Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

Z3217015

2009-10-15T02:22:55Z

Z3217015:

Apparently it did not save when I answered the questions in the class, so here I go again.

1) What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface of the egg?
Zona Pellucida protein ZP3

2) Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary?
1-Primordial follicle
2-Preantral follicle
3-Antral follicle

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:10, 6 August 2009 (EST)

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, which acts on the ovary, altering the secretion of oestrogen, and progesterone, altering menstrual cycle

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
Ectoderm, which forms nervous system tissue, and epidermis epithelia tissue types

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:14, 13 August 2009 (EST)

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover? 8 weeks
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? Sclerotome
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Carnegie stage 13

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:08, 20 August 2009 (EST)
Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
Sinus venosus

What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
Descending aorta

What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:12, 27 August 2009 (EST)

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is it more common for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia to happen on one side or both?

2. What is the answer to the above question?

They occur on one side only, with the majority of cases occurring on the left side of the diaphragm.

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 14:17, 3 September 2009 (EST)

1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
Cleft lip with 8.1-9.9 abnormalities out of 100,000, versus 4.8-6 abnormalities per 100,000 for cleft palate

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
Forms the tubotympanic recess, the tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and the eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?
Melanocytes

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:23, 17 September 2009 (EST)

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
A myotube is a single unit of a muscle fibre. It is formed by the determination of myogenic progenitor cells, and then the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
Slow fibres get converted to fast fibres

b) Took up marathon running

A conversion of fast muscle fibres to slow muscle fibres

MARK 4/5 SP

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:27, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:19, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

Muscle stem cells, adipose stem cells, bone marrow stem cells

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

(the ways to introduce the adult cells into prepotent stem cell state) - Virus (what type), Non-viral (term)
Adult human adipose stem cells using nonintegrating adenoviruses
Non viral method to induce genes by episomal reprogramming strategy

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

True

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:22, 15 October 2009 (EST)

2009 Group Project 2

2009-10-15T01:53:46Z

Z3217015: /* Genetics of Drosophila */

=== FLY ===
==Drosophila Melanogaster==
[[File:Drosophila melanogaster 1.jpg|thumb|350px|top|The Drosophila ''melanogaster'']]

Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, plays a major role in embryological and genetic research. There are a number of factors which make drosophila a very useful tool for genetic research. These factors include their size, short lifespan, their short generation time, and high reproduction rate (females can lay upwards of 100 eggs a day). They are cost effective for schools and universities, allowing easy replication of studies for on going years, and large populations mean statistical analysis can be reliable, and easy to obtain. The complete genome was sequenced and published in 2000 by Adams et al.

The object of this page is to examine the embryological development of Drosophila. However, the embryological development of Drosophila is just the beginning, as this development occurs within the female parent fly before birthing. Post-natal development has two separate periods in which the embryo develops to become a fully grown adult fly. These periods are the larval stage, and the pupal stage. In these stages the embryo goes through a metamorphosis changing its external appearance, and growing appendages such as wings, legs, and antennae, becoming a fully functional adult fly.

The time line of Drosophila development will be discussed, as will the stages of development, as adapted from the Bowne's stages by Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein . The genetics of the fly will be examined, as will the history of the use of Drosophila as an embryological model. The future direction of the use of Drosophila as an embryological model will also be looked at.

==Timeline of Drosophila Development==

[[File:Drosophila table.JPG|thumb|550px|left|Drosophila development. Taken from FlyMove]]
===Development of the foregut===
Stage 9 – a layer of basophilic cells cylindrical in shape forms from the primordium of the stomodeum.

Stage 10- cells invaginate. Cells undergo mitotic division. The oesophagus and distal pharynx is derived from these cells.

Stage 13- stomodeum continues to develop caudally

Stage 13- 15 – promixal pharynx floor and pharyngeal arch becomes incorporated into the foregut.

Stage 14-17- median tooth, mouth hooks and maxillary cirri develops

===Development of midgut===

Stage 7- endodermal part of anterior midgut primordium invaginates ventrally.

Stage 9- second mitotic division occurs for all cells in the midgut primordium.

Stage 10- cells of anterior midgut attaches to stomodeum.

Stage 15- 16- midgut constrictions appear.

Stage 16-17- proventriculus arises from stomodeal cells.

Stage 17- the gastric valve is formed.

===Development of the hindgut===

Stage 8- first mitotic division occurs in the hindgut primordium.

Stage 10- the first phase of germ band extension is completed. Distinctive regions of the hindgut can be seen. A transversal depression forms the Malpighian tubules.

Stage 12- the hindgut changes its shape due to germ band shortening. The hindgut is brought to the caudal end and is quickly bent.

===Development of somatic and visceral musculature===

Stage 8- germ band extension commences. Cells inside the mesodermal tube undergoes first postblastodermal mitosis.
[[File: Drosophila Musculature.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Drosophila somatic musculature 13 dorsolateral view ]]
Stage 9- mesodermal cells becomes cuboidal in shape and forms a monostratified epithelium. These cells lies along the germ band in the ectoderm. The germ band at this stage consists of consistent bulges.

Stage 10- cells in the mesoderm undergoes third postblastodermal mitosis. Affects all the cells within the germ layer.

Stage 12- germ band shortening happens. Cells in the splanchnopleura and cells from the somatopleura separates from each other. Cells in splanchopleura and somtopleura adjusts themselves into an epithelium of tightly packed slim cells. These cells then comes into contact with the anterior and posterior midgut. Visceral musculature is developed from splanchopleura cells.

Stage 13- 15 – single somatic mesodermal cells fuses to form syncytial cells. Formation of muscle occurs due to this process.

Stage 16- final pattern of somatic musculature is developed.

==Stages of Drosophila Embryological Development==
The stages of Drosophila embryological development are listed below. The larval and pupal stages in post embryologic development are separate to these, and are mentioned in the timeline of development. The stages listed below are adapted from Bownes stages (1975) by Ortega and Hartenstein (1985), as there were some dissimilarities and inconsistencies observed in Bownes stages. The following times given for the stages are an average recorded room temperature (25°C).

{| border='1px'
|+ Table 1: Stages of Drosophila development
!Stage !!Time since fertilisation (hours)!!Stage Characteristic !!Embryo characteristic !!Image (Click image for more information)
|-
|1
|0.00-0.25
|First two syncytial divisions occur.
|Embryo dark in center, lighter at periphery, due to distribution of yolk granules
|[[file: Drosophila stage 1.jpg|200px]]
|-
|2
|0.25-1.50
|Syncytial divisions 3-8, separation of egg cytoplasm from envelope
|Two empty spaces appear at either pole
|[[file: Drosophila stage 2.jpg|200px]]
|-
|3
|1.50-1.20
|Syncytial division 9, polar buds formed in posterior space
|Clear cytoplasmic ring around periphery of embryo
|[[file: Stage 3 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|4
|1.20-2.10
|Syncytial division 10-13. Polar buds increase in number
|Appearance of somatic buds in periphery of embryo due to location of blastoderm nuclei
|[[file: Drosophila stage 4.jpg|200px]]
|-
|5
|2.10-2.50
|Cellularisation begins, anterior space disappears
|Pole cells move dorsally, blastoderm nuclei elongate
|[[file: Drosophila stage 5.jpg|200px]]
|-
|6
|2.5-3.00
|Onset of gastrulation, ventral and cephalic furrows form
|Pole cells shift dorsally. Blastoderm cells shift position forming dorsal plate
|[[file: Stage 6 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|7
|3.00-3.10
|Completion of gastrulation
|Three dorsal folds become visible as a result of endoderm invagination. Pole cells no longer visible on surface
|[[file: Stage 7 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|8
|3.10-3.40
|Germ band expansion
|Formation of amnioproctodeal invagination
|[[file: Stage 8 drosophila .gif|200px]]
|-
|9
|3.40-4.20
|Stomodeal cell plate formation, continuation of germ band expansion
|Clear layering of germ band due to delamination of neuroblasts. Anterior pole separates from vitelline envelope
|[[file: Stage 9 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|10
|4.20-5.20
|Germ band expansion ceases
|Invagination of stomodeum, parasegmental grooves appear
|[[file: Stage 10 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|11
|5.20-7.20
|Apoptosis begins. Germ band retraction initiates
|Segmental furrows become apparent. Tracheal pits and malphigian tubules form
|[[file: Stgae 11 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|12
|7.20-9.20
|Germband retraction
|Anterior, posterior midgut fuse. Yolk sac moved dorsally. Tracheal tubes fuse together. Ventral cord separates form epidermis
|[[file: Stage 12 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|13
|9.20-10.20
|Germ band retraction completes. Head involution begins.
|Yolk sac protrudes dorsally, labium moves to midline on ventral side
|[[file: Stage 13 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|14
|10.20-11.20
|Head involution continues
|Dorsum, and midgut begin closing. Dorsal spiracles become evident
|[[file: Stage 14 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|15
|12.20-13.00
|Epidermal segmentation completed. Head involution continues
|Epidermis and gut close completely
|[[file: Stage 15 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|16
|13.00-16.00
|Intersegmental groves visible at mid-dorsal levels
|Four gastric caecae evaginate from midgut
|
|-
|17
|16.00 until hatching
|Air infiltrates tracheal tree. Movement of embryo visible within viteline envelope
|Ventral cord continues retraction
|[[file: Stage 17 drosophila.jpg|200px]]
|-
|}

==History of Drosophila Embryological Model Use==
[[File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Thomas Hunt Morgan]]

*In 1900, Ectomologist Charles W. Woodworth was the first to breed the Drosophila at Harvard university and suggested to W.E. Castle they could be used in studies of genetics.

*In 1908 T.H Morgan, an American geneticist and embryologist, was looking for an inexpensive that could be breed quickly and in limited space and Castle suggested the drosophila. Through Morgan’s studies of heredity he discovered the white-eyed mutation in the drosophila.

*By 1910, at Columbia University T.H Morgan and his students work on the top floor of the Schermerhorn Hall and t became known as the fly room. Students of the Fly Room were A.H. Sturtevant, C.B Bridges and H.J. Muller.

*In 1913 Sturtevant published a paper with the first genetic map and clearly laid out the logic for genetic mapping.

*In 1927 Muller ionized radiation and found it caused genetic damage.

*1930’s feasability of generating deficiences and duplications were exploited in 1970 to generate duplicates and initiating whole-genome scanning.

*In 1933 Morgan won the Nobel Prize for his discovery that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of hereditary.

*Also in 1933 Heitz and Bauer fly Bibio hortulanus studies discovered salivary gland chromosomes.

*1934 saw the 1st published drawings of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes by T.S painter.

*In 1935 and 1938 Bridges publish polytene maps that are still used today.

*In 1946 Muller received the Nobel prize for his work, showing mutation induced by x-rays.

*In, 1971, ‘Clock mutants of Drosophila Melanogaster’ was published by Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer. This paper described the first mutations that affected an animal’s behaviour.

*In 1972 D.S. Hogness of Stanford Universtiy put in a grant application for modern genome reseach and in 1974 he made the 1st random clone of any organism.

*In 1975, clone libraries representing the entire genome had been generated and screened for clones carrying specific sequences.

*In 1980 C. Nusseiln-Volhard and E. Wieschaus attempt to identify all genes involved fundamental processes leading to the discovery of major signalling pathways. In 1995 they shared a Nobel Prize for their work.

*In 1981 a breakthrough of first rescue of a mutant phenotype in an animal by gene transfer. This led to the use of enhancer traps to screen for genes based on pattern of expression.

*In 1987, enhancer traps were developed, making it possible to screen for genes based on their pattern of expression

*In 1990, Milicki, J et al introduced a mouse gene into a Drosophila embryo, establishing that, in animals that have been evolving independently for hundreds of millions of years, genes will generate products that function interchangeably.

*In 1992, was the first year the Drosophila embryos could be frozen for future use.

*In 2000 the Drosophila melanogaster genome was published by Adams MD, et al.

==Genetics of Drosophila==
[[File:White_drosophila_chromosome.jpg|thumb|right|The comparison of the four ''melanogaster'' chromosomes. Note the size of the 4th chromosome.]]
[[File:Drosophila_chromosomes.png|right|thumb|The difference in orientation of the female (left) and male (right) chromosomes.]]
The Drosophila melanogaster genome was fully sequenced in the year 2000. It genomic size is relatively small as it is a simple organism with few complex genes needed to be expressed. The simplicity of its genome allows researchers to pinpoint exact gene locations and discrepancies with relative ease. This ability gives it an advantage in not only reproducing quickly and making fewer mistakes, but also allowing us to trial new gene expressions in its genome.

The size of the Drosophila genome is about 165 million pairs and estimated to contain about 14000 genes. In comparison, humans have 3.4 billion base pairs with about 22500 gene sequences and yeast has about 5800 genes in 13.5 million base pairs.

The Drosophila melanogaster fly has four pairs of chromosomes: the X/Y sex cells and the autosomes 2, 3 and 4. The fourth chromosome is so small that it is usually overlooked. The comparison of the insignificant 4th chromosome to the other three pairs are shown in the image to the right. Also, according to research done by T.H.Morgan et al. in his book ''The Genetics of Drosophila'' the Y sex chromosome has '''no''' factors that affect the influence of recessive factors carried by the X chromosomes. In other words, the Y chromosomes has no effect on the sex of the Drosophila fly, and it is unaccounted for in gene expression.

Drosophila, like all other insects, is a gynandromorph. This means that some of their anatomy is male and some female. This results from an X chromosome being lost from one embryonic nucleus. Insects do not possess sex hormones to regulate these actions and so each cell "decides" to be male or female. Thus, the sex chromosomes become XO (male) not XY (male) or XX (female) as seen in most other organisms. XX cells display female characteristics while the XO cells display male characteristics.

As you can see in the blue image to the right, depicting the female and male chromosome maps, the Y sex chromosome is bent almost in half. This bending restricts the effect the chromosome has on gene expression and thus the Y chromosome is usually ignored.

Although there are many varieties of the Drosophila fly, only the melanogaster has been shown here.

==Current Embryology Research on Drosophila==

In the past Drosophila had many different avenues for which it was studied, however the majority of studies focused mainly on genetics. After the genome was sequenced in 2000, studies moved towards different areas and the majority of studies are now in developmental biology and embryology development.

===Genetics of Postnatal Cardiac Function.===
Wolfe et al. (2008), Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for genetics of postnatal cardiac function. PMID 19802348

Most of the genetic pathways studied in the drosophila melanogaster for heart conditions are in development of the heart. Recent research by MJ Wolf and HA Rockman focus on structure and function of the adult heart to hopefully try and understand human heart failure more. In the Wolf experiment they looked at the adult drosophila melanogaster for genes and pathways which cause dilated cardiomyopathy.

===Drosophila and Parkinson's disease===
Cox RT, Spradling AC. (2009) Clueless, a conserved Drosophila gene required for mitochondrial subcellular localization, interacts genetically with parkin Disease Models and Mechanisms, 2(9-10); 490-499 PMID 19638420

Experiments conducted by Cox et. al. have located a gene in Drosophila, called the clueless gene (clu), which encodes a protein that is related to proteins in humans. It has been found that clu mutations affects the clustering of mitochondria within the cell. These mutations resemble the mutations scene in human cells of sufferers with Parkinson's disease. This discovery provides a basis for the further analysis of similar genes in humans.

===The evolution of visual systems===
Erclik T, Hartenstein V, McInnes RR, Lipshitz HD (2009) Eye evolution at high resolution: the neuron as a unit of homology. Developmental Biology, 332(1); 70-79 PMID 19467226

Erclik et. al. have identified similarities in the neuronal cell types of the visual systems of vertebrates and Drosophila. This identification provides a basis for the study of the evolution of complex visual systems, as the origin of such a system is more easily traced back down the evolutionary tree. This could potentially provide a basis for the future treatments of genetic damage or physical traumas to the eye, as retinas could potentially be grown from derivatives of Drosophila visual neuronal cells.

===Alzheimer's model of disease from Drosophila===
Crowther DC, Page R, Chandraratna D, Lomas DA (2006) A Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods in Enzymology, 412; 243-255 PMID 17046662

One of the underlying factors that induce the onset of Alzheimer's in humans is the excess production of proaggregatory peptides. A secretion signal peptide has been identified by Crowther et. al. in Drosophila that controls the synthesis of this peptide. The identification of such a gene means that researchers can manipulate different pathological pathways to observe the phenotypes produced. This means that the progression of the disease in Drosophila can help us to understand the progression of the disease in human patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

===The use of Drosophila as a model for the development of human traits===
Mackay TFC, Annholt RRH (2006) Of Flies and Man: Drosophila as a Model for Human Complex Traits Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 7;339-367 PMID 1675648

There are a number of genes that are shared between Drosophila and humans. The phenotypes of variations in a variety of genes of Drosophila are easily observed, and as a result of the closeness of some genes, it is relatively easy to observe the effect of a variety of factors on the expression of some genes. Mackay et. al. are examining how genetic mechanisms affect the expression of some genes in humans producing defined phenotypic traits.

===Using the Drosophila genome and colon cancer===
Firestein R, Hahn WC (2009) "Revving the throttle on an oncogene: CDK8 takes the driver seat." Cancer research, Oct 6. PMID 19808961

This study establishes that the WNT/beta catenin as a key initiator in colon cancers. The researchers in this study have used Drosophila models of WNT/beta catenin activation of transcription in the nucleus to establish that CDK8 is a key oncogene, regulating WNT/beta catenin transcription in colon cancers. In this study, the similarity of the drosophila and human methods of transcription activation have been used to the researchers advantage, resulting in this critical finding. This discovery of the role of CDK8 in the regulation of transcription means that new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of colon cancers can be developed.

===Drosophila and neurodegenerative diseases===
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090622171501.htm#

Fruit flies have been used to study neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
A genetically modified fruit fly was created by the scientists from The Scripps Research Insitute, Katholeike University Leuven, and the University of Antwerp, Belgium. This genetically modified fly has features found in a common neurodegenerative disease in humans called the Charcot- Marie- Tooth disease. This inherited neurodegenerative disease occurs in 1 out of every 2500 people in the United States.

Studies have shown that suffers of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease all have mutations in the genes that constructs an important protein called tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. Causing inefficiency in the functioning of this protein.
Ribosomes uses tRNA to bring corresponding amino acids to make proteins. tRNA synthetase are basically messengers that bring tRNA in contact to amino acids as it attaches tRNA to the amino acids.

The question that scientists were debating in regards to the disease is whether symptoms are present because the mutation in the gene prevents the normal functioning of tRNA synthetase, inhibiting the formation of certain proteins from genes or whether the symptoms caused were due to another function of the protein.

Scientists then discovered that the symptoms of this disease is not caused by the obstruction of synthetase’s role in protein synthesis from genes. They used the fruit fly and mutated the equivalent protein to the protein in humans. The fruit fly presented symptoms similar to the symptoms that occurred in humans that had the disease. This shows that the disease is not due to tyrosyl-tRNA synthease’ inability to make proteins. The disease is caused by another function of the protein which affects the proper development of the nervous system.

This other function is not known yet but further research is being done to find out. Further research on these genetically modified fruit flies enables scientists to hopefully discover how the neurodegenerative disease develops and possibly the treatment for it.

==Helpful links==
http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/ This site is a database for anything Drosophila related. It contains an exceptional image and movie catalogue which can be very helpful.

http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/aimain/1aahome.htm The Interactive Fly has a lot of information of the embryogenesis, pupal development and larval devlopment of Drosophila

http://flymove.uni-muenster.de/Homepage.html Flymove is a very easy to use database about all things drosophila. The main focus is on the stages, with some very explanatory movies.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster This wiki page provides a very easy to read and understand, albeit basic explanation of Drosophila.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=DROSOPHILA+EMBRYOLOGY This is a database search of PUBMED providing useful links to drosophila embryology related papers.

http://www.google.com.au/search?q=Timeline+of+Drosophila+Development&hl=en&sa=G&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=S9e6SrPrK8SAkQWdgr2cDQ&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=11 This is a helpful link in giving an in depth timeline of the drosophila model, its history of use and research papers throughout the last century.

==References==
1. Ashburner M, Bergman CM (2005) Drosophila melanogaster: ''A case study of a model genomic sequence and its consequences.'' Genome Research, 15(12); 1661-1667 PMID 16339363

2. Adams MD, et al. (2000). ''The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaste''. Science, 287(5461): 2185–95. PMID 10731132

3. Campos-Ortega, Hartenstein (1985) ''The Embryonic Development of'' Drosophila melanogaster. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. pp9-84

4. Crowther DC, Page R, Chandraratna D, Lomas DA (2006) ''A Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease.'' Methods in Enzymology, 412; 243-255 PMID 17046662

5. Cox RT, Spradling AC. (2009) ''Clueless, a conserved Drosophila gene required for mitochondrial subcellular localization, interacts genetically with parkin'' Disease Models and Mechanisms, 2(9-10); 490-499 PMID 19638420

6. Erclik T, Hartenstein V, McInnes RR, Lipshitz HD (2009) ''Eye evolution at high resolution: the neuron as a unit of homology.'' Developmental Biology, 332(1); 70-79 PMID 19467226

7. Firestein R, Hahn WC (2009) "Revving the throttle on an oncogene: CDK8 takes the driver seat." Cancer research, Oct 6. PMID 19808961

8. Konopka RJ, Benzer S. (1971) Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.PMID 5002428

9. Mackay TFC, Annholt RRH (2006) ''Of Flies and Man: ''Drosophila ''as a Model for Human Complex Traits'' Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 7;339-367 PMID 16756480

10. Morgan TH, Bridges CB, Sturtevant AH (1919), ''The Genetics of Drosophila'' Gaarland Publications, New York.

11. Rubin GM, Lewis EB (2000) ''A brief history of Drosophila's contributions to genome research.'' Science, 287 (5461); 2216-2218 PMID 10731135

12. Sturtevant AH (1913), ''The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in ''Drosophila'', as shown by their mode of association.'' Journal of Experimental Zoology, 14: 43-59.

13. Weigmann K, Klapper R, Strasser T, Rickert C, Technau G, Jäckle H, Janning W, and Klämbt C: ''FlyMove – a new way to look at development of Drosophila''.Trends Genet. In press. http://flymove.uni-muenster.de

14. Wolfe et al. (2008), Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for genetics of postnatal cardiac function. PMID 19802348

15. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090622171501.htm#

==Glossary==

Amnioproctodeal Invagination - The posterior ectodermal invagination, giving rise to portion of the digestive system

Blastoderm - The layer of cells inside of the blastula which forms the embryo.

Gynandromorphs - Animals in which certain regions of the body are male and other regions are female.

Polar bud - Cells of the posterior pole giving rise to germ cells

{{Template:Projects09}}
[[Category:Fly]]

Talk:2009 Group Project 2

2009-10-15T01:50:26Z

Z3217015: /* Changes made, and by whom */

==Changes needing to be made based upon peer assessment==
1. glossary - each person needs to write a glossary for their section, and list it alphabetically at the bottom of the page

2. current research - we need more current research

3. references in text, and of one image - each person needs to reference their section in text with a little numbers aka. [2] that kind of thing - no one else has done this and its one of those everyone does it or no one does to make page look unified

4. life span of fly - Should be in timeline...maybe the timeline person could write a little paragraph up the top of their section to introduce it, and mention the life span, and the fact that the timeline doesnt stop with the embryo, that it has the whole metamorphosis stage as well.

5. section on post-embryology development - part of the timeline and stages

6. peer assessment also suggested an increase in genetic information

7. Timeline section needs to mention stages 1-7

Don't forget to log every change that you make in the section below this one, and to sign it off.

==Changes made, and by whom==
--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:51, 8 October 2009 (EST) Glossary heading added, stages heading and stages introduction edited

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 10:35, 12 October 2009 (EST)added 1971 into history of model, rearranged glossary into alphabetical order, introduction to current research

--[[User:Z3215682|Carly Mooney]] 10:51, 12 October 2009 (EST) added heart study in current research

--[[User:Z3217686|Thomas Dangerfield]] 13:39, 12 October 2009 (EST) added more info to genetics section

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:53, 12 October 2009 (EST) Colon cancer current research added. I also found a few other articles that someone might want to do. I put them at the bottom of this page

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 14:12, 12 October 2009 (EST) Glossary contribution added; amnioprotodeal invagination, blastoderm, polar bud

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 09:15, 13 October 2009 (EST) references updated for the pictures from flymove web site

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 12:50, 15 October 2009 (EST) Added references to current research section

== Project Updates ==
--[[User:Z3283499|Antonio Lee]] 10:54, 2 October 2009 (EST) Hi everyone, I will be working with you during the Lab10 Tutorial and here is the news link and PDF of the manuscript for your group exercise. I encourage you to read the paper before the tutorial. Also, please indicate next to the questions below (using either your initials or student number) which one of the four questions you wish to address.
:'''Group 2 :''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-09/uoc--sdc092809.php '''Scientists discover clues to what makes human muscle age'''] in EurekAlert! Public release 30 September 2009 [[Media:ANAT2341_Lab10_2009_Group 2 Reading.pdf|Manuscript (PDF): Molecular aging and rejuvenation of human muscle stem cells]]

:Question 1. What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition? 3215682

The existing problem is an aging one. As we age, muscles lose their ability to repair and rebuild themselves.

Previously studies have shown that molecular signals from surrounding muscle tissues control the adult stem cells ability to repair and replace damaged tissues. As we age, the molecular signals change and this change prevents productive tissue repair.

Previous studies have also shown it is possible to revive regenerative function in old stem cells with the appropriate biochemical signals.

What was unknown was whether the above methods could be applied to humans.

:Question 2. What approach / method did the research team take to tackle / improve the problem? 3217686
:Question 3. What was the breakthrough / major advancement OR failure / drawback? and why might this be of significance? 3217015
:Question 4. What are the next steps in moving forward? What are the next or new hurdles to overcome?

==Constructive Criticism of Coordinator==
--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 08:07, 8 October 2009 (EST) The following comments are general in nature in no specific order, as it would be inappropriate to suggest specific changes and then assess the final project. Comments will be added during this week and you still have one week before final submission.

* There is no list of changes made to your project on the basis of peer assessments.
* This model is also the basis of some major scientific breakthroughs, that are neither described or referred to.
* There is nothing, other than a brief mention in the introduction, about metamorphosis.
* There is no information about the lifespan of the fly?
* Did you read the flymove disclaimer? [http://flymove.uni-muenster.de/Home/HomeCitingpage.html?http&&&flymove.uni-muenster.de/Home/HomeDisclaimerTxt.html Fly move disclaimer] "The copyright for any material created by the authors is reserved. Any duplication or use of objects such as diagrams, sounds or texts in other electronic or printed publications is not permitted without the author's agreement. " Do you have the author's agreement? If so it is not shown in the image information that opens when you click images.

==Constructive Criticism of Peers==

--[[User:Z3258567|Sando Rashed]] 13:10, 1 October 2009 (EST)hello, well done with the page, it looks great and the information seems like it has been well thought, there is a good use of diagrams which makes the page much more appealing to the reader, a glossary at the bottom of the wiki would be of a great help for people that do not understand some of the scientific jargon that is used, the section of current research is very plain it only has information you might want to add some photos around it as it will make the page more appealing, under the history sub title you might want to put it in a table to make the the layout more consistent and it will make the page easier to read, on the page under timeline developement use havevnt actually spooken about stages 1-7, use might want to throw in a brief outline on what happenes here just to make the assignment a bit more fluent instead of jumping straight to stage 7,

--[[User:Z3218657|Sally Clarke]] 09:42, 1 October 2009 (EST) Nice work kids!

- The page is nice and short it is great!!!! Keeps you interested in the page

- I like the timeline section but the staging section is quite large and looks a little unformatted (the big table has a lot of gaps and takes up a lot of the page)

- I think there needs to be a bit more information in the last two sections, Genetics and Current Research

- Maybe a few more images too but understandable if you can't get it

- linking to articles and references might help you throughout the project as it allows readers a break from the page and also help reduce copyright infringements as i don't think you have properly done this
But nice work guys!!!!

----
--[[User:Z3223194|Bronwyn Lewis-Jones]] 08:31, 1 October 2009 (EST) Congratulations on a great assignment Group 2. I loved the use of relevant pictures throughout - they were very effective in maintaining the readers' interest. The limited content is also an advantage as it allows the reader to obtain a well rounded (but not too intense) understanding of the fly as an embryological tool. One issue is that the biologic name should appear in italics (''Genus species''). Also you've mentioned that the fly is important in genetic research, however your section on genetics is quite short and doesn't go into much detail about genetic research concerning the fly. To even out content you could also add more into the current research section. If you can keep this in the same style and format that would be best because the way information is presented in this section is great. I hope you find this helpful. :)

--[[User:Z3186093|Jenny Guy]] 18:14, 30 September 2009 (EST)

Improvements:

* In the timeline, what happens up until stage 8?? there is no mention of stage 1-7. Surely something happens then.
* Some images dont have the copyright indications displayed after the description. Mark asked for this to be put here.
* In genetics, if the Y chromosome does not affect the sex, how is it determined?
* Do any parts of the chromosomes relate to the human chromosomes?
* Is there a link to finding out the genome?
* The main use for the fly is because it "plays a major role in embryological and genetic research". However you've only noted its research for brain abnormalities, traits & vision in the human. How is it used for embryology & genetic research? This is where you havent compared it much to the human and why its even used for understanding the human better.
* There arent many references! 11?
* Are there any abnormalities in the Fly?

--[[User:Z3218792|Gabriela Pinget]] 22:28, 29 September 2009 (EST)
Hi fly group, I think your page is fab. I like the pictures and the clarity of your text. The links at the bottom are great but I think that by distributing the links throughout your page in the sections to which they pertain would make them more useful than having them as a pile at the bottom of the page.

The rest of my constructive criticism goes according to section:

-Timeline:

*Nice picture

*the lay out is a bit off- why is the information crammed at the side and then added at the bottom? I think it would look better if it was all put at the bottom of the picture

- stages of development:

*awesome section. Very neat and tidy. Easy to read with the inclusion of the table and very clear.

-History of embryology use:

*I like the idea of simple points. Keeps it succinct and easy to read. This may also work against you in that dot points are harder to engage with that full text

* just a few grammatical errors (I'm sure that in 1910, 'it' became known as the fly room, not 't'; also 1930s should ''not'' have an apostrophe)- nothing editing can't fix

-Genetics:

*really easy to read due to its conversational language. This makes the genetics section quite engaging

*maybe a little more could be done to compare the genetics of a fly to that of a human or just added a little more on genetic information altogether. Or at least where to find out more

-Current Research:

*I very much liked the use of headings to outline various areas of current research

*maybe some colour could be added through the use of pictures or at least the internet could be taken advantages through the use of links to current research

--[[User:Z3255007|Sadaf Masood]] 12:18, 30 September 2009 (EST)Hey Group 2! Congrats on your project guys...happy to see lovely pictures and well informative stages of developmensta nd current research. Ill list them down:

1. Needs a Glossary so few hardcore scientific jargon makes sense :)

2. Stages of development in table with images is just amazing!

3. How about comparing Fly and Human genetics?

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of model use?

5. And how is Fly important for embryology purposes?

Rest if awesome guys, and the images are just beautiful. Once again congrats on an excellent effort for the research project and Bets of Luck to everyone :)

--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 17:20, 29 September 2009 (EST)

'''-''' This wiki webpage was extremely well formatted. The information could have been more truncated, certainly in the first section following the introduction, where sentences were long and could have been joined together regarding the specific topic. The section outlining what would be discussed should have not included as there is a contents page included at the very start of the project. Overall the project specfically cover most issues regarded by the outcomes and few minor edit are required to enhance the page.

'''-''' The illustrations were great, however I would have regarded that for the information should refer more to the figure or picture in order for the readers to understand the topic more briefly. The stages in the table were great and informative ,however the illustration for each phase didn’t exaclty refer and reveal it particular stage it seemed insignificant.

'''-''' The information on history was well researched and identified very well outline the dates and historical steps inorder with the chronological times, additional information regard the history and why this was used should have been included with specfic reference to models one in particular, and how this model has sciencfically been used for research purposes.

'''-''' The genetics information was informative , additionally illustration regarding the chromosome and genetics development should have related more to the topic. I would recommend including links and website to the genetics of the fly which will provided the reader additional information.

'''-''' The current research shows concise information, specfic links was a great idea.

'''-''' Great job it was well structured and organized each topic of content appears to be well researched the information is well summarized to it extent, including the relevant information for each section. The use of visual representations of information is good, particularly in the timeline and staging sections.--[[User:Z3295026|Joe Nassif]] 17:20, 29 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3185685|Sumaiya Rahman]] 15:39, 28 September 2009 (EST) Hey Fly group! Congrats on the assignment, you guys did a great job! The introduction is well written as it gives the readers an overall image of what to expect on the page. The timetable of emryogenesis is good as it breaks up the text, however including labels in the images would help readers better understand the information given. The stages section is fantastic! The use of images in a table makes it very easy to understand. There are a few grammatical errors in the history of model use section which need to be fixed up. For example, “an American geneticist and embryologist, was looking for an inexpensive that could be breed quickly and in limited space and Castle suggested the drosophila”. Also the genetics and current embryology sections seem quite short. Maybe a little bit more content in both these sections will give the readers a better understanding. 

--[[User:Z3187802|Vishnnu Shanmugam]] 12:13, 26 September 2009 (EST)
Great work fly group. Your assignment looks visually appealing and the information presented is well summarized (still amazed that a fly can fully develop in 22 hours). A real plus point in your assignment is how you've used RELEVANT images to support the text. Now let's get to what matters. Ways to improve the assignment:

- With the timeline of Drosophila Development, try to add keys or labels to the "timetable of embryogenesis" image to distinguish the different developing structures. I't a bit hard to see what the green, red and yellow structures in the image represent.

- Under "history of embryological model use" and "genetics" you might be able to mension Gregor Mendel, his work with flies and the contribution he made to the genetics of all organisms as well as the fly.

- The genetics section needs more information maybe the inclusion of how phenotype changes can be achieved from Monohybrid cross of flies with dominant and recessive alleles. Find out more my google searching "Mendelian inheritance". This can then flow to improve the current research section on "The use of Drosophila as a model for the development of human traits".

- The current reaserch section needs some work on it. The inclusion of visual aid to support the text should help. Investigate on dominant/recessive genetic trees and how they are used in Drosophila to model inherited diseases.

- The assignment needs to be properly referenced as there is no references made in the actual text. see www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/ref_apa.html for help with APA referencing.

- A Glossary would also complement the text.

Overall great job.....some additions will make it excellent!

--[[User:Z3224449|Elide Newton]] 14:26, 26 September 2009 (EST) HELLO GROUP 2: Well concrats on producing a really great assignment! I'm impressed with the staging sections and how well the visual content represents the written. Well my one comment of improvement would have to be on equal content for each section. I feel the last 2 sections ( genetics and current research) are lacking in info. I understand genetics might be difficult to get informations. For the current research section try Pubmed and type in the fly, these articles will be cutting edge. Also if you could include '''How''' they are used in current research.. eg are their genes manipulate, cross bred, transgenic etc. ie the process of how they are used ? I really hope this helps!

--[[User:Z3126328|Jin Lee]] 16:56, 26 September 2009 (EST)congratulation group 2. Well done! it's a great assignment! Here is my comments: History section needs to be referenced properly and may be some more images and relevant links as well. Information about genetics and current research are little lacking..try to add some links. I am very impressed with the images in the staging section and the way it links to more information. the assignment needs to be looked after the reference part.

--[[User:Z3254857|Begum Sonmez]] 22:37, 26 September 2009 (EST)
Hello Group 2, Congratulations on your page. I found that your page was interesting, and easy to read. No overload. Just wanted to say a few things about the History section:

*The overuse of the word ''In'' is unnecessary, and repetitive. A possible alternative would be to replce them with the DATE or the Researchers as sub-headings.

*When mentioning a researcher for the first time, refer to them with their full name whenever possible. This is relevant to the viewer as he or she may make use of the full name (they may want to 'google' the researcher for example). For example, 'Muller' or 'Morgan'.

*I found that some of the findings were expressed generally rather than making direct reference to the Drosophilia embryo. For example, instead of stating that Morgan won a nobel prize 'for his discovery that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of hereditary', a brief explanation of how Morgan used your chosen animals embryo would be useful. I hope I am making sense.

*A direct link to the researcher's published article would be helpful whenever possible. This allows for quick access for an interested viewer.

For the Genetics section:

*The Genetics section was interesting, however considering the great importance of genetics, more information would widen the knowledge of the reader. It can be improved with information on transgenic Drosophilia, or drosophilia stem cells.

*After mentioning the simplicity of it's genome, you have outlined the use of the embryo to '...trial new gene expressions in its genome.' This is not a major concern for me, though the inclusion of an example would be more informative.

The current research section was very clear, relevant to the topic, interesting, and informative.

The 'Helpful Links' were relevant to the topic, and they were 'Helpful'. In particular, the FlyBase.

Last of all, a direct link to a video showing the development of the musculature or the gut would be interesting to see. But I find that it isn't crucial to have when the information is structured very well. This is more so, for the reason of the presence of a different medium.

Overall, I found that the structure of each section was clear and easy to read and understand. The sentences in each paragraph were flowing very well (in particular, the introduction). The content of the page was highly relevant. Great job Group 2, I'm impressed.

--[[User:Z3252340|Emily Wong]] 11:02, 27 September 2009 (EST) To start off, great work group 2. You've done an awesome job. It is a very concise, well structured and organized page. Each section of content appears to be well researched and referenced properly. The information is well summarized with only the relevant content included. The use of visual representations of information is good, particularly in the timeline and staging sections. Student contribution to the page is fairly evenly distributed. This project could be improved by including some more information on the content needed as it felt to me to be a little to brief.

--[[User:Z3126345|Gang Liu]] 15:40, 27 September 2009 (EST)This a well structured and self-explanatory wikipage. I had a good time reading it throughout. The cocept is easy to follow such as flies are cost effective, easy to replicate and obtain, as well as large quantities. Texts are informative, on top of that, graphics are appropriate, which also makes it interesting to read. There are a number of major subheading have been included such as hitory, timeline, stages, genetics and current embryology.

However, the following points could take into consideration to improve the page.

*Lack of information in section such as history. This section's content was very brief and lack of details and flow. For example, "In 1900, Ectomologist Charles W. Woodworth was the first to breed the Drosophila at Harvard university and suggested to W.E. Castle they could be used in studies of genetics.". This can be improved by adding details of the experiment, as well as the results.

*Lack of scientific base in genetic section. Not enough reference were provided in this section. Also, it is a bit lengthy, which makes it 'dry' and difficult to read.

*Lack of glossary. A list of unfamilier words needs to be provided to assist reader. For example, "mesodermal", "postblastodermal", "mitosis", "monostratified".

*Inapproporiate referencing. For example, "Experiments conducted by Cox et. al. have located a gene in Drosophila...". It is necessary to provide proper format for reference. Instead it can be said, "Experiments conducted by Cox who, XX, YY, from University of Q (reference) have located a gene in Drosophila...".

*Lack of imformation in current research section. Needs to provide more graphics.

*Inconsistency of project.

Last words. I am impressed by the page until stages of fly development. However, i think it will be better, if the last few sections were consistent with the beginning.

--[[User:Z3220040|Joanne Raffel]] 15:44, 29 September 2009 (EST) This page was very well formatted. I thought some of your information could have been more condensed, especially in the initial section, where many of the sentences could have been reduced and linked together. I thought it was completely irrelevent to outline what you will be discussing and I thought it undermined the quality of the rest of the page. The pictures were appealing, however I thought that for the information to flow better, especially in the timeline section, the image should be after the text rather than before it. The stages were especially well formatted in the table however the image for each stage seemed insignificant, compared to the rest of the text in the table, also I thought it was a bit strange to write in the heading of the image column that you can get more information by clicking it. I would recommend either just having the image as a link to the information or including the information in the table. The history section was well researched and informative with the chronological dates, however I would recommend more information for the initial dates. The genetics section was good but the pictures seemed to overshadow the information and I thought the last couple of words of the last sentence was irrelevent. (i.e. studied here). I would recommend including more information and also including links to any research related to genetics of the fly. The current research sections was clear and consise, I know that its hard to find related pictures to these topics but I would recommend it. The links were a good idea however I would have prefered it amongst that text that it was related too. Overall job well done.

--[[User:Z3252231|Angama Yaquobi]] 19:03, 30 September 2009 (EST)
Congrats all the team members for a great team work, the page looks very informative and interesting.
* Great timeline section, use of subheadings for the 3 parts of gut makes it very easy to read and understand the content
*The extra bit of information by clicking the pictures in stage development was very useful and aids in understanding the information into more depth. The images used are just awesome!!
*In the section of history, in the 3rd dot point there is a typo "top floor of the Schermerhorn Hall and t". Other than that history section is very informative and can look much better if there is more info added to the section.
*For the genetics section, i would recommend more research.
*As the name suggests the 'Helpful Links" are actually helpful so well done guys.
Overall, the project looks great and gudluck everyone. cheers :)

----

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 01:42, 8 September 2009 (EST) New comments should go to the top of the page, much easier to read. Like the Rabbit group, your project lacks visual interest. Where are the images of development? You want people to find this project interesting. There is more to researching this topic than simply what you can find on Wikipedia.

Hallo group 2

Being that I have no idea who you all are, let me introduce myself, I am Mitchell.

As for our little topic, what does everyone think about what we should choose?

Personally, I think Guinea Pig and Rat will obviously have the most information available, but obviously everyone is thinking the same, so it might not be available. The others should be interesting, but it would be challenging to find much information on them.

Thoughts??

carly: http://www.google.com.au/search?q=History+of+Drosophila+Embryological+Model+Use&hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=WT4&sa=G&tbo=p&tbs=tl:1&num=20&ei=nUefSvP1JJf6kAXBht3PDw&oi=timeline_navigation_bar&ct=timeline-navbar&cd=1

Helpful links:
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Otheremb/Fly.htm

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/fly.htm

http://people.ucalgary.ca/~browder/virtualembryo/flies.html

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/131669.php

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap13/Chapter_13A.html

http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/atlas/00atlas.htm

http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/aimain/1aahome.htm

http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/aimain/2stages.htm

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2185

I have also found that the 'Biology' 3rd edition by Knox textbook is fairly amazing, at least for the stages. Could be good for some inspiration??

Juls - Timeline of Development - how long

Mitchell - Staging - are there species specific staging, what occurs when

Carly - History of Model Use - when was it first used, what embryology research

Tom - Genetics - chromosome number, sequencing

Group Effort - Current Embryology Research - research papers and findings

Tom's notes:

In Drosophila, and in insects in general, one can observe gynandromorphs—animals in which certain regions of the body are male and other regions are female (Figure 17.15). This can happen when an X chromosome is lost from one embryonic nucleus. The cells descended from that cell, instead of being XX (female), are XO (male). Because there are no sex hormones in insects to modulate such events, each cell makes its own sexual “decision.” The XO cells display male characteristics, whereas the XX cells display female traits. This situation provides a beautiful example of the association between insect X chromosomes and sex.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=dbio&part=A4137

http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1996/5/96.05.01.x.html

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/genentics.php

http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CgtIr1V0zxAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=drosophila+genetics&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genomeprj&Cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=29999

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genome&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10015

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2147996&tool=pmcentrez

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster

http://www.fruitfly.org/about/pubs/rubin96.html

Fly pushing: the theory and practice of Drosophila genetics, Part 7 By Ralph J. Greenspan

http://bfgp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/128.pdf

Some info:

The Drosophila melanogaster fly has four pairs of chromosomes: the X/Y sex cells and the autosomes 2, 3 and 4. The fourth chromosome is so small that it is usually overlooked. The comparison of the insignificant 4th chromosome to the other three pairs are shown in the image to the right.

The size of the Drosophila genome is about 165 million pairs and estimated to contain about 14000 genes. In comparison, humans have 3.4 billion base pairs with about 22500 gene sequences and yeast has about 5800 genes in 13.5 million base pairs. More than 60% of the genome appears to be functional non-protein-coding DNA involved in gene expression control.

Also a good link to a variety of info: http://ceolas.org/VL/fly/index.html

For Carly http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731135?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed

----

Current medical research

Parkinson's and drosophila
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638420?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

Evolution of visual systems
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467226?ordinalpos=23&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

Alzheimers
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17046662

Of Flies and Man: Drosophila as a Model for Human Complex Traits
Trudy F. C. Mackay and Robert R. H. Anholt
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115758
PMID: 16756480

----
possible pictures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EyeColors.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg

Hey guys,
Everything you have needs to be on the page by the end of session break because we need to focus on presentation and current research in the last two weeks.

tom: image.......
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_chromosomes.png

carly image

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg

http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu:8089/fbservlet/cvreport/id=FBbt:00000120

Current research
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v388/n6640/abs/388394a0.html

http://www.pnas.org/content/95/2/588.abstract

2009-10-08T02:39:07Z

Z3217015:

Apparently it did not save when I answered the questions in the class, so here I go again.

1) What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface of the egg?
Zona Pellucida protein ZP3

2) Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary?
1-Primordial follicle
2-Preantral follicle
3-Antral follicle

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:10, 6 August 2009 (EST)

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, which acts on the ovary, altering the secretion of oestrogen, and progesterone, altering menstrual cycle

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
Ectoderm, which forms nervous system tissue, and epidermis epithelia tissue types

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:14, 13 August 2009 (EST)

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover? 8 weeks
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? Sclerotome
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Carnegie stage 13

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:08, 20 August 2009 (EST)
Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
Sinus venosus

What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
Descending aorta

What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:12, 27 August 2009 (EST)

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is it more common for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia to happen on one side or both?

2. What is the answer to the above question?

They occur on one side only, with the majority of cases occurring on the left side of the diaphragm.

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 14:17, 3 September 2009 (EST)
1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
Cleft lip with 8.1-9.9 abnormalities out of 100,000, versus 4.8-6 abnormalities per 100,000 for cleft palate

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
Forms the tubotympanic recess, the tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and the eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?
Melanocytes

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:23, 17 September 2009 (EST)

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
A myotube is a single unit of a muscle fibre. It is formed by the determination of myogenic progenitor cells, and then the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
Slow fibres get converted to fast fibres

b) Took up marathon running

A conversion of fast muscle fibres to slow muscle fibres

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:27, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:19, 8 October 2009 (EST)

Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."

Z3217015

2009-10-08T02:38:49Z

Z3217015:

Apparently it did not save when I answered the questions in the class, so here I go again.

1) What is the protein that sperm binds to on the surface of the egg?
Zona Pellucida protein ZP3

2) Name the 3 stages of follicle development in the ovary?
1-Primordial follicle
2-Preantral follicle
3-Antral follicle

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:10, 6 August 2009 (EST)

1. What factor do the synctiotrophoblast cells secrete to support the ongoing pregnancy?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

2. What does the corpus luteum secrete to prevent continuation of the menstrual cycle?
hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, which acts on the ovary, altering the secretion of oestrogen, and progesterone, altering menstrual cycle

3. What are the 2 main tissues to be derived from the germ cell layer continuous with the lining of the amniotic sac?
Ectoderm, which forms nervous system tissue, and epidermis epithelia tissue types

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:14, 13 August 2009 (EST)

1. What period of human development (in weeks) do the 23 Carnegie stages cover? 8 weeks
2. What part of the somite will contribute to the vertebral column? Sclerotome
3. At what Carnegie stage does the human neural tube normally completely close? Carnegie stage 13

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:08, 20 August 2009 (EST)
Into what structure do most blood vessels empty before they enter the embryonic heart?
Sinus venosus

What do the dorsal aortas become in the adult?
Descending aorta

What are the layers of cells found in a tertiary villi?
mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:12, 27 August 2009 (EST)

1. What was the question I said in the respiratory lecture would be part of this week's assessment?

Is it more common for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia to happen on one side or both?

2. What is the answer to the above question?

They occur on one side only, with the majority of cases occurring on the left side of the diaphragm.

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 14:17, 3 September 2009 (EST)
1. Which is the more common clefting, cleft lip or cleft palate?
Cleft lip with 8.1-9.9 abnormalities out of 100,000, versus 4.8-6 abnormalities per 100,000 for cleft palate

2. What structures does pharyngeal pouch 1 form?
Forms the tubotympanic recess, the tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and the eustachian tube

3. Neural crest forms which cells within the skin?
Melanocytes

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:23, 17 September 2009 (EST)

1. Briefly; what is a myotube and how is it formed?
A myotube is a single unit of a muscle fibre. It is formed by the determination of myogenic progenitor cells, and then the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes.

2. What changes would I expect to see in the muscle fibre types in my legs if I:

a) Suffered a spinal cord injury
Slow fibres get converted to fast fibres

b) Took up marathon running

A conversion of fast muscle fibres to slow muscle fibres

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:11, 24 September 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:27, 1 October 2009 (EST)

--[[User:Z3217015|Mitchell Mathieson]] 13:19, 8 October 2009 (EST)
Question 1. Identify and name 3 tissue types which contain adult (somatic) stem cells that were used/studied from the above 5 articles.

Question 2. Name 2 reprogramming strategies/methods used in generating human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from the above 5 articles.

Question 3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
"Unlike the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial DNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin."