.<ref>Melmed, S 2011, ''Melmed: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 12th ed.'', ebook, accessed 20 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?about=true&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-0324-5..00045-6&isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5&uniqId=282726024-25 </ref>

<div id="Glossary17"></div>'''Karyotype''' is an individual's set of chromosomes, both their number and appearance.<ref name="McPherson"/>

<div id="Glossary18"></div>'''Meiosis''' is the specific process of cell division within sex cells which halves the number of chromosomes in the cells through via two cell divisions; this is specific to germ cells only, creating haploid gametes (sex cells) from diploid cells. <ref name="Moore2">Moore, K & Persaud, T 2007, ''Moore & Persaud: The Developing Human, 8th ed.'', ebook, accessed 22 September 2011 from MD Consult Australia, http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50005-0--cesec2&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&uniqId=283289096-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50005-0--cesec2</ref>

<div id="Glossary19"></div>'''Monosomy''' is a condition wherein a specific chromosome is completely missing within one gamete that combines with a normal gamete to form a zygote; a chromosome has no homologue, or matching chromosome, to pair with. <ref name="Schoenwolf"/>

<div id="Glossary20"></div>'''Mosaicism''' is when a particular type or all cells of an individual do not have the same genetic makeup. This is caused by a mutation during embryonic cell division.<ref name="PMID11443168"/>

<div id="Glossary21"></div>'''Nondisjunction''' is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate entirely during either stage of Meiosis. <ref name="Moore2"/>

<div id="Glossary22"></div>'''Oligohydramnios''' is a prenatal condition, where there is an insufficient amount of amniotic fluid.<ref name="Moore"/>

<div id="Glossary23"></div>'''Polyhydramnios''' is a prenatal condition, where there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid.<ref name="Moore"/>

<div id="Glossary24"></div>'''Random assortment''' is the idea first proposed by Gregor Mendel which states that pairs of alleles independently separate during the formation of gametes. <ref name="McPherson"/>

<div id="Glossary25"></div>'''Recombination''' is the process which by genetic material is crossed over and switched between two segments of DNA which adds to the genetic diversity of the genome.

<div id="Glossary26"></div>'''SHOX gene''' is the short stature homeobox gene, that when deficient frequently results in short stature.<ref name="PMID21325865"/>

<div id="Glossary27"></div>'''Sister chromatids''' are 2 identical copies of a chromatin that are connected at a position in their center called a centromere. <ref name="Schoenwolf"/>

<div id="Glossary28"></div>'''Ultrasonography''' is a medical technique that employs ultrasound frequencies to visualise a patient's internal bodily structure.<ref name="Bradley"/>

== References ==

<references/>

----
{{2011Projects}}

2011-09-29T01:21:55Z

Z3217043:

{{2011Student}}

== LAB ATTENDANCE ==

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:21, 29 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:59, 15 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 1 September 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:09, 25 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:07, 18 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:40, 11 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:11, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217043|Z3217043]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 8 ==

Group 2 Peer Review

:*The first three sentences about congenital disease is misplaced. This should be in your glossary, not in your very first sentences.

:*The common symptoms could be left out of the introduction and discussed in the appropriate section.

:*Written like an essay rather than a webpage. Language such as “for example” not necessary.

:*Clinical Diagnosis was well structured and good use of pictures.

:*Clinical Manifestations could be simplified slightly in the table.

:*Some references need to be adjusted rather than just a web address.

Group 3 Peer Review

:*The first paragraph is not necessary, talk about Klinefelter’s specifically not about sex chromosomes. This can be discussed further in the webpage.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs and other formatting looks awkward.

:*Great historic information but could be integrated into the timeline instead of having large paragraphs and a timeline.

:*Really liked “other similar disorders”. Great idea.

:*Some references need to be fixed so there is not double ups in the reference list.

Group 4 Peer Review

:* History could be adapted into the timeline. Unnecessary for both.

:*The table of medications in treatments is slightly hard to follow. Perhaps some use of bolding or different font sizes would make it easier to read.

:* Great use of images. Make sure they are formatted correctly. In the Tetrabenezine section the image is large and cuts off one sentence which is then placed under the image which makes it look like a caption.

:* Some references are missing entirely. Make sure the referencing is uniform. Review list and fix up double references.

Group 5 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*The lone sentence at the beginning of the history is unnecessary.

:*Essay language such as “for example” is a bit out of place on a wiki page. Tailor language to a web page.

:*In the epidemiology section some statements are not referenced. Where are these ‘examples’ coming from?

:*Research section would benefit from the bolding of paper headings or authors names.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 6 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*Introduction does not flow very well. Sentences are very choppy.

:*History section would benefit from a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology and symptoms sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. Also images?

:*Diagnostic section needs the rest of the information added to its table. “Insert text here”. Also use of bolding or different font sizes would benefit this table.

:*Glossary could be expanded, very minimal.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed.

Group 7 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the epidemiology, aetiology and complications sections need some more content. Seems very minimal. The table in aetiology could be explained much better.

:*Seems to be too many sections with only a small amount of content. These could be merged as some headings fit under a broader heading. This would make the page seem more content filled and give it a better flow.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 8 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Could also be expanded.

:*In the epidemiology section the subheadings do not present the information in the best way possible. It makes it look like there is a lack of research into this area. Perhaps combining into paragraphs, or adding more information to each subheading.

:*The pathogenesis section needs some additional information.

:*Further explanation of terms in the symptoms section is needed as the web page is aimed at those that may not have a clinical knowledge.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research.

:*Glossary is extensive but would be more appropriate following the information on the page rather than after the references as it gets forgotten about.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed.

Group 9 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into the timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*In the diagnosis section each of the hallmark symptoms could be further explained rather than just listed.

:*The management steps could be explained rather than just listed. Not enough information in this section. Treatment is very choppy, should be written in paragraphs not sentences.

:*Research could be summarised and papers talked about rather than just listing papers of current research or individuals that are researchers.

:*Glossary needs to be finished. If you didn’t have time, should have gotten rid of terms.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Several different styles of referencing used, just have one.

Group 10 Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*Epidemiology section could be expanded and written in more flowing way rather than long sentences.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

Group 11 Peer Review

Some places for improvement

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Having both a history section and a timeline section makes no sense.

:*Syndromes and anomalies has sections where “text will be added soon”. Definitely needs more information.Symptoms need to be explained instead of just listed.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward. Text needs to be grammatically corrected and formatted into paragraphs.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to. Listing the name of a paper isn’t discussing it.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*Where are the references? Where did you get this information from? Large blocks of text without references. References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Links to pubmed could be good. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

== Lab Assessment 7 ==

1. Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy?

a)Satellite cells are not necessary for hypertrophy.

b)They are generally involved in hypertrophy.

2. Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

It causes the fast to slow fibre shift, as the fast fibres become adapt and become more like slow fibres in order to work more efficently with the low frequency stimulation.

Peer Review

*The linking of words to the glossary is good.
*Some pictures are formatted in a way that the page doesn't flow very well.
*Formatting is ok. Some areas where there is large empty spaces.
*Good amount of pictures and text.
*Informative content.
--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:55, 22 September 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 6 ==

1. The palatal shelves fuse in week 9.

2. The chicken model was used.

3. The abnormality is Tetralogy of Fallot.

== Lab Assessment 5 ==

The most common side is the left side. This is due to the mutation in the pulmonary development gene which causes diaphragmatic hernia. It causes hernia as the left pleural cavity is sealed off at a later stage of development.

== Lab Assessment 4 ==

1. It is continuous with the bladder.

2. Ductus venosus in the liver, Oval foramen between the atria and Ductus arteriosus from the left pulmonary artery to the dorsal aorta (6th arterial arch from the left).

3. I will be doing the history and treatment of thalassemia.

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:31, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 3 ==

1. Folic Acid and Iodine

2. [[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 2 ==

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

ZP3, it initiates the acrosome reaction, where acrosomal cortical granules are exocytosed from the egg. The granules modify the zona pellucida by making it unable to bind with further sperm and also hardened it.

2. Review articles

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:31, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Lab Assessment 1 ==

1. Robert G Edwards

2. B Klln, O Finnstrm, A Lindam, E Nilsson, K-G Nygren, P Otterblad Olausson Trends in delivery and neonatal outcome after in vitro fertilization in Sweden: data for 25 years. Hum. Reprod.: 2010, 25(4);1026-34 PMID:20139431

Paper discussing the decrease in unwanted outcomes in IVF in Sweden.

3. Congenital Dislocated Hip and Cleft Palate

--z3217043 20:58, 3 August 2011 (EST)

Talk:2011 Group Project 11

2011-09-29T00:08:17Z

Z3217043:

'''Group 11:''' [[User:z3308965]] | [[User:z3292953]] | [[User:z3308968]] | [[User:z3272325]] | [[User:z3284061]]

{{2011GroupDiscussionMH}}

Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow. Having both a history section and a timeline section makes no sense.

:*Syndromes and anomalies has sections where “text will be added soon”. Definitely needs more information.Symptoms need to be explained instead of just listed.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward. Text needs to be grammatically corrected and formatted into paragraphs.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to. Listing the name of a paper isn’t discussing it.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*Where are the references? Where did you get this information from? Large blocks of text without references. References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Links to pubmed could be good. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:08, 29 September 2011 (EST)

== Peer review of Group Project 11 ==
Please include your reviews below this section, and nowhere else in this discussion. This is to facilitate easy reference later. Thank you.

Group 11

*Introduction – could use some referencing, an image if possible, and a brief introduction to the other sections of the page.
*History could go with Timeline as they are both related, the timeline could also be put into a table, but it’s fine the way it is (Y)
*Diagnosis is a well researched section, some great information here.
*Image under developmental staging could use a legend and could be formatted to add to the continuity of the page.
* ‘Types of Cleft Palate/Lip’ – dot points need to be fixed up, unilateral and bilateral should be formatted to the left, and dot points should follow under each sub-heading as per normal, an easy fix.
*Pathophysiology – ummm... “DRAWING!!! To be added soon.”....some references missing here.
*Genetic configuration – could include a student drawn image of the genes involved.
*Treatment – needs to be formatted better in order for it to be read easily.
*Current and future research needs more detail, glossary also needs a lot more entries.

--[[User:Z3331469|z3331469]] 08:37, 29 September 2011 (EST)

Group 11:
*Intro: Didn’t find it to be a fantastic read, could use an image and you also need to briefly expand on the other sections of the page very briefly.

*History/timeline: These sections should be combined. Perhaps don’t use double spacing between your dot points, as it’s making it look longer than it is. But some very interesting points.

*Diagnosis: Would be best to place the diagnosis after aetiology/pathophysiology, just a suggestion. Some excellent information nonetheless. The use of colour is great to see.

*Development: Aetiology should have its own section and the details provided need to elaborated upon. Use an image of the gene perhaps.

*Types of cleft-palate: image is very interesting and detailed.

*Pathophysiology: Good use of colour. “DRAWING!!! To be added soon” nice to know that you’re enthusiastic about this drawing, but probably best if you didn't write this.

*Genetic configuration: There’s no references here. This could be a subheading rather than a section on its own.

*Treatment: references missing and need to elaborate on the dot-points.

*Glossary: incomplete

*Overall, the structure is poorly formatted. There are headings that should be sub headings and there are subheadings that should headings (eg: aetiology). References are missing, glossary is incomplete and some images are poorly referenced/copyrighted. In saying that, there was some excellent research but it just needs to be reorganised and tidied up. Good work so far.

--[[User:Z3290270|z3290270]] 02:12, 29 September 2011 (EST)

Group 11: Cleft Palate/Lip
*Introduction: That is not an introduction, much more info needed, please expand.
*History & Timeline: Definitely combine these two sections. Put the timeline into a table would be nice, this would help remove all that spacing. The History section is pretty okay, maybe an image?
*Diagnosis: Very well done! Big improvement compared to the initial sections. There is a lot of content, but not overly so. The layout of the images and tables are well done. However, there are some minor punctuation errors, like missing fullstops, but other than that, well summarised!
*Development: Needs to have more info. Aetiology section is done well, but where are the references! Developmental Staging section seems to be targeting a specific audience, maybe “dumb” it down a little for the rest to understand better.
*Pathophysiology: All the content seems to be there, just need a few images and maybe subheadings to make that block of text into something more appealing to read.
*Genetic Configuration: No references in this section! There should be a way to also clean up the layout and spacing, of 1) Womb environment and 2) External environment sub-part.
*Neuroembryology: No faults here, good job.
*Treatment: Plenty dot points, but no explanation, seems empty. Need references.
*Problems: Same as treatment, need more explanation per dot point, as well as references.
*Current and Future Research: Obviously needs much more info.
*Glossary: Getting there, many more words are required here.

--[[User:Z3332327|z3332327]] 01:29, 29 September 2011 (EST)

Peer review:

*brief introduction with not much development on other sections than epidemiology, please write more!
*history and timeline sections could be combined together? and also i think the timeline section could be a bit more brief, its just to give a bit of insight really.
*how about you rearrange the headings and put diagnosis after aetiology and pathophysiology.
*elaborate more on the verbose words in Syndromes and Anomalies associated with cleft e.g popliteal web and Velocardiofacial
*development section needs text, also some parts of aetiology could be elaborated e.,g indirect genetic factors
*formatting of pictures in between the sections needs to be worked on.
*Genetic section is good but it needs some pictures of the genes.
Treatment needs to be explained a bit more, adding text to pictures doesn't really help to understand what is happening.
*current and future research could be expanded.
*very small glossary
*multiple references and also no PMID links?
--[[User:Z3291423|Jasjit Walia]] 00:34, 29 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Review for Group 11'''

*The introduction is nowhere near interesting. Very short and needs to be expanded severely.
*History section provides interesting information in regards to ancient history, however there should be more contemporary history that shoul be explained in this section as it would make it better.
*Timeline is well constructed, well done.
*Information found in the diagnosis should be placed further down under aetiology and pathogenesis as it would make the flow of the page much better. However the information it has is well written
*Aswell the information in ‘Syndromes and Anomalies associated with cleft’ should be placed under etiology and pathogenesis. Information is informative and good use of pics with the text
*No work under development, either include information or totally remove it.
*First part of aetiology is not referenced at all. Please include references to support the information being presented.
*Image in the developmental staging section should have a caption to tell the reader what they are observing. Also it should be placed in a better position as it seems to overlap into the next section
*Under the types of cleft lips section, the list of the types of lips should be placed under the bottom paragraph as explaining the different types before listing the types is better to do.
*Fix the referencing for the image with the types of cleft palates.
*Under pathophysiology there is text which seems to be comments to the editors. Remove them when your completing your assignment
*The two paragraphs under the tables in pathophysiology seem to have no referencing. Please include it.
*This sentence doesnt make sense; ‘’ However, the y are known as contributors to process of prominences fusion’’
*Possibly include some images under genetic configuration.
*First half of the information under Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial clefts should be placed under background information at the start of the page. It would make the page look better.
*Current research must be expanded upon as its too short
*Glossary must be expanded upon, needs to be updated
*Referencing is not referenced properly as their is repetition in your referencing. Please fix.

--[[User:Z3291317|Z3291317]] 23:57, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11'''

Introduction: The introduction needs a lot more work. More detail required.

History: The history and timeline could be collapsed into one section. It would look better without so much spacing between the paragraphs.

Diagnosis: This section is well done but needs pictures.

Etiology: This section could be expanded upon. I think it would be good if you explained how each of the developmental errors occur.

Developmental staging: You could explain what the stages are. A non-embryology student might not understand the different stages.

Types of cleft palate: The images are great and the text is good but I think this section would be better off in pathophysiology for example, not its own section.

Pathophysiology: The text is good but again, more pictures are needed to break up the text.

Genetics: This section could be explained in more detail. Pictures needed.

Anatomy: This section is well done

Treatment, problems and future directions: All of these sections look like a good start but each dot point needs to be explained in more detail.

--[[User:Z3291324|z3291324]] 23:28, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11 Peer Review'''
* Introduction is brief; and that's about all. Please try to write more; from what you have written here, it sounds more like an epidemiology section. The history section is slightly better although the timeline shouldn't be a new section of the page but a subheading of the history is inadequate. Also, don't double space, because there isn't enough important information here to justify the spacing.
* The section on Diagnosis is well set out, and is discussed well. The information in the table is well explained and those images that you have obtained with regards to the syndromes and anomalies associated with the cleft are very interesting images that summarise your information well. I like the layout of this particular section!
* Development section requires some text; the aetiology section could actually explain those ''indirect genetic factors with environmental factors or possibly just environmental factors''. How do these come about? Also make the types of cleft palate/lip a subsection of the development or slot it into pathophysiology; where it is at the moment is in a place where it doesn't exactly belong. THe information in cleft palate/lip is quite extensive and very interesting though!
* Still waiting for a student-drawn diagram, but this is understandable and make sure you copyright it when you do draw it!
* Genetic configuration; try to fix your formatting a little. Some bits of the formatting just need a better layout (and don't forget to space in your nutrition and drugs sections). Consider using more ====== <-- to get new subsections, which will also help.
* The neuroembryology section is truthfully the only section in all the projects which I have seen that relates the development back to the embryology course - well done! It is well explained and also seems to be the only section in which I actually don't mind the left-aligned image. Well done - I recommend this section stay the same! :)
* Treatment is well laid out; however, back to the pet hate - right-align the second image here because it doesn't look correct in the way that it has been set out now. Also try to explain the surgery slightly better as opposed to just dot-point the information and hope that we understand it.
* Problems associated with cleft palate - please try to write some more and explain as to why these problems occur due to variations from the normal morphology. eg. Speech issues due to the cleft palate because resonance cannot be achieved properly due to the continuity of the oral/nasal cavities.
* Current and Future research needs a lot more written on it - remember, this is where the research is headed and what can be hoped from people in the future who may suffer from this disease.
* Glossary is incomplete; references are repeated, and have you used more references than the number quoted? However, no worries about these issues as they are common across all projects.
* Overall, a project that has mixed amounts of contributions throughout it. Please ensure the quality of the project is uniformly excellent! Have you considered using tables and graphs to get some information across as well? Some sections also lack referencing; please make sure this is corrected as it is difficult to read any project without good scientific evidence.
--[[User:Z3288827|Leonard Tiong]] 22:48, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11:'''

•Very short introduction with no references. Maybe give a greater overview of what will be talked about throughout the page.

•Good use of the picture in the timeline, but maybe this section and the history could be combined as it is quite long.

•Some of the pictures used, such as the second picture in the types of cleft palate section disrupt the formatting of the page. Also in the treatment section, the second image seems to be in the incorrect position.

•Quite a few sections lack referencing, particularly the genetic configuration and treatment sections that have no references at all. This does not provide the reader with the option to read on further or access the resources where you have collected your information from.

•Lots of references are repeated

•Overall, it seems like a lot of research has been done, though there are some formatting and referencing errors which will need to be corrected.

--[[User:Z3332183|z3332183]] 21:34, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11'''

'''*The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.'''
Key points are there, but content is lacking especially in the introduction.

'''*The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.'''
Timeline should be included under 'history'
Glossary is limited. in Genetic Configuration, the part about 4 sections, number 1 and 2 are together - are they meant to be presented like this? it looks out of place when 3 and 4 have their own paragraph each. It would be nice to have a subheading for pathology of cleft lip and cleft palate to separate the two for easy location.

'''*Content is correctly cited and referenced.'''
References are duplicated. no references in treatment or Problems associated with Cleft Palate. fix up reference for File:Variations of Cleft Lip or Palate.jpg, File:Bilateral Cleft Lip Variations.jpg and File:Furlow Z-plasty technique.jpg.

'''*The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.'''
File:NeuromericOrganization.jpg and File:Veau-Wardill-Kilner technique of palate repair in a unilateral cleft lip and palate.jpg needs a description.

'''*Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.'''
Current and future research is very limited, does not show any research that extends beyond formal teaching.

'''*Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.'''
Link to embryology present in identifying risks in cleft plate and lip development. Developmental staging also covers it.

'''*Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.'''
Some evidence of developing wiki page with guidelines. will help if changes are made.

--z3329495 21:29, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11: Peer Assessment'''
* You have picked an interesting topic, surely you can write a more engaging introduction
* Some of you headings and subheadings need rearrangement
* The history section is good but takes a bid too much space. May be you can compress it a bid, make it a little shorter?
* Some of you information is double
* The neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial cleft is interesting and well written
* Good diagnostic section. An image would be nice
* Some more references in the treatment and associated problems section are needed
* You could put some more words into the glossary
* You have some "double referencing"
* Overall, you have an interesting page. Good work. You just need a little more formatting, referencing and fixing here and there.--z3279511 17:16, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11'''

*Introduction: needs more contend

*History: the contend is ok, references are missing, include the timeline

*Diagnosis: well done

*Syndromes and anomalies: the contend looks fine, some parts are missing, the conditions would look better in a table

*Development:?

*Aetiology: looks fine, but are there references missing?

*What staging are you talking about?

*Types: well done

*Pathophysiology: unfinished, otherwise good, maybe add some subheadings for more structure

*Configuration: references missing, what is the third paragraph womb or external environment?

*Neuroembryology: well done, nice image

*Treatment: references missing, maybe add a detailed outline of the most frequent techniques

*Problems: references missing

*Research: add more contend

*Glossary: incomplete

*Rearrange the order of headings

*Some images lack a copyright notice

*Textbooks ?
--[[User:Z3387190|Z3387190]] 14:34, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11'''

*Introduction is way too short and should include an image
*History would work better just in a timeline
*I think you should rearrange your headings from here on to make your project flow in a logical way
*Current/future research should be extended and explained
*Glossary needs to be extended
*I also can’t seem to find your student drawing
*Some sections repeat some information- go through this

===Comments on Group Project 11===
'''Strengths:'''
*Good use of tables especially under Diagnosis.
*Some of the images are quite good especially on the correcting process (surgery) for cleft palate.
'''Weaknesses:'''
*Placement of headings is not quite appropriate. It gives the page a disjointed feel to it.
*There is a lack of use of subheadings.
*The introduction did not give an overview of the condition.
'''Specific corrections:'''
*Timeline should be a subheading under History section
*Introduction should answer these questions: What is it characterised by? How does it appear on individuals with this condition? What causes it? etc. It will be good to include a picture/ cartoon of an individual with cleft palate and lip.
*Duplication of references should be avoided.
*Some of the references are not formatted correctly.
*For current and future research, it will be good to give a brief synopsis (2-3 sentences) of each point so that readers can get the gist of the direction of cleft palate and lip research that it is heading towards.
*For genetic configuration, it might be better to use subheadings to point out the 4 different types of environmental factors.
*Do include a student-drawn image.
*Some words that should be included in the glossary are Malocclusion, nodules etc.
*It would be better to make use of tables under treatment.

--Z3389806 11:50, 27 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11 Peer Assessment'''
*Introduction needs to be expanded a bit seems like the description of the incidence
*History needs together with the timeline which would benefit the section, where the timeline is done properly with the image of the founder though time line better together then separated
*Diagnosis is well done though images would benefit this section
*Syndromes and anomalies should be expanded a bit though good linkage of the images to the rare cases *Development should be changed to aetiology instead
*Pathophysiology needs more images though nice use of tables
*Genetic configuration needs references to back up the evidence otherwise is just statements
*Neurology greatly structured and well presented and has image to liven the section
*Treatment generally well structured though ex[and more on the surgical aspect as well problems associated with cleft palate
*Current and future research needs more information as well separation between the current and the future research.
*Glossary needs to be expanded further and linked either to section or bolded throughout the web page.
*References need a little tweaking with the removal of the repeats, also no other information in the sub heading textbooks
z3332250 00:01, 27 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 11 Critique'''

#• Introduction is far too short and more work needs to be done
#• History is also very short and more information needs to be added
#• The timeline is quite good
#• Diagnosis is alright
#• Syndromes and anomalies associated with cleft is detailed. Good job!
#• Development is good. Maybe use more images
#• The other sections are good, up until current research. More work needs to be done here as there is not enough information
#• Glossary is too short
#• Is the gallery really needed if you have images illustrating your text?

--[[User:Z3289991|Robert Klein]] 16:38, 26 September 2011 (EST)

''Cleft Palate and Lip''

*Your introduction needs to be ''seriously'' expanded. What exactly is it? Defining features? Anything?
*'History' could be expanded on a bit, but the timeline looks good. Try to take the spaces out between each date of the timeline, at the moment it's a bit unneccesarily long
*'Diagnosis' would fit better towards the end of the page closer to treatment. It is a bit hard to understand before we've even had a proper description of the disorder and clinical symptoms
*Though the information in 'Diagnosis' is quite good, the table is also quite interesting
*'Syndromes and Anomalies Associated with Cleft', title should fixed up 'Associated Syndromes and Anomalies' sound better. It also needs to be finised!
*There's not even a single reference in 'Atiology'
*'Developmental Staging' are you refering to Carnegie stages? If so, say so.
*Reference!! And finish 'Pathophysiology'. You won't get the marks for just saying 'it will be done soon', think of the rest of your group
*There is not a ''single'' reference in 'Genetic Configuruation', so where then did you get your information? This section also needs images, and a bit of formating. There isn't much consistency in the use of captial letters for 'Cleft Lip'. Either use it or don't, "seems to be related to the cause of Cleft palate and cleft lip incidence" and throughout the page aswell
*For 'Treatment' and 'Complications' a table would be good. It is not very visually appealing as a long list. That way you can incorporate some more information as well.
*'Problems Associated with Cleft Palate' would be better positioned higher up in the page. How do you know what your treating if you don't even know the associated problems. Reference!
*'Current and Future Research' really needs to be expanded. There is no where near enough information here
*The page is coming along, but it really needs to be finished, there are far too many gaps, and no where near enough references. Try reading multiple papers before adding information.

'''Group 11'''
* Interesting topic with good use of pictures, you guys have a great topic with a lot of interesting areas to discuss.
* The headings could be reorganised for example diagnosis could come after explaining in detail what cleft lips are and how they are formed embryonically.
* The introduction should introduce the main topics that you will be discussing but only briefly like what cleft palate is.. the information in the intro would fit nicely in epidemiology. (maybe you could add this section in).
* History section is very interesting I liked the extra research.
* The time line takes up a lot of room maybe condense it into a table format.
* Development?? is this a section??
* maybe put the type of cleft lip/palate into a table with a pictures corresponding to the specific type.
* Make sure all acronyms are in the glossary.
* It would be nice if the colours of the tables were continuous throughout the page.
* Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial clefts section is very well written and enjoyable to read.
* Treatment & Problems associated with Cleft Palate sections have no referencing. It would strengthen and give your page some authority if you cited where your information was from.
* A little summary for your future and current research would make this section a bit more interesting rather then just using dot points.
* Make sure your references aren't doubled.
* Ensure your pictures are referenced correctly.
* Furlow Z-plasty technique picture is positioned so that it interrupts the flow of reading maybe rethink the position of this picture.
* Variations of Cleft Lip or Palate picture is great and I think it could be more of a "key " picture on your page maybe centralise it?.
* No student drawing.
* Gallery seems a little irrelevant.
* More needs to be added into glossary eg. Otitis media

Group 11
* The introduction is no where near long enough and needs an image
* History needs to be expanded and dates made more obvious to the reader
* Timeline- should be combined with history. So that my previous point is not needed
* The order of your subheadings is a little confusing
* Some sections double up the information
* Current research needs to be completed, as do other sections
* The glossary needs to be expanded
* The project has started to take form but there is work to go to complete the information and format it into a more easily accessible piece of work.

*'''Introduction''': Too short. Also, how come there are no references? How about starting with a brief anatomical description?
*'''History''': No reference for the first paragraph? I like the idea of mentioning Plato, but could you then also expand a little bit more on his thoughts? Also, what was the explanation offered by Philippe Frederick Blandin?
*'''Timeline''': Looks good to me, though some terms should be explained in the glossary.
*'''Diagnosis''': I'm not sure I'd make this follow on immediately from the Timeline. I would put this section between Types of Cleft Palate/Lip & Pathophysiology, maybe? While you do talk about the technical difficulties just before the Cleft Soft Palate Detection part, but considering you start a new subsection, it's confusing to keep talking as if it was the same paragraph. Maybe say "the technical difficulties mentionned above" instead? An explanation in the glossary of what a cleft soft palate actually is, is definately needed! The Cleft Hard Palate section is very well done.
*'''Syndromes and Anomalies associated with cleft''': Looks fine.
*'''Development''': Under construction? or is there meant to be no text, and you're simply splitting this section into the two subsections? If yes, you might want to make that clearer.
*'''Aetiology''': This part is slightly technical and could do with some more detailed explanations. It doesn't feel like a coherent section.
*'''Developmental Staging''': Well explained.
*'''Types of Cleft Palate/Lip''': Looks fine. Though the "algorhythm for repair..." figure seems to be in a slightly random place..? How does it relate to this section (or the next)?
*'''Pathophysiology''': The cranio-facial development pathway is a very complex process. Since the several points of development at which “Clefting” might occur is based on the condition and the wide range of its phonotypical expression. Make this one sentence? You start talking about neural crest cells quite out of the blue. Has there been any mention of them before? It's quite confusing to have them added into the story without having previously told why. The first two paragraphs under the table lack references? This part repeats what has been partly said before, but adds more physiological detail to it. I'd find it more logical to combine the different aspects to give one, more complete picture.
*'''Genetic configuration''': Very poor language/sentence structure. Where are the references? Putting womb and external environment together does make sense, but you might want to explain in a sentence why.
*'''Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial clefts''': Excellent explanation, though some terms should be explained in the glossary. Why are some words in bold? Again, this sort of repeats previous information, again with more detail from a different point of view, apparently unrelated to what's been told before, as this section doesn't follow the previous sections?
*'''Treatment''': Can you explain the different techniques a little bit more, instead of just having bullet points? The figures are really nice, but don't illustrate all of the techniques mentioned.
*'''Problems associated with Cleft Palate''': Mere list with bullet points isn't enough, more explanations needed.
*'''Current and Future Research''': Very poor. There must be more than 3 articles?
*'''Glossary''': Poor. Many more terms need explanations.
*'''References''': Need fixing. The same article appears lots of times in the list. Watch out with your german references... the fact that you misspell the german makes me wonder whether you could have actually read the papers? In case you're citing a reference cited within the reference you've read, there usually is a special way of doing it.
*General: Your sections are really random and don't follow logically from one another. There is a lot of repetition of similar content in multiple different places, which is confusing. It is hard to keep an overview. Nevertheless, some of the sections are well done.

'''Group 11 Assessment'''
*The introduction and history sections are not very long… Maybe try adding more information and some pictures.
*The timeline should be a subheading under the history portion. Also, rather than doing a bulleted list, how about trying to format the information into a chart? This would be more aesthetically appealing.
*For the diagnosis section, the charts look great. Referencing is completed well also. Only thing I’d suggest is to possibly add a picture.
*For the references given throughout the wiki, there isn’t any consistency in how the [#] is given. The [#] is sometimes right after the sentence, sometimes a space is given between the sentence and citation number, and the end of the sentence (period or comma) is sometimes before or after the reference #...
*There are several sentences throughout the wiki page which are missing punctuation at the ends of the sentences.
*The first portion of Aetiology doesn’t have any referencing…
*“Normal Palate Shelf…” jpg needs a sentence below it briefly describing it still.
*The Genetic Configuration section has absolutely no referencing. Neither does the Treatment section or Problems section. Where did all this information come from?
*Treatment and Problems would also flow better if they were placed into a chart format. Pictures could also be added.
*The Glossary seems a bit short. Are you sure there are no other words that would be helpful if they were defined? It would also flow better if it were bullet listed.
*Some of the references are repetitive. Make sure to fix this so they all link to a single reference instead of numerous ones of the same resource.
*A lot of the information is repetitive as well, and things should be formatted to flow better. Also work on the referencing issues and making the overall page more aesthetically appealing.
--[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 17:26, 27 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Assessment: Group Project 11'''
*The introduction could definitely be expanded upon. Maybe include a short description of what cleft palate is.
*The timeline is great - clear and informative.
*The treatment, problems with cleft palate and genetic configuration sections are good. It might be good to move the picture in the treatment section to the right so it doesn't disturb the flow of the text. Also these sections need to have referencing added, for reliability purposes and such as if the reader wanted to know more about the findings that 'a number of drugs might be participating in creating this birth defect'.
*Syndromes and Anomalies associated with cleft section is great and as noted there needs to be some additional text added.
*The current and future research section could be expanded. Maybe find relevant articles, summarise their findings and see what direction is necessary to head in.
*In the glossary writing "C" above the group of C words and so on and so forth for the rest of it, would make it easier for the reader to quickly find the desired word.
*Under the information on all the images you have uploaded, you need to add <nowiki>{{Template:2011 Student Image}}</nowiki>.
*Some of the references are duplicated. They can instead be linked together using the 'multiple instances on a page' editing guidelines: http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=References#Multiple_Instances_on_Page.
*Overall the project has a large amount of information and is put together reasonably well.
--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:09, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Review'''

* interesting pictures
* overall done well
--[[User:Z3060621|z3060621]] 22:02, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Review'''

*Introduction is way too brief and no referencing what-so-ever
*Maybe combine the history and together.
*Types of Cleft Palate/Lip was quite an interesting section. Although some of the images were abit too much.
*Double referencing!
*for treatment the layout could have been better

--[[User:Z3330313|z3330313]] 00:42, 29 September 2011 (EST)

==Discussion==

hey guys- keep abreast of the reviews coming in. some of them have valid points. it would be prudent to keep working on our relevant sections (without uploading it and altering the content of the wiki of course). hope you're all having a good weekend. i should be uploading the timeline later today. --[[User:Z3272325|Rahul Mohan]] 17:55, 25 September 2011 (EST)

uploaded another heading 'associated anomalies' --[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 10:58, 22 September 2011 (EST)

{|border="1px" cellspacing="1" align="center" cellpadding="3"

! Type !! Comment !! Picture!
|-
|'''Unilateral Cleft Lip'''
|This type of cleft refers to cleft of the lip that have only occurred on one side of the lip.
|[[File:.jpg|centre]]
|-
|'''Unilateral Cleft Palate'''
|This type of cleft refers to a cleft of the soft palate that occurs on one side of the palate. The cleft starts medially and extends laterally.
|[[File:.jpg|centre]]
|-
|'''Unilateral cleft lip with a cleft hard palate '''
|This refers to a cleft that has extended through the lip and into the hard palate. This cleft is on only one side of the lip and palate.
|[[File:.jpg|200px|centre]]
|-
|'''Unilateral cleft lip with cleft hard and soft palate'''
|This type of cleft refers to a cleft that extends through the lip, hard palate and into the soft palate. It also occurs on only one side.
|[[File:.jpg|centre]]
|-
|'''Bilateral cleft palate '''
|This refers to a cleft of the soft palate which occurs on both sides of the palate and appears as a opening medially.
|[[File:.jpg|300px|centre]]
|-
|'''Bilateral cleft lip'''
|This refers to a cleft of the lip that has occurred on both sides of the lip. There are many variations of this.
|[[File:.jpg|300px|centre]]
|-
|'''Bilateral cleft lip with cleft hard palate'''
|This refers to a cleft of the lip and hard palate that occurs on both sides.
|[[File:.jpg|300px|centre]]
|-
|'''Bilateral cleft lip with cleft hard and soft palate'''
|This refers to a cleft that has occurred on both sides of the lip and extended into both the hard and soft palates resulting in an medial opening of the soft palate.
|[[File:.jpg|300px|centre]]
|-
|}

hey guys heres the table so far. I'm having a bit of trouble uploading the photos and finding sources for the info in the middle but I'm working on it
--[[User:Z3292953|Elizabeth Wren]] 10:36, 22 September 2011 (EST)

Hey guys, just letting you know whats on the page under aetiology and treatment has not been finalised. I will need to upload images and tables. --[[User:Z3308965|Fleur McGregor]] 09:55, 22 September 2011 (EST)

Team, Found some amazing radiology images but they are under copyright. Would like to brainstorm with you all to se how we can request access. http://radiology.rsna.org/content/217/1/236.long
--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 00:15, 22 September 2011 (EST)

Hey Rahul, I am still working on the resolution of the image, I am considering rediesigining the orginial design and increasing the font size. Will update on it soon.
I also have uploaded another brief subsection 'Problems associated with Cleft Palate'-hope it is useful.
--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 23:56, 21 September 2011 (EST)

Hey Guys,

I have just uploaded the Draft section Genetic Configuration... It is under review since I'm doing this with Rahul. the final version will be integrated later on. --[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 21:37, 21 September 2011 (EST)

Hey Rahul,

I think we should go with the Articles we have, because this is our project, yes we can have a look at the other textbooks. But in the end, remember, this is designed by us as a group!
and the mdconsult website does not work! --[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 20:53, 21 September 2011 (EST)

Hey Meedo, pursuant to our conversation- here are the 2 links that seem to conflict. <br>
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/face2.htm<br>
http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50012-8&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&uniqId=282776049-2#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50012-8<br>

and I've spotted an error in reference 40 and 41. The chapter referred to is chapter 9, not 10. The necessary changes have been made. Timeline should be up soon.

--[[User:Z3272325|Rahul Mohan]] 17:53, 21 September 2011 (EST)

Hey Rahul, I got that info from the text book but I'd probably go by what Dr Hill has.
Beth --[[User:Z3292953|z3292953]] 12:20, 21 September 2011 (EST)

guys- i have a problem. in development so far- i'm trying to work on the time line for cleft lip/palate development. it so turns out that there's conflicting information everywhere. on one hand- we have (google turned this up for me) <http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/face2.htm> which is by Dr Hill- in which its stated that "Cleft lip and palate develop between the 4th and 8th week of gestation". On the other hand- we have what's already written up for the section under dev- which has it stated that cleft lip happens from/between carnegie stage 16 and 18- and cleft palate erin week 6 to 10 (which equates roughly to carnegie stage 15 onwards. if we follow what Dr HIll's said- that would amount to stages 10-around 21. so which do we follow?

--[[User:Z3272325|Rahul Mohan]] 23:45, 20 September 2011 (EST)

Hey Tahmina- the resolution could be slightly better. have you tried saving the document as a pdf file? with maximum resolution or something? I'm not entirely certain- but i'm fairly sure it can be done. mm. on another note, guys- here're a few resources that you could check out for your relevant sections if you haven't already:

http://www.organizedwisdom.com/Cleft_Palate (scroll down to the journals section)
http://www.jci.org/articles/view/22154/version/1 (particularly helpful for genetic---Meedo)
http://dev.biologists.org/content/103/Supplement/41.full.pdf (helpful for development- what i'm working on right now. the last bit on genes might be useful to meedo as well.)

--[[User:Z3272325|Rahul Mohan]] 23:00, 20 September 2011 (EST)

[[File:Figure Shows How the CNS is divided to supply different structures.jpg|800px|right|thumb|Figure Shows How the CNS is divided to supply different structures]]
Guys I am parking this image here for the time being as the resolution has not come out that well and I would like some feedback from you to see if we should add this to the page.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 20:33, 20 September 2011 (EST)

Ravichandra KS, Vijayaprasad KE, Vasa AA, Suzan S.

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010 Oct-Dec;28(4):311-4.

PMID: 21273723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479962
--[[User:Z3308965|Fleur McGregor]] 12:15, 15 September 2011 (EST)

Permission to post figure:
https://s100.copyright.com/CustomerAdmin/PLF.jsp?lID=2011090_1316046741757
picture: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086810/bin/nihms284150f2.jpg

I have also included a hand drawn hierarchical table as I could not format such table in wiki. hope it is not looking too poorly done. --[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 23:30, 14 September 2011 (EST)

Hi Everyone,

I have tried to stretch as much as possible and uploaded my final versions of my headings. --[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 23:28, 14 September 2011 (EST)

Hello People,

I have uploaded my section which is just a DRAFT. References are not all completed, and my photos are to be uploaded soon with drawings.
--[[User:Z3284061|Maqdad Al Saif]] 20:35, 14 September 2011 (EST)

Guys,

As we have 5 people in our group we must have more content than other groups so I am adding a third heading 'Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial cleft.' We really need to work hard on this as the page so far is not looking the best. I hope that someone will come up with an impressive table.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 23:03, 8 September 2011 (EST)

Hi Guys,

I will be writing about 'Diagnosis of prenatal cleft lip and palate' for my second heading. --[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 22:44, 6 September 2011 (EST)

Here are some more useful links with photos in them.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562450/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC420504/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825074/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884685

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20694165

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 22:46, 6 September 2011 (EST)

Hello Everyone,

I have uploaded the timeline here and under the heading- 'History' I am just going to include some interesting historical facts but after researching the other heading- 'Developmental Process' it seems to coincide with developmental staging and so it might not be a good idea to have that as a broad heading. Please let me know if you have any ideas on another heading or I will come up with a different heading and research that. Let me know what you think--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 22:55, 5 September 2011 EST)

Hey Guys,

Great Work finding the articles :) I noticed in the second article of Tahmina, you can use the pictures to make the content more interesting. The same goes for Fleur, the last 2 articles have great information and pictures.

let's try updating the page before the end of the weekend

Cheers Guys... --[[User:Z3284061|Maqdad Al Saif]] 16:57, 5 September 2011 (EST)

Here are the articles I am studying at this stage:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825059/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825068/?tool=pubmed

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 21:18, 4 September 2011 (EST)

hey guys,

I've found some pictures which we can either use in the gallery or on the front page.

about my work, it will be all updated during the break but I will share with you what I'm doing. Meedo

--[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 11:29, 1 September 2011 (EST)

I also found these useful

http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/assets/0/78/1067/1395/1883/1a654a12-a1b6-42cb-8a6b-9b270e322f4c.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2312243/pdf/annrcse00255-0003.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825076/

--[[User:Z3308965|Fleur McGregor]] 10:41, 1 September 2011 (EST)

Hey guys here some references I found that were kinda useful

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Feb;127(2):812-21.The spectrum of median craniofacial dysplasia.Allam KA, Wan DC, Kawamoto HK, Bradley JP, Sedano HO, Saied S. PMID: 21285785

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 Aug;112(2):249-57. Epub 2011 Jun 12.Comparison between multislice and cone-beam computerized tomography in the volumetric assessment of cleft palate.Albuquerque MA, Gaia BF, Cavalcanti MG. PMID: 21664153

Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Mar;12(3):167-78.Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences.Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC. PMID:21331089

I also found the Larsons textbook had some stuff on cleft palate and lip.

Beth --[[User:Z3292953|z3292953]] 10:20, 1 September 2011 (EST)

Hey fellas, I reckon we could have inserted a brief discussion of the etymology of the word in the introduction. I don't reckon its big enough to warrant a heading of its own. Thus, I've gone ahead and taken the liberty to remove that heading from the page. Also included an "aetiology" section under development of disease- since its looking at causation of disease. Changed current research into Current and Future Research- to increase the scope of that heading.

--[[User:Z3272325|Rahul Mohan]] 12:48, 25 August 2011 (EST)

I am doing history and developmental process.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 10:06, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Hey Guys,

There has been some changes in our page in terms of Subheading order.

Hey Rahul, I'd be happy to share the Genetic Configuration with you... and your comments have been taken into consideration.

--[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 11:43, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Thankyou z3284061 for the heads up on what to do.

I've put myself down as finding current research and associated figures. However- pertaining to the latter- this would involve finding figures and diagrams relevant to our research I suppose? I'm definitely not good at art- and as for the diagrams and pics- that would be dependent more on the content we come up with. Also, as a sub-section- isn't it weird to lump all animations and figures under one subsection- isolating it away from the rest of the topic? Thus being the case, I propose that we individually keep a look out for relevant animations under our own sub-heading and I would help out anyone doing a large topic. z3284061 has indicated that that genetic configuration is a large sub heading- so I'll be happy to help with that.

See you in a couple of hours, fellas.

--[[User:Z3272325|z3272325]] 04:18, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Hey Guys,

I think after we discussed last time, I'll be doing Pathophysiology and Genetic Configuration.Hmm, I just think it will be kinda big especially for Genetic Configuration :) if you guys find anything related to it, pleaase don't hesitate to post it in the discussion.

The only one who might not have been allocated to do something specific is z3272325- I think you are meant to do The Animations and figures + Current Associated research :)

Let's Start updating the page whenever we have information :)

Cheers --[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 23:11, 24 August 2011 (EST)

For the groupo project I will be researching Developmental Staging and Abnormaility Classification.

--[[User:Z3292953|z3292953]] 11:21, 24 August 2011 (EST)

I am researching the following sub headings: surgical timeline and etimiology. If you all post what you are researching we can forward any information we find regarding your sub heading. --[[User:Z3308965|Fleur McGregor]] 12:16, 23 August 2011 (EST)

Here's the image I've found. --[[User:Z3284061|Maqdad Al Saif]] 13:10, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:Cleft lip.jpg]]

completely forgot I was meant to add a picture here as well. My apologies. And the group discussion's picking up- shall be more productive henceforth. here's a pic for cleft palate.

[[Image:In vitro fetal palate explant culture.jpg|frame|alt=Alt|In vitro fetal palate explant culture<ref><pubmed>PMC2841638</pubmed></ref>|center]]

'''References'''
<references/>
Wow!! That is sad Meedo! I didnt know you were in hospital!
Yes I think the condition is cleft lip and palate however I am working on the classifications of cleft lip as they can be disjoint at many different sites of the lip.
--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 10:11, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Fantasitc Work Tahmina!!!! I can See a flow coming up!!!
and z3292953 - Great Photos!!!! Please save the references somewhere Safe :D

As for me, I haven't been able to attend classes since Thursday. I was at the hospital, extremely dysfunctional.

Anyways, I can say that we should finilize the topic to This one... I prefer not to change because it's week 5 now. It will be wise if we dig deeper in the topic and we shall get better information. I will start my search from tomorrow and sorry for the delay. I HAVE ONLY ONE QUESTION IS CLEFT PALATE and LIP KNOWN as the WHOLE condition???
--[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 23:46, 17 August 2011 (EST)

History

The earliest known history of cleft lip is based on a combination of religion, superstition, invention and charlatanism. While Greeks were indifferent of their existence, Spartans and Romans would kill the children with this condition as they were considered to harbour evil spirits.

Between (1295- 1351) the first to note the congenital origin of the cleft was made by Jean Yperman. He also classified the various forms of the condition and laid down the principles for their treatment.

Between (1537-1619) Fabricius ab Aquapendente first suggested the embryological basis of cleft lip.

This is how I started the history, please comment if you think anything needs changing. I will continue the list on and the references at the end.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 20:00, 16 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:File-Cleft palate in newborn mice.jpg]]
<ref><pubmed>2924885</pubmed></ref>

--[[User:Z3292953|z3292953]] 12:08, 16 August 2011 (EST)

Hi Guys, I have started working on pathophysiology & history and modified some of the headings to include ones that were more relevant for Cleft palate and Lip.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 21:51, 15 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia.jpg|frame|alt=Alt|Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia<ref><pubmed>PMC2841638</pubmed></ref>|center]]

Mice mutants exhibit cleft palate and umbilical hernia

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 19:16, 15 August 2011 (EST)

So after careful consideration we have come to realise that Cleft Palate/Lip will be a more relevant topic to create a page about.
Some of you guys left last week when we registered this topic with Dr Hill. Please post here if you are still unsure of the topic. At this stage we are all reseraching different things on the topic so we can discuss about it this week.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 16:44, 15 August 2011 (EST)

There appears to be no group discussion here on possible project topics?? --[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 23:55, 7 August 2011 (EST)

We have decided to research each subheading listed on the Group Project page and then share all the information found next week. We will then be able to determine a clearer structure to the page based on what literature is available.

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 12:34, 11 August 2011 (EST)

'''Review Article'''
"Cystic fibrosis: pathogenesis and future treatment strategies"-This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of cystic fibrosis lung disease<ref><pubmed>19393104</pubmed></ref>

'''Research Article'''
"Nasal endoscopic evaluation of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis"-The questionnaire, clinical examination and especially nasal endoscopy performed as part of this research lead to a detailed assessment of the nasal characteristics of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. <ref><pubmed>20209279</pubmed></ref>

--[[User:Z3308968|Tahmina Lata]] 23:13, 10 August 2011 (EST)

Hi Guys,

I've modified the page with the required subheadings, we can change them later but it's important to get our heads around the foundations.

If have have anything to add, please do so. if you have any questions, post it here and we will try and help. --[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 22:52, 10 August 2011 (EST)

Novel concepts in evaluating antimicrobial therapy for bacterial lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.Rogers GB, Hoffman LR, Döring G. J Cyst Fibros.2011 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]

Vitamin D receptor agonists inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production from the respiratory epithelium in cystic fibrosis.McNally P, Coughlan C, Bergsson G, Doyle M, Taggart C, Adorini L, Uskokovic MR, El-Nazir B, Murphy P, Greally P, Greene CM, McElvaney NG.J Cyst Fibros. 2011 Jul 22.

--[[User:Z3292953|z3292953]] 15:59, 9 August 2011 (EST)

Hey Guys:

How are we going in the research process? Well, In case anyone wants to change the topic Tomorrow will be the last day we get to change! That’s if everyone agrees to do so.

For the time being, we are working on Cystic Fibrosis. I’ve found some interesting articles regarding the treatment.
The first one is a research while the other 2 are both Reviews.

I’ve Moved the articles of z3292953 to the discussion Page :)

Looking forward to create a great wiki page. --[[User:Z3284061|z3284061]] 22:34, 10 August 2011 (EST)

1. ''Effect of VX-770 in Persons with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D-CFTR Mutation ''

[http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0909825 Effect of VX-770 in Persons with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D-CFTR Mutation]

2. ''Recent advances in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis''

'''Abstract'''

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is caused by biofilm-growing mucoid strains. Biofilms can be prevented by early aggressive antibiotic prophylaxis or therapy, and they can be treated by chronic suppressive therapy. New results from one small trial suggest that addition of oral ciprofloxacin to inhaled tobramycin may reduce lung inflammation. Clinical trials with new formulations of old antibiotics for inhalation therapy (aztreonam lysine) against chronic P. aeruginosa infection improved patient-reported outcome, lung function, time to acute exacerbations and sputum density of P. aeruginosa. Other drugs such as quinolones are currently under investigation for inhalation therapy. A trial of the use of anti-Pseudomonas antibiotics for long-term prophylaxis showed no effect in patients who were not already infected. Use of azithromycin to treat CF patients without P. aeruginosa infection did not improve lung function. Here I review the recent advances in the treatment of P. aeruginosa lung infections with a focus on inhalation treatments targeted at prophylaxis and chronic suppressive therapy.
<ref><pubmed>21463524</pubmed></ref>

3. ''Changes in strategies for optimal antibacterial therapy in cystic fibrosis.''

'''Abstract'''

Aggressive antibiotic therapy of bacterial airway infection is one of the main reasons for the dramatic increase in life expectancy over the last few decades. Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are the predominant pathogens in younger patients, but the choice of antibiotic therapy against these pathogens remains highly controversial. There is general agreement that patients with pulmonary exacerbations should be treated and many cystic fibrosis (CF) centres will also try to eradicate bacteria in the absence of symptoms. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy, with anti-staphylococcal medications started at the time of diagnosis, is advocated by some groups but its positive effect remains unproven. In fact, recent studies have suggested that continuous prophylactic treatment with anti-staphylococcal antibiotics may increase the risk of early colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is the main pathogen in older children with CF. While chronic airway infection with mucoid P. aeruginosa is considered irreversible, both the combination of oral ciprofloxacin with inhaled colistin and inhaled tobramycin alone has been used successfully in the early phase of colonisation. In patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, standard treatment of pulmonary exacerbations consists of intravenous combination therapy for 2-3 weeks. Controversy exists whether this treatment should be performed routinely every 3 months or only in the presence of a pulmonary exacerbation. Inhaled antibiotics such as tobramycin have been shown to improve lung function and reduce sputum density of P. aeruginosa, but both the optimal dose and the duration of therapy are unclear at the present time
<ref><pubmed>11165111</pubmed></ref>

Review:
Inhaled bronchodilators for cystic fibrosis. Halfhide C, Evans HJ, Couriel J. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003428. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003428.pub2 from http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003428.html

Research Article:
Identification of airborne dissemination of epidemic multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a CF centre during a cross infection outbreak. Jones AM, Govan JR, Doherty CJ, Dodd ME. Isalska BJ, Stanbridge TN, Webb AK. Thorax 58(6), 525-527.
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775867
--[[User:Z3272325|Rahul Mohan]] 10:58, 11 August 2011 (EST)

==References==
<references/>

==Peer Assessments==
* I would suggest expanding on the current and future research section, maybe add in links to current research institutes or research papers.
* Perhaps add an image in for problems associated with cleft palate, just to add some dynamics and colour to the page.
* Perhaps tabulate the treatment section just so that the information is clearer
* Placing words in bold, although it was just a little touch, helped to highlight the main points you were trying to get across which was good.
* Good incorporation of tables and different formatting styles
* Your introduction was clear, simple and straight to the point.
* You’re referencing needs to be tidied up; there are multiple entries from the same source that tends to clutter your reference section.
* Your timeline was extremely spaced out, I would suggest deleting the space between your dot points just so that it reads easier.
--[[User:Z3332629|z3332629]] 15:31, 22 September 2011 (EST)

Talk:2011 Group Project 10

2011-09-29T00:02:51Z

Z3217043:

[[2011_Group_Project_10|'''Group 10''']]: [[User:z3332327]] | [[User:z3332629]] | [[User:z3332824]] | [[User:z3330313]]

{{2011GroupDiscussionMH}}

==Peer Review==

Peer Review

Some places for improvement.

:*Double spacing of paragraphs looks awkward.

:*History section would benefit by placing the information into a timeline rather than paragraphs as it is a bit hard to follow.

:*Epidemiology section could be expanded and written in more flowing way rather than long sentences.

:*Needs more images, lots of large blocks of text. And images need to be formatted into the text as formatting currently looks awkward.

:*Further Research could be added, for example papers or groups that are researching as currently it is just being referred to.

:*Glossary could be expanded.

:*References need to be fixed. There are many that are just a web address. Full citation is needed. Double ups need to be fixed. Also perhaps research from MORE sources is necessary as there is only a few when you cut out the double references.

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:02, 29 September 2011 (EST)

Group 10 Peer Review

*Headings are well organised and structured
*Too much text in history section-a table or image would be good
*Information is there however images/graphs/tables would help break up large chunks of text
*Diagnosis seems brief-perhaps merge with treatment section?
*Signs and symptoms could be expanded
*Great table in treatment
*Needs to be proof read-grammar and spelling mistakes
*Double referencing
*Glossary needs to be extended
--[[User:Z3308965|Fleur McGregor]] 09:54, 29 September 2011 (EST)

Group 10

*Introduction – Great intro, well referenced apart from the first paragraph.
*History has a lot of text, a timeline could work well here and also an image if possible just to break up the text.
*Epidemiology – well referenced and structured, text could be broken up but that’s nothing major as it’s a small section.
*Aetiology – A link between the image provided and the text would work well, and also the image could be formatted on the right of the page, to add to continuity and flow as other images are located on the right.
*Signs and Symptoms – Needs to be more information here, a description of each symptom and maybe its direct causes.
*Clinical manifestations – need a link between the image and the text, other than that it is well referenced and easy to understand.
*Treatment – table formatting is great and information is helpful
*Glossary – needs to include more terms form the page.
*There’s some doubling up in the reference section that needs to be fixed, other than that good job.

--[[User:Z3331469|z3331469]] 08:25, 29 September 2011 (EST)

peer review:

*Intro: One of the very few groups to use an image of the disease in the intro, well done! Like how you have referred to Duchenne’s as DMD in brackets initial heading to avoid confusion.

*History: A lot of writing, no techniques to break it up, which will basically bore your reader. Use a timeline perhaps.

*Epidemiology: Subheading will benefit this segment.

*Aetiology: The image could use some colour, but it is still very well done. It would be worthy to refer to the drawing as your explaining the genetics, just to bring them together.

*Pathogenesis: Very brief, not very informative and lacking subheadings or an image. Hopefully this will be fixed.

*Signs and Symptoms:Poorly done. Dot-points are a good way to initiate the writing but not appropriate as a final copy. Needs more description and research.

*Clinical manifestations:
The image used is excellent but needs more explanation.

*Diagnosis:Very short, looks incomplete and there’s only one reference for the entire section.

*Treatment: Well done, I like the colour and the table structure, makes it much easier to understand.

*Glossary: Incomplete, much more terminology has been used.

*References: Double referencing is a big problem here.

*Text:image ratio: could use more images.

--[[User:Z3290270|z3290270]] 02:16, 29 September 2011 (EST)

*history should be broken up with dates on side or within a table.
*how about a short summary table to use for epidemiology
*no picture of Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne?
*no copyright permission for the drawn image in genetics.
*pathogenesis seems very small for a section that is very important.
*describe how the signs and symptoms impact on patients to show the significance of the disease.
*diagnosis needs a lot of work, this section is very important. also very little references in this section.
*not enough pictures to accompany the text
*very short glossary
*multiple references of same articles
--[[User:Z3291423|Jasjit Walia]] 00:17, 29 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Review for Group 10'''

*The introduction was well written, however the picture in it is not referenced as instructed. Please fix that then your intro is perfect.
*In the history section, the first sentence is oddly placed, even though it’s informative, please put that somewhere where it will flow in the paragraph.
*The history is verbose, please re write so it’s easier to follow.
*Epidemiology needs to be reevaluated as some sentences are not constructed properly
*Etiology has sound information but the paragraphs are not structured so it flows. It also seems repetitive.
*The picture in the etiology can have its caption better structured
*Pathogenesis should include some component of genetics to explain how the abnormalities bring about the pathogenesis in the genetics level.
*Explanation of how the signs and symptoms comes along from the dystrophy should be explained
*The image of the spine is not completely referenced as url of the image and the page must also be given
*Information under ‘respiratory problems’ and smooth muscle needs some reviewed as it includes words there that shouldn’t be present
*The diagnosis section could be expanded upon so it includes more information on the details of how it is detected, and images should complement the tools to diagnose the condition.
*An introduction to the table should be given. Having the table there by itself doesn’t look good.
*Further explanation should be made on the type of physical activity that would be made for therapy
*Glossary should be expanded
*There is repetitive referencing; it should be reformatted to fit in the way multiple references is made.
*You need much more pics as without the pics the page looks word heavy.

--[[User:Z3291317|Z3291317]] 23:57, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10'''

Introduction: Good introduction. The picture could be a bit bigger. Also, a picture of the chromosome would be great.

History and epidemiology: Both sections are clear and flow well. Pictures are needed to break up the text though.

Genetics: The image is great and the text is well written.

Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis is well explained. Again, pictures would be good in this section to improve it.

Clinical manifestations: Good section. Clear, easy to understand.

Diagnosis: This section might need some more detail added. You could explain how each of the diagnostic tests work

Current and future treatment: This section is worded well but looks a little bit disjointed. I think it would be better having it either all in text or all in the table. --[[User:Z3291324|z3291324]] 23:27, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10 Peer Review'''
* Interesting introduction, with a good amount of information. The history is also quite well outlined, although as you have no doubt seen with many of the other groups by now, a timeline woud be adequate in the history section (this also helps to break the text up and help us get a "break" from large blocks of text!)
* Epidemiology section is short but sweet - all the required information is there and summarised well. Perhaps mention the rate of mortality? (although this may be obvious)
* The student-drawn image in the aetiology section doesn't have your own copyright notice, so this should be added to the description. There also might be more to write in this section, but only if you wish to seek out the information. Diagrams can be helpful in summarising excessively detailed material.
* Pathogenesis simply needs to be longer; a lot can be written on this section and there should also be the use of diagrams throughout. Explain why the pathogenesis of DMD is so destructive; it has more than just the function of securing the sarcolemma to the cytoskeleton and is also present in other parts of the body, so make sure you explore this completely! :) (for example, dystrophin which is affected also is found in different areas of the body which may help explain some of the other symptoms of DMD).
* General signs and symptoms could have a diagram to assist in the signs and symptoms.
* Clinical manifestations and complications could have more written and explaining some of the other symptoms that aren't purely based upon the muscle damage observed in DMD.
* Diagnosis needs to have more written, especially images regarding the methods of imaging and therapy.
* Treatment; and Current and Future Prospects are different sections and shouldn't be integrated. Think carefully about the implications that current and future directions of research will have on this disease - they are huge! Try to write more and make an individual section on current and future prospectives of research for DMD; as you know from your research so far, DMD is a very important disease requiring a lot of research.
* Glossary is incomplete; References have a lot of repeats, but these are problems that are common to almost all projects.
* Generally, you just need to find better ways of altering the information in your project. Try to add tables and images to help break up the information and make sure you've discussed all the sections in the guidelines for the project properly. Keep at it! :) There are also some obvious typos ('''&&&''')?
--[[User:Z3288827|Leonard Tiong]] 22:29, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10:'''

•History might work better in a timeline, just to break up the text as the beginning of the page looks a little overwhelming with text.

•Make sure that all of the student drawn images have the correct copyright information. You need to make sure you have the correct template for all of the uploaded images.

•The different sections seem to be a little inconsistent, where a few of the sections such as diagnosis and treatment seem a little vague. These sections could be expanded on to give the reader a more comprehensive knowledge of what is involved, especially seeing as the diagnosis section only has one reference.

•Some typos in the smooth muscle section - ‘&&&’

•A lot of the references are repeated multiple times – this should be fixed up so that each reference only appears once. And also not all the references seem to be formatted correctly.

•Glossary is incomplete

•Overall, good use of subheadings though some of the sections need to be expanded and a few more images are needed to add a better balance to the page. Good work so far.

--[[User:Z3332183|z3332183]] 21:33, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10'''

'''*The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.'''
All main points are there. Content is decent in some places and lacking in others. Fixing up problematic areas would be good.

'''*The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
Maybe include a time-line in history?'''
General Signs and Symptoms of Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy section is very poor. Getting information from an insurance website is not actual research. please consider re-doing this section with sources cited from a peer-reviewed paper. Signs and symptoms should go with diagnosis as it is part of making a diagnosis. why are there ampersands in Smooth muscle section?

'''*Content is correctly cited and referenced.'''
Fix up references, some are simply links and they repeat.

'''*The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.'''
Student image is drawn well, explanation could do with a bit more work though. File:Normal control muscle (a) vs. Duchennes muscular dystrophy muscle (b).jpg needs proper citation, also there isn't many images. Try including more images.

'''*Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.'''
Not as much information as i was expecting and references is not as extensive as other pages - but good in-text citation (with the exception of some places such as diagnosis and Respiratory problems), it shows that the information has come from somewhere. Information from an insurance website is not evidence of extensive research so try to fix it.

'''*Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.'''
No connection to embryology - try linking genetic defects to problems in the neonate, or even if there is a prenatal test.

'''*Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.'''
Some evidence of developing the wiki page with the guidelines. Will benefit from changing some things.

--z3329495 21:28, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10: Peer Assessment'''
* Your page is relatively short overall and could use some more pictures, especially in the first few sections.
* You have forgotten to put a title on you page
* The introduction is good
* You have got quite a bid of text in the history section, may be you can make a bid lighter with a time line?
* Epidemiology is nice to read and relevant
* Signs and symptoms belong into the clinical manifestation section
* Diagnostics could be more in detail
* The green and blue in the table is a bid too much colour all on a sudden. May be you can have some more colour overall or do the table in just one colour?
* It would be great to have more terms in the glossary
* I would put the diagnosis section right after pathogenesis
* Overall you have got good information on your page. May be you can work on the overall structure and some references. --z3279511 17:15, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10'''

*Introduction: well done

*History: lots of information, some parts have no references, subheadings and a time line would be advantageous

*Epidemiology: good contend

*Aetiology: the contend seems fine, but more structure would be good

*Pathogenesis: looks good

*Signs and symptoms: that’s more like a list that a section, maybe combine it with manifestations

*Manifestations: well done, except for smooth muscle- seems incomplete?

*Diagnosis: you could add more information and details

*Treatment: the heading seems inappropriate, separate treatment and research, the contend could be more explained

*Glossary: is incomplete

*More images would be nice
--[[User:Z3387190|Z3387190]] 14:28, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10'''

*Very poor image/text ratio – you need more images to break up the text
*Good intro
*History would work better in a timeline- you also mention nothing after the 1800s, more recent findings need to be included
*An image would be nice for pathogenesis to help the reader follow
*Not sure why you have made signs and symptoms a different heading to clinical manifestation- these could be combined
*Diagnosis is very brief and needs to be extended
*Glossary needs to be added to
*Maybe add a current research heading

===Comments on Group Project 10===
'''Strengths:'''
*The flow of the page is smooth with appropriate placement of the various headings.
*Clinical manifestation section looks really decent without appearing too verbose but yet sufficient information is given.
*The last image has correct referencing and the copyright statement is also included.
'''Weaknesses:'''
*Some of the references are not formatted properly. There are also a couple of duplications under References.
*Glossary is not complete.
*The formatting for the overall page is not as consistent as it can be.
'''Specific corrections:'''
*Maybe it would be better to have a heading for the genetic condition just on its own and not put it with the introduction heading.
* Maybe future treatments can come under a new heading “future research”?
*It will be good to elaborate more on current treatments.
*Diagnosis can be more detailed.
*Include a timeline under history to summarise that section.
*The copyright statement that allows wikiusers to use the student image after 6 months is not included.

--Z3389806 07:04, 27 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10 Peer assessment'''
*Heading order needs to re-arranged and done properly with diagnosis above before signs and symptoms.
*Introduction done sort of well needs to integrate image as an example of the myofibres.
*History rather bulky with too much text and no image, image of the founder would be fine. Also no time line present of DM needs to be added
*Epidemiology seems rather empty, images would benefit this section also more stats, further expansion of sub headings would also do well for this section
*Genetics aetiology needs to be expanded where seems to be cramped, though usage of image needs to be noted
*Pathogenesis needs images and further information
*Signs and symptoms needs to be expanded and image of some signs or tables
*Clinical manifestation done well with image and further sub-headings
*Diagnosis requires more attention with further methods of detection of DM
*Treatment is well done with the usage of the table
*Glossary needs to further expanded also linked to the pages so easy to follow the page
*References are not complete with links and repeats of the references
z3332250 23:59, 26 September 2011 (EST)

'''Group 10 Critique'''

#• The introduction was very good. Good use of images to give it a little decoration!
#• History is good
#• Epidemiology is good, however if possible try and make it longer/ include more information
#• The Genetics section is a bit too short. Add more information. Good hand drawn image!
#• Pathogenesis is a little short. Needs more information
#• Signs and Symptoms is good
#• Clinical manifestations is ok
#• Diagnosis, treatment and glossary are all well written. These sections should not require any change

--[[User:Z3289991|Robert Klein]] 16:27, 26 September 2011 (EST)

Group 10 ''Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy''
*The first paragraph of the introduction has no reference.
*The paragraphs in history are quite long, often with grammar mistakes, incorrect punctuations and many of the ideas within a sentence separated by a ''-''. For example the second last paragraph within history.
*The history is too verbose, a timeline with bullet points will look better
*Aetiology is quite concise and informative however gramatical errors are a distraction. For example ''There a multiple forms of dystrophin''. It might be a good idea to proofread the page.
*Well done with the student drawn image
*'Pathogenesis' is again well written however an image might have given it a balance between the text in the section and the pictures or tables
*The future therapies table is a little confusing, you might want to add more columns and define the therapy, and then discuss what the challenges and findings are and at the end column finish off with what the implication might be if the research is to be completed successfully. At the moment you have discussed all that in one big paragraph and the way the descriptions start, it sounds like there is no background to the description, just a little abrupt.
*The glossary is very short and you should include terms like de novo mutation.
*The existing definitions are unclear and incomplete

''Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy''

*Make sure you add a proper heading for the page, so it doesn't just start with 'Introduction'
*The 'Introduction' is a good start to the page, very easy to read and understand
*'History' is a bit difficult to read, try to make is sequential order, or at least '''bold''' the dates
*In 'History' we don't really want a story, but key dates in the history of the discovery of the disorder. Surely something has happened in the past 150 years?
*Good work with 'Pathogenesis', it is a good description of the development of the disorder
*Can we see an image relating to the signs and symptoms?
*'Clinical Manifestations' is a good thorough description, though I don't understand what going on with the last section 'Smooth Muscle' with the random '''&&&'''. It is also a whole lot more general than the preceeding sections. Is it finished?
*Could you give a bit more detail in 'Diagnosis'. It would be good to explain each method a bit more and explain why they are relevant.
*Can you expand on the table a bit? ie P188, what exactly is it used for? How does it treat it? How effective is it? When is it administered etc
*No current research section? This could be a good conclusion to the page - the 'Stem Cell Transplant' section from 'Treatments' would fit better here
*The glossary needs to be finished and expanded on
*Overall the page is not bad, but more images are needed and some clarification on topics

Group 10-
* Need more images to break up the text
* The introduction was really easy to read and had relevant information in it
* History should be in bullet point form to make it easier to access or at least have the dates in BOLD
* Does the history include dates after the 1800s? or did all research stop then?
* Epidemiology was good. Had all the relevant info
* Pathogenesis would benefit an image or a diagram
* Signs and symptoms could be put with clinical manifestations.
* What is the point of the ‘&&&’? in clinical manifestations and complications?
* Diagnosis could be expanded upon to explain how and why these methods work
* Treatment could also be expanded on. A list of drugs doesn’t explain much
* There is not current/future research section
* This is a good start to the project but more research needs to be done

'''Group 10'''
* The structure and use of headings and subheadings is good, make sure you title your page.
* Good info very informative and it gives a good overview to DMD.
* HIstory has a lot of text could you use a timeline here?
* i think a picture of the pathogenesis would improve this section.
* Has your group look at the CNS and cognitive function of DMD boys its a controversial area as many people have different attitudes towards this but Dr Stewart Head a UNSW lecture actually studies DMD and is very informative in the area and recently published a article in the journal Brain.
* The CNS is highly affected by the lack of dystrophin as well as GABA receptors. I think this area is very import to consider as it highly affects the boys at school.
* Could you add some pictures to your page or break it up with the use of more tables as it a lot of text in comparison to pictures and tables.
* Make sure your reference list is not doubled.
* Ensure all your pictures are referenced properly.
* Student image is present.
* This is a good start.

'''Group 10 Assessment'''
*The history is a bit wordy… Maybe consider consolidating the information into a table format for ease of reading. Could also use a picture to add to it.
*The Epidemiology section could also use a picture and maybe some more information, if possible.
*Point vs Frameshift mutation jpg: Good drawing, but in the last portion of the picture the product is labeled as a ‘tunicated protein product.’ Isn’t it supposed to be a ‘truncated’ product?
*The Signs and Symptoms section could use some formatting; it just looks rather dull currently. Maybe a chart or add in a picture?
*Smooth muscle section: Why are there random &&&’s?
*The top portion of the Treatment section could use some more referencing… Good chart though! Only thing I’d suggest for it is to add some pictures if possible?
*Glossary term list is rather short… Are you sure there’s nothing else that needs defining for clarification for the reader?
*It would be a good idea also to have the glossary terms linked with the words in the wiki page, so that the reader can easily get access to the word in the glossary.
*Some of the references are repetitive. Make sure to fix this so they all link to a single reference instead of numerous ones of the same resource.
*For the references given throughout the wiki, there isn’t any consistency in how the [#] is given. The [#] is sometimes right after the sentence, sometimes a space is given between the sentence and citation number, and the end of the sentence (period or comma) is sometimes before or after the reference #...
*Overall, good information is included, just work on referencing things and the overall structure and you should be good!
--[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 17:00, 27 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Assessment: Group Project 10'''
*I think the section heading of introduction accompanied by the question what is muscular dystrophy, works really well.
*It might be good to include an image in the history section to break up the text, such as of someone prominently involved with the disease findings.
*The information in clinical manifestations and complications is well written. There needs to be some fix to the formatting under the smooth muscle heading where some '&'s have been repeated.
*The current and future prospects section is great. You have summarised what
*Some of the definitions of words in the glossary need to be completed e.g. atrophy and protease.
*Under the information in some of the images such as the fisrt one, you still need to add <nowiki>{{Template:2011 Student Image}}</nowiki>.
*Some of the references are duplicated. They can instead be linked together using the 'multiple instances on a page' editing guidelines: http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=References#Multiple_Instances_on_Page.
*An additional section of external links might provide information for those wanting to know more.
--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 10:50, 28 September 2011 (EST)

'''Peer Review'''

* struture and format done well
* easy to read

--[[User:Z3060621|z3060621]] 21:58, 28 September 2011 (EST)

==Discussion==

'''GROUP 10!'''

'''To make everything easier to follow, we have agreed to write any updates, info, discussion etc at the BOTTOM of this page, it will just stop us having to keep going up and down and wasting time trying to find the information we want.'''

----

Hey Everyone,

So Mark went through each group today during the lab and the webpages and discussed where we should be up to. By next week, he expects the subheadings & some content to be up and running. He also recommended that we should have some more research going on in our discussion page. E.g. Research articles links, interesting sites etc.

Topics have been allocated so please begin your research and typing up some content. We can further divide our headings if necessary, take a look at some other groups, they have some pretty good ideas. Mark will be checking this next week during our lab. He'll be coming around to each of us.

So hopefully see you all next week !

--[[User:Z3332327|z3332327]] 12:53, 25 August 2011 (EST)

==Subheadings for assignment==

Intro what is DMD

History/timeline

Genetic component

Why is it an abnormality - Symptoms effect

Diagnosis, future/current prospect (treatments?)

2 case studies

Glossary of terms

====Post online any preferences you may have in terms of the topics you wish to research and by Sunday we will allocate sub topics====
--[[User:Z3332629|z3332629]] 13:09, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Okay hey guys just to get the discussion going, umm I don't mind doing the first 2 on the list. And the "Why is it an abnormality - Symptoms effect" sounds pretty interesting as well.
What are your preferences?? :)

--[[User:Z3330313|z3330313]] 14:55, 23 August 2011 (EST)

Hey Everyone, Im happy to do the diagnosis/current/future prospects point and a case study.

--z3332327 15:36, 23 August 2011 (EST)

Hello,
I would like to do the 'why is it an abnormality - symptoms effect' and then it will be easy to incorporate that with a case study. So I guess that leaves Ashleigh to do the genetic component mostly, but we will ALL help out with that :D
How does this sound?

--[[User:Z3332824]] 10:22, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy, which results in muscle degeneration, difficulty walking, breathing, and death. It is caused by a mutation of the dystrophin gene at locus Xp21.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta - caused by defect in the gene that produces type 1 collagen, an important building block of bone. Most cases of OI are inherited from a parent, although some cases are the result of new genetic mutations. A person with OI has a 50% chance of passing on the gene and the disease to their children.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the biochemical steps of production of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands (steroidogenesis).

DiGeorge Syndrome - congenital immunodeficiency. Di George syndrome is an inherited condition that lies at the more severe end of a spectrum of syndromes (also known as CATCH22 or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) that occur when a part of the DNA on chromosome 22 is missing. Several different genes are lost, resulting in a collection of different features, including problems with the immune system, congenital heart defects and abnormalities of the parathyroid glands.
[[User:Z3332327|z3332327]] 22:28, 7 August 2011 (EST)

Review Article: Targeting RNA to treat neuromuscular disease. Muntoni, F & Wood, M.J.A. (2011) Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10, 621-637.
http://www.nature.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/nrd/journal/v10/n8/full/nrd3459.html

Research Article: Ahmad N, Welch I, Grange R, Hadway J, Dhanvantari S, Hill D, Lee TY, Hoffman LM. Use of imaging biomarkers to assess perfusion and glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of dystrophic mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141608/pdf/1471-2474-12-127.pdf

z3332327 23:11, 10 August 2011 (EST)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

'''Friedreich Ataxia –''' Is caused by defect/mutation of the gene FXN, the disorder is recessive. It is an inherited disease that causes nervous system damage and impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) through spinal cord, peripheral nerve and cerebellum degeneration.

'''Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome –''' Rare inherited disorder where there is a deficiency of the enzyme: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). This is caused by mutations of the HPRT gene located on the x-chromosome. This disorder is an x-linked recession disease, it causes kidney probems (building up of uric acid in all body fluids) and moderate mental retardation.

'''Farber's Disease –''' Is an inherited autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease. The gene responsible making the enzyme ceramidase is mutated. This enzyme breaks down fatty material in the body’s cell. [not recommended to do, limited disease]

'''Mucopolysaccharidoses –''' Inherited metabolic disease where a defective or missing enzyme cause large amounts of complex sugar molecules to accumulate in harmful amounts in the bodies cells and tissues. They can’t break down these glycosaminoglycans into smaller chains. It ends up causing progressive cellular damage which affects appearance, physical abilities, organ and system functioning, and, in most cases, mental development.

--[[User:Z3330313|z3330313]] 23:43, 7 August 2011 (EST)

{{2011ProjectsMH}}
Hey group 10 members!
I've quickly done some research on the top 4 listed disorders.
All of them had loads of info!!
Let me know what you think and lets say by monday we should pick a topic?

Angelman syndrome
- rare neuro-genetic disorder
- characterised by severe intellectual disability, speech impediment, sleep disturbance, unstable jerky gait, seizures and usually a happy demeanour
- occurs about one in 20,000 births
- Severe intellectual disability and developmental delay
- Profound speech impairment
- Movement for balance disorder

Turner’s syndrome
- affects about 1 in every 2,500 girls
- usually short in height
- born with only one X chromosome or they are missing part of one X chromosome
- prevents the ovaries from developing properly
- kidney problems, high blood pressure, heart problems, overweight, hearing difficulties, diabetes, and thyroid problems

Williams Syndrome
- rare genetic disorder characterized by mild to moderate mental retardation or learning difficulties, a distinctive facial appearance, and a unique personality that combines over-friendliness and high levels of empathy with anxiety.
- Common problem: cardiovascular disease caused by narrowed arteries
- A random genetic mutation (deletion of a small piece of chromosome 7), rather than inheritance, most often causes the disorder
- 50 percent chance of passing it on if they decide to have children

Cystic Fibrosis
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease of the mucus and sweat glands, which affects the entire body.
- affects mostly your lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses and sex organs
- makes it easy for bacteria to grow
- Difficulty breathing
- multitude of other symptoms, including sinus infections, poor growth, diarrhea, and infertility result from the effects of CF on other parts of the body

--[[User:Z3332629|z3332629]] 14:10, 4 August 2011 (EST)

Sorry i accidently posted it on the actual project page lol

--[[User:Z3332629|Ashleigh Pontifex]] 13:31, 10 August 2011 (EST)
Review article: Functional characteristics of dystrophic skeletal muscle: insights from animal models.
Jon F. Watchko1, Terrence L. O'Day1, and Eric P. Hoffman2
http://jap.physiology.org/content/93/2/407.long

Research article: The common missense mutation D489N in TRIM32 causing limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2H leads to loss of the mutated protein in knock-in mice resulting in a Trim32-null phenotype
Elena Kudryashova1, Arie Struyk2,†, Ekaterina Mokhonova1, Stephen C. Cannon2 and Melissa J. Spencer1,*
http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/07/28/hmg.ddr311.long
--[[User:Z3332629|Ashleigh Pontifex]] 13:31, 10 August 2011 (EST)

----
Hello!
So my four diseases:

'''1. Fragile X Retardation:''' males mostly, the code CGG is repeated on a fragile area of the X chromosome. The more repeats, the more problems. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002633/ for more details on symptoms etc.

'''2. Klinefelter Syndrome:''' extra X chromosome in males - XXY. Abnormal body proportions, infertility, less hair, big boobs, problems with their genitals (poor things). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001420/

'''3. Triple X:''' I think this is a trisomy and should be avoided? It is having XXX in females.

'''4. Thalassemia:''' blood disorder in which you have abnormal haemoglobin. Results lead to excessive destruction of RBC which leads to anaemia. Inherited from BOTH parents. Bone deformities in face, fatigue, growth failure, jaundice. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001613/

Personally, out of my four I think either Fragile X or Thalassemia will be the most interesting. Angelman Syndrome and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy also sound cool. I think we should avoid all ones that are really specific biochem disorders (or to that effect)- something like Mucopolysaccharidoses - because we might get bogged down in the details and have to spend ages figuring out what its actually doing.

What is everyone else's thoughts?
See you tomorrow,
Rhiannon.

I think we should do Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
--[[User:Z3332629|Ashleigh Pontifex]] 11:03, 11 August 2011 (EST)

I agree !
Lisa Xiao 11:04, 11 August 2011 (EST)

Yes that sounds good, lets do it :)
--[[User:Z3330313|Joanna Pak]] 11:38, 11 August 2011 (EST)

Yep, I'm all for it. I'm glad we can bags it before everyone else :D
Rhiannon

--[[User:Z3332824|Rhiannon Bice]] 11:40, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Useful Links ==

[http://www.genome.gov/19518854]National Human Genome Research Institute: Fact Sheet on Duchennes

'''Treatment'''

No known cure. However treatment aims to manage symptoms to maximize the quality of life.
Treatments includes:
- Physical Therapy: in order to maintain muscle strength and function. (Inactivity leads to weakened muscles and can worsen the condition)
- Orthopedic appliances such as braces and wheelchairs are available to improve mobility
- Aggressive management of dilated cardiomyopathy with anti-congestive medications
- The medication prednisone — a steroid — is given to improve the strength and function of individuals with DMD (However there are side affects associated with this medication)

'''Future Prospects'''
- Gene Therapy

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000705.htm]Medline Plus: Encyclopedia

--z3332327 15:48, 16 August 2011 (EST)

Hey guys, I couldn't copy a picture relating to Duchenne, so i just got a random one :)
Rhiannon.

[[File:Patterns of zona pellucida deposition and ZPC-ubiquitin colocalization in porcine ocyte-cumulus complexes isolated from small antral follicles.JPG]]

Patterns of zona pellucida deposition and ZPC-ubiquitin colocalization in porcine ocyte-cumulus complexes isolated from small antral follicles.
<ref><pubmed>21383844</pubmed></ref>

<references/>

[[File:Flow of participants.JPG]]

File: Flow of Participants
--Lisa Xiao 12:43, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:1532-429X-13-20-1.jpg]]

--[[User:Z3330313|z3330313]] 12:51, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Hey girls its Ashleigh, sorry I've been quite sick over the last week.
How about me copy and paste the headings again and write our names next to our bit and we can leave suggests as to what can fit into that heading etc? Ps did I miss anything from last weeks lab??

--[[User:Z3332629|Ashleigh Pontifex]] 19:38, 30 August 2011 (EST)

== Official discussion ==

''Subheadings for assignment''

Intro what is DMD

History/timeline

Genetic component

Why is it an abnormality - Symptoms effect

Diagnosis, future/current prospect (treatments?)

2 case studies

Glossary of terms

====Post online any preferences you may have in terms of the topics you wish to research and by Sunday we will allocate sub topics====
--[[User:Z3332629|z3332629]] 13:09, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Just found an awesome website!

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1173204-overview

Check it out when you can, it has info on history & treatment as well as some really good images.

[[File:Point vs frameshift mutations.jpg|500px|]]

Whoever is doing future direction of treatment etc., check out this article on PubMed

Cardiomyopathy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: current understanding and future directions.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21674516?tool=MedlinePlus

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy and occurs in 1 in 3500 male births. Improved survival due to improvements in clinical care of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems has led to an increased incidence of cardiomyopathy. Cardiac-related deaths are now seen in approximately 20% of DMD patients. Our current understanding of DMD cardiomyopathy has increased significantly over the past 10 years, but further research is required to improve cardiac treatment and outcomes in DMD. This review provides a summary of the current literature and discussion of potential new therapies for DMD cardiomyopathy.

Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

--[[User:Z3332629|Ashleigh Pontifex]] 20:00, 30 August 2011 (EST)

Some quick points from:
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/duchenne-and-becker-muscular-dystrophy

- Mutations in the DMD gene causes DMD

- The DMD gene provides instructions for making a protein called dystrophin that helps stabilize and protect muscle fibers and may play a role in chemical signaling within cells.

- Mutations alter the structure or function of dystrophin, or prevent any functional dystrophin from being produced.

- Muscle cells without this protein become damaged as muscles repeatedly contract and relax with use. The damaged fibers weaken and die over time, leading to the muscle weakness and heart problems characteristic of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies.

- This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern.

- Males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females.

- Fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

- Females who carry a DMD gene mutation also have an increased risk of developing heart abnormalities including dilated cardiomyopathy.

Hey guys
I found this slide show on DMD, quite easy to understand because all u have to do is listen!
So its http://hstalks.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/main/citation_info.php?c=252
Oh and I'm not 100% sure on how to reference properly so bear with me if I make a mistake on the group page. And I'm going to try and borrow some books DMD to see if there's more of an indepth history of the disorder.
If u guys feel your part is too big, let me know because I'm willing to help out!!

(http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/950.html)
--[[User:Z3330313|Joanna Pak]] 02:10, 1 September 2011 (EST)

I've been doing a bit of research and found some good papers.

Rodino-Klapac LR, Chicoine LG, Kaspar BK, Mendell JR. Gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy: expectations and challenges. Arch Neurol. Sep 2007;64(9):1236-41

Bogdanovich S, Perkins KJ, Krag TO. Therapeutics for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: current approaches and future directions. J Mol Med. Feb 2004;82(2):102-15

Cossu G, Sampaolesi M. New therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: challenges, prospects and clinical trials. Trends Mol Med. Dec 2007;13(12):520-6

AND the a copy of original book by Gower (one of the first to describe the disease etc) is at the library! Its called ' A manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'. Pages 378-393. I will be checking that out tonight or tomorrow.
-Rhi.

Treatment:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1173204-overview -- Useful link

Inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of the dystrophinopathies despite the fact that most biopsies in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy do not show inflammatory cells. Corticosteroids have been used for more than 40 years with some success to treat patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The central role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of the dystrophinopathies is suggested by the fact that use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, results in prolongation of ambulation, maintenance of strength and function, and delay in the development of scoliosis. The side effects are well-known and do temper many clinicians enthusiasm to recommend its use in small children, patients with behavior or learning issues, or any patient for chronic use. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of action for corticosteroids on the body is still a large mystery.

To date, corticosteroids are the only medication that has demonstrated a modest benefit in modifying the course of the disease.[5] Clinical improvement is seen as early as 1 month after starting treatment and lasts as long as 3 years. Children who discontinue corticosteroids for various reasons soon revert to natural downward progression of the disease. It is hypothesized that prednisone reduces tissue inflammation, suppresses cytotoxic cells, improves calcium homeostasis, and stimulates myoblasts.

--[[User:Z3332327|Lisa Xiao]] 16:45, 31 August 2011 (EST)

----

== '''Clarification on components of the assignment''' ==

*If we find papers/books/info relating to another section that isn't ours, clearly write the name of the person it goes to and link/mention it e.g. Lisa: xyz
(this will just make it really easy to find)

*When we have the majority of the info up, we can meet and format the page, as well as edit it to make it flow.

*Keep checking this page for updates! Make this the main communication method between us, so keep an eye on it :D

*We also agreed that any updates will be here at the bottom of the page, just makes the flow easier. So keep updates down here!!

Sections:

Jo: intro/history/epidemiology

Ashleigh: genetic component/aetiology/pathogenesis (close work with Rhiannon)

Rhiannon: signs and symptoms/clinical manifestations/pathogenesis/CASE STUDY 1 (close work with Ashleigh)

Lisa: Diagnosis/treatment/futher research and directions/CASE STUDY 2

*Also, do we want to write anything about Becker's syndrome (the milder version of DMD?) Maybe we could do a comparison table if we can be bothered?
--[[User:Z3332824|Rhiannon Bice]] 13:02, 1 September 2011 (EST)

Hey guys, during my own research I've come across a lot of resources that each of you could use. They are only suggestions, but a few look really good!! I just thought I'd put them here to help us all along instead of you starting from scratch. I've spent most of today researching so its a bit of a waste if I don't pass it on :)

*'''Ashleigh'''- you may find details these sites helpful: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v333/n6172/abs/333466a0.html; http://www.unsworks.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=UNSWORKS&docId=unsworks_8295; http://docentes.cs.urjc.es/~odeluis/Docencia/ABP/Articulos/davies.pdf

*'''Lisa:''' http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0959437X9180033I. There is also a book at the library called "''Myoblast Transfer Therapy"'' written by the Muscular Dystrophy Association that you may find useful. It can be found at the library at Level 8, Main Library (MB 617.4730592/1). Also, I used a lot information found in the paper at {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mus.22097/full}, so this may be a good starting point for treatment, especially about problems relating to the cardiac/respiratory systems. They also give some good info on the treatments available. Basically, you will get a lot out of that paper! If you can't download it properly, buzz me your email and I'll send it to you.

*'''Jo:''' Book called ''The history of a genetic disease : Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Meryon's disease'' Level 8, Main Library (MB 616.748/6). I think also when we all have our info about the actual disease written it will be heaps easier to write the introduction.

*YO! '''Found a LECTURE''' from a guy in America about it: http://hstalks.com/main/browse_talk_view.php?t=72&s=72&s_id=33&c=252. You can download the lecture slides too and use them (of course, we have to reference it properly as well). I think you found this before Jo? Anyway, check it out!!!

*I have found a tonne of papers as well, so if everyone puts up their emails I can send it to you all. Even if you get one good sentence to use out of the whole paper then thats great!

-Chamberlain, J. (2007), "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy", in Dunn, B. (ed.), Protein Epidemiology: Diseases at the Level of Protein Structure and Function, The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, London (online at http://hstalks.com/bio)

Ashleigh's writing - maybe use?: Normal functioning of Dystrophin verses impaired functioning

Dystrophin is part of a group of proteins found in skeletal and cardiac muscle that work to protect and strengthen muscles fibers as they contract and relax upon movement. Dystrophin also functions in connecting muscle cell’s with other proteins and molecules in order to send and receive chemical signals amongst cells and to anchor muscle fibers. <ref>U.S. National Library of Medicine (2011). “Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy”. Author unknown, Genetics Home Reference. Accessed via http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/duchenne-and-becker-muscular-dystrophy </ref>

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells of Duchennes patients have no functional dystrophin present and therefore the muscle fibers become extensively damaged as they contract and relax with use. Overtime, these damaged cells weaken and eventually die resulting in multiple health implications. <ref>U.S. National Library of Medicine (2011). “Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy”. Author unknown, Genetics Home Reference. Accessed via http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/duchenne-and-becker-muscular-dystrophy </ref>

---Rhiannon.