Embryology - User contributions [en-gb]

Template:Footer

2012-01-01T20:53:35Z

MarkHill:

:Dr Mark Hill 2012, '''''UNSW Embryology''''' ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G

__INDEX__

Template:2011GroupDiscussionMH

2011-09-08T21:44:59Z

MarkHill:

'''Welcome to your group discussion page!''' --[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 09:24, 3 August 2011 (EST)

* Please be aware that all pages and content on this site are freely available and viewable by all on the internet.
* This is where your group members can communicate with each other by leaving signed comments, text, links, images, etc.
* I will use this small area at the top of the page to also communicate with all groups.
* Add all new content to the top of this discussion page.
{{2011Projects}}

{{2011ProjectsDiscussion}}
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'''Uploaded Student Images -''' Please include the following template in all uploaded image information. Copy the text shown below including the curly brackets in page view mode, and paste at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.

<nowiki>{{Template:2011 Student Image}}</nowiki>

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Talk:2011 Group Project 1

2011-09-08T21:43:05Z

MarkHill:

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1''']]: [[User:z3060621]] | [[User:z3217043]] | [[User:z3217345]] | [[User:z3391078]]

'''Uploaded Student Images -''' Please include the following template in all uploaded image information. Copy the text shown below including the curly brackets in page view mode, and paste at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.

<nowiki>{{Template:2011 Student Image}}</nowiki>

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--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate.
* There needs to be more images in this work.
* Where is the student drawn figure?
* Project recent history shows a single group member wiring on this topic.

So I guess we are doing Turner's Syndrome? Or are we still discussing?

I think Thalassemia sounds really interesting and there is more scope for research/ learning something new rather than the sex chromosome abnormalities.

Here are two articles which were interesting I found:

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:24, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Thalassemia ==

Hey guys I'm going to do the History and the Treatment of Thalassemia. --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:32, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Ashley Smith- I'm doing Etiology and Clinical Manifestations --[[User:Z3391078|Ashley Smith]] 10:58, 25 August 2011 (EST)

The two sub-sections that I will be researching are diagnostic procedures and current/future research possibilities. --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:03, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Discussion ==

There a number of research and review articles, particularly on PubMed, so maybe post ones that you find interesting up and then we can maybe assign sections to everyone next lab so that we can further research those particular areas individually?--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:55, 10 August 2011 (EST)

I had found two of the same articles that had already been posted, so I had to go back and find different ones. I'm not sure if we really are going to do Turner's Sydrome since not all of us were present when we named it. We can decide in class tomorrow I guess. --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:23, 11 August 2011 (EST)

Maybe we can begin thinking about the general sections we might have? Introduction, History, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis, Prevention, Current Research, Future Research, Glossary? Any thoughts? --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 09:00, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Here are some free full text articles that might be helpful:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840746

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16821224

http://eje-online.org/content/151/6/657.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273980/?page=3

http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/84/12/4345.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1511250/?page=1

http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/86/7/3061.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118376/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883963/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361125

http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/6/603.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613558/?tool=pubmed

== Research Articles ==

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802870 Turner syndrome and metabolic derangements: Another example of fetal programming.]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST) (Prior topic)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802870 Turner syndrome and sexual differentiation of the brain: implications for understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders.] --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793702 Estrogen requirements in girls with Turner syndrome; how low is enough for initiating puberty and uterine development?]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0015028211005152 Outcomes of spontaneous and assisted pregnancies in Turner syndrome: the U.S. National Institutes of Health experience.] --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:18, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21813448 How I treat thalassemia]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810090 Pulmonary function in thalassaemia major and its correlation with body iron stores]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Review Articles ==

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082783/?tool=pubmed Optimising management in Turner syndrome: from infancy to adult transfer.]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/turnersyndrome.html Turner Syndrome] --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:31, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492708 Beta-thalassemia]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Images ==

I found a pic of what the cells look like under a microscope.

[[File:Thala.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]
--[[User:Z3060621|Aisyah Barchia]] 19:19, 17 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:ThromboembolicEvents.jpg |Thromboembolic Events In Thalassemia Intermedia (TI) VS Thalassemia Major (TM)|framed|none]]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 08:57, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.JPG|350px|thumb|left|Pulmonary Hypertension]]

Nothing going on here guys? There should be some discussion within your group on the possible topic. --[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 23:53, 7 August 2011 (EST)

{{2011GroupDiscussionMH}}

Templates

2011-09-08T21:42:22Z

MarkHill: /* 2011 */

== Introduction ==

These are the current site templates used and in draft formats (see discussion page for each template to see variations). Templates are standard wiki pages whose content is designed to be transcluded (embedded) inside other pages. Templates follow a convention that the name is prefixed with "Template:", assigning it to that namespace; besides this, you can create them like any other wiki page.

:'''Links:''' [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates Mediawiki Help:Templates]

==Common Page Templates==

* [[Template:Draft Page|Template:Draft Page]] - standard place marker until text added to page.
* [[Template:Template Page]] - Header file for pages under development.
* [[Template:Pagemaker]] - use to copy and paste a page layout.
* [[Template:Educational Warning]] - added to pages where educational information can be potentially misused for other purposes.
* [[Template:Carnegie_stages|Template:Carnegie_stages]]- menu link to each Carnegie stage page.
* [[Template:Carnegie stage table|Template:Carnegie stage table]] - table of Carnegie stages with brief descriptions and links to stages.
* [[Template:CarnegieComparisonHRM|Template:CarnegieComparisonHRM]] - table of Carnegie stage approx comparison between Human, Rat and Mouse.
* [[Template:External Links|Template:External Links]] - disclaimer on loss of external links.
* [[Template:Editing Links]] - pages and tutorials to help new wiki contributors.
* [[Template:Glossary|Template:Glossary]] - menu link to glossary by letter.
* [[Template:Footer|Template:Glossary comment]] - comment on sources of information for the UNSW glossary.
* [[Template:Footer|Template:Footer]] - standard page footer for all site pages.

==System Navigation Links==

These are a list of related topic links. Menu usually included at the bottom of introduction or where needed.

* [[Template:Systems]] - all current system notes main page links
* [[Template:Birth Links]]- a menu of Birth related links
* [[Template:Coelomic Cavity Links]]- a menu of Coelomic Cavity related links
* [[Template:Endocrine Links]]- a menu of Endocrine related links
* [[Template:Gastrointestinal Tract Links]] - a menu of Gastrointestinal Tract Links related links
* [[Template:Genital Links]]- a menu of Genital related links
* [[Template:Head Links]]- a menu of Head and Neck related links
* [[Template:Heart Links]] - a menu of Cardiovascular related links
* [[Template:Implantation Links]] - menu of pages related to the process of implantation.
* [[Template:Integumentary Links]] - a menu of Integumentary related links
* [[Template:Musculoskeletal Links]] - a menu of Musculoskeletal related links
* [[Template:Cartilage Links]] - a menu of cartilage histology links
* [[Template:Neural Links]]- a menu of neural related links
* [[Template:Neural Links 2]]- a menu of neural sub-content links
* [[Template:Neural Table]] - table layout of central nervous system components linked to their specific pages.
* [[Template:Neural Crest Links]]- a menu of Neural Crest related links
* [[Template:Respiratory Links]]- a menu of Respiratory related links
* [[Template:Renal Links]]- a menu of Renal related links
* [[Template:Renal Vascular Anomalies‎]] - a menu of images showing renal vascular anomalies‎.
* [[Template:Fetal Kidney]] - a menu of images showing fetal kidney.
* [[Template:Senses Links]]- a menu of Senses related links [[Template:Hearing Links]]
* [[Template:Abnormality Links]] - a menu of Abnormality related links
* [[Template:Menstrual Links]] - a menu of Menstrual related links
* [[Template:Menstrual Histology]] - a menu of Menstrual cycle histology images
* [[Template:Fertilization Links]] - a menu of Fertilization related links
* [[Template:Molecular Links]] - a menu of Molecular related links
* [[Template:Factor Links]] - a menu of Molecular related links
* [[Template:Cell Division Links]] - a menu of cell division links
* [[Template:Stem Cell Links]] - a menu of stem cell links
* [[Template:History People]] - a menu of historic embryology people
* [[Template:Embryology Image Tutorial]] - a list of image links for the image uploading tutorial
* [[Template:Statistics Links]] - a menu of embryology statistics links.

==Abnormality Links==

* [[Template:Abnormality Links]] - all current system abnormality notes main page links
* [[Template:Environmental]] - links to pages relating to developmental abnormalities due to environmental effects.
* [[Template:Genetic]]- links to pages relating to developmental abnormalities due to genetic effects.
* [[Template:Neonatal diagnosis]] - menu link to main neonatal diagnosis tests and other related pages.
* [[Template:Prenatal diagnosis|Prenatal diagnosis]] - menu link to main Prenatal diagnosis and other related pages.
* [[Template:Prenatal Diagnosis terms]] - short list of terms relating to prenatal diagnosis.
* [[Template:Intestine Abnormal]] - category and links used for images and content related to abnormal intestine development.

==Serial Section Image Templates==

===Stage 13===
* [[Template:Stage13sections|Stage13sections]] - information about the stage 13 serial sections.
* [[Template:Stage13ULmenu|Stage13ULmenu]] - unlabeled serial images of stage 13 as a numbered menu.
* [[Template:Stage13ULicon120|Stage13ULicon120]] - unlabeled serial images of stage 13 as table of icons 120 px in size.
* [[Template:Stage13Lmenu|Stage13Lmenu]] - unlabeled serial images of stage 13 as a numbered menu.
* [[Template:Stage13Licon120|Stage13Licon120]] - labeled serial images of stage 13 as table of icons 120 px in size.

===Stage 22===

[[Template:Stage22sections|Stage22sections]] - information about the stage 22 serial sections.

[[Template:Stage22ULmenu|Stage22ULmenu]] - unlabeled serial images of stage 22 as a numbered menu.

[[Template:Stage22ULicon120|Stage22ULicon120]] - unlabeled serial images of stage 22 as table of icons 120 px in size.

[[Template:Stage22Lmenu|Stage22Lmenu]] - labeled serial images of stage 22 as a numbered menu.

[[Template:Stage22Licon120|Stage22Licon120]] - labeled serial images of stage 22 as table of icons 120 px in size.

===Selected Stage 22===

* [[Template:Stage22selectsections|Stage22selectsections]] - information about the stage 22 selected serial sections.
* [[Template:Stage22SULmenu|Stage22SULmenu]] - unlabeled selected serial images of stage 22 as a numbered menu.
* [[Template:Stage22SULicon120|Stage22SULicon120]] - unlabeled selected serial images of stage 22 as table of icons 120 px in size.
* [[Template:Stage22SLmenu|Stage22SLmenu]] - labeled selected serial images of stage 22 as a numbered menu.
* [[Template:Stage22SLicon120|Stage22SLicon120]] - labeled selected serial images of stage 22 as table of icons 120 px in size.
* [[Template:Testis stage22|Testis stage22]] - links to testis related images.

===Fetal 10 week===
* [[Template:10wkFetus|10wkFetus]] Human Fetus - female, 10 week, Planes A, B, C and D move towards the midline.

==Human Embryos==

* [[Template:Embryo5mm]] - menu links to images of 5 mm embryo (Carnegie stage 13).
* [[Template:Embryo6mm]] - menu links to images of 6 mm embryo (Carnegie stage 13).
* [[Template:Embryo7week]] - menu links to images of 7 week embryo (Carnegie stage 18).
* [[Template:Embryo7week2]] - menu links to images of 7 week embryo (Carnegie stage 19).

==General Templates==

* [[Template:Quizzes|Quizzes]] - menu link to all quizzes.
* [[Template:Animals|Animals]] - list of animal models of development. To be added as a menu item on animal pages.
* [[Template:Week]]

==OMIM Templates==

[[Template:About OMIM|About OMIM]] - brief description of OMIM from online start page to be added where OMIM references are used.

[[Template:OMIM2]] - short citation template used in other wiki projects.

==Movies==

* [[Template:Flash_Movies|Flash Movies]] - common information link for flash (flv) movies.
* [[Template:Quicktime_Movies|Quicktime Movies]] - common information link for Quicktime (mov) movies.
* [[Template:Stage22movie3D]] - common information link for stage 22 3D rotation movies.
* [[Template:Stage13movie3D]] - common information link for stage 13 3D rotation movies.
* [[Template:DevCartoon]] - links to all related developmental FLV cartoons.
* [[Template:CardiacFlash]] -
* [[Template:Historic Heart]] - Historic heart movies.
* [[Template:Cahalan]] - Lymphocyte two-photon imaging movies.
* [[Template:GIT cartoons]] - small table of gastrointestinal tract animations with links to Quicktime and Flash animations.
* [[Template:CVS cartoons]] - small table of heart animations with links to Quicktime and Flash animations.
* [[Template:Head cartoons]] - small table of head animations with links to Quicktime and Flash animations.
* [[Template:Renal cartoons]] - small table of renal animations with links to Quicktime and Flash animations.
* [[Template:Ultrasound Movies]] - table of human ultrasound movies.
* [[Template:Adult brain movie]] - links to adult human brain movies.

===PediNeuroLogic Exam===
* [[Template:PediNeuroLogic Exam]] - set of movies showing early neurological examinations with infant.
* [[Template:Newborn NeuroExam]] - set of movies showing normal newborn neurological examinations.

==Image Sources==

* [[Template:UNSWimages|Template:UNSWimages]] - image reuse restrictions for UNSW content.
* [[Template:Kyoto collection|Kyoto collection]] - acknowledgement of original image source.
* [[Template:SEM|Template:SEM]] - acknowledgement of original image source.
* [[Template:Historic1770|Galletti 1770 Models]] - acknowledgement of original historic models from Italy.
* [[Template:GHR Inheritance]] - [http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook Genetics Home Reference] - US Government handbook images links to inheritance images.
* [[Template:Radiology Assistant]] - acknowledgement of original image source.
* [[Template:Gray Anatomy]] - acknowledgement of original image source.
* [[Template:Karine]] - acknowledgement of original image source.

==Historic Books==

* [[Template:Historic Disclaimer]] - a template to appear on pages where information may not reflect our current scientific understanding.
* [[Template:Gray Anatomy]] - acknowledgement of original image source.
* [[Template:1 Foster 1883]] - The Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 - The History of the Chick (Footer with chapters, glossary and general footer)
* [[Template:2 Foster 1883]] - The Elements of Embryology - Volume 2 - The History of the Mammalian Embryo (Footer with chapters, glossary and general footer)
* [[Template:Foster 1883]] - citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Foster 1883 Figures]] - figures information.
* [[Template:Patten 1920]] - citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Patten 1920 Footer]] - citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Patten 1920 Figures]] - figures information.
* [[Template:Bailey 1921]] - citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Bailey_1921_Footer]] - citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Bailey_1921_Figures]] - figures information.
* [[Template:Brown_1906]] - The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Brown_1906 Footer]] - The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye (Footer with chapters, glossary and general footer)
* [[Template:Brown 1906 Figures]] - figures information.
* [[Template:Carnegie No.20 Header]] - citation for top of page.
* [[Template:Carnegie No.20 Footer]] - Footer with chapters, glossary and general footer.

==Scanning EM Images==

* [[Template:Stage11SEM]] - List of all related images to the Carnegie stage 11set of scanning electron micrographs.
* [[Template:Stage 11 BF images]] - Menu list of human embryo Carnegie stage 11 bright field images.
* [[Template:Stage 12 SEM images]] - Menu list of human embryo Carnegie stage 12 scanning EM images.
* [[Template:Stage 14 SEM images]] - Menu list of human embryo Carnegie stage 14 scanning EM images.

==Carnegie Collection Images==

* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo No.4570]] - links menu for Carnegie collection Embryo No.4570 (Stage 23).
* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo Stage16]]- links menu for Carnegie collection stage 16 Embryos.
* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo Stage17]]- links menu for Carnegie collection stage 17 Embryos.
* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo Stage18]]- links menu for Carnegie collection stage 18 Embryos.
* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo Stage19]]- links menu for Carnegie collection stage 19 Embryos.
* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo Stage20]]- links menu for Carnegie collection stage 20 Embryos.
* [[Template:Carnegie Embryo Stage21]]- links menu for Carnegie collection stage 21 Embryos.

==MRI Images==

[[Template:DTI]] - List of all related diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of the developing neural system.

==Histology==

* [[Template:Testis Histology]] - Menu links to histology images of the testis and duct system. (see [[Testis Development]])
* [[Template:Liver Histology Images]] - Menu links to histology images of the liver. (see [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Liver Histology]])
* [[Template:Pancreas Histology Images]] - Menu links to histology images of the pancreas.
* [[Template:Colon Histology Links]] - Menu links to histology images of the colon. (see [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Colon Histology]])

==Tables and Graphs==
Tables which appear on more than one page can be replaced and easily updated by use of these templates.

* [[Template:Neural Table]] - Table showing the early development of the central nervous system with links. There is an alternate similar table without links [[Template:Neural_Table_2|Template:Neural Table 2]].
* [[Template:Fetal Graphs]] - Menu list of graphs related to changes in fetal dimensions (length, weight, size).

==Copyright==

* [[Template:JCB|Template:JCB]] - Rockefeller University Press Copyright Policy for Journal of Cell Biology.
* [[Template:Blue Histology]] - Copyright policy and information for UWA Blue Histology images.
* [[Template:BMC]] - Copyright policy.
* [[Template:PNAS]] - PNAS copyright policy.
* [[Template:JBC]] - guidelines apply to the reuse of articles, figures, charts and photos in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics and the Journal of Lipid Research.
* [[Template:GeneTests]] - (GeneReviews) guidelines applying to the reuse of materials from GeneTests including the expert-authored peer-reviewed disease descriptions within GeneReviews.

==Report Templates==

* [[Template:AbnormalDataPie1981-1992]] - legend to go with Australian Abnormalities Pie diagrams.
* [[Template:Manitoba Health Report 2001]] - used for abnormal heart diagrams.
* [[Template:NVSR USA Births 2006]] - Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, et al. Births: Final data for 2006. National vital statistics reports; vol 57 no 7. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2009.
* [[Template:AHoS Williams]] - 4 volume set of A HISTORY OF SCIENCE by Henry Smith Williams, M.D., LL.D. assisted by Edward H. Williams, M.D.

==Medicine==

* [[Template:FoundationLab|Template:FoundationLab]] - navigation menu for Foundations lab pages.
* [[Template:SH2011]] - List of Society and Health 2011 classes.
* [[Template:BGDAFooter]] - List of BGD - A 2011 lectures and practical classes.
* [[Template:BGDALab3]]
* [[Template:BGDALab7]]
* [[Template:BGDALab12]]
* [[Template:BGDBFooter]] - List of BGD - B 2011 lectures and practical classes, Glossary links and page footer.
* [[Template:BGDB GIT]] - practical class pages.
* [[Template:BGDB Face]] - practical class pages.
* [[Template:BGDB SexDiffn]] - practical class pages.

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* [[Template:BGDLab2010]] - navigation menu for all BGD cycle A practicals.
* [[Template:BGDFooter2010]] - List of 2010 classes.
* [[Template:2010BGDLab3]] - practical class pages.
* [[Template:2010BGDLab6]] - practical class pages.
* [[Template:2010BGDLab6weeks]] - practical class links to week by week development 3-8
* [[Template:2010BGDLab12]] - practical class pages.
* [[Template:2010Pre-Medicine]] - content links for the Pre-Medicine program.
* [[Template:Student Image]] - a disclaimer notice for images added by students as part of a group project.

== ANAT2341 ==
===2011===
* [[Template:2011ANAT2341|Template:2011ANAT2341]] - Coordinator note on lecture and lab pages with 2011 course content, glossary and footer.
* [[Template:2011Student|Template:2011Student]] - student communication tool located on individual student pages.
* [[Template:2011Projects|Template:2011Projects]] - menu link to all ANAT2341 embryology group projects 2011.
* [[Template:2011ProjectsMH|Template:2011ProjectsMH]] - menu link to to my comments on all ANAT2341 embryology group projects 2011.
* [[Template:2011 Student Image]] - disclaimer for 2011 student uploaded materials.
* [[Template:2011Lab1|Template:2011Lab1]] - menu link to all Lab 1 pages.
* [[Template:2011Lab2|Template:2011Lab2]] - menu link to all Lab 2 pages.
* [[Template:2011Lab2|Template:2011Lab3]] - menu link to all Lab 3 pages.
* [[Template:2011Lab5|Template:2011Lab5]] - menu link to all Lab 5 pages, also appears in [[Template:2011Lab5Footer|Template:2011Lab5Footer]].

===2010===
[[Template:Projects10|Template:Projects10]] - menu link to all ANAT2341 embryology group projects 2010.

[[Template:Projects10MH|Template:Projects10MH]] - menu link to my comments on group projects 2010.

===2009===

[[Template:Projects09|Template:Projects09]] - menu link to all ANAT2341 embryology group projects 2009.

[[Template:2009ANAT2341]] - menu link to all lecture and lab content for 2009.

[[Template:2009Group3]] - menu for student zebrafish page links.

[[Template:Student Image]] - a disclaimer notice for images added by students as part of a group project.

==K12==

[[Template:K12]] - menu link of contents pages that relate to K12 students.

==Animal Embryos==

[[Template:Animals|Animals]] - list of animal models of development. To be added as a menu item on animal pages.

[[Template:Mouse|Mouse]] - mouse embryo pages as an indented list menu.

[[Template:Fish|Fish]] - fish related links menu.

[[Template:Mouse E days]] - navigation menu for embryonic days staging, links to category pages.

== Cardiac Education Module ==

[[Template:Cardiac modules|Cardiac modules]] - menu for navigation within the different cardiac embryology education modules.

[[Template:Cardiacicons|Cardiac icons]] - the 3 icons used to brand the different levels of the cardiac module

===Basic===
[[Template:Basic Cardiac menu|Basic Cardiac menu]] - menu for navigation within the basic cardiac embryology education module.

===Intermediate===

[[Template:Intermediate Cardiac menu|Intermediate Cardiac menu]] - menu for navigation within the Intermediate cardiac embryology education module.

===Advanced===

[[Template:Advanced Cardiac menu|Advanced Cardiac menu]] - menu for navigation within the Advanced cardiac embryology education module.

==Molecular==
[[Template:Molecular Links]] - a menu of Molecular related links

[[Template:Factor Links]] - a menu of Molecular related links

[[Template:Cell Division Links]] - a menu of cell division links

[[Template:Human chromosomes]] - list of human chromosome idiograms and some gene abnormalities locations.

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Template:2011 Student Image

2011-09-08T21:41:25Z

MarkHill: Protected "Template:2011 Student Image": Protect from student change ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

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:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image reuse on this non-commercial educational site infringes your existing copyright, please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au contact the site editor] for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:2011 Student Image]]

Category:2011 Student Image

2011-09-08T21:41:01Z

MarkHill: Protected "Category:2011 Student Image": Protect from student change ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

The images shown below were originally uploaded as part of a 2011 student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements.

Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use.

If image reuse on this non-commercial educational site infringes your existing copyright, please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au contact the site editor] for immediate removal.

Category:2011 Student Image

2011-09-08T21:40:28Z

MarkHill:

Category:2011 Student Image

2011-09-08T21:39:49Z

MarkHill: Created page with "''The images shown below were originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:C..."

''The images shown below were originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image reuse on this non-commercial educational site infringes your existing copyright, please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au contact the site editor] for immediate removal. ''

Template:2011 Student Image

2011-09-08T21:38:48Z

MarkHill: Created page with "---- :'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [..."

ANAT2341 2011 Students

2011-09-08T21:37:57Z

MarkHill: /* Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep */

==Student Pages==
Log in with student number and unipass (not zpass).
{|
|
* [[User:z3060621]]
* [[User:z3217043]]
* [[User:z3217345]]
* [[User:z3391078]]
|
* [[User:z3279511]]
* [[User:z3288196]]
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* [[Test Student 2011]]

==Progressive Assessment==

* The individual student assessment (20% of final mark) consists of a series of tasks allocated in lectures and practical classes.
* Items must be completed by the allocated time.
* Plagiarism of other student answers will result in a zero mark for that assessment item.
* All assessment items must include your signature and datestamp.

===Lab 1 Assessment===

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

:''Write a brief answer to the question no more than a few lines or bullet points.''

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

:''Copy and paste the reference from a search of [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Pubmed] and write a few lines about the paper.''

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

:''Just write their names.''

===Lab 2 Online Assessment===

# Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.
# Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)

===Lab 3 Online Assessment===

# '''What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?'''
# '''Upload a picture relating to you group project.''' Add to both the Group discussion and your online assessment page. Image must be renamed appropriately, citation on "Summary" window with link to original paper and copyright information. As outlined in the Practical class tutorial.

===Lab 4 Online Assessment===

# '''The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?'''
# '''Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.'''
# Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

===Lab 5 Online Assessment===

# Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

===Lab 6 Online Assessment===
# What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?
# What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?
# What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

==Student Group Projects==

{{2011Projects}}

==Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep==

Well I have had a quick look through the projects as they stand today and I must say you have a long way to go yet! There was evidence that some students had spent some time researching their topic, while others had not even submitted their subsection text yet. In particular poorly structured, repetitive, unexplained terminology and verbose text is always bad to see. I also noted a distinct absence of uploaded figures and student drawn images in many project pages. I have also included some reference search strategies, as clearly some of you have not looked through the literature for resources. Have a look through my brief comments and see whether they give you some idea where to go next.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 16:28, 8 September 2011 (EST)

'''Coordinator Skype status:''' <skype>mark_hill_unsw</skype>

'''Uploaded Student Images -''' Please include the following template in all uploaded image information. Copy the text shown below including the curly brackets in page view mode, and paste at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.

<nowiki>{{Template:2011 Student Image}}</nowiki>

----
===Project Layout Tutorials===

:{{Template:Editing Links}}

===Group 1===

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1 - Turner Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate. Table appears to be directly used from an uncited source.
* There needs to be more images in this work. If you do not know where to put the images yet, place them between [[Help:Image_Tutorial#Gallery_Tag|gallery tags]].

* Where is the student drawn figure?

'''Biomed Central''' 1566 items found = 1465 research articles + 101 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Turner+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Turner%20Syndrome

===Group 2===

[[2011_Group_Project_2|'''Group 2 - DiGeorge Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:54, 8 September 2011 (EST) There seems to be some good progress on the project.

* It would have been better to blank (black) the identifying information on this [[:File:Ultrasound_showing_facial_features.jpg|ultrasound]].
* Historical Background would look better with the dates in bold first and the picture not disrupting flow (put to right).
* None of your figures have any accompanying information or legends.
* The 2 tables contain a lot of information and are a little difficult to understand. Perhaps you should rethink how to structure this information.
* Currently very text heavy with little to break up the content.
* I see no student drawn figure.
* referencing needs fixing, but this is minor compared to other issues.

'''Biomed Central'''
141 items found = 124 research articles + 17 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=DiGeorge+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=DiGeorge%20Syndrome

===Group 3===
[[2011_Group_Project_3|'''Group 3 - Klinefelter Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 14:36, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure and overall draft text layout. Some sections very content poor, who was working on Diagnosis and Current Research? In particular where are all the figures???

* Introduction- you have the content there, but it reads very poorly in structure. You should try and fix this. Remember the introduction is the first thing that people will read. Also good to have some figure to interest the reader. There are also lots of clinical terms that may not be understood by the average undergraduate student.
* History - There are only 3 worthy features in the history of this disease? You have not done the work here. This should perhaps also be structured as a timeline, bullets date first in bold.
* Epidemiology - read the first sentence, its not English. The next section also is not very clear. I think this whole section should be looked at again in terms of structure and clarity.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should illustrate some of these Signs and Symptoms, not the genital features please.
* Diagnosis - OK this is sort of a description for Karyotyping, but it is not complete or accurate description of the method. Look it up please and fix this.
* Etiology - this is not a description of non-disjunction, which is what this section should be about.
* Pathogenesis - first sentence is repetition of previous sections, this should have been fixed by now so that the same content does not appear in multiple sub-headings.
* Case Study- I don't think you need this section.
* Other Similar Defects -first identify why they are similar, then explain how you will describe in a table.
* Current Research - very poor. Who in the group should have done this section?

'''Biomed Central''' 68 items found = 64 research articles + 4 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Klinefelter+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Klinefelter%20Syndrome

===Group 4===
[[2011_Group_Project_4|'''Group 4 - Huntington's Disease''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:01, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure, as I have discussed this will be postnatal rather than prenatal effects, so diagnosis should be covered in some depth. Content in some sections is still very light and not researched. Currently there is not a single figure on the project page.
* Introduction - brief and to the point. There are some terms that may require clarification (cerebral cortex, striatum, chorea). There is no mention of it belonging to a group of known disease types.
* History - This is a genetic disease, it probably had "existed" before the seventeenth century, this was when it was described. It appears that there is only a single time point (the discovery) in the history of this disease, fix this please. ''khoreia'' should be in italics.
* Epidemiology - "white people as compared to Africans and Asians" is this the correct terminology? The country by country information would look better in the form of a table. "HTT haplotypes" without any explanation. Sub-headings would fix some of the disjointed feel to this section.
* Pathogenesis and Genetics - same content, with typos. Typos suggest that you (or your group) have not reviewed the work. This is a very poor sub-section.
* Diagnostic Tests - "the middle ages" as opposed to the medieval period? These "similar diseases, which mimic similar characteristics" need to be better organised to show how they are similar. Neuropathology, is this not a postmortem diagnosis?
* Clinical Manifestations - no text here.
* Treatment - a list of bullet points with no accurate descriptions of these treatments. Breakthroughs, is this not Current/Future Research?
* Current/Future Research - Nothing here of interest nor referenced.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Huntington's%20Disease

===Group 5===
[[2011_Group_Project_5|'''Group 5 - Fragile X''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:06, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a reasonable start, you have identified most key topic issues. The formatting of your subheadings is all wrong. There is currently not a single figure, illustration or table in this project. There should at least be something showing the gene, location and genetic mutation.

<wiki>=Fragile X Syndrome = </wiki>

then

<wiki>==Introduction == </wiki>

and so on through all sub-headings, with appropriate sub-sub headings or bullet/numbered lists.

* Introduction - should be just that and be before history of the disease section. Fix this.
* History of the disease - just history will be fine. The writing is not very clear you need to go through this and restructure, perhaps by someone else not the original author who may not see the problems. Really, only 3 parts to the history of this disease, you have not done your research.
* Epidemiology - The first part of this text looks to have come directly from (http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/books/HuGE/chap23.htm), not good enough. The (CGG) expansion has not even been explained.
* Etiology - Reasonable description, but this section could be illustrated with what you are trying to describe.
* Development of the Disease - Fetal not Foetal please. "evincing" remember your audience is university level student. Hoeft et al. (2010), place the citation directly after date. Postpubescent, where is the reference for what you are stating here.
* Signs and Symptoms - OK here, not the best, but better than other parts of the project so far.
* Recent Research - Rapin & Tuchman, (2008), place the citation directly after date. Diagnosis and Treatment, should this not have been in another section? Does not sound like recent research. This whole section needs some structural work.

'''Biomed Central'''
Fragile X (exact phrase) in all fields
263 items found = 247 research articles + 16 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Fragile+X&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=34&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Fragile%20X

===Group 6===
[[2011_Group_Project_6|'''Group 6 - Tetralogy of Fallot''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:50, 8 September 2011 (EST) This has reasonable sub-heading structure, but several sections still lack any content, which they should by now. There are only 2 figures and the text in places is verbose, and very poorly structured for ease of reading/understanding.

* Introduction - No text here? This is where the reader starts and it should grab their attention to your topic.
* History - Good early background. Quoted text should be indented. You have included only a few time points in the disease up to 1945-50's and only broadly thereafter. The text is also very clinically technical, suggesting that you have just copied without understanding the content itself.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should have subsections for each description.
* Genetics/Aetiology - No text here?
* Pathophysiology and Abnormalities - Seems to overlap with the Signs and Symptoms content.
* Diagnostic Tests - you name the tests but do not describe how they work or what they show, this could easily be illustrated.
* Treatment/Management - I think this should be far better structured in layout and content.
* Prognosis - No text here?
* Future Directions - No text here?

'''Biomed Central'''
195 items found = 188 research articles + 7 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Tetralogy+of+Fallot&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=7&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Tetralogy%20of%20Fallot

===Group 7===
[[2011_Group_Project_7|'''Group 7 - Angelman Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:42, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good overall layout in terms of sub-headings, but still feeling very incomplete.

* History - which version are you using text or table? don't have the same content twice.
* Epidemiology - very poor content. Who was doing this section?
* Aetiology - chromosome image is useful here. If you include tables, you need to refer to them within the text and why is the table reference in this section?
* Pathogenesis - a good section, ext could be simplified in structure. Includes a student drawn image, though no description to what each of the blocks and orange blobs are meant to represent.
* Animal models - fix the numbered formatting. Text reads like it has come directly from a paper.
* Signs and Symptoms - seems out of place located here and the content is a little jumbled about.
* Complications
* Differential Diagnosis - should this be a sub-heading of Diagnosis?
* Genetic Counselling - same comment as for first table. How is this adapted it looks pretty much the same to me.
* Current and Future Research - nothing in this section.
* Notable people with Angelman Syndrome - is this relevant as a sub-heading?
* Glossary - incomplete and does not include any acronyms.

'''Biomed Central'''
106 items found = 101 research articles + 5 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Angelman+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=23&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Angelman%20Syndrome

===Group 8===
[[2011_Group_Project_8|'''Group 8 - Friedreich's Ataxia''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) A well-structured project in terms of sub-headings. Student drawn image included on project page. The problem, like all other projects, is a lack of section illustrations and figures. It currently just looks like a lot of writing, with each section slightly differently formatted.

* Timeline - would look better vertical rather than horizontal.
* Epidemiology - numbering should be either bullets or not at all. 1-3 and the separately Morbidity & Mortality?
* Clinical Presentation - too many sub-sub headings, rationalise structure.
* Postnatal Diagnosis - table formatting should be fixed.
* Treatment - the text is poorly written/structured, go through this and organise to make sense.
* Current Research - no text, a simple PubMed search would show you what is going on now.
* Glossary - does not include all terms and acronyms used in the project.

'''Biomed Central''' (exact phrase) in all fields
50 items found = 47 research articles + 3 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Friedreich%27s+Ataxia&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=9&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Friedreich's%20Ataxia

===Group 9===
[[2011_Group_Project_9|'''Group 9 - Williams Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:09, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a good start in the way of sub-heading structure. The current problem is that many of these sub-headings contain no content. A previous individual assessment was to insert your text on the project page, someone has either not added their text or their are unallocated sections. Either way it makes the project look very unfinished in places. More importantly at this stage is the lack of any related images or student illustration.

* Introduction - should be more a brief text intro rather than bullet points here.
* History of the disease - "William-Beuren Syndrome is named after John C.P. Williams," perhaps you should start with this. Timeline, this sub-sub heading has no text.
* Genetic factors and Etiology - could indicate the region deleted in an image.
* Diagnosis - there is a list of descriptions that should be illustrated. seems to be an overlap with the following section (Physical Characteristics).
* Physical Characteristics - there is no text in this section.
* Epidemiology - shod be linked earlier to diagnosis.
* Glossary - no descriptions. Should include all acronyms used (FISH, STR etc).
* Referencing - formatting seems to be applied well, I have not checked at this stage that all content is correctly cited.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Williams%20Syndrome

===Group 10===

[[2011_Group_Project_10|'''Group 10 - Duchenne''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) There is a backbone here for content to be built upon, but many sections still lack adequate work. I would have expected more by this stage in your work.
* There are no images added to the project page. I would have thought at least dystrophin gene, mutation hotspots, abnormal muscle, etc.
* History/timeline - just a single entry and nothing about the entire history of this disease.
* Epidemiology - why does it occur at this rate?
* Aetiology - Genetics - you have used a single review source for most of your information, without locating and identifying the research literature.
** If you intend to use the same reference more than once use the following format (without the wiki): <wiki><ref name="PMID21810612"><pubmed>21810612</pubmed></ref></wiki> it will then appear as a single entry in your reference list.
* Clinical manifestations and complications - fix the sub-sub-heading format, I do not like asterisks and italics, keep it simple.
* Diagnosis - you could not find a suitable illustration for this point?
* Treatment: Current and Future Prospects - Future Therapies is currently a list of terms with no adequate descriptions.
* Minor point - references should appear after the full stops.
* 2 case studies? get rid of this unless you have something to say here.
* Where is the student drawn illustration?
* Glossary - descriptions are inadequate, and in some cases just wrong.

'''Biomed Central'''
Duchenne in all fields
325 items found = 301 research articles + 24 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Duchenne&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Duchenne%20Muscular%20Dystrophy

===Group 11===
[[2011_Group_Project_11|'''Group 11 - Cleft Palate/Lip''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:11, 8 September 2011 (EST) This project shows extremely poor progress at this time. May empty sub-sections and many of you have not met the requirements as required in an earlier laboratory assessment to add your content to the project page. Given the scope of your project topic there are an enormous number of resources, which have not been researched or utilised.

* Timeline would look better as bullet points with the date in bold as the first text.
* Only figure added is incorrectly named File:Pierre-Joseph_Desault-jpg.jpg. I had previously contacted and asked for this to be fixed and a citation added, neither has been done.
* I cannot provide you any further constructive comments at this stage, because there is insufficient for me to work with.

'''Biomed Central'''
Cleft Palate (exact phrase) in all fields
228 items found = 214 research articles + 14 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Cleft+Palate&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=45&Search.y=6&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Palate

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Lip

===Group Assessment Criteria===

# The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.
# The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
# Content is correctly cited and referenced.
# The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
# Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
# Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.
# Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
# Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
# The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
# Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.

===Guidelines===
* '''Divide the project into sections''', that each member will work on.
** Later you can all work together on the entree project.
* '''Collect references''', on your discussion page and prepare summaries.
** This will help others in the group understand what the paper is about.
* '''Collect images''', on your discussion page that are correctly cited.
** plaigarism and copyright issues will affect your final group mark.
* '''Balance text and images''', do not have too much of one or the other.
** Remember this is an online project and not an essay, hold the readers attention.
*''' Avoid Editing your project page simultaneously with other group members''', this may crash the project page and make loading slow.
** Make small edits save regularly, do not leave the page open in edit mode for long periods.
** Organise times when you alone will be editing the project.
* '''Avoid Wikipedia sourced content''', you are permitted a maximum of 1 image from that source and no derived text.

==2010 Diagnostic Techniques==

[[2010_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Ultrasound]] | [[2010_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Chorionic villus sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Amniocentesis]] | [[2010_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Fetal Fibronectin]] | [[2010_Group_Project_6|Project 6 - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein]] | [[Prenatal_Diagnosis|Related page - Prenatal Diagnosis]]

==2009 Animal Models==

[[2009_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Rabbit]] | [[2009_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Fly]] | [[2009_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Zebrafish]] | [[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Mouse]] | [[2009_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Frog]] | [[Animal_Development|Related page - Animal Development]]

{{2011ANAT2341}}

ANAT2341 2011 Students

2011-09-08T21:37:22Z

MarkHill: /* Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep */

==Student Pages==
Log in with student number and unipass (not zpass).
{|
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* [[User:z3060621]]
* [[User:z3217043]]
* [[User:z3217345]]
* [[User:z3391078]]
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* [[User:z3279511]]
* [[User:z3288196]]
* [[User:z3288729]]
* [[User:z3288827]]
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* [[User:z3289066]]
* [[User:z3289301]]
* [[User:z3289829]]
* [[User:z3289991]]
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* [[User:z3389806]]
* [[User:z3290270]]
* [[User:z3290379]]
* [[User:z3290558]]
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* [[User:z3290618]]
* [[User:z3290689]]
* [[User:z3290808]]
* [[User:z3290815]]
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* [[User:z3290841]]
* [[User:z3291317]]
* [[User:z3291324]]
* [[User:z3291423]]
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* [[User:z3291622]]
* [[User:z3291643]]
* [[User:z3387190]]
* [[User:z3293267]]
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* [[User:z3294943]]
* [[User:z3389343]]
* [[User:z3329495]]
* [[User:z3332250]]
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* [[User:z3331469]]
* [[User:z3331556]]
* [[User:z3332178]]
* [[User:z3332183]]
|

* [[User:z3332327]]
* [[User:z3332629]]
* [[User:z3332824]]
* [[User:z3330313]]
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* [[User:z3308965]]
* [[User:z3292953]]
* [[User:z3284061]]
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* [[Test Student 2011]]

==Progressive Assessment==

* The individual student assessment (20% of final mark) consists of a series of tasks allocated in lectures and practical classes.
* Items must be completed by the allocated time.
* Plagiarism of other student answers will result in a zero mark for that assessment item.
* All assessment items must include your signature and datestamp.

===Lab 1 Assessment===

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

:''Write a brief answer to the question no more than a few lines or bullet points.''

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

:''Copy and paste the reference from a search of [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Pubmed] and write a few lines about the paper.''

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

:''Just write their names.''

===Lab 2 Online Assessment===

# Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.
# Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)

===Lab 3 Online Assessment===

# '''What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?'''
# '''Upload a picture relating to you group project.''' Add to both the Group discussion and your online assessment page. Image must be renamed appropriately, citation on "Summary" window with link to original paper and copyright information. As outlined in the Practical class tutorial.

===Lab 4 Online Assessment===

# '''The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?'''
# '''Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.'''
# Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

===Lab 5 Online Assessment===

# Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

===Lab 6 Online Assessment===
# What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?
# What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?
# What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

==Student Group Projects==

{{2011Projects}}

==Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep==

Well I have had a quick look through the projects as they stand today and I must say you have a long way to go yet! There was evidence that some students had spent some time researching their topic, while others had not even submitted their subsection text yet. In particular poorly structured, repetitive, unexplained terminology and verbose text is always bad to see. I also noted a distinct absence of uploaded figures and student drawn images in many project pages. I have also included some reference search strategies, as clearly some of you have not looked through the literature for resources. Have a look through my brief comments and see whether they give you some idea where to go next.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 16:28, 8 September 2011 (EST)

'''Coordinator Skype status:''' <skype>mark_hill_unsw</skype>

'''Uploaded Student Images -''' Please include the following template in all uploaded image information. Copy the text shown below including the curly brackets in page view mode, and paste at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.

<nowiki>{{Template:Student Image}}</nowiki>

----
===Project Layout Tutorials===

:{{Template:Editing Links}}

===Group 1===

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1 - Turner Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate. Table appears to be directly used from an uncited source.
* There needs to be more images in this work. If you do not know where to put the images yet, place them between [[Help:Image_Tutorial#Gallery_Tag|gallery tags]].

* Where is the student drawn figure?

'''Biomed Central''' 1566 items found = 1465 research articles + 101 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Turner+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Turner%20Syndrome

===Group 2===

[[2011_Group_Project_2|'''Group 2 - DiGeorge Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:54, 8 September 2011 (EST) There seems to be some good progress on the project.

* It would have been better to blank (black) the identifying information on this [[:File:Ultrasound_showing_facial_features.jpg|ultrasound]].
* Historical Background would look better with the dates in bold first and the picture not disrupting flow (put to right).
* None of your figures have any accompanying information or legends.
* The 2 tables contain a lot of information and are a little difficult to understand. Perhaps you should rethink how to structure this information.
* Currently very text heavy with little to break up the content.
* I see no student drawn figure.
* referencing needs fixing, but this is minor compared to other issues.

'''Biomed Central'''
141 items found = 124 research articles + 17 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=DiGeorge+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=DiGeorge%20Syndrome

===Group 3===
[[2011_Group_Project_3|'''Group 3 - Klinefelter Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 14:36, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure and overall draft text layout. Some sections very content poor, who was working on Diagnosis and Current Research? In particular where are all the figures???

* Introduction- you have the content there, but it reads very poorly in structure. You should try and fix this. Remember the introduction is the first thing that people will read. Also good to have some figure to interest the reader. There are also lots of clinical terms that may not be understood by the average undergraduate student.
* History - There are only 3 worthy features in the history of this disease? You have not done the work here. This should perhaps also be structured as a timeline, bullets date first in bold.
* Epidemiology - read the first sentence, its not English. The next section also is not very clear. I think this whole section should be looked at again in terms of structure and clarity.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should illustrate some of these Signs and Symptoms, not the genital features please.
* Diagnosis - OK this is sort of a description for Karyotyping, but it is not complete or accurate description of the method. Look it up please and fix this.
* Etiology - this is not a description of non-disjunction, which is what this section should be about.
* Pathogenesis - first sentence is repetition of previous sections, this should have been fixed by now so that the same content does not appear in multiple sub-headings.
* Case Study- I don't think you need this section.
* Other Similar Defects -first identify why they are similar, then explain how you will describe in a table.
* Current Research - very poor. Who in the group should have done this section?

'''Biomed Central''' 68 items found = 64 research articles + 4 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Klinefelter+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Klinefelter%20Syndrome

===Group 4===
[[2011_Group_Project_4|'''Group 4 - Huntington's Disease''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:01, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure, as I have discussed this will be postnatal rather than prenatal effects, so diagnosis should be covered in some depth. Content in some sections is still very light and not researched. Currently there is not a single figure on the project page.
* Introduction - brief and to the point. There are some terms that may require clarification (cerebral cortex, striatum, chorea). There is no mention of it belonging to a group of known disease types.
* History - This is a genetic disease, it probably had "existed" before the seventeenth century, this was when it was described. It appears that there is only a single time point (the discovery) in the history of this disease, fix this please. ''khoreia'' should be in italics.
* Epidemiology - "white people as compared to Africans and Asians" is this the correct terminology? The country by country information would look better in the form of a table. "HTT haplotypes" without any explanation. Sub-headings would fix some of the disjointed feel to this section.
* Pathogenesis and Genetics - same content, with typos. Typos suggest that you (or your group) have not reviewed the work. This is a very poor sub-section.
* Diagnostic Tests - "the middle ages" as opposed to the medieval period? These "similar diseases, which mimic similar characteristics" need to be better organised to show how they are similar. Neuropathology, is this not a postmortem diagnosis?
* Clinical Manifestations - no text here.
* Treatment - a list of bullet points with no accurate descriptions of these treatments. Breakthroughs, is this not Current/Future Research?
* Current/Future Research - Nothing here of interest nor referenced.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Huntington's%20Disease

===Group 5===
[[2011_Group_Project_5|'''Group 5 - Fragile X''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:06, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a reasonable start, you have identified most key topic issues. The formatting of your subheadings is all wrong. There is currently not a single figure, illustration or table in this project. There should at least be something showing the gene, location and genetic mutation.

<wiki>=Fragile X Syndrome = </wiki>

then

<wiki>==Introduction == </wiki>

and so on through all sub-headings, with appropriate sub-sub headings or bullet/numbered lists.

* Introduction - should be just that and be before history of the disease section. Fix this.
* History of the disease - just history will be fine. The writing is not very clear you need to go through this and restructure, perhaps by someone else not the original author who may not see the problems. Really, only 3 parts to the history of this disease, you have not done your research.
* Epidemiology - The first part of this text looks to have come directly from (http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/books/HuGE/chap23.htm), not good enough. The (CGG) expansion has not even been explained.
* Etiology - Reasonable description, but this section could be illustrated with what you are trying to describe.
* Development of the Disease - Fetal not Foetal please. "evincing" remember your audience is university level student. Hoeft et al. (2010), place the citation directly after date. Postpubescent, where is the reference for what you are stating here.
* Signs and Symptoms - OK here, not the best, but better than other parts of the project so far.
* Recent Research - Rapin & Tuchman, (2008), place the citation directly after date. Diagnosis and Treatment, should this not have been in another section? Does not sound like recent research. This whole section needs some structural work.

'''Biomed Central'''
Fragile X (exact phrase) in all fields
263 items found = 247 research articles + 16 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Fragile+X&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=34&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Fragile%20X

===Group 6===
[[2011_Group_Project_6|'''Group 6 - Tetralogy of Fallot''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:50, 8 September 2011 (EST) This has reasonable sub-heading structure, but several sections still lack any content, which they should by now. There are only 2 figures and the text in places is verbose, and very poorly structured for ease of reading/understanding.

* Introduction - No text here? This is where the reader starts and it should grab their attention to your topic.
* History - Good early background. Quoted text should be indented. You have included only a few time points in the disease up to 1945-50's and only broadly thereafter. The text is also very clinically technical, suggesting that you have just copied without understanding the content itself.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should have subsections for each description.
* Genetics/Aetiology - No text here?
* Pathophysiology and Abnormalities - Seems to overlap with the Signs and Symptoms content.
* Diagnostic Tests - you name the tests but do not describe how they work or what they show, this could easily be illustrated.
* Treatment/Management - I think this should be far better structured in layout and content.
* Prognosis - No text here?
* Future Directions - No text here?

'''Biomed Central'''
195 items found = 188 research articles + 7 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Tetralogy+of+Fallot&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=7&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Tetralogy%20of%20Fallot

===Group 7===
[[2011_Group_Project_7|'''Group 7 - Angelman Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:42, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good overall layout in terms of sub-headings, but still feeling very incomplete.

* History - which version are you using text or table? don't have the same content twice.
* Epidemiology - very poor content. Who was doing this section?
* Aetiology - chromosome image is useful here. If you include tables, you need to refer to them within the text and why is the table reference in this section?
* Pathogenesis - a good section, ext could be simplified in structure. Includes a student drawn image, though no description to what each of the blocks and orange blobs are meant to represent.
* Animal models - fix the numbered formatting. Text reads like it has come directly from a paper.
* Signs and Symptoms - seems out of place located here and the content is a little jumbled about.
* Complications
* Differential Diagnosis - should this be a sub-heading of Diagnosis?
* Genetic Counselling - same comment as for first table. How is this adapted it looks pretty much the same to me.
* Current and Future Research - nothing in this section.
* Notable people with Angelman Syndrome - is this relevant as a sub-heading?
* Glossary - incomplete and does not include any acronyms.

'''Biomed Central'''
106 items found = 101 research articles + 5 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Angelman+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=23&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Angelman%20Syndrome

===Group 8===
[[2011_Group_Project_8|'''Group 8 - Friedreich's Ataxia''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) A well-structured project in terms of sub-headings. Student drawn image included on project page. The problem, like all other projects, is a lack of section illustrations and figures. It currently just looks like a lot of writing, with each section slightly differently formatted.

* Timeline - would look better vertical rather than horizontal.
* Epidemiology - numbering should be either bullets or not at all. 1-3 and the separately Morbidity & Mortality?
* Clinical Presentation - too many sub-sub headings, rationalise structure.
* Postnatal Diagnosis - table formatting should be fixed.
* Treatment - the text is poorly written/structured, go through this and organise to make sense.
* Current Research - no text, a simple PubMed search would show you what is going on now.
* Glossary - does not include all terms and acronyms used in the project.

'''Biomed Central''' (exact phrase) in all fields
50 items found = 47 research articles + 3 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Friedreich%27s+Ataxia&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=9&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Friedreich's%20Ataxia

===Group 9===
[[2011_Group_Project_9|'''Group 9 - Williams Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:09, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a good start in the way of sub-heading structure. The current problem is that many of these sub-headings contain no content. A previous individual assessment was to insert your text on the project page, someone has either not added their text or their are unallocated sections. Either way it makes the project look very unfinished in places. More importantly at this stage is the lack of any related images or student illustration.

* Introduction - should be more a brief text intro rather than bullet points here.
* History of the disease - "William-Beuren Syndrome is named after John C.P. Williams," perhaps you should start with this. Timeline, this sub-sub heading has no text.
* Genetic factors and Etiology - could indicate the region deleted in an image.
* Diagnosis - there is a list of descriptions that should be illustrated. seems to be an overlap with the following section (Physical Characteristics).
* Physical Characteristics - there is no text in this section.
* Epidemiology - shod be linked earlier to diagnosis.
* Glossary - no descriptions. Should include all acronyms used (FISH, STR etc).
* Referencing - formatting seems to be applied well, I have not checked at this stage that all content is correctly cited.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Williams%20Syndrome

===Group 10===

[[2011_Group_Project_10|'''Group 10 - Duchenne''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) There is a backbone here for content to be built upon, but many sections still lack adequate work. I would have expected more by this stage in your work.
* There are no images added to the project page. I would have thought at least dystrophin gene, mutation hotspots, abnormal muscle, etc.
* History/timeline - just a single entry and nothing about the entire history of this disease.
* Epidemiology - why does it occur at this rate?
* Aetiology - Genetics - you have used a single review source for most of your information, without locating and identifying the research literature.
** If you intend to use the same reference more than once use the following format (without the wiki): <wiki><ref name="PMID21810612"><pubmed>21810612</pubmed></ref></wiki> it will then appear as a single entry in your reference list.
* Clinical manifestations and complications - fix the sub-sub-heading format, I do not like asterisks and italics, keep it simple.
* Diagnosis - you could not find a suitable illustration for this point?
* Treatment: Current and Future Prospects - Future Therapies is currently a list of terms with no adequate descriptions.
* Minor point - references should appear after the full stops.
* 2 case studies? get rid of this unless you have something to say here.
* Where is the student drawn illustration?
* Glossary - descriptions are inadequate, and in some cases just wrong.

'''Biomed Central'''
Duchenne in all fields
325 items found = 301 research articles + 24 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Duchenne&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Duchenne%20Muscular%20Dystrophy

===Group 11===
[[2011_Group_Project_11|'''Group 11 - Cleft Palate/Lip''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:11, 8 September 2011 (EST) This project shows extremely poor progress at this time. May empty sub-sections and many of you have not met the requirements as required in an earlier laboratory assessment to add your content to the project page. Given the scope of your project topic there are an enormous number of resources, which have not been researched or utilised.

* Timeline would look better as bullet points with the date in bold as the first text.
* Only figure added is incorrectly named File:Pierre-Joseph_Desault-jpg.jpg. I had previously contacted and asked for this to be fixed and a citation added, neither has been done.
* I cannot provide you any further constructive comments at this stage, because there is insufficient for me to work with.

'''Biomed Central'''
Cleft Palate (exact phrase) in all fields
228 items found = 214 research articles + 14 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Cleft+Palate&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=45&Search.y=6&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Palate

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Lip

===Group Assessment Criteria===

# The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.
# The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
# Content is correctly cited and referenced.
# The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
# Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
# Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.
# Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
# Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
# The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
# Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.

===Guidelines===
* '''Divide the project into sections''', that each member will work on.
** Later you can all work together on the entree project.
* '''Collect references''', on your discussion page and prepare summaries.
** This will help others in the group understand what the paper is about.
* '''Collect images''', on your discussion page that are correctly cited.
** plaigarism and copyright issues will affect your final group mark.
* '''Balance text and images''', do not have too much of one or the other.
** Remember this is an online project and not an essay, hold the readers attention.
*''' Avoid Editing your project page simultaneously with other group members''', this may crash the project page and make loading slow.
** Make small edits save regularly, do not leave the page open in edit mode for long periods.
** Organise times when you alone will be editing the project.
* '''Avoid Wikipedia sourced content''', you are permitted a maximum of 1 image from that source and no derived text.

==2010 Diagnostic Techniques==

[[2010_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Ultrasound]] | [[2010_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Chorionic villus sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Amniocentesis]] | [[2010_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Fetal Fibronectin]] | [[2010_Group_Project_6|Project 6 - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein]] | [[Prenatal_Diagnosis|Related page - Prenatal Diagnosis]]

==2009 Animal Models==

[[2009_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Rabbit]] | [[2009_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Fly]] | [[2009_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Zebrafish]] | [[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Mouse]] | [[2009_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Frog]] | [[Animal_Development|Related page - Animal Development]]

{{2011ANAT2341}}

Talk:2011 Group Project 1

2011-09-08T21:36:57Z

MarkHill:

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1''']]: [[User:z3060621]] | [[User:z3217043]] | [[User:z3217345]] | [[User:z3391078]]

'''Uploaded Student Images -''' Please include the following template in all uploaded image information. Copy the text shown below including the curly brackets in page view mode, and paste at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.

<nowiki>{{Template:Student Image}}</nowiki>

----

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate.
* There needs to be more images in this work.
* Where is the student drawn figure?
* Project recent history shows a single group member wiring on this topic.

So I guess we are doing Turner's Syndrome? Or are we still discussing?

I think Thalassemia sounds really interesting and there is more scope for research/ learning something new rather than the sex chromosome abnormalities.

Here are two articles which were interesting I found:

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:24, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Thalassemia ==

Hey guys I'm going to do the History and the Treatment of Thalassemia. --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:32, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Ashley Smith- I'm doing Etiology and Clinical Manifestations --[[User:Z3391078|Ashley Smith]] 10:58, 25 August 2011 (EST)

The two sub-sections that I will be researching are diagnostic procedures and current/future research possibilities. --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:03, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Discussion ==

There a number of research and review articles, particularly on PubMed, so maybe post ones that you find interesting up and then we can maybe assign sections to everyone next lab so that we can further research those particular areas individually?--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:55, 10 August 2011 (EST)

I had found two of the same articles that had already been posted, so I had to go back and find different ones. I'm not sure if we really are going to do Turner's Sydrome since not all of us were present when we named it. We can decide in class tomorrow I guess. --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:23, 11 August 2011 (EST)

Maybe we can begin thinking about the general sections we might have? Introduction, History, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis, Prevention, Current Research, Future Research, Glossary? Any thoughts? --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 09:00, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Here are some free full text articles that might be helpful:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840746

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16821224

http://eje-online.org/content/151/6/657.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273980/?page=3

http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/84/12/4345.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1511250/?page=1

http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/86/7/3061.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118376/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883963/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361125

http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/6/603.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613558/?tool=pubmed

== Research Articles ==

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802870 Turner syndrome and metabolic derangements: Another example of fetal programming.]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST) (Prior topic)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802870 Turner syndrome and sexual differentiation of the brain: implications for understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders.] --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793702 Estrogen requirements in girls with Turner syndrome; how low is enough for initiating puberty and uterine development?]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0015028211005152 Outcomes of spontaneous and assisted pregnancies in Turner syndrome: the U.S. National Institutes of Health experience.] --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:18, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21813448 How I treat thalassemia]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810090 Pulmonary function in thalassaemia major and its correlation with body iron stores]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Review Articles ==

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082783/?tool=pubmed Optimising management in Turner syndrome: from infancy to adult transfer.]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/turnersyndrome.html Turner Syndrome] --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:31, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492708 Beta-thalassemia]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Images ==

I found a pic of what the cells look like under a microscope.

[[File:Thala.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]
--[[User:Z3060621|Aisyah Barchia]] 19:19, 17 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:ThromboembolicEvents.jpg |Thromboembolic Events In Thalassemia Intermedia (TI) VS Thalassemia Major (TM)|framed|none]]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 08:57, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.JPG|350px|thumb|left|Pulmonary Hypertension]]

Nothing going on here guys? There should be some discussion within your group on the possible topic. --[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 23:53, 7 August 2011 (EST)

{{2011GroupDiscussionMH}}

Talk:2011 Group Project 1

2011-09-08T21:36:09Z

MarkHill:

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1''']]: [[User:z3060621]] | [[User:z3217043]] | [[User:z3217345]] | [[User:z3391078]]

'''Please include the following template in all uploaded image information.''' Copy the text shown below including the curly brackets in page view mode, and paste at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.

<nowiki>{{Template:Student Image}}</nowiki>

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate.
* There needs to be more images in this work.
* Where is the student drawn figure?
* Project recent history shows a single group member wiring on this topic.

So I guess we are doing Turner's Syndrome? Or are we still discussing?

I think Thalassemia sounds really interesting and there is more scope for research/ learning something new rather than the sex chromosome abnormalities.

Here are two articles which were interesting I found:

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21806986 A rapid detection for α-thalassemia by PCR combined with dissociation curve analysis]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pubmed/21239835 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia]

--[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 20:24, 10 August 2011 (EST)

== Thalassemia ==

Hey guys I'm going to do the History and the Treatment of Thalassemia. --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 10:32, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Ashley Smith- I'm doing Etiology and Clinical Manifestations --[[User:Z3391078|Ashley Smith]] 10:58, 25 August 2011 (EST)

The two sub-sections that I will be researching are diagnostic procedures and current/future research possibilities. --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:03, 25 August 2011 (EST)

== Discussion ==

There a number of research and review articles, particularly on PubMed, so maybe post ones that you find interesting up and then we can maybe assign sections to everyone next lab so that we can further research those particular areas individually?--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:55, 10 August 2011 (EST)

I had found two of the same articles that had already been posted, so I had to go back and find different ones. I'm not sure if we really are going to do Turner's Sydrome since not all of us were present when we named it. We can decide in class tomorrow I guess. --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:23, 11 August 2011 (EST)

Maybe we can begin thinking about the general sections we might have? Introduction, History, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis, Prevention, Current Research, Future Research, Glossary? Any thoughts? --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 09:00, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Here are some free full text articles that might be helpful:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840746

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16821224

http://eje-online.org/content/151/6/657.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273980/?page=3

http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/84/12/4345.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1511250/?page=1

http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/86/7/3061.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118376/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883963/?tool=pubmed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361125

http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/6/603.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613558/?tool=pubmed

== Research Articles ==

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802870 Turner syndrome and metabolic derangements: Another example of fetal programming.]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST) (Prior topic)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802870 Turner syndrome and sexual differentiation of the brain: implications for understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders.] --[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793702 Estrogen requirements in girls with Turner syndrome; how low is enough for initiating puberty and uterine development?]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0015028211005152 Outcomes of spontaneous and assisted pregnancies in Turner syndrome: the U.S. National Institutes of Health experience.] --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:18, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21813448 How I treat thalassemia]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810090 Pulmonary function in thalassaemia major and its correlation with body iron stores]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Review Articles ==

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082783/?tool=pubmed Optimising management in Turner syndrome: from infancy to adult transfer.]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 13:44, 10 August 2011 (EST)(Prior topic)

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/turnersyndrome.html Turner Syndrome] --[[User:Z3391078|Z3391078]] 02:31, 11 August 2011 (EST)

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492708 Beta-thalassemia]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 11:45, 11 August 2011 (EST)

== Images ==

I found a pic of what the cells look like under a microscope.

[[File:Thala.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]
--[[User:Z3060621|Aisyah Barchia]] 19:19, 17 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:Thalassemia_pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Miotic Cell Defects]] --[[User:Z3217043|z3217043]] 11:06, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:ThromboembolicEvents.jpg |Thromboembolic Events In Thalassemia Intermedia (TI) VS Thalassemia Major (TM)|framed|none]]--[[User:Z3217345|z3217345]] 08:57, 18 August 2011 (EST)

[[File:PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.JPG|350px|thumb|left|Pulmonary Hypertension]]

Nothing going on here guys? There should be some discussion within your group on the possible topic. --[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 23:53, 7 August 2011 (EST)

{{2011GroupDiscussionMH}}

ANAT2341 2011 Students

2011-09-08T21:33:10Z

MarkHill: /* Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep */

==Student Pages==
Log in with student number and unipass (not zpass).
{|
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* [[User:z3060621]]
* [[User:z3217043]]
* [[User:z3217345]]
* [[User:z3391078]]
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* [[User:z3279511]]
* [[User:z3288196]]
* [[User:z3288729]]
* [[User:z3288827]]
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* [[User:z3289066]]
* [[User:z3289301]]
* [[User:z3289829]]
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* [[User:z3389806]]
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* [[User:z3290808]]
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* [[User:z3290841]]
* [[User:z3291317]]
* [[User:z3291324]]
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* [[User:z3387190]]
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* [[User:z3331556]]
* [[User:z3332178]]
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* [[User:z3332327]]
* [[User:z3332629]]
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* [[User:z3330313]]
|-
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* [[User:z3308965]]
* [[User:z3292953]]
* [[User:z3284061]]
* [[User:z3308968]]
* [[User:z3272325]]
|}

* [[Test Student 2011]]

==Progressive Assessment==

* The individual student assessment (20% of final mark) consists of a series of tasks allocated in lectures and practical classes.
* Items must be completed by the allocated time.
* Plagiarism of other student answers will result in a zero mark for that assessment item.
* All assessment items must include your signature and datestamp.

===Lab 1 Assessment===

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

:''Write a brief answer to the question no more than a few lines or bullet points.''

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

:''Copy and paste the reference from a search of [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Pubmed] and write a few lines about the paper.''

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

:''Just write their names.''

===Lab 2 Online Assessment===

# Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.
# Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)

===Lab 3 Online Assessment===

# '''What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?'''
# '''Upload a picture relating to you group project.''' Add to both the Group discussion and your online assessment page. Image must be renamed appropriately, citation on "Summary" window with link to original paper and copyright information. As outlined in the Practical class tutorial.

===Lab 4 Online Assessment===

# '''The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?'''
# '''Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.'''
# Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

===Lab 5 Online Assessment===

# Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

===Lab 6 Online Assessment===
# What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?
# What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?
# What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

==Student Group Projects==

{{2011Projects}}

==Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep==

Well I have had a quick look through the projects as they stand today and I must say you have a long way to go yet! There was evidence that some students had spent some time researching their topic, while others had not even submitted their subsection text yet. In particular poorly structured, repetitive, unexplained terminology and verbose text is always bad to see. I also noted a distinct absence of uploaded figures and student drawn images in many project pages. I have also included some reference search strategies, as clearly some of you have not looked through the literature for resources. Have a look through my brief comments and see whether they give you some idea where to go next.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 16:28, 8 September 2011 (EST)

'''Coordinator Skype status:''' <skype>mark_hill_unsw</skype>

'''Please include the following template in all uploaded image information. Copy the text and curly brackets shown below in page view mode, and pass at the end of the information box area when uploading your image.'''

<nowiki>{{Template:Student Image}}</nowiki>

===Project Layout Tutorials===

:{{Template:Editing Links}}

===Group 1===

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1 - Turner Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate. Table appears to be directly used from an uncited source.
* There needs to be more images in this work. If you do not know where to put the images yet, place them between [[Help:Image_Tutorial#Gallery_Tag|gallery tags]].

* Where is the student drawn figure?

'''Biomed Central''' 1566 items found = 1465 research articles + 101 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Turner+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Turner%20Syndrome

===Group 2===

[[2011_Group_Project_2|'''Group 2 - DiGeorge Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:54, 8 September 2011 (EST) There seems to be some good progress on the project.

* It would have been better to blank (black) the identifying information on this [[:File:Ultrasound_showing_facial_features.jpg|ultrasound]].
* Historical Background would look better with the dates in bold first and the picture not disrupting flow (put to right).
* None of your figures have any accompanying information or legends.
* The 2 tables contain a lot of information and are a little difficult to understand. Perhaps you should rethink how to structure this information.
* Currently very text heavy with little to break up the content.
* I see no student drawn figure.
* referencing needs fixing, but this is minor compared to other issues.

'''Biomed Central'''
141 items found = 124 research articles + 17 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=DiGeorge+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=DiGeorge%20Syndrome

===Group 3===
[[2011_Group_Project_3|'''Group 3 - Klinefelter Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 14:36, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure and overall draft text layout. Some sections very content poor, who was working on Diagnosis and Current Research? In particular where are all the figures???

* Introduction- you have the content there, but it reads very poorly in structure. You should try and fix this. Remember the introduction is the first thing that people will read. Also good to have some figure to interest the reader. There are also lots of clinical terms that may not be understood by the average undergraduate student.
* History - There are only 3 worthy features in the history of this disease? You have not done the work here. This should perhaps also be structured as a timeline, bullets date first in bold.
* Epidemiology - read the first sentence, its not English. The next section also is not very clear. I think this whole section should be looked at again in terms of structure and clarity.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should illustrate some of these Signs and Symptoms, not the genital features please.
* Diagnosis - OK this is sort of a description for Karyotyping, but it is not complete or accurate description of the method. Look it up please and fix this.
* Etiology - this is not a description of non-disjunction, which is what this section should be about.
* Pathogenesis - first sentence is repetition of previous sections, this should have been fixed by now so that the same content does not appear in multiple sub-headings.
* Case Study- I don't think you need this section.
* Other Similar Defects -first identify why they are similar, then explain how you will describe in a table.
* Current Research - very poor. Who in the group should have done this section?

'''Biomed Central''' 68 items found = 64 research articles + 4 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Klinefelter+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Klinefelter%20Syndrome

===Group 4===
[[2011_Group_Project_4|'''Group 4 - Huntington's Disease''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:01, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure, as I have discussed this will be postnatal rather than prenatal effects, so diagnosis should be covered in some depth. Content in some sections is still very light and not researched. Currently there is not a single figure on the project page.
* Introduction - brief and to the point. There are some terms that may require clarification (cerebral cortex, striatum, chorea). There is no mention of it belonging to a group of known disease types.
* History - This is a genetic disease, it probably had "existed" before the seventeenth century, this was when it was described. It appears that there is only a single time point (the discovery) in the history of this disease, fix this please. ''khoreia'' should be in italics.
* Epidemiology - "white people as compared to Africans and Asians" is this the correct terminology? The country by country information would look better in the form of a table. "HTT haplotypes" without any explanation. Sub-headings would fix some of the disjointed feel to this section.
* Pathogenesis and Genetics - same content, with typos. Typos suggest that you (or your group) have not reviewed the work. This is a very poor sub-section.
* Diagnostic Tests - "the middle ages" as opposed to the medieval period? These "similar diseases, which mimic similar characteristics" need to be better organised to show how they are similar. Neuropathology, is this not a postmortem diagnosis?
* Clinical Manifestations - no text here.
* Treatment - a list of bullet points with no accurate descriptions of these treatments. Breakthroughs, is this not Current/Future Research?
* Current/Future Research - Nothing here of interest nor referenced.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Huntington's%20Disease

===Group 5===
[[2011_Group_Project_5|'''Group 5 - Fragile X''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:06, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a reasonable start, you have identified most key topic issues. The formatting of your subheadings is all wrong. There is currently not a single figure, illustration or table in this project. There should at least be something showing the gene, location and genetic mutation.

<wiki>=Fragile X Syndrome = </wiki>

then

<wiki>==Introduction == </wiki>

and so on through all sub-headings, with appropriate sub-sub headings or bullet/numbered lists.

* Introduction - should be just that and be before history of the disease section. Fix this.
* History of the disease - just history will be fine. The writing is not very clear you need to go through this and restructure, perhaps by someone else not the original author who may not see the problems. Really, only 3 parts to the history of this disease, you have not done your research.
* Epidemiology - The first part of this text looks to have come directly from (http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/books/HuGE/chap23.htm), not good enough. The (CGG) expansion has not even been explained.
* Etiology - Reasonable description, but this section could be illustrated with what you are trying to describe.
* Development of the Disease - Fetal not Foetal please. "evincing" remember your audience is university level student. Hoeft et al. (2010), place the citation directly after date. Postpubescent, where is the reference for what you are stating here.
* Signs and Symptoms - OK here, not the best, but better than other parts of the project so far.
* Recent Research - Rapin & Tuchman, (2008), place the citation directly after date. Diagnosis and Treatment, should this not have been in another section? Does not sound like recent research. This whole section needs some structural work.

'''Biomed Central'''
Fragile X (exact phrase) in all fields
263 items found = 247 research articles + 16 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Fragile+X&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=34&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Fragile%20X

===Group 6===
[[2011_Group_Project_6|'''Group 6 - Tetralogy of Fallot''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:50, 8 September 2011 (EST) This has reasonable sub-heading structure, but several sections still lack any content, which they should by now. There are only 2 figures and the text in places is verbose, and very poorly structured for ease of reading/understanding.

* Introduction - No text here? This is where the reader starts and it should grab their attention to your topic.
* History - Good early background. Quoted text should be indented. You have included only a few time points in the disease up to 1945-50's and only broadly thereafter. The text is also very clinically technical, suggesting that you have just copied without understanding the content itself.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should have subsections for each description.
* Genetics/Aetiology - No text here?
* Pathophysiology and Abnormalities - Seems to overlap with the Signs and Symptoms content.
* Diagnostic Tests - you name the tests but do not describe how they work or what they show, this could easily be illustrated.
* Treatment/Management - I think this should be far better structured in layout and content.
* Prognosis - No text here?
* Future Directions - No text here?

'''Biomed Central'''
195 items found = 188 research articles + 7 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Tetralogy+of+Fallot&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=7&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Tetralogy%20of%20Fallot

===Group 7===
[[2011_Group_Project_7|'''Group 7 - Angelman Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:42, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good overall layout in terms of sub-headings, but still feeling very incomplete.

* History - which version are you using text or table? don't have the same content twice.
* Epidemiology - very poor content. Who was doing this section?
* Aetiology - chromosome image is useful here. If you include tables, you need to refer to them within the text and why is the table reference in this section?
* Pathogenesis - a good section, ext could be simplified in structure. Includes a student drawn image, though no description to what each of the blocks and orange blobs are meant to represent.
* Animal models - fix the numbered formatting. Text reads like it has come directly from a paper.
* Signs and Symptoms - seems out of place located here and the content is a little jumbled about.
* Complications
* Differential Diagnosis - should this be a sub-heading of Diagnosis?
* Genetic Counselling - same comment as for first table. How is this adapted it looks pretty much the same to me.
* Current and Future Research - nothing in this section.
* Notable people with Angelman Syndrome - is this relevant as a sub-heading?
* Glossary - incomplete and does not include any acronyms.

'''Biomed Central'''
106 items found = 101 research articles + 5 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Angelman+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=23&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Angelman%20Syndrome

===Group 8===
[[2011_Group_Project_8|'''Group 8 - Friedreich's Ataxia''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) A well-structured project in terms of sub-headings. Student drawn image included on project page. The problem, like all other projects, is a lack of section illustrations and figures. It currently just looks like a lot of writing, with each section slightly differently formatted.

* Timeline - would look better vertical rather than horizontal.
* Epidemiology - numbering should be either bullets or not at all. 1-3 and the separately Morbidity & Mortality?
* Clinical Presentation - too many sub-sub headings, rationalise structure.
* Postnatal Diagnosis - table formatting should be fixed.
* Treatment - the text is poorly written/structured, go through this and organise to make sense.
* Current Research - no text, a simple PubMed search would show you what is going on now.
* Glossary - does not include all terms and acronyms used in the project.

'''Biomed Central''' (exact phrase) in all fields
50 items found = 47 research articles + 3 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Friedreich%27s+Ataxia&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=9&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Friedreich's%20Ataxia

===Group 9===
[[2011_Group_Project_9|'''Group 9 - Williams Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:09, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a good start in the way of sub-heading structure. The current problem is that many of these sub-headings contain no content. A previous individual assessment was to insert your text on the project page, someone has either not added their text or their are unallocated sections. Either way it makes the project look very unfinished in places. More importantly at this stage is the lack of any related images or student illustration.

* Introduction - should be more a brief text intro rather than bullet points here.
* History of the disease - "William-Beuren Syndrome is named after John C.P. Williams," perhaps you should start with this. Timeline, this sub-sub heading has no text.
* Genetic factors and Etiology - could indicate the region deleted in an image.
* Diagnosis - there is a list of descriptions that should be illustrated. seems to be an overlap with the following section (Physical Characteristics).
* Physical Characteristics - there is no text in this section.
* Epidemiology - shod be linked earlier to diagnosis.
* Glossary - no descriptions. Should include all acronyms used (FISH, STR etc).
* Referencing - formatting seems to be applied well, I have not checked at this stage that all content is correctly cited.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Williams%20Syndrome

===Group 10===

[[2011_Group_Project_10|'''Group 10 - Duchenne''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) There is a backbone here for content to be built upon, but many sections still lack adequate work. I would have expected more by this stage in your work.
* There are no images added to the project page. I would have thought at least dystrophin gene, mutation hotspots, abnormal muscle, etc.
* History/timeline - just a single entry and nothing about the entire history of this disease.
* Epidemiology - why does it occur at this rate?
* Aetiology - Genetics - you have used a single review source for most of your information, without locating and identifying the research literature.
** If you intend to use the same reference more than once use the following format (without the wiki): <wiki><ref name="PMID21810612"><pubmed>21810612</pubmed></ref></wiki> it will then appear as a single entry in your reference list.
* Clinical manifestations and complications - fix the sub-sub-heading format, I do not like asterisks and italics, keep it simple.
* Diagnosis - you could not find a suitable illustration for this point?
* Treatment: Current and Future Prospects - Future Therapies is currently a list of terms with no adequate descriptions.
* Minor point - references should appear after the full stops.
* 2 case studies? get rid of this unless you have something to say here.
* Where is the student drawn illustration?
* Glossary - descriptions are inadequate, and in some cases just wrong.

'''Biomed Central'''
Duchenne in all fields
325 items found = 301 research articles + 24 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Duchenne&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Duchenne%20Muscular%20Dystrophy

===Group 11===
[[2011_Group_Project_11|'''Group 11 - Cleft Palate/Lip''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:11, 8 September 2011 (EST) This project shows extremely poor progress at this time. May empty sub-sections and many of you have not met the requirements as required in an earlier laboratory assessment to add your content to the project page. Given the scope of your project topic there are an enormous number of resources, which have not been researched or utilised.

* Timeline would look better as bullet points with the date in bold as the first text.
* Only figure added is incorrectly named File:Pierre-Joseph_Desault-jpg.jpg. I had previously contacted and asked for this to be fixed and a citation added, neither has been done.
* I cannot provide you any further constructive comments at this stage, because there is insufficient for me to work with.

'''Biomed Central'''
Cleft Palate (exact phrase) in all fields
228 items found = 214 research articles + 14 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Cleft+Palate&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=45&Search.y=6&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Palate

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Lip

===Group Assessment Criteria===

# The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.
# The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
# Content is correctly cited and referenced.
# The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
# Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
# Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.
# Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
# Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
# The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
# Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.

===Guidelines===
* '''Divide the project into sections''', that each member will work on.
** Later you can all work together on the entree project.
* '''Collect references''', on your discussion page and prepare summaries.
** This will help others in the group understand what the paper is about.
* '''Collect images''', on your discussion page that are correctly cited.
** plaigarism and copyright issues will affect your final group mark.
* '''Balance text and images''', do not have too much of one or the other.
** Remember this is an online project and not an essay, hold the readers attention.
*''' Avoid Editing your project page simultaneously with other group members''', this may crash the project page and make loading slow.
** Make small edits save regularly, do not leave the page open in edit mode for long periods.
** Organise times when you alone will be editing the project.
* '''Avoid Wikipedia sourced content''', you are permitted a maximum of 1 image from that source and no derived text.

==2010 Diagnostic Techniques==

[[2010_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Ultrasound]] | [[2010_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Chorionic villus sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Amniocentesis]] | [[2010_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Fetal Fibronectin]] | [[2010_Group_Project_6|Project 6 - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein]] | [[Prenatal_Diagnosis|Related page - Prenatal Diagnosis]]

==2009 Animal Models==

[[2009_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Rabbit]] | [[2009_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Fly]] | [[2009_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Zebrafish]] | [[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Mouse]] | [[2009_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Frog]] | [[Animal_Development|Related page - Animal Development]]

{{2011ANAT2341}}

ANAT2341 2011 Students

2011-09-08T21:31:46Z

MarkHill: /* Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep */

==Student Pages==
Log in with student number and unipass (not zpass).
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* [[User:z3272325]]
|}

* [[Test Student 2011]]

==Progressive Assessment==

* The individual student assessment (20% of final mark) consists of a series of tasks allocated in lectures and practical classes.
* Items must be completed by the allocated time.
* Plagiarism of other student answers will result in a zero mark for that assessment item.
* All assessment items must include your signature and datestamp.

===Lab 1 Assessment===

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

:''Write a brief answer to the question no more than a few lines or bullet points.''

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

:''Copy and paste the reference from a search of [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Pubmed] and write a few lines about the paper.''

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

:''Just write their names.''

===Lab 2 Online Assessment===

# Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.
# Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)

===Lab 3 Online Assessment===

# '''What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?'''
# '''Upload a picture relating to you group project.''' Add to both the Group discussion and your online assessment page. Image must be renamed appropriately, citation on "Summary" window with link to original paper and copyright information. As outlined in the Practical class tutorial.

===Lab 4 Online Assessment===

# '''The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?'''
# '''Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.'''
# Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

===Lab 5 Online Assessment===

# Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

===Lab 6 Online Assessment===
# What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?
# What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?
# What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

==Student Group Projects==

{{2011Projects}}

==Quick Group Assessment - 8 Sep==

Well I have had a quick look through the projects as they stand today and I must say you have a long way to go yet! There was evidence that some students had spent some time researching their topic, while others had not even submitted their subsection text yet. In particular poorly structured, repetitive, unexplained terminology and verbose text is always bad to see. I also noted a distinct absence of uploaded figures and student drawn images in many project pages. I have also included some reference search strategies, as clearly some of you have not looked through the literature for resources. Have a look through my brief comments and see whether they give you some idea where to go next.

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 16:28, 8 September 2011 (EST)

'''Coordinator Skype status:''' <skype>mark_hill_unsw</skype>

Please include the following template in all uploaded image information

<nowiki>{{Template:Student Image}}</nowiki>

===Project Layout Tutorials===

:{{Template:Editing Links}}

===Group 1===

[[2011_Group_Project_1|'''Group 1 - Turner Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:44, 8 September 2011 (EST) Some of the existing sub-sections have appropriate content, but there are also empty sub-sections, a total lack of referencing/citation and no glossary.
* The referencing issue needs urgent progress.
* Existing figures/table are appropriate. Table appears to be directly used from an uncited source.
* There needs to be more images in this work. If you do not know where to put the images yet, place them between [[Help:Image_Tutorial#Gallery_Tag|gallery tags]].

* Where is the student drawn figure?

'''Biomed Central''' 1566 items found = 1465 research articles + 101 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Turner+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Turner%20Syndrome

===Group 2===

[[2011_Group_Project_2|'''Group 2 - DiGeorge Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:54, 8 September 2011 (EST) There seems to be some good progress on the project.

* It would have been better to blank (black) the identifying information on this [[:File:Ultrasound_showing_facial_features.jpg|ultrasound]].
* Historical Background would look better with the dates in bold first and the picture not disrupting flow (put to right).
* None of your figures have any accompanying information or legends.
* The 2 tables contain a lot of information and are a little difficult to understand. Perhaps you should rethink how to structure this information.
* Currently very text heavy with little to break up the content.
* I see no student drawn figure.
* referencing needs fixing, but this is minor compared to other issues.

'''Biomed Central'''
141 items found = 124 research articles + 17 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=DiGeorge+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=DiGeorge%20Syndrome

===Group 3===
[[2011_Group_Project_3|'''Group 3 - Klinefelter Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 14:36, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure and overall draft text layout. Some sections very content poor, who was working on Diagnosis and Current Research? In particular where are all the figures???

* Introduction- you have the content there, but it reads very poorly in structure. You should try and fix this. Remember the introduction is the first thing that people will read. Also good to have some figure to interest the reader. There are also lots of clinical terms that may not be understood by the average undergraduate student.
* History - There are only 3 worthy features in the history of this disease? You have not done the work here. This should perhaps also be structured as a timeline, bullets date first in bold.
* Epidemiology - read the first sentence, its not English. The next section also is not very clear. I think this whole section should be looked at again in terms of structure and clarity.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should illustrate some of these Signs and Symptoms, not the genital features please.
* Diagnosis - OK this is sort of a description for Karyotyping, but it is not complete or accurate description of the method. Look it up please and fix this.
* Etiology - this is not a description of non-disjunction, which is what this section should be about.
* Pathogenesis - first sentence is repetition of previous sections, this should have been fixed by now so that the same content does not appear in multiple sub-headings.
* Case Study- I don't think you need this section.
* Other Similar Defects -first identify why they are similar, then explain how you will describe in a table.
* Current Research - very poor. Who in the group should have done this section?

'''Biomed Central''' 68 items found = 64 research articles + 4 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Klinefelter+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Klinefelter%20Syndrome

===Group 4===
[[2011_Group_Project_4|'''Group 4 - Huntington's Disease''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:01, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good sub-heading structure, as I have discussed this will be postnatal rather than prenatal effects, so diagnosis should be covered in some depth. Content in some sections is still very light and not researched. Currently there is not a single figure on the project page.
* Introduction - brief and to the point. There are some terms that may require clarification (cerebral cortex, striatum, chorea). There is no mention of it belonging to a group of known disease types.
* History - This is a genetic disease, it probably had "existed" before the seventeenth century, this was when it was described. It appears that there is only a single time point (the discovery) in the history of this disease, fix this please. ''khoreia'' should be in italics.
* Epidemiology - "white people as compared to Africans and Asians" is this the correct terminology? The country by country information would look better in the form of a table. "HTT haplotypes" without any explanation. Sub-headings would fix some of the disjointed feel to this section.
* Pathogenesis and Genetics - same content, with typos. Typos suggest that you (or your group) have not reviewed the work. This is a very poor sub-section.
* Diagnostic Tests - "the middle ages" as opposed to the medieval period? These "similar diseases, which mimic similar characteristics" need to be better organised to show how they are similar. Neuropathology, is this not a postmortem diagnosis?
* Clinical Manifestations - no text here.
* Treatment - a list of bullet points with no accurate descriptions of these treatments. Breakthroughs, is this not Current/Future Research?
* Current/Future Research - Nothing here of interest nor referenced.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Huntington's%20Disease

===Group 5===
[[2011_Group_Project_5|'''Group 5 - Fragile X''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:06, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a reasonable start, you have identified most key topic issues. The formatting of your subheadings is all wrong. There is currently not a single figure, illustration or table in this project. There should at least be something showing the gene, location and genetic mutation.

<wiki>=Fragile X Syndrome = </wiki>

then

<wiki>==Introduction == </wiki>

and so on through all sub-headings, with appropriate sub-sub headings or bullet/numbered lists.

* Introduction - should be just that and be before history of the disease section. Fix this.
* History of the disease - just history will be fine. The writing is not very clear you need to go through this and restructure, perhaps by someone else not the original author who may not see the problems. Really, only 3 parts to the history of this disease, you have not done your research.
* Epidemiology - The first part of this text looks to have come directly from (http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/books/HuGE/chap23.htm), not good enough. The (CGG) expansion has not even been explained.
* Etiology - Reasonable description, but this section could be illustrated with what you are trying to describe.
* Development of the Disease - Fetal not Foetal please. "evincing" remember your audience is university level student. Hoeft et al. (2010), place the citation directly after date. Postpubescent, where is the reference for what you are stating here.
* Signs and Symptoms - OK here, not the best, but better than other parts of the project so far.
* Recent Research - Rapin & Tuchman, (2008), place the citation directly after date. Diagnosis and Treatment, should this not have been in another section? Does not sound like recent research. This whole section needs some structural work.

'''Biomed Central'''
Fragile X (exact phrase) in all fields
263 items found = 247 research articles + 16 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Fragile+X&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=34&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Fragile%20X

===Group 6===
[[2011_Group_Project_6|'''Group 6 - Tetralogy of Fallot''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 15:50, 8 September 2011 (EST) This has reasonable sub-heading structure, but several sections still lack any content, which they should by now. There are only 2 figures and the text in places is verbose, and very poorly structured for ease of reading/understanding.

* Introduction - No text here? This is where the reader starts and it should grab their attention to your topic.
* History - Good early background. Quoted text should be indented. You have included only a few time points in the disease up to 1945-50's and only broadly thereafter. The text is also very clinically technical, suggesting that you have just copied without understanding the content itself.
* Signs and Symptoms - this should have subsections for each description.
* Genetics/Aetiology - No text here?
* Pathophysiology and Abnormalities - Seems to overlap with the Signs and Symptoms content.
* Diagnostic Tests - you name the tests but do not describe how they work or what they show, this could easily be illustrated.
* Treatment/Management - I think this should be far better structured in layout and content.
* Prognosis - No text here?
* Future Directions - No text here?

'''Biomed Central'''
195 items found = 188 research articles + 7 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Tetralogy+of+Fallot&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=7&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Tetralogy%20of%20Fallot

===Group 7===
[[2011_Group_Project_7|'''Group 7 - Angelman Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:42, 8 September 2011 (EST) Good overall layout in terms of sub-headings, but still feeling very incomplete.

* History - which version are you using text or table? don't have the same content twice.
* Epidemiology - very poor content. Who was doing this section?
* Aetiology - chromosome image is useful here. If you include tables, you need to refer to them within the text and why is the table reference in this section?
* Pathogenesis - a good section, ext could be simplified in structure. Includes a student drawn image, though no description to what each of the blocks and orange blobs are meant to represent.
* Animal models - fix the numbered formatting. Text reads like it has come directly from a paper.
* Signs and Symptoms - seems out of place located here and the content is a little jumbled about.
* Complications
* Differential Diagnosis - should this be a sub-heading of Diagnosis?
* Genetic Counselling - same comment as for first table. How is this adapted it looks pretty much the same to me.
* Current and Future Research - nothing in this section.
* Notable people with Angelman Syndrome - is this relevant as a sub-heading?
* Glossary - incomplete and does not include any acronyms.

'''Biomed Central'''
106 items found = 101 research articles + 5 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Angelman+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=23&Search.y=8&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Angelman%20Syndrome

===Group 8===
[[2011_Group_Project_8|'''Group 8 - Friedreich's Ataxia''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) A well-structured project in terms of sub-headings. Student drawn image included on project page. The problem, like all other projects, is a lack of section illustrations and figures. It currently just looks like a lot of writing, with each section slightly differently formatted.

* Timeline - would look better vertical rather than horizontal.
* Epidemiology - numbering should be either bullets or not at all. 1-3 and the separately Morbidity & Mortality?
* Clinical Presentation - too many sub-sub headings, rationalise structure.
* Postnatal Diagnosis - table formatting should be fixed.
* Treatment - the text is poorly written/structured, go through this and organise to make sense.
* Current Research - no text, a simple PubMed search would show you what is going on now.
* Glossary - does not include all terms and acronyms used in the project.

'''Biomed Central''' (exact phrase) in all fields
50 items found = 47 research articles + 3 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Friedreich%27s+Ataxia&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=30&Search.y=9&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Friedreich's%20Ataxia

===Group 9===
[[2011_Group_Project_9|'''Group 9 - Williams Syndrome''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 13:09, 8 September 2011 (EST) This is a good start in the way of sub-heading structure. The current problem is that many of these sub-headings contain no content. A previous individual assessment was to insert your text on the project page, someone has either not added their text or their are unallocated sections. Either way it makes the project look very unfinished in places. More importantly at this stage is the lack of any related images or student illustration.

* Introduction - should be more a brief text intro rather than bullet points here.
* History of the disease - "William-Beuren Syndrome is named after John C.P. Williams," perhaps you should start with this. Timeline, this sub-sub heading has no text.
* Genetic factors and Etiology - could indicate the region deleted in an image.
* Diagnosis - there is a list of descriptions that should be illustrated. seems to be an overlap with the following section (Physical Characteristics).
* Physical Characteristics - there is no text in this section.
* Epidemiology - shod be linked earlier to diagnosis.
* Glossary - no descriptions. Should include all acronyms used (FISH, STR etc).
* Referencing - formatting seems to be applied well, I have not checked at this stage that all content is correctly cited.

'''Biomed Central'''
4564 items found = 4225 research articles + 339 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Williams+Syndrome&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Williams%20Syndrome

===Group 10===

[[2011_Group_Project_10|'''Group 10 - Duchenne''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:40, 8 September 2011 (EST) There is a backbone here for content to be built upon, but many sections still lack adequate work. I would have expected more by this stage in your work.
* There are no images added to the project page. I would have thought at least dystrophin gene, mutation hotspots, abnormal muscle, etc.
* History/timeline - just a single entry and nothing about the entire history of this disease.
* Epidemiology - why does it occur at this rate?
* Aetiology - Genetics - you have used a single review source for most of your information, without locating and identifying the research literature.
** If you intend to use the same reference more than once use the following format (without the wiki): <wiki><ref name="PMID21810612"><pubmed>21810612</pubmed></ref></wiki> it will then appear as a single entry in your reference list.
* Clinical manifestations and complications - fix the sub-sub-heading format, I do not like asterisks and italics, keep it simple.
* Diagnosis - you could not find a suitable illustration for this point?
* Treatment: Current and Future Prospects - Future Therapies is currently a list of terms with no adequate descriptions.
* Minor point - references should appear after the full stops.
* 2 case studies? get rid of this unless you have something to say here.
* Where is the student drawn illustration?
* Glossary - descriptions are inadequate, and in some cases just wrong.

'''Biomed Central'''
Duchenne in all fields
325 items found = 301 research articles + 24 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?terms=Duchenne&drpPhrase1=and&type=bmc_advanced_results&chkBMCJournals=true&chkCurrentOpinion=true&chkNSP=true&Search.x=10

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Duchenne%20Muscular%20Dystrophy

===Group 11===
[[2011_Group_Project_11|'''Group 11 - Cleft Palate/Lip''']]

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 12:11, 8 September 2011 (EST) This project shows extremely poor progress at this time. May empty sub-sections and many of you have not met the requirements as required in an earlier laboratory assessment to add your content to the project page. Given the scope of your project topic there are an enormous number of resources, which have not been researched or utilised.

* Timeline would look better as bullet points with the date in bold as the first text.
* Only figure added is incorrectly named File:Pierre-Joseph_Desault-jpg.jpg. I had previously contacted and asked for this to be fixed and a citation added, neither has been done.
* I cannot provide you any further constructive comments at this stage, because there is insufficient for me to work with.

'''Biomed Central'''
Cleft Palate (exact phrase) in all fields
228 items found = 214 research articles + 14 other articles (reviews etc.)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/search/results.asp?drpField1=&txtSearch1=Cleft+Palate&drpPhrase1=exact&drpField2=&txtSearch2=&drpPhrase2=and&drpField3=&txtSearch3=&drpPhrase3=and&drpField4=&txtSearch4=&drpPhrase4=exact&drpFromDate=&drpToDate=&drpAddedInLast=&drpOrderBy=by+date&drpPerPage=20&drpAbstract=no+abstract&Search.x=45&Search.y=6&Search=Search&strTempString=&strSearchBoxType=bmc_advanced_results&Search.x=10&jou_id=

'''Entrez'''

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Palate

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?term=Cleft%20Lip

===Group Assessment Criteria===

# The key points relating to the topic that your group allocated are clearly described.
# The choice of content, headings and sub-headings, diagrams, tables, graphs show a good understanding of the topic area.
# Content is correctly cited and referenced.
# The wiki has an element of teaching at a peer level using the student's own innovative diagrams, tables or figures and/or using interesting examples or explanations.
# Evidence of significant research relating to basic and applied sciences that goes beyond the formal teaching activities.
# Relates the topic and content of the Wiki entry to learning aims of embryology.
# Clearly reflects on editing/feedback from group peers and articulates how the Wiki could be improved (or not) based on peer comments/feedback. Demonstrates an ability to review own work when criticised in an open edited wiki format. Reflects on what was learned from the process of editing a peer's wiki.
# Evaluates own performance and that of group peers to give a rounded summary of this wiki process in terms of group effort and achievement.
# The content of the wiki should demonstrate to the reader that your group has researched adequately on this topic and covered the key areas necessary to inform your peers in their learning.
# Develops and edits the wiki entries in accordance with the above guidelines.

===Guidelines===
* '''Divide the project into sections''', that each member will work on.
** Later you can all work together on the entree project.
* '''Collect references''', on your discussion page and prepare summaries.
** This will help others in the group understand what the paper is about.
* '''Collect images''', on your discussion page that are correctly cited.
** plaigarism and copyright issues will affect your final group mark.
* '''Balance text and images''', do not have too much of one or the other.
** Remember this is an online project and not an essay, hold the readers attention.
*''' Avoid Editing your project page simultaneously with other group members''', this may crash the project page and make loading slow.
** Make small edits save regularly, do not leave the page open in edit mode for long periods.
** Organise times when you alone will be editing the project.
* '''Avoid Wikipedia sourced content''', you are permitted a maximum of 1 image from that source and no derived text.

==2010 Diagnostic Techniques==

[[2010_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Ultrasound]] | [[2010_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Chorionic villus sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Amniocentesis]] | [[2010_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling]] | [[2010_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Fetal Fibronectin]] | [[2010_Group_Project_6|Project 6 - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein]] | [[Prenatal_Diagnosis|Related page - Prenatal Diagnosis]]

==2009 Animal Models==

[[2009_Group_Project_1|Project 1 - Rabbit]] | [[2009_Group_Project_2|Project 2 - Fly]] | [[2009_Group_Project_3|Project 3 - Zebrafish]] | [[2009_Group_Project_4|Group Project 4 - Mouse]] | [[2009_Group_Project_5|Project 5 - Frog]] | [[Animal_Development|Related page - Animal Development]]

{{2011ANAT2341}}

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:26:09Z

MarkHill:

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:25:54Z

MarkHill:

----

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image reuse on this non-commercial educational site infringes your existing copyright please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au contact the site editor] for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:25:14Z

MarkHill:

----

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image use infringes your existing copyright please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au contact the site editor] for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:24:56Z

MarkHill:

----

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image use infringes your existing copyright please [[mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au|contact the site editor]] for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:24:41Z

MarkHill:

----

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image use infringes your existing copyright please [[Mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au contact the site editor]] for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:24:01Z

MarkHill:

----

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the original terms of use. If image use infringes your existing copyright please contact the site editor for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:23:39Z

MarkHill:

----

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the terms of use. If image use infringes your existing copyright please contact the site editor for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Template:Student Image

2011-09-08T21:23:18Z

MarkHill:

:'''Note''' - ''This image was originally uploaded as part of a student project and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements. Students have been [[Help:Copyright_Tutorial|advised in writing]] concerning the reuse of content and may accidentally have misunderstood the terms of use. If image use infringes your existing copyright please contact the site editor for immediate removal. ''

[[Category:Student Image]]

Talk:Contributors

2011-09-05T07:05:56Z

MarkHill: /* New Contributors */

==New Contributors==

===Annemarie Donjacour===

* anatomy and embryology instructor
* Department of Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynecology University of California at San Francisco

===Patrick Tam===

[[User:PatrickTam]]

* Mouse Development
* Gastrulation
* Gut Development

===Kathy Sulik===

[[User:KathySulik]]

* Ethanol model for fetal alcohol syndrome.
* Embryo imaging.

===Placenta/Cardiovascular===

'''A/Professor Sally Dunwoodie''' Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Developmental Biology Division, University of New South Wales Telephone:+61-2-9295 8613 Fax:+61-2-9295 8601 Email:s.dunwoodie@victorchang.edu.au http://www.victorchang.edu.au/research/ProfSallyDunwoodie.cfm?cid=72

[[User:SallyDunwoodie]]

* Mouse placenta
* Notch signaling
* Delta-like3 (Dll3) vertebra development
* cited

===Fetal Imaging===

'''Professor Alec Welsh''' School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Tel: (02) 9382 5272 Fax: (02) 9382 6444 Email: alec.welsh@unsw.edu.au

* placenta
* doppler analysis
* IUGR
* trophoblast culture

===Echidna and Platypus===
'''Professor Ken Ashwell'''

[[User:KenAshwell]]

===Early Human Embryo and Placenta===

'''Steven O'Connor''', M.D. Houston Texas. Please feel free to use the embryo images for your educational website. If you want to give credit use. 8 August 2011 11:14:23 PM AEST

==Not Contacted==
* Dr Nalini Pather

==SHERPA/RoMEO database==
Use this site to find a summary of permissions that are normally given as part of each publisher's copyright transfer agreement.

http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-09-02T06:24:49Z

MarkHill:

Template:Abnormality Links

2011-09-02T06:22:37Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-09-02T06:21:26Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-09-02T06:20:19Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-09-02T06:19:54Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-08-27T03:36:15Z

MarkHill:

Nutrition

2011-08-27T03:33:21Z

MarkHill: /* Folic Acid */

{{Educational Warning}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:folatefruit.jpg|thumb|Folate Fruits]]
This current page is a start page for your exploration of topics related to nutrition and development.

While there are many sites and information available concerning postnatal nutrition, prenatally research has mainly focussed on developmental effects of specific deficiencies (folate and iodine) and the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

See also the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) publication '''NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes.'''<ref name="NHMRC-nutrient-2006">'''Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes'''. (2006) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf PDF]</ref> "The Nutrient Reference Values outline the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people for prevention of deficiency states. The document can be used by health professionals to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people." Some text on this current page is modified from this report.

'''In Australia and New Zealand'''

Before mandatory folic acid fortification was introduced:
* mean dietary folic acid intakes for women aged 16–44 years (the target population) in Australia was 108 micrograms (μg) of folic acid per day and in New Zealand was 62 μg of folic acid per day, well below the recommended 400 μg per day.
* there were 149 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2005 in Australia (rate of 13.3 per 10,000 births) in the three states that provide the most accurate baseline of NTD incidence (South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria), and 63 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2003 in New Zealand (rate of 11.2 per 10,000 births).

Before mandatory iodine fortification was introduced:
* large proportions of the Australian and New Zealand population had inadequate iodine intakes.
* national surveys measuring median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in schoolchildren, an indicator of overall population status, confirmed mild iodine deficiency in both countries.
** the concentration was 96 μg per litre in Australia, and 66 μg per litre in New Zealand, less than the 100–200 μg per litre considered optimal.

== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233795 PMID21233795] "High prevalence of vitamin A and vitamin E deficiency was found in VLBW infants starting from birth to term postmenstrual age."
|}

==Folic Acid==
{|
| [[Image:folate.jpg|left]]

| In 2001, the Australian estimated birth prevalence of neural tube defects was 0.5 per 1,000 births (National Perinatal Statistics Unit). Low maternal dietary folic acid (folate) has been shown to be associated with the development of neural tube defects.
|}

[[File:USA_spina_bifida_rates.jpg|400px]]

In the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998.

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

==Iodine==
{|
| [[File:Thyroxine.jpg|left]]

Thyroxine (T4) molecular structure showing iodine positions (red rings)
|
"Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. The thyroid uses iodine to produce hormones vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. For this reason, it is very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine.

The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms (μg) each day. Women with pre-existing thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner prior to taking a supplement."

:Text from <ref>NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 2010 [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm]</ref>
|}

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency|Iodine Deficiency]] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women] [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm NHMRC - Nutrition & Diet Publications]

==Vitamins==

===vitamin A===

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol).

:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Retinoic acid]]

===vitamin B===

Eight separate water-soluble [[V#vitamins|vitamins]] that play important roles in cell metabolism. Folic acid or vitamin B9 (folacin) and [[F#folate|folate]] (naturally occurring form) are an important dietary requirement for normal neural development. Low levels have been show associated with neural tube defects including [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]].

:'''Links:''' [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

===vitamin C===

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for the formation of collagen, reducing free radicals, and aiding in iron absorption. Scurvy is a disease of dietary ascorbic acid deficiency that is very uncommon today, except in economically disadvantaged populations with poor nutrition. Occurance in children is very rare and can lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities, and has also been seen in neurologic illness.<ref><pubmed>17332193</pubmed></ref>

===vitamin D===

Vitamin D is important Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D), the most commonly used index of vitamin D status, is converted to the active hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D), which, operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

USA Institute of Medicine expert committee "calcium requirements varied with age, from 700 mg a day for children aged 1-3 years up to 1200 mg a day for women aged 51 to 70 and 1300 mg a day for teenagers and pregnant and lactating women."

* UK - Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy.<ref><pubmed>20594390</pubmed></ref>
* USA 2004 - Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy.<ref><pubmed>15585798</pubmed></ref>

:'''Links:''' [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D] | Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948623 PMID16948623] | Vitamin D - a review 2008 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142273 PMID19142273] | [http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200812/29319 AFP])

===vitamin E===

| entry to be edited |

===vitamin K===

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 ¬µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

==Protein==

There are normally 20 amino acids found in proteins, some of which can be made by the body while nine are essential (unable to synthesise from simpler molecules) in the diet.

===Essential amino acids===
* histidine
* isoleucine
* leucine
* lysine
* methionine
* phenylalanine
* threonine
* tryptophan
* valine

Cysteine and tyrosine can partly replace methionine and phenylalanine.

==Fats==

* Fats are the highest form of energy for the body.
* Aid in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble biologically-active components.
* Three major types of naturally-occurring fatty acids:
** '''saturated''' - mainly in animal-based foods. For example, found in milk, cream, butter and cheese, land animal meats.
** '''cis-monounsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, oleic acid found in olive, canola and peanut oils.
** '''cis-polyunsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, linoleic acid found in seed oils, eg sunflower, safflower and corn.
* '''trans fatty acids''' are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils in food processing and also occur in ruminant animal foods.

==Carbohydrates==

* Dietary carbohydrate provides energy to specific tissues, for example the brain requires glucose.
** Note, infant's brain is large relative to body size and uses 60% of the infant’s total energy intake.

==Fibre==
* Dietary fibre is essential for proper gut function
* Related also to risk reduction for some chronic diseases (heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes).

==Water==

* Water is essential because it is required in quantities above the body’s production.
* Water loss from lungs and skin are responsible for 50% of total water turnover.

==References==

<references/>

===Reviews===
<pubmed>21291560</pubmed>

===Articles===

===Search Pubmed===

==Terms==

* '''Adequate Intake''' - (AI) The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDI cannot be determined.
* '''Estimated Average Requirement''' - (EAR) A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Median Urinary Iodine Concentration''' - (MUIC) Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of nutritional iodine status and is used to evaluate population-based iodine supplementation. The median value is determined from a population sample.
* '''Recommended Dietary Intake''' - (RDI) The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Upper Level of Intake''' - (UL) The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
* Urinary Iodine Concentration - (UIC)

::Some terms from NHMRC publication, adapted from Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine (USA and Canada).

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* '''USA nutrition.gov''' [http://www.nutrition.gov/ http://www.nutrition.gov/] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1690&placement_default=0#Pregnancy Life Stages - Women Pregnancy] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1686&placement_default=0 Life Stages - Infants]
* Medline Plus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html Infant and Newborn Nutrition]
*'''Australia NHMRC'''
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm Nutrition & Diet Publications]
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes 2006] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n36.pdf PDF Executive Summary]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Nutrition

2011-08-27T03:32:31Z

MarkHill: /* Folic Acid */

{{Educational Warning}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:folatefruit.jpg|thumb|Folate Fruits]]
This current page is a start page for your exploration of topics related to nutrition and development.

While there are many sites and information available concerning postnatal nutrition, prenatally research has mainly focussed on developmental effects of specific deficiencies (folate and iodine) and the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

See also the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) publication '''NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes.'''<ref name="NHMRC-nutrient-2006">'''Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes'''. (2006) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf PDF]</ref> "The Nutrient Reference Values outline the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people for prevention of deficiency states. The document can be used by health professionals to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people." Some text on this current page is modified from this report.

'''In Australia and New Zealand'''

Before mandatory folic acid fortification was introduced:
* mean dietary folic acid intakes for women aged 16–44 years (the target population) in Australia was 108 micrograms (μg) of folic acid per day and in New Zealand was 62 μg of folic acid per day, well below the recommended 400 μg per day.
* there were 149 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2005 in Australia (rate of 13.3 per 10,000 births) in the three states that provide the most accurate baseline of NTD incidence (South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria), and 63 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2003 in New Zealand (rate of 11.2 per 10,000 births).

Before mandatory iodine fortification was introduced:
* large proportions of the Australian and New Zealand population had inadequate iodine intakes.
* national surveys measuring median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in schoolchildren, an indicator of overall population status, confirmed mild iodine deficiency in both countries.
** the concentration was 96 μg per litre in Australia, and 66 μg per litre in New Zealand, less than the 100–200 μg per litre considered optimal.

== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233795 PMID21233795] "High prevalence of vitamin A and vitamin E deficiency was found in VLBW infants starting from birth to term postmenstrual age."
|}

==Folic Acid==
{|
| [[Image:folate.jpg|left]]

| In 2001, the Australian estimated birth prevalence of neural tube defects was 0.5 per 1,000 births (National Perinatal Statistics Unit). Low maternal dietary folic acid (folate) has been shown to be associated with the development of neural tube defects.

[[File:USA_spina_bifida_rates.jpg|400px]]

In the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998.
|}

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

==Iodine==
{|
| [[File:Thyroxine.jpg|left]]

Thyroxine (T4) molecular structure showing iodine positions (red rings)
|
"Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. The thyroid uses iodine to produce hormones vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. For this reason, it is very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine.

The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms (μg) each day. Women with pre-existing thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner prior to taking a supplement."

:Text from <ref>NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 2010 [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm]</ref>
|}

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency|Iodine Deficiency]] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women] [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm NHMRC - Nutrition & Diet Publications]

==Vitamins==

===vitamin A===

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol).

:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Retinoic acid]]

===vitamin B===

Eight separate water-soluble [[V#vitamins|vitamins]] that play important roles in cell metabolism. Folic acid or vitamin B9 (folacin) and [[F#folate|folate]] (naturally occurring form) are an important dietary requirement for normal neural development. Low levels have been show associated with neural tube defects including [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]].

:'''Links:''' [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

===vitamin C===

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for the formation of collagen, reducing free radicals, and aiding in iron absorption. Scurvy is a disease of dietary ascorbic acid deficiency that is very uncommon today, except in economically disadvantaged populations with poor nutrition. Occurance in children is very rare and can lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities, and has also been seen in neurologic illness.<ref><pubmed>17332193</pubmed></ref>

===vitamin D===

Vitamin D is important Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D), the most commonly used index of vitamin D status, is converted to the active hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D), which, operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

USA Institute of Medicine expert committee "calcium requirements varied with age, from 700 mg a day for children aged 1-3 years up to 1200 mg a day for women aged 51 to 70 and 1300 mg a day for teenagers and pregnant and lactating women."

* UK - Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy.<ref><pubmed>20594390</pubmed></ref>
* USA 2004 - Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy.<ref><pubmed>15585798</pubmed></ref>

:'''Links:''' [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D] | Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948623 PMID16948623] | Vitamin D - a review 2008 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142273 PMID19142273] | [http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200812/29319 AFP])

===vitamin E===

| entry to be edited |

===vitamin K===

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 ¬µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

==Protein==

There are normally 20 amino acids found in proteins, some of which can be made by the body while nine are essential (unable to synthesise from simpler molecules) in the diet.

===Essential amino acids===
* histidine
* isoleucine
* leucine
* lysine
* methionine
* phenylalanine
* threonine
* tryptophan
* valine

Cysteine and tyrosine can partly replace methionine and phenylalanine.

==Fats==

* Fats are the highest form of energy for the body.
* Aid in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble biologically-active components.
* Three major types of naturally-occurring fatty acids:
** '''saturated''' - mainly in animal-based foods. For example, found in milk, cream, butter and cheese, land animal meats.
** '''cis-monounsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, oleic acid found in olive, canola and peanut oils.
** '''cis-polyunsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, linoleic acid found in seed oils, eg sunflower, safflower and corn.
* '''trans fatty acids''' are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils in food processing and also occur in ruminant animal foods.

==Carbohydrates==

* Dietary carbohydrate provides energy to specific tissues, for example the brain requires glucose.
** Note, infant's brain is large relative to body size and uses 60% of the infant’s total energy intake.

==Fibre==
* Dietary fibre is essential for proper gut function
* Related also to risk reduction for some chronic diseases (heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes).

==Water==

* Water is essential because it is required in quantities above the body’s production.
* Water loss from lungs and skin are responsible for 50% of total water turnover.

==References==

<references/>

===Reviews===
<pubmed>21291560</pubmed>

===Articles===

===Search Pubmed===

==Terms==

* '''Adequate Intake''' - (AI) The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDI cannot be determined.
* '''Estimated Average Requirement''' - (EAR) A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Median Urinary Iodine Concentration''' - (MUIC) Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of nutritional iodine status and is used to evaluate population-based iodine supplementation. The median value is determined from a population sample.
* '''Recommended Dietary Intake''' - (RDI) The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Upper Level of Intake''' - (UL) The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
* Urinary Iodine Concentration - (UIC)

::Some terms from NHMRC publication, adapted from Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine (USA and Canada).

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* '''USA nutrition.gov''' [http://www.nutrition.gov/ http://www.nutrition.gov/] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1690&placement_default=0#Pregnancy Life Stages - Women Pregnancy] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1686&placement_default=0 Life Stages - Infants]
* Medline Plus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html Infant and Newborn Nutrition]
*'''Australia NHMRC'''
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm Nutrition & Diet Publications]
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes 2006] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n36.pdf PDF Executive Summary]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Nutrition

2011-08-27T03:30:12Z

MarkHill: /* Folic Acid */

{{Educational Warning}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:folatefruit.jpg|thumb|Folate Fruits]]
This current page is a start page for your exploration of topics related to nutrition and development.

While there are many sites and information available concerning postnatal nutrition, prenatally research has mainly focussed on developmental effects of specific deficiencies (folate and iodine) and the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

See also the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) publication '''NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes.'''<ref name="NHMRC-nutrient-2006">'''Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes'''. (2006) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf PDF]</ref> "The Nutrient Reference Values outline the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people for prevention of deficiency states. The document can be used by health professionals to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people." Some text on this current page is modified from this report.

'''In Australia and New Zealand'''

Before mandatory folic acid fortification was introduced:
* mean dietary folic acid intakes for women aged 16–44 years (the target population) in Australia was 108 micrograms (μg) of folic acid per day and in New Zealand was 62 μg of folic acid per day, well below the recommended 400 μg per day.
* there were 149 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2005 in Australia (rate of 13.3 per 10,000 births) in the three states that provide the most accurate baseline of NTD incidence (South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria), and 63 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2003 in New Zealand (rate of 11.2 per 10,000 births).

Before mandatory iodine fortification was introduced:
* large proportions of the Australian and New Zealand population had inadequate iodine intakes.
* national surveys measuring median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in schoolchildren, an indicator of overall population status, confirmed mild iodine deficiency in both countries.
** the concentration was 96 μg per litre in Australia, and 66 μg per litre in New Zealand, less than the 100–200 μg per litre considered optimal.

== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233795 PMID21233795] "High prevalence of vitamin A and vitamin E deficiency was found in VLBW infants starting from birth to term postmenstrual age."
|}

==Folic Acid==
{|
| [[Image:folate.jpg|left]]

| In 2001, the Australian estimated birth prevalence of neural tube defects was 0.5 per 1,000 births (National Perinatal Statistics Unit). Low maternal dietary folic acid (folate) has been shown to be associated with the development of neural tube defects.

[[File:USA_spina_bifida_rates.jpg|400px]]

In the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998.

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

==Iodine==
{|
| [[File:Thyroxine.jpg|left]]

Thyroxine (T4) molecular structure showing iodine positions (red rings)
|
"Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. The thyroid uses iodine to produce hormones vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. For this reason, it is very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine.

The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms (μg) each day. Women with pre-existing thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner prior to taking a supplement."

:Text from <ref>NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 2010 [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm]</ref>
|}

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency|Iodine Deficiency]] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women] [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm NHMRC - Nutrition & Diet Publications]

==Vitamins==

===vitamin A===

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol).

:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Retinoic acid]]

===vitamin B===

Eight separate water-soluble [[V#vitamins|vitamins]] that play important roles in cell metabolism. Folic acid or vitamin B9 (folacin) and [[F#folate|folate]] (naturally occurring form) are an important dietary requirement for normal neural development. Low levels have been show associated with neural tube defects including [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]].

:'''Links:''' [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

===vitamin C===

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for the formation of collagen, reducing free radicals, and aiding in iron absorption. Scurvy is a disease of dietary ascorbic acid deficiency that is very uncommon today, except in economically disadvantaged populations with poor nutrition. Occurance in children is very rare and can lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities, and has also been seen in neurologic illness.<ref><pubmed>17332193</pubmed></ref>

===vitamin D===

Vitamin D is important Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D), the most commonly used index of vitamin D status, is converted to the active hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D), which, operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

USA Institute of Medicine expert committee "calcium requirements varied with age, from 700 mg a day for children aged 1-3 years up to 1200 mg a day for women aged 51 to 70 and 1300 mg a day for teenagers and pregnant and lactating women."

* UK - Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy.<ref><pubmed>20594390</pubmed></ref>
* USA 2004 - Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy.<ref><pubmed>15585798</pubmed></ref>

:'''Links:''' [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D] | Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948623 PMID16948623] | Vitamin D - a review 2008 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142273 PMID19142273] | [http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200812/29319 AFP])

===vitamin E===

| entry to be edited |

===vitamin K===

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 ¬µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

==Protein==

There are normally 20 amino acids found in proteins, some of which can be made by the body while nine are essential (unable to synthesise from simpler molecules) in the diet.

===Essential amino acids===
* histidine
* isoleucine
* leucine
* lysine
* methionine
* phenylalanine
* threonine
* tryptophan
* valine

Cysteine and tyrosine can partly replace methionine and phenylalanine.

==Fats==

* Fats are the highest form of energy for the body.
* Aid in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble biologically-active components.
* Three major types of naturally-occurring fatty acids:
** '''saturated''' - mainly in animal-based foods. For example, found in milk, cream, butter and cheese, land animal meats.
** '''cis-monounsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, oleic acid found in olive, canola and peanut oils.
** '''cis-polyunsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, linoleic acid found in seed oils, eg sunflower, safflower and corn.
* '''trans fatty acids''' are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils in food processing and also occur in ruminant animal foods.

==Carbohydrates==

* Dietary carbohydrate provides energy to specific tissues, for example the brain requires glucose.
** Note, infant's brain is large relative to body size and uses 60% of the infant’s total energy intake.

==Fibre==
* Dietary fibre is essential for proper gut function
* Related also to risk reduction for some chronic diseases (heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes).

==Water==

* Water is essential because it is required in quantities above the body’s production.
* Water loss from lungs and skin are responsible for 50% of total water turnover.

==References==

<references/>

===Reviews===
<pubmed>21291560</pubmed>

===Articles===

===Search Pubmed===

==Terms==

* '''Adequate Intake''' - (AI) The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDI cannot be determined.
* '''Estimated Average Requirement''' - (EAR) A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Median Urinary Iodine Concentration''' - (MUIC) Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of nutritional iodine status and is used to evaluate population-based iodine supplementation. The median value is determined from a population sample.
* '''Recommended Dietary Intake''' - (RDI) The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Upper Level of Intake''' - (UL) The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
* Urinary Iodine Concentration - (UIC)

::Some terms from NHMRC publication, adapted from Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine (USA and Canada).

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* '''USA nutrition.gov''' [http://www.nutrition.gov/ http://www.nutrition.gov/] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1690&placement_default=0#Pregnancy Life Stages - Women Pregnancy] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1686&placement_default=0 Life Stages - Infants]
* Medline Plus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html Infant and Newborn Nutrition]
*'''Australia NHMRC'''
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm Nutrition & Diet Publications]
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes 2006] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n36.pdf PDF Executive Summary]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Nutrition

2011-08-27T03:28:26Z

MarkHill: /* Iodine */

{{Educational Warning}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:folatefruit.jpg|thumb|Folate Fruits]]
This current page is a start page for your exploration of topics related to nutrition and development.

While there are many sites and information available concerning postnatal nutrition, prenatally research has mainly focussed on developmental effects of specific deficiencies (folate and iodine) and the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

See also the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) publication '''NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes.'''<ref name="NHMRC-nutrient-2006">'''Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes'''. (2006) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf PDF]</ref> "The Nutrient Reference Values outline the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people for prevention of deficiency states. The document can be used by health professionals to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people." Some text on this current page is modified from this report.

'''In Australia and New Zealand'''

Before mandatory folic acid fortification was introduced:
* mean dietary folic acid intakes for women aged 16–44 years (the target population) in Australia was 108 micrograms (μg) of folic acid per day and in New Zealand was 62 μg of folic acid per day, well below the recommended 400 μg per day.
* there were 149 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2005 in Australia (rate of 13.3 per 10,000 births) in the three states that provide the most accurate baseline of NTD incidence (South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria), and 63 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2003 in New Zealand (rate of 11.2 per 10,000 births).

Before mandatory iodine fortification was introduced:
* large proportions of the Australian and New Zealand population had inadequate iodine intakes.
* national surveys measuring median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in schoolchildren, an indicator of overall population status, confirmed mild iodine deficiency in both countries.
** the concentration was 96 μg per litre in Australia, and 66 μg per litre in New Zealand, less than the 100–200 μg per litre considered optimal.

== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233795 PMID21233795] "High prevalence of vitamin A and vitamin E deficiency was found in VLBW infants starting from birth to term postmenstrual age."
|}

==Folic Acid==
[[File:USA_spina_bifida_rates.jpg|thumb|300px|In the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998.]]
[[Image:folate.jpg|left]]
In 2001, the Australian estimated birth prevalence of neural tube defects was 0.5 per 1,000 births (National Perinatal Statistics Unit). Low maternal dietary folic acid (folate) has been shown to be associated with the development of neural tube defects.

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

==Iodine==
{|
| [[File:Thyroxine.jpg|left]]

Thyroxine (T4) molecular structure showing iodine positions (red rings)
|
"Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. The thyroid uses iodine to produce hormones vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. For this reason, it is very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine.

The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms (μg) each day. Women with pre-existing thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner prior to taking a supplement."

:Text from <ref>NHMRC - Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 2010 [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm]</ref>
|}

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency|Iodine Deficiency]] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women] [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm NHMRC - Nutrition & Diet Publications]

==Vitamins==

===vitamin A===

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol).

:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Retinoic acid]]

===vitamin B===

Eight separate water-soluble [[V#vitamins|vitamins]] that play important roles in cell metabolism. Folic acid or vitamin B9 (folacin) and [[F#folate|folate]] (naturally occurring form) are an important dietary requirement for normal neural development. Low levels have been show associated with neural tube defects including [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]].

:'''Links:''' [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

===vitamin C===

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for the formation of collagen, reducing free radicals, and aiding in iron absorption. Scurvy is a disease of dietary ascorbic acid deficiency that is very uncommon today, except in economically disadvantaged populations with poor nutrition. Occurance in children is very rare and can lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities, and has also been seen in neurologic illness.<ref><pubmed>17332193</pubmed></ref>

===vitamin D===

Vitamin D is important Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D), the most commonly used index of vitamin D status, is converted to the active hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D), which, operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

USA Institute of Medicine expert committee "calcium requirements varied with age, from 700 mg a day for children aged 1-3 years up to 1200 mg a day for women aged 51 to 70 and 1300 mg a day for teenagers and pregnant and lactating women."

* UK - Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy.<ref><pubmed>20594390</pubmed></ref>
* USA 2004 - Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy.<ref><pubmed>15585798</pubmed></ref>

:'''Links:''' [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D] | Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948623 PMID16948623] | Vitamin D - a review 2008 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142273 PMID19142273] | [http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200812/29319 AFP])

===vitamin E===

| entry to be edited |

===vitamin K===

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 ¬µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

==Protein==

There are normally 20 amino acids found in proteins, some of which can be made by the body while nine are essential (unable to synthesise from simpler molecules) in the diet.

===Essential amino acids===
* histidine
* isoleucine
* leucine
* lysine
* methionine
* phenylalanine
* threonine
* tryptophan
* valine

Cysteine and tyrosine can partly replace methionine and phenylalanine.

==Fats==

* Fats are the highest form of energy for the body.
* Aid in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble biologically-active components.
* Three major types of naturally-occurring fatty acids:
** '''saturated''' - mainly in animal-based foods. For example, found in milk, cream, butter and cheese, land animal meats.
** '''cis-monounsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, oleic acid found in olive, canola and peanut oils.
** '''cis-polyunsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, linoleic acid found in seed oils, eg sunflower, safflower and corn.
* '''trans fatty acids''' are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils in food processing and also occur in ruminant animal foods.

==Carbohydrates==

* Dietary carbohydrate provides energy to specific tissues, for example the brain requires glucose.
** Note, infant's brain is large relative to body size and uses 60% of the infant’s total energy intake.

==Fibre==
* Dietary fibre is essential for proper gut function
* Related also to risk reduction for some chronic diseases (heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes).

==Water==

* Water is essential because it is required in quantities above the body’s production.
* Water loss from lungs and skin are responsible for 50% of total water turnover.

==References==

<references/>

===Reviews===
<pubmed>21291560</pubmed>

===Articles===

===Search Pubmed===

==Terms==

* '''Adequate Intake''' - (AI) The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDI cannot be determined.
* '''Estimated Average Requirement''' - (EAR) A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Median Urinary Iodine Concentration''' - (MUIC) Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of nutritional iodine status and is used to evaluate population-based iodine supplementation. The median value is determined from a population sample.
* '''Recommended Dietary Intake''' - (RDI) The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Upper Level of Intake''' - (UL) The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
* Urinary Iodine Concentration - (UIC)

::Some terms from NHMRC publication, adapted from Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine (USA and Canada).

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* '''USA nutrition.gov''' [http://www.nutrition.gov/ http://www.nutrition.gov/] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1690&placement_default=0#Pregnancy Life Stages - Women Pregnancy] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1686&placement_default=0 Life Stages - Infants]
* Medline Plus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html Infant and Newborn Nutrition]
*'''Australia NHMRC'''
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm Nutrition & Diet Publications]
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes 2006] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n36.pdf PDF Executive Summary]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Nutrition

2011-08-27T03:25:33Z

MarkHill: /* Folic Acid */

{{Educational Warning}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:folatefruit.jpg|thumb|Folate Fruits]]
This current page is a start page for your exploration of topics related to nutrition and development.

While there are many sites and information available concerning postnatal nutrition, prenatally research has mainly focussed on developmental effects of specific deficiencies (folate and iodine) and the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

See also the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) publication '''NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes.'''<ref name="NHMRC-nutrient-2006">'''Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes'''. (2006) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf PDF]</ref> "The Nutrient Reference Values outline the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people for prevention of deficiency states. The document can be used by health professionals to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people." Some text on this current page is modified from this report.

'''In Australia and New Zealand'''

Before mandatory folic acid fortification was introduced:
* mean dietary folic acid intakes for women aged 16–44 years (the target population) in Australia was 108 micrograms (μg) of folic acid per day and in New Zealand was 62 μg of folic acid per day, well below the recommended 400 μg per day.
* there were 149 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2005 in Australia (rate of 13.3 per 10,000 births) in the three states that provide the most accurate baseline of NTD incidence (South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria), and 63 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2003 in New Zealand (rate of 11.2 per 10,000 births).

Before mandatory iodine fortification was introduced:
* large proportions of the Australian and New Zealand population had inadequate iodine intakes.
* national surveys measuring median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in schoolchildren, an indicator of overall population status, confirmed mild iodine deficiency in both countries.
** the concentration was 96 μg per litre in Australia, and 66 μg per litre in New Zealand, less than the 100–200 μg per litre considered optimal.

== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233795 PMID21233795] "High prevalence of vitamin A and vitamin E deficiency was found in VLBW infants starting from birth to term postmenstrual age."
|}

==Folic Acid==
[[File:USA_spina_bifida_rates.jpg|thumb|300px|In the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998.]]
[[Image:folate.jpg|left]]
In 2001, the Australian estimated birth prevalence of neural tube defects was 0.5 per 1,000 births (National Perinatal Statistics Unit). Low maternal dietary folic acid (folate) has been shown to be associated with the development of neural tube defects.

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

==Iodine==

"Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. The thyroid uses iodine to produce hormones vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. For this reason, it is very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine.

The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms (μg) each day. Women with pre-existing thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner prior to taking a supplement."

(text from [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 2010] )

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency|Iodine Deficiency]] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women] [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm NHMRC - Nutrition & Diet Publications]

==Vitamins==

===vitamin A===

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol).

:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Retinoic acid]]

===vitamin B===

Eight separate water-soluble [[V#vitamins|vitamins]] that play important roles in cell metabolism. Folic acid or vitamin B9 (folacin) and [[F#folate|folate]] (naturally occurring form) are an important dietary requirement for normal neural development. Low levels have been show associated with neural tube defects including [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]].

:'''Links:''' [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

===vitamin C===

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for the formation of collagen, reducing free radicals, and aiding in iron absorption. Scurvy is a disease of dietary ascorbic acid deficiency that is very uncommon today, except in economically disadvantaged populations with poor nutrition. Occurance in children is very rare and can lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities, and has also been seen in neurologic illness.<ref><pubmed>17332193</pubmed></ref>

===vitamin D===

Vitamin D is important Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D), the most commonly used index of vitamin D status, is converted to the active hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D), which, operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

USA Institute of Medicine expert committee "calcium requirements varied with age, from 700 mg a day for children aged 1-3 years up to 1200 mg a day for women aged 51 to 70 and 1300 mg a day for teenagers and pregnant and lactating women."

* UK - Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy.<ref><pubmed>20594390</pubmed></ref>
* USA 2004 - Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy.<ref><pubmed>15585798</pubmed></ref>

:'''Links:''' [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D] | Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948623 PMID16948623] | Vitamin D - a review 2008 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142273 PMID19142273] | [http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200812/29319 AFP])

===vitamin E===

| entry to be edited |

===vitamin K===

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 ¬µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

==Protein==

There are normally 20 amino acids found in proteins, some of which can be made by the body while nine are essential (unable to synthesise from simpler molecules) in the diet.

===Essential amino acids===
* histidine
* isoleucine
* leucine
* lysine
* methionine
* phenylalanine
* threonine
* tryptophan
* valine

Cysteine and tyrosine can partly replace methionine and phenylalanine.

==Fats==

* Fats are the highest form of energy for the body.
* Aid in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble biologically-active components.
* Three major types of naturally-occurring fatty acids:
** '''saturated''' - mainly in animal-based foods. For example, found in milk, cream, butter and cheese, land animal meats.
** '''cis-monounsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, oleic acid found in olive, canola and peanut oils.
** '''cis-polyunsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, linoleic acid found in seed oils, eg sunflower, safflower and corn.
* '''trans fatty acids''' are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils in food processing and also occur in ruminant animal foods.

==Carbohydrates==

* Dietary carbohydrate provides energy to specific tissues, for example the brain requires glucose.
** Note, infant's brain is large relative to body size and uses 60% of the infant’s total energy intake.

==Fibre==
* Dietary fibre is essential for proper gut function
* Related also to risk reduction for some chronic diseases (heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes).

==Water==

* Water is essential because it is required in quantities above the body’s production.
* Water loss from lungs and skin are responsible for 50% of total water turnover.

==References==

<references/>

===Reviews===
<pubmed>21291560</pubmed>

===Articles===

===Search Pubmed===

==Terms==

* '''Adequate Intake''' - (AI) The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDI cannot be determined.
* '''Estimated Average Requirement''' - (EAR) A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Median Urinary Iodine Concentration''' - (MUIC) Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of nutritional iodine status and is used to evaluate population-based iodine supplementation. The median value is determined from a population sample.
* '''Recommended Dietary Intake''' - (RDI) The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Upper Level of Intake''' - (UL) The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
* Urinary Iodine Concentration - (UIC)

::Some terms from NHMRC publication, adapted from Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine (USA and Canada).

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* '''USA nutrition.gov''' [http://www.nutrition.gov/ http://www.nutrition.gov/] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1690&placement_default=0#Pregnancy Life Stages - Women Pregnancy] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1686&placement_default=0 Life Stages - Infants]
* Medline Plus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html Infant and Newborn Nutrition]
*'''Australia NHMRC'''
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm Nutrition & Diet Publications]
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes 2006] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n36.pdf PDF Executive Summary]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Nutrition

2011-08-27T03:24:38Z

MarkHill: /* Folic Acid */

{{Educational Warning}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:folatefruit.jpg|thumb|Folate Fruits]]
This current page is a start page for your exploration of topics related to nutrition and development.

While there are many sites and information available concerning postnatal nutrition, prenatally research has mainly focussed on developmental effects of specific deficiencies (folate and iodine) and the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

See also the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) publication '''NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes.'''<ref name="NHMRC-nutrient-2006">'''Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes'''. (2006) http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf PDF]</ref> "The Nutrient Reference Values outline the levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people for prevention of deficiency states. The document can be used by health professionals to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people." Some text on this current page is modified from this report.

'''In Australia and New Zealand'''

Before mandatory folic acid fortification was introduced:
* mean dietary folic acid intakes for women aged 16–44 years (the target population) in Australia was 108 micrograms (μg) of folic acid per day and in New Zealand was 62 μg of folic acid per day, well below the recommended 400 μg per day.
* there were 149 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2005 in Australia (rate of 13.3 per 10,000 births) in the three states that provide the most accurate baseline of NTD incidence (South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria), and 63 pregnancies affected by NTDs in 2003 in New Zealand (rate of 11.2 per 10,000 births).

Before mandatory iodine fortification was introduced:
* large proportions of the Australian and New Zealand population had inadequate iodine intakes.
* national surveys measuring median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in schoolchildren, an indicator of overall population status, confirmed mild iodine deficiency in both countries.
** the concentration was 96 μg per litre in Australia, and 66 μg per litre in New Zealand, less than the 100–200 μg per litre considered optimal.

== Some Recent Findings ==
{|
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
|
* '''Vitamin A and E status in very low birth weight infants''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233795 PMID21233795] "High prevalence of vitamin A and vitamin E deficiency was found in VLBW infants starting from birth to term postmenstrual age."
|}

==Folic Acid==
[[Image:folate.jpg]]
[[File:USA_spina_bifida_rates.jpg|thumb|300px|In the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Administration in 1996 authorized that all enriched cereal grain products be fortified with folic acid, with optional fortification beginning in March 1996 and mandatory fortification in January 1998.]]
In 2001, the Australian estimated birth prevalence of neural tube defects was 0.5 per 1,000 births (National Perinatal Statistics Unit). Low maternal dietary folic acid (folate) has been shown to be associated with the development of neural tube defects.

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects|Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects]]

==Iodine==

"Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. The thyroid uses iodine to produce hormones vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. For this reason, it is very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine.

The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms (μg) each day. Women with pre-existing thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner prior to taking a supplement."

(text from [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 2010] )

:'''Links:''' [[Abnormal_Development_-_Iodine_Deficiency|Iodine Deficiency]] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/new45_syn.htm Iodine supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women] [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm NHMRC - Nutrition & Diet Publications]

==Vitamins==

===vitamin A===

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol).

:'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - Retinoic acid]]

===vitamin B===

Eight separate water-soluble [[V#vitamins|vitamins]] that play important roles in cell metabolism. Folic acid or vitamin B9 (folacin) and [[F#folate|folate]] (naturally occurring form) are an important dietary requirement for normal neural development. Low levels have been show associated with neural tube defects including [[S#spina bifida|spina bifida]].

:'''Links:''' [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neural System - Abnormalities]]

===vitamin C===

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is necessary for the formation of collagen, reducing free radicals, and aiding in iron absorption. Scurvy is a disease of dietary ascorbic acid deficiency that is very uncommon today, except in economically disadvantaged populations with poor nutrition. Occurance in children is very rare and can lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities, and has also been seen in neurologic illness.<ref><pubmed>17332193</pubmed></ref>

===vitamin D===

Vitamin D is important Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D), the most commonly used index of vitamin D status, is converted to the active hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D), which, operating through the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

USA Institute of Medicine expert committee "calcium requirements varied with age, from 700 mg a day for children aged 1-3 years up to 1200 mg a day for women aged 51 to 70 and 1300 mg a day for teenagers and pregnant and lactating women."

* UK - Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy.<ref><pubmed>20594390</pubmed></ref>
* USA 2004 - Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy.<ref><pubmed>15585798</pubmed></ref>

:'''Links:''' [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D] | Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948623 PMID16948623] | Vitamin D - a review 2008 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142273 PMID19142273] | [http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200812/29319 AFP])

===vitamin E===

| entry to be edited |

===vitamin K===

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 ¬µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

==Protein==

There are normally 20 amino acids found in proteins, some of which can be made by the body while nine are essential (unable to synthesise from simpler molecules) in the diet.

===Essential amino acids===
* histidine
* isoleucine
* leucine
* lysine
* methionine
* phenylalanine
* threonine
* tryptophan
* valine

Cysteine and tyrosine can partly replace methionine and phenylalanine.

==Fats==

* Fats are the highest form of energy for the body.
* Aid in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and other fat-soluble biologically-active components.
* Three major types of naturally-occurring fatty acids:
** '''saturated''' - mainly in animal-based foods. For example, found in milk, cream, butter and cheese, land animal meats.
** '''cis-monounsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, oleic acid found in olive, canola and peanut oils.
** '''cis-polyunsaturated''' - mainly in plant-based foods. For example, linoleic acid found in seed oils, eg sunflower, safflower and corn.
* '''trans fatty acids''' are produced by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils in food processing and also occur in ruminant animal foods.

==Carbohydrates==

* Dietary carbohydrate provides energy to specific tissues, for example the brain requires glucose.
** Note, infant's brain is large relative to body size and uses 60% of the infant’s total energy intake.

==Fibre==
* Dietary fibre is essential for proper gut function
* Related also to risk reduction for some chronic diseases (heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes).

==Water==

* Water is essential because it is required in quantities above the body’s production.
* Water loss from lungs and skin are responsible for 50% of total water turnover.

==References==

<references/>

===Reviews===
<pubmed>21291560</pubmed>

===Articles===

===Search Pubmed===

==Terms==

* '''Adequate Intake''' - (AI) The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. Used when an RDI cannot be determined.
* '''Estimated Average Requirement''' - (EAR) A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Median Urinary Iodine Concentration''' - (MUIC) Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of nutritional iodine status and is used to evaluate population-based iodine supplementation. The median value is determined from a population sample.
* '''Recommended Dietary Intake''' - (RDI) The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
* '''Upper Level of Intake''' - (UL) The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases.
* Urinary Iodine Concentration - (UIC)

::Some terms from NHMRC publication, adapted from Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine (USA and Canada).

==External Links==
{{External Links}}

* '''USA nutrition.gov''' [http://www.nutrition.gov/ http://www.nutrition.gov/] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1690&placement_default=0#Pregnancy Life Stages - Women Pregnancy] | [http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=2&tax_subject=395&topic_id=1686&placement_default=0 Life Stages - Infants]
* Medline Plus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html Infant and Newborn Nutrition]
*'''Australia NHMRC'''
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/subjects/nutrition.htm Nutrition & Diet Publications]
** [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm NHMRC - Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes 2006] | [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n36.pdf PDF Executive Summary]

{{Glossary}}

{{Footer}}

Template:Neonatal diagnosis

2011-08-27T03:22:28Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-08-27T03:20:50Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-08-27T03:19:15Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-08-27T03:16:53Z

MarkHill:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2011-08-27T03:13:54Z

MarkHill:

File:Chelator and vehicle effect on hematological indices.png

2011-08-27T01:30:55Z

MarkHill:

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 11:30, 27 August 2011 (EST) Please note below how I have corrected how this image is described. Use this formatting for all future images added.

==Chelator and Vehicle Effect on Haematological Indices==
Hematological indices shows that in the 4-week treatment RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit did not decrease across both vehicle and chelator treated mice.

===Reference===

<pubmed>18621680</pubmed>

Copyright: Anyone may, without requesting permission, use original figures or tables published in PNAS for noncommercial and educational use (i.e., in a review article, in a book that is not for sale) provided that the original source and the applicable copyright notice are cited. (Copyright information found from: [http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/rightperm.shtml PNAS-- Rights and Permissions])

File:Chelator and vehicle effect on hematological indices.png

2011-08-27T01:30:12Z

MarkHill:

--[[User:MarkHill|MarkHill]] 11:30, 27 August 2011 (EST) Please note below how I have corrected how this image is described.

==Chelator and Vehicle Effect on Haematological Indices==
Hematological indices shows that in the 4-week treatment RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit did not decrease across both vehicle and chelator treated mice.

===Reference===

<pubmed>18621680</pubmed>

Copyright: Anyone may, without requesting permission, use original figures or tables published in PNAS for noncommercial and educational use (i.e., in a review article, in a book that is not for sale) provided that the original source and the applicable copyright notice are cited. (Copyright information found from: [http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/rightperm.shtml PNAS-- Rights and Permissions])

B

2011-08-20T06:44:24Z

MarkHill: /* blood-testis barrier */

{{Glossary}} | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/Index/B.htm Original B]

===B-Myb===

:A protein transcription factor and a member of the A-Myb, B-Myb (MybL2) and C-Myb family found in all proliferating cells. B-Myb is the only member of this Myb family specific to embryonic stem cells and is required for both cycle progression and mitotic spindle formation. In mice, lack of the gene leads to early embryonic death, after implantation due to defects on the inner cell mass.

===Babinski reflex===
:(Babinski sign, plantar reflex) Clinical term describing a [[P#primitive reflex|primitive reflex]], an involuntary response (reflex) that is present at birth and that normally disappears between 12 to 24 months. The reflex occurs when the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked the big toe moves toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out. It is present in the newborn as the myelination of the [[C#corticospinal tract|corticospinal tracts]] has not yet been completed. Postnatal persistence (beyond 24 months or 2 years) occurs in infants with damage to the corticospinal tract.

:(More? [[Neural_Exam_-_Newborn_reflexes_-_plantar_reflex|Neural Exam - Newborn reflexes - plantar reflex]] | [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neonatal Development]] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003294.htm Medline Plus - Babinski's reflex])

===bacteria===
:(bacterium, Greek, ''bakterion'' = little rod) A unicellular prokaryote cell, which exist in many different genetic and structural forms in many environments including [[C#commisural bacteria|commisural bacteria]] in the gastrointestinal tract and are also the cellular cause of infection.

:(More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection]])

===bacterial spore===

:(bacterium, Greek, ''bakterion'' = little rod) An inactive and hardy form of [[B#bacteria|bacteria]], similar in function to a [[F#fungal spore|fungal spore]] that can survive in a metabolically dormant state for many years and can also withstand high temperatures, radiation, and toxic chemicals.

:(More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection]])

===bacterial vaginosis===

:(BV, [[V#vaginitis|vaginitis]]) Clinical condition associated with loss of vaginal [[L#Lactobacillus|lactobacilli]] such as ''Lactobacillus acidophilus'', ''Lactobacillus crispatus'' and ''Lactobacillus jensenii'', and acquisition of complex communities of anaerobic bacteria such as species of ''Streptococcus''. A common condition, USA about 29% of reproductive age women. Can result in an increased risk for pre-term birth, HIV-1 acquisition and pelvic inflammatory disease.

:(More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection]])

===bacteriophage===

:(Greek, ''bakterion'' = little rod + ''phagein'' = to eat) or phage A [[V#virus|virus]] that infects [[B#bacteria|bacteria]].

===Balbiani body===

:(mitochondrial cloud) collection of cell organelles ([[M#mitochondria|mitochondria]], [[E#endoplasmic reticulum|endoplasmic reticulum]], and granulofibrillar material) asymmetrically located beside the [[N#nucleus|nucleus]] in very young [[O#oocytes|oocytes]] in some species. Appears similar to germinal granule precursors seen some species that contain a definitive germ plasm (flies, worms, and frogs).

:(More? [[Oocyte Development]] | [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/1/187 PNAS - Mouse oocytes within germ cell cysts and primordial follicles contain a Balbiani body])

===Ballottement===

:(French, ''ballottement'' = "a tossing about") Clinical palpatory test (clinical week 6 - 20) used to detect pregnancy, when the lower uterine segment (or cervix) is tapped by examiner's finger, the [[F#fetus|fetus]] floats upward, then sinks again and can be felt on the finger. Not considered diagnostic as it can also be elicited in the presence [[O#ovarian cyst|ovarian cysts]].

===Bardet-Biedl syndrome===

:(BBS) is an abnormality with triallelic inheritance and is characterized by a rangne of multisystem abnormalities (cone-rod dystrophy, truncal obesity, postaxial polydactyly, cognitive impairment, neural development, male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, complex female genitourinary malformations, and renal dysfunction).

:(More? [[Sensory - Vision Abnormalities]] | [[Genital System - Abnormalities]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=209900 OMIM - Bardet-Biedl syndrome] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene‚àÇ=bbs#bbs GeneReviews - Bardet-Biedl syndrome])

===Barker Hypothesis===

:([[F#Fetal_Origins_Hypothesis|Fetal Origins Hypothesis]]) Term named after the researcher, Barker who began a statistical analysis in the UK, of low birth weight data (early 1900's). The hypothesis has since been renamed as the Fetal Origins Hypothesis and proposes that in utero influences can lead too permanent changes in [[E#embryo|embryo]]/[[F#fetus|fetus]], low birth weight, which predisposes to chronic disease in adult life.

:(More? [[Abnormal_Development_-_Fetal_Origins_Hypothesis|Fetal Origins Hypothesis]])

===Barlow test===

:(Barlow maneuver) A clinical term to describe a physical examination of the newborn for [[D#developmental dysplasia of the hip|developmental dysplasia of the hip]] (DDH). The examiner adducts the hip (bringing the thigh towards the midline) while applying light pressure on the knee, directing the force posteriorly. A positive sign is the hip being dislocatable, if the hip can be popped out of socket with this test. This test is then combined with the [[O#Ortolani test|Ortolani test]] (maneuver). The test is named after Thomas Barlow (1845 – 1945) a British royal physician.

:(More? [[Musculoskeletal System Development]] | [[Postnatal Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510673 Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: recommendation statement. PMID16510673])

===Barr body===

:Name given to a visible cellular feature at the periphery of the nucleus, produced by the inactivation of a single X chromosome in females. Named after Murray Barr (1908 – 1995), a Canadian physician and medical researcher who first identified this cellular structure.

:(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18120749 PMID:18120749])

===Bartholin gland===

:([[G#greater vestibular gland|greater vestibular gland]]) A pair of female external genital tract glands which secretes [[M#mucus|mucus]] to lubricate the [[V#vagina|vagina]]. The equivalent male gland is the [[B#Bulbourethral Gland|Bulbourethral Gland]] or [[C#Cowper's Gland|Cowper's Gland]].

:(More? [[2010 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]] | [[Genital - Female Development]])

===basal body===

:The base of an axoneme; a cylinder about 500 nm long that resembles a centriole; the microtubule organizing center of a cilium or a eukaryotic flagellum.

===basal body temperature===

:(bbt) The temperature taken at its lowest point in the day, typically in the morning before getting out of bed. Note that body temperature changes, an increase, is used to approximately establish the time of [[O#ovulation|ovulation]].

:(More? [[Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Abnormal Development - Maternal Hyperthermia]])

===basal ganglia===

:(basal nuclei) A central nervous system (CNS) neural structure derived embryologically from the secondary vesicle telencephalon (endbrain) and the earlier primary vesicle prosencephalon (forebrain) from the neural tube. Structurally, it connects the cerebral cortex with the thalamus and brainstem and is associated with motor control and learning.

:(More? [[Neural - Basal Ganglia Development]] | [[2010_Lecture_6|Lecture - Ectoderm Development]] | [[Neural System Development]])

===basal plate===
:The early [[N#neural tube|neural tube]] forms into two thicker lateral regions, the [[B#basal plate|basal plate]] and [[A#alar plate|alar plate]], which separate the [[F#floor plate|floor plate]] and [[R#roof plate|roof plate]] regions. The basal plate forms the ventral lateral region of the developing neural tube. At the level of the spinal cord, this region will form the motor ventral horn region.

:(More? [[Neural System Development]] | Dev Biol [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.2898 Development of the human spinal cord])

===base===

:Another term for a [[N#nucleotide|nucleotide]] (usually a t c g) that forms deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

:(More? [[Molecular Development - Genetics]])

===base pair===

:Double stranded DNA has nucleotides A-T, C-G, paired by hydrogen bonds (2 bonds for AT, 3 bonds for GC). Note this means that GC is harder to separate that AT.

:(More? [[Molecular Development - Genetics]])

===basket cells===

:Central nervous system cerebellar interneurons located in the [[C#cerebellum|cerebellum]] molecular layer. These GABAergic neurons, and stellate cells, receive an excitatory synaptic input from granule cell axons (parallel fibers) and form an inhibitory synapse with Purkinje cells. The embryonic progenitors arise from the neuroepithelium at the level of of the fourth ventricle.

:(More? [[Neural - Cerebellum Development]] | [[2010_Lecture_6|Lecture - Early Neural]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500566 PMID19500566])

===basonuclin 2===

:(bnc2, BNC2) A vertebrate zinc finger transcription factor that has a role in the proliferation of craniofacial mesenchymal cells and therefore in head and face development. (ortholog of drosophila disco proteins)

:(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891417 PMID: 16891417])

===battledore placenta===

:(placenta battledore, ''batyldoure'' = a beating instrument) A term describing a placenta where the umbilical cord is attached at the margin. Occurs rarely and no described effects on placental function. The description probably comes from the similarity to a bat or paddle.

:(More? [[Placenta Development]])

===Bayley Scales of Infant Development===

:(BSID) A postnatal (from 1 to 42 months) neurological assessment scale used in screening and diagnosis of development using 178 item mental scale and the 111 item motor scale, the original BSID was revised in 1993 to version 2 (BSID-II). THere are several alternative assessments tests and tasks including: Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII), Peabody Developmental Motor Scale II (PDMS-2) Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers (CDIIT), Means-End Problem-Solving Task, Operant Discrimination Learning, Mobile/Train Conjugate Reinforcement Tasks, The Transparent Barrier Detour Task, The A-not-B Task

:(More? [[Neural System Development]] | [[Neonatal_Development#Postnatal_Neural|Neonatal Development - Postnatal Neural]])

===beta-catenin===

:(β-Catenin) See [[C#catenin|catenin]].

:(More? [[Developmental Signals - Wnt‎]])

===beta cell===

:Endocrine cells located in the pancreas (pancreatic islets) that secrete insulin and increase glucose uptake. In development, their secretion stimulates fetal growth and the cells continue to proliferate to postnatal, in infancy most abundant. There are 4 different endocrine cell types ([[A#alpha cell|alpha]], [[B#beta cell|beta]], [[D#delta cell|delta]], [[F#F-cell|F-cells]]) in each pancreatic islet.

:(More? [[Endocrine_-_Pancreas_Development|Pancreas Development]])

===bicornuate uterus===

:("heart-shaped" [[U#uterus|uterus]]) Female uterus (internal genital tract) abnormality, where the [[P#paramesonephric duct|paramesonephric ducts]] (Mullerian ducts) fail to completely fuse forming two separate body parts that fuse close to the opening into the [[V#vagina|vagina]].

:(More? [[Uterus Development]] | [[2010_Lecture_16|Lecture - Genital Development]] | [[Genital System - Abnormalities]])

===bilaminar embryo===

:(two layer embryo) Term used in early embryonic development to describe the [[I#inner cell mass|inner cell mass]] differentiating to form an initial two layered structure ([[E#epiblast|epiblast]] and [[H#hypoblast|hypoblast]]). In human development, this occurs during the second week. The epiblast layer will then form the majority of the embryo.

===biliary cells===

:The liver epithelial cell formed from [[H#hepatoblast|hepatoblast]] [[D#differentiation|differentiation]] (hepatoblasts form initially from [[E#endoderm|endoderm]]).

:(More? [[Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Liver_Development|Liver Development]] | [[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]] | [[2010_Lecture_9|Lecture - Gastrointestinal Tract Development]])

===Billings Method===

:See [[B#Billings Ovulation Method|Billings Ovulation Method]].

===Billings Ovulation Method===

:(BOM, Billings Method, Ovulation Method, rhythm method, Natural Family Planning) A self-observation method for women use to monitor their fertility. Used by women trying to either avoid pregnancy or trying to conceive. Named after John Billings and Evelyn Billings, two Australian doctors. Evelyn Billings co-authored the original book "The Billings Method" (1980) with Dr Ann Westmore, recently republished.

:(More? [[Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Fertilization]] | [http://www.penguin.com.au/products/9781876026455/billings-method-using-bodys-natural-signal-fertility-achieve-or-avoid 2011 edition] | [http://www.billingslife.org Billings LIFE] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4117608 PMID4117608])

===biopsy===

:A fragment of tissue removed for (clinical/pathological/medical) study under the microscope.

===biotinidase===

:An [[E#enzyme|enzyme]] required to free biotin from its bound form for use. Biotinidase deficiency can be detected in newborn screening and treated with daily biotin supplementation.

===biparietal diameter===

:An [[U#ultrasound|ultrasound]] measurement of Biparietal Diameter (BPD) is used to determine fetal age and normal development (small/large/abnormal) parameters. Measured as the diameter between the 2 sides of the head, used in clinical [[U#ultrasound|ultrasound]] measurements after 13 weeks (2.4 cm) to term (9.5 cm). It is one of the four typical [[U#ultrasound|ultrasound]] assessments of fetal size and age: Biparietal Diameter (BPD), [[H#head_circumference|Head Circumference]] (HC), [[A#abdominal_circumference|Abdominal Circumference]] (AC), and [[F#femur_length|Femur Length]] (FL).

:(More? [[Ultrasound]] | [[Head Development]])

===birth===

:(parturition) Term describing the physiological process of offspring (child) being born.

:(More? [[Birth]])

===birth rate===

:A statictical term typically calculated by dividing the number of live births in a population in a year by the mid-year resident population.

:(More? [[Birth]] | [[Australia’s mothers and babies 2007]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page1.htm Statistics])

===bladder===

:([[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]]) The simplified term used to describe the [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]] muscular sac for the storage of urine.

:(More? [[Renal System Development]] | [[2010 Lecture 15|Lecture - Renal Development]])

===bladder exstrophy===

:(Greek, ''ekstriphein'' = "turn inside out") A congenital malformation with [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]] open to ventral wall of abdomen (between umbilicus and pubic symphysis) and may have other anomolies associated with failure of closure of abdominal wall and [[U#urinary bladder|urinary bladder]] (epispadias, pubic bone anomolies).

:(More? [[Renal System - Abnormalities]])

===blastema===

:Term used to describe an undifferentiated mass of cells, for example in [[W#Wilms_tumour|Wilm's tumour]].

:(More? [[W#Wilms_tumour|Wilm's tumour]])

===blastocoel===

:(blastocoele, blastocele) A fluid-filled cavity that forms in early development within the [[B#blastocyst|blastocyst]]. Initially the dividing cells form a solid cellular mass ([[M#morula|morula]]) continued cell division and compaction lead to the formation of this space or cavity. In humans, this cavity is present during the end of the first week and into the second week of development.

:(More? [[Week 1]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Blastocyst]])

===blastocyst===

:(Greek, ''blastos'' = sprout + cystos = cavity) Term used to describe the hollow cellular mass that forms in early development. The blastocyst consists of cells forming an outer [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] layer, an inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyst inner cell mass is the source of true embryonic stem cells capable of forming all cell types within the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. In humans, this stage occurs in the first and second weeks after the [[Z#zygote|zygote]] forms a solid cellular mass ([[M#morula|morula]] stage) and before implantation.

:(More? [[Blastocyst]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Stem Cells]])

===blastocyst hatching===

:(Greek, ''blastos'' = sprout + cystos = cavity) Term used to describe the process of [[B#blastocyst|blastocyst]] emerging from the surrounding protective [[Z#zona pellucida|zona pellucida]]. The process may commence at the site of original spermatozoa fertilization and must occur before implantation can commence.

:(More? [[Blastocyst]] | [[Quicktime_Movie_-_Blastocyst_Contractions|Quicktime - Blastocyst Contractions]] | [[Movie_-_Blastocyst_Contractions|Flash - Blastocyst Contractions]] | [[Implantation]])

===blastomeres===

:Term used to describe the first cells formed by mitotic cell division of the [[Z#zygote|zygote]].

:(More? [[Zygote]] | [[Week 1]])

===blastopore===

:The opening formed by the gastrulating cell migration in early [[B#blastula|blastula]] to [[G#gastrula|gastrula]] development.

:(More? [[Week 2]] | [[Week 3]] | [[Frog Development]])

===blastula===

:(Greek, ''blastos'' = sprout = little sprout) A stage of an animal [[E#embryo|embryo]] that consists of a fluid-filled sphere of cells on the surface. In mammals, blastulation leads to the formation of the [[B#blastocyst|blastocyst]], which should not be confused with the blastula. The [[B#blastocyst|blastocyst]] contains an inner [[E#embryoblast|embryoblast]] (inner cell mass), which is homologous to the blastula. However, it also includes the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]], which goes on to form the extraembryonic tissues.
::morula -> blastula -> gastrula

:(More? [[Week 1]])

===blighted ovum===

:(missed abortion, [[E#early fetal loss|early fetal loss]]) A historic term now called replaced by [[E#early fetal loss|early fetal loss]], describing [[E#embryo|embryo]] loss that occurs in first trimester.

===BLIMP1===

:DNA-binding transcriptional repressor (zinc-finger) which has a role in both [[E#embryo|embryo]] development and adult tissues by regulating (repressing) p53 expression allowing normal cell growth.

:(More? PNAS [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17264218 Yan J, Jiang J, Lim CA, Wu Q, Ng HH, Chin KC.] BLIMP1 regulates cell growth through repression of p53 transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 30)

===blood islands===

:The initial small patches which form within [[M#mesoderm|mesoderm]] that differentiate into both the blood vessel wall and blood cells. These islands enlarge and connect together to form the initial vascular beds.

:(More? [[2010 Lecture 7|Lecture - Early Vascular Development]] | [[Cardiovascular System - Blood Development]])

===blood-testis barrier===

:(BTB) In the testis this barrier is formed by tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, desmosome-like junctions and gap junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells near the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium. Historically referred to as a "barrier" as intravenous dyes in rodents failed to ‘stain’ the seminiferous tubules in the testis as well as in the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

:(More? [[Testis Development]] | [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804914 PMC2804914])

===blueberry muffin baby===

:Term used historically by paediatricians to describe the appearance of newborns infected with rubella during the American epidemic of the 1960s.

:(More? [[Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus]])

===BMI===

:Acronym for '''B'''ody '''M'''ass '''I'''ndex which is a measure of body composition. Used to determine adiposity, that is fat content, which has influences upon growth and health.

===Bmi1===

:A proto-oncogene protein located in the nucleus, which is a member of the Polycomb-group gene family (required to maintain the repression of homeotic genes). Expressed in range of stem cells including hematopoietic, neural and intestinal stem cells. Human BMI-1 gene on the short arm of chromosome 10 (10p13). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18536716 PMID: 18536716]

:(More? [[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=164831 OMIM - proto-oncogene BMI-1])

===BOC===

:Acronym for '''B'''rother '''o'''f '''C'''don a cell surface receptor. CDON is also a acronym for '''C'''ell adhesion molecule-regulated/'''d'''ownregulated by '''on'''cogenes. Both Boc and Cdon are cell surface receptors (for sonic hedgehog) of the immunoglobulin (Ig)/fibronectin type III that interact with each other, are coexpressed and involved in neural and muscle development.

:(More? [[Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=608708 OMIM - BROTHER OF CDON])

===body mass index===

:(BMI) The most commonly used method of assessing whether a person is normal weight, underweight, overweight or obese. It is calculated by dividing the person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres) squared. For both adult men and women, underweight is a BMI below 18.5, acceptable weight is from 18.5 to less than 25, overweight is 25 and above (includes obese), and obese is 30 and over.

===bombesin receptor===

:A cell receptor family associated mainly with gastrointestinal function (motility and secretion) and neural functions (circadian rhythm, thermoregulation anxiety/fear responses, food intake). In mammals, these G protein-coupled receptors are: neuromedin B, gastrin-releasing peptide, and orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3.

:(More? [[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]] | [[Endocrine System Development]])

===bone===

:A connective tissue forming the main structural component of the skeleton originating in the body from mesoderm, with some neural crest contribution in the head region. There are two processes of bone formation (ossification): endochondrial, replacing a pre-existing cartilage template (most of the skeleton); or intramembranous, ossification directly from a membrane (cranial vault, scapula). Adult bone gross histology is described as either trabecular bone (also called cancellous or spongy bone) or compact bone (does not have any spaces or hollows).

:(More? [[Bone_Development|Bone Development]] | [[Musculoskeletal System - Bone Development]] | [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Bone/Bone.htm Blue Histology - Bone])

===bone marrow===

:The cellular components found within the core of bones, mainly long bones, which contain the adult blood stem cell population and a range of other cell types. Generally described as either red marrow (myeloid tissue) or yellow marrow (mainly fat cells.)

:(More? [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Bone_Development|Musculoskeletal Development - Bone]] | [[Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood_Development|Blood Development]] | [[Musculoskeletal System Development]])

===bone marrow stromal cells===

:(BMSCs) These are pluripotental cells from bone marrow that can potentially differentiate into a range of connective tissue and muscle cell types (cardiomyocytes, rhabdomyocytes, hepatocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, tencoytes, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells). These cells have therefore been seen as a source of stem cells for tissue repair.

:(More? [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Bone_Development|Musculoskeletal Development - Bone]] | [[Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood_Development|Blood Development]] | [[Musculoskeletal System Development]])

===borrelia burgdorferi===

:(''B. burgdorferi'') The agent of Lyme disease in North America and Europe. A species of bacteria of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia.

:(More? [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection]])

===Botallo's duct===

:([[D#ductus_arteriosus|ductus arteriosus]]) A vascular shunt between pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch. This channel degenerates to form the ligamentum arteriosum (ligamentum Botalli). In preterm infants this channel may remain open as a patent [[D#ductus arteriosus|ductus arteriosus]]. Named after Leonardo Botallo an Italian surgeon in Paris (1530-1600).

:(More? [[Cardiovascular System Development]] | [[Birth]])

===bowel===

:(intestine) Term used to describe the midgut and hindgut portion of the gastrointestinal tract running from after the stomach to the anus. Also subdivided into the small bowel ([[S#small intestine|small intestine]]) and the large bowel (large intestine).

:(More? [[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]])

===Bowen-Conradi syndrome===

:(BCS) A human autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a severe growth failure and psychomotor retardation, leading to death in early childhood. The cause is a mutation in the protein Essential for Mitotic Growth 1 (EMG1, Nep1), a nucleolar protein critical for [[R#ribosome|ribosome]] biogenesis and pre-implantation mouse embryo development.

:(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858271 PMID20858271])

===BPD===

:Acronym for '''b'''i'''p'''arietal '''d'''iameter, measurement between the 2 sides of the head, used in clinical [[U#ultrasound|ultrasound]] measurements after 13 weeks.

:(More? [[Ultrasound]])

===brachial plexus===

:(Latin, ''bracchium'' = arm) The mixed spinal nerves innervating the upper limb form a complex meshwork (crossing).

:(More? [[Neural System Development]])

===brachiocephalic trunk===

:(Latin, ''bracchium'' = arm, ''cephalicus'' = head) The blood vessel forming the first branch of the aortic arch, arises superolaterally and splits into the right subclavian and the right common carotid arteries.

:(More? [[2010 Lecture 7|Lecture - Early Vascular Development]] | [[Cardiovascular System Development]])

===brain===

:The general term for the central nervous system (CNS) component formed initially from the cranial end of the neural tube. The remainder of the CNS is the spinal cord. The brain forms initially as 3 primary brain vesicles which later form 5 secondary brain vesicles.

:(More? [[Neural System Development]])

===branchial arch===

:([[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arch]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) See [[P#pharyngeal arch|pharyngeal arch]].

===branchial arch artery===

:([[P#pharyngeal arch artery|pharyngeal arch artery]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) See [[P#pharyngeal arch artery|pharyngeal arch artery]].

===branchial arch cartilage===

:([[P#pharyngeal arch cartilage|pharyngeal arch cartilage]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) See [[P#pharyngeal arch cartilage|pharyngeal arch cartilage]].

===branchial arch nerve===

:([[P#pharyngeal arch nerve|pharyngeal arch nerve]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) See [[P#pharyngeal arch nerve|pharyngeal arch nerve]].

===branchial arch pouch===

:([[P#pharyngeal arch pouch|pharyngeal arch pouch]], Greek, ''branchial'' = gill) See [[P#pharyngeal arch pouch|pharyngeal arch pouch]].

===breech===

:A birth term where the fetal buttocks are presented first, this can also occur in different forms depending on the fetal structure presentation (complete breech, frank breech, footing breech, knee breech).

:(More? [[Birth]] | [[:File:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|Image Breech Position]])

===Brek/Lmtk2===

:Acronym for brain-enriched kinase/lemur tyrosine kinase 2. A signaling protein member of the Aatyk family of kinases, mouse knockouts are infertile with [[A#azoospermia|azoospermia]].

:(More? [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [[Week 1]])

===Brn3a===

:(POU4F1) A signaling factor of the POU-domain transcription factor class 4, expressed in many developing tissues including sensory neurons and immune B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte lineages and retina (retinal ganglion cells). Recently shown to act as a transcriptional repressor.

:(More? [[Neural Crest Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=601632 OMIM Brn3a] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877281 PMID19877281])

===broad ligament===

:Human female genital tract mesentery formed by a double fold of [[P#peritoneum|peritoneum]] that connects the [[U#uterus|uterus]] to the peritoneal floor and walls. Anatomically it has three parts: [[M#mesometrium|mesometrium]] (surrounding the [[U#uterus|uterus]]), [[M#mesosalpinx|mesosalpinx]] (surrounding the uterine tube) and [[M#mesovarium|mesovarium]] (surrounding the [[O#ovary|ovary]]).

:(More? [[Genital_-_Female_Development|Genital System - Female]])

===bronchi===

:(Latin, ''bronchos'' = windpipe) Plural of bronchus, the two subdivisions of the trachea carrying air to the lungs. Embryologically forms as an endodermal outpocket of the foregut which branch (bronchiole, subdivision of the bronchus) as they grow.

:(More? [[Respiratory System Development]])

===bronchiole===

:(Latin, ''bronchos'' = windpipe) A smaller branch subdivision of the respiratory tract [[B#bronchus|bronchus]].

:(More? [[Respiratory System Development]] | [[2010 Lecture 10|Lecture - Respiratory Development]])

===bronchus===

:(Latin, ''bronchos'' = windpipe) The individual division of the [[T#trachea|trachea]] carrying air to the lungs. Develops as an endodermal outpocket of the foregut which branch repeatedly as they grow (bronchiole, subdivision of the bronchus).

:(More? [[Respiratory System Development]] | [[2010 Lecture 10|Lecture - Respiratory Development]])

===brown adipose===

:(brown fat) Neonatal specialized form of adipose tissue used in mammals to generate body temperature (thermogenic organ) by non-shivering thermogenesis. Adult fat (white adipose) cannot be used in this fashion. This form of adipose tissue is also seen in animals that hibernate.

:(More? [[Musculoskeletal System Development]] | [[Integumentary System Development]])

===Bruce effect===

:Reproductive change in female mice, pheromones from a strange male can prevent [[E#embryo|embryo]] implantation in recently bred female.

:(More? [[Mouse Estrous Cycle]])

===brucellosis===

:(Malta fever, Mediterranean fever) A common bacterial [[Z#zoonotic disease|zoonotic disease]], the human form is transmitted mainly through unpasteurised dairy products derived from infected animals (sheep, goats, cow). Brucella species are small [[G#Gram negative|Gram negative]] coccobacilli, after infection the period of incubation can last from two to eight weeks, and during the first trimester lead to increased rates of [[S#spontaneous abortion|spontaneous abortion]].

:(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18162038 PMID: 18162038])

===buccal===

:(Latin, ''bucca'' = cheek) A term used to relate to the mouth (oral cavity).

:(More? [[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]])

===buccopharyngeal membrane===

:(oral membrane; Latin, ''bucca'' = "cheek") A membrane which forms the external upper membrane limit (cranial end) of the early gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This membrane develops during gastrulation by [[E#ectoderm|ectoderm]] and [[E#endoderm|endoderm]] without a middle (intervening) layer of [[M#mesoderm|mesoderm]]. The membrane lies at the floor of the ventral depression (stomadeum) where the oral cavity will open and will breakdown to form the initial "oral opening" of the gastrointestinal tract. The equivilent membrane at the lower end of the gastrointestinal tract is the [[C#cloacal_membrane|cloacal membrane]].

:(More? [[Gastrointestinal Tract Development]] | [[Head Development]] | [[2010 Lecture 9|Lecture - Gastrointestinal Development]])

===bulbourethral gland===

:([[C#Cowper's Gland|Cowper's Gland]]) A male genital tract gland which secretes a small amount of a thick clear mucous fluid prior to [[E#ejaculation|ejaculation]], the alkaline content apparently buffers acidity of the [[U#urethra|urethra]]. The equivalent female genital tract gland is the [[G#greater vestibular gland|greater vestibular gland]] or [[B#Bartholin gland|Bartholin gland]].

:(More? [[2010 Lecture 16|Lecture - Genital Development]] | [[Genital System Development]])

===bulbus cordis===

:A region of the early developing heart tube forming the common outflow tract, will differentiate to form three regions of the heart.

:'''Blood Pathway:''' [[S#sinus venosus|sinus venosus]] -> [[A#atrium|atrium]] -> [[V#ventricle|ventricle]] -> [[B#bulbus cordis|bulbus cordis]] (outflow tract)

:(More? [[Cardiovascular System Development]] | [[2010_Lecture_21| Lecture - Heart]])

{{Glossary comment}}

{{Glossary}}
{{Footer}}

[[Category:Glossary]]

User:Z3291643

2011-08-18T06:05:43Z

MarkHill:

{{2011Student}}

--[[User:Z3291643|Z3291643]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

==Lab 1 Assessment==
1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

‘in vitro’ fertilization is Latin for ‘in glass’ fertilization and is a treatment for infertility, whereby the sperm fertilizes the ovum outside the body and is then implanted back into the patient’s uterus. The first successful IVF birth, Louise Brown, occurred in 1978 with the help of Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards. Edwards was awarded the 2010 nobel prize in medicine for his achievement.

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

The aim of this paper was to investigate whether age <=25 played a role in the reproductive outcome of women undergoing IVF. Infertile patients aged between 19 and 25 years of age were compared to infertile patients aged 30-35 years to determine primarily fertilization rates and the number of top quality embryos. The results were unexpected as the younger subjects had lower fertilization rates and reduced embryo quality.<ref>PMID 21042842</ref>

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

Trisomy 21 and cleft palate

--[[User:S8600021|Mark Hill]] 10:01, 3 August 2011 (EST) These answers are fine.

--[[User:Z3291643|z3291643]] 13:02, 4 August 2011 (EST)

==Lab 2 Assessment==
1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilization.

ZP3 acts as a receptor for the sperm. This is followed by the acrosome reaction, whereby acrosomal contents digest the ZP and allow the sperm surface proteins to bind to the ZP2. After fertilization, cortical reaction takes place where cortical granules are exocytosed. This results in the removal of carbohydrate from ZP3 and cleavage of ZP2 to harden the ZP. These changes occur to prevent polyspermy.

2. Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic.

This research article showed genotype-phenotype correlations in Angelman Syndrome (AS). They have concluded that deletion patients had worse developmental outcomes than non deletion patients.<ref><pubmed>20729760</pubmed></ref>

This review article is really comprehensive and gives a good background knowledge of AS.<ref><pubmed>20445456</pubmed></ref>

--[[User:Z3291643|Z3291643]] 12:42, 11 August 2011 (EST)

==Lab 3 Assessment==

1. What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?

Iodine. Zimmermann found that maternal deficiency of iodine can result in cognitive disability in the offspring, most severely characterized by cretinism. Fortunately, mild to moderate iodine deficiency can be corrected in primary school aged children to improve cognitive and motor functions.<ref><pubmed>21802524</pubmed></ref>

2. Upload a picture relating to your group project.

[[File:UBE3A colocalizes with ASPM at the centrosome throughout mitosis.jpg|thumb|UBE3A colocalizes with ASPM at the centrosome throughout mitosis.<ref><pubmed>21633703</pubmed></ref>]]

===UBE3A colocalizes with ASPM at the centrosome throughout mitosis===

[[File:UBE3A colocalizes with ASPM at the centrosome throughout mitosis.jpg|Abnormal cytokinesis and apoptosis in UBE3A knockdown cells.|350px]]

UBE3A colocalizes with ASPM at the centrosome. (A) Indirect immunofluorescence of HEK293 cells at interphase and different phases of mitosis stained with antibodies against ASPM and UBE3A (anti-UBE3A-sc-8926). Note colocalization of UBE3A with ASPM at the centrosome throughout mitosis (arrowheads). Note weak centrosomal staining of UBE3A in an interphase cell (arrow). (B) Indirect immunofluorescence of A549 cells stained with antibodies against UBE3A (anti-UBE3A-sc-8926) and ASPM at metaphase and telophase. Note colocalization of UBE3A with ASPM at the centrosome (arrowheads). Scale bar=2 µm.

Copyright Singhmar, Kumar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

--[[User:Z3291643|z3291643]] 11:08, 18 August 2011 (EST)

==''' Referencees '''==

<references/>

Template:2011Student

2011-08-18T06:04:05Z

MarkHill:

----


'''Lab 4 Online Assessment'''

# '''The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?'''
# '''Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.'''
# Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

----
[[Category:2011ANAT2341]]

Cloud Embryology

2011-08-16T06:50:07Z

MarkHill: /* Getting Started */

[[File:Clouds 02.jpg|thumb|300px|The "Cloud" Embryology Concept]]
==Introduction==

:'''''"Cloud embryology is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable embryology resources"'''''

This embryology resource has now been online since 1997 and transferred to the new Wiki format in 2009. The 1997 site was purely a website with no interaction available to the reader other than playing and controlling animations. The 2009 site initially was a transfer and reformatting of the original content pages. This was enhanced by addition of quizzes and followed by student online collaborative project work.

This is the next developmental step.

==The Problem==
During the course of this project there have been numerous requests for reuse of content by students, researchers and educators for many different educational purposes. In many cases this has been easy to allow, but in others there were copyright issues controlling how content could be correctly reused.

==The Solution==

:'''''If you are an educator with access to the internet then you can now prepare your presentation here!'''''

Beginning 2011 I am trialling the access of educators from Universities and High Schools to prepare their own online presentations from the vast resources (5,000 uploaded files) already available on this Embryology website.

# There is no complex programming.
# The content is already uploaded on the site.
# Links and your content remain permanently available.

===1. There is no complex programming===

* The website is a Wiki-based format.
* This software is easy to use, proved to be stable and continuously updated.
* There are online [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] to get you started.
* In many cases you can simply use the existing content, cut-n-paste and adapt to your purposes.

===2. The content is already uploaded on the site===
* There are Medical, Science and General Education pages with clearly identified content.
* The search window can be used to find specific content (text, images and animations).
* The [[Special:Categories|Categories]] group content by topic.
* The [[Glossary_of_terms|Glossary]] has simplified explanations of embryology terms and acronyms, with linked resources.
* The [[Movies]] page links to both [[Flash_Movies|Flash]] and [[Quicktime_Movies|Quicktime]] versions of all animations and movies.

===3. Links and your content remain permanently available===
* Your work will be highly visible, identifiable as your work, and you can also choose to receive feedback.
* The site is part of an ongoing educational resource.
* All content is available on the internet.
* All versions of your work are available, earlier versions can be accessed, accidental edits can be undone.
* No one can edit your work without your knowledge.
* Create [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Cloud_Embryology&printable=yes Printable versions] for handouts.
* Work offline by converting you presentation into a web archive or PDF.

==Getting Started==

The first step in participating in this trial and preparing your own online resource is to contact me, [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au Dr Mark Hill].

{{Educational Warning}}

{{Glossary}}

[[Category:Help]]

Cloud Embryology

2011-08-16T06:49:51Z

MarkHill: /* Getting Started */

[[File:Clouds 02.jpg|thumb|300px|The "Cloud" Embryology Concept]]
==Introduction==

:'''''"Cloud embryology is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable embryology resources"'''''

This embryology resource has now been online since 1997 and transferred to the new Wiki format in 2009. The 1997 site was purely a website with no interaction available to the reader other than playing and controlling animations. The 2009 site initially was a transfer and reformatting of the original content pages. This was enhanced by addition of quizzes and followed by student online collaborative project work.

This is the next developmental step.

==The Problem==
During the course of this project there have been numerous requests for reuse of content by students, researchers and educators for many different educational purposes. In many cases this has been easy to allow, but in others there were copyright issues controlling how content could be correctly reused.

==The Solution==

:'''''If you are an educator with access to the internet then you can now prepare your presentation here!'''''

Beginning 2011 I am trialling the access of educators from Universities and High Schools to prepare their own online presentations from the vast resources (5,000 uploaded files) already available on this Embryology website.

# There is no complex programming.
# The content is already uploaded on the site.
# Links and your content remain permanently available.

===1. There is no complex programming===

* The website is a Wiki-based format.
* This software is easy to use, proved to be stable and continuously updated.
* There are online [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] to get you started.
* In many cases you can simply use the existing content, cut-n-paste and adapt to your purposes.

===2. The content is already uploaded on the site===
* There are Medical, Science and General Education pages with clearly identified content.
* The search window can be used to find specific content (text, images and animations).
* The [[Special:Categories|Categories]] group content by topic.
* The [[Glossary_of_terms|Glossary]] has simplified explanations of embryology terms and acronyms, with linked resources.
* The [[Movies]] page links to both [[Flash_Movies|Flash]] and [[Quicktime_Movies|Quicktime]] versions of all animations and movies.

===3. Links and your content remain permanently available===
* Your work will be highly visible, identifiable as your work, and you can also choose to receive feedback.
* The site is part of an ongoing educational resource.
* All content is available on the internet.
* All versions of your work are available, earlier versions can be accessed, accidental edits can be undone.
* No one can edit your work without your knowledge.
* Create [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Cloud_Embryology&printable=yes Printable versions] for handouts.
* Work offline by converting you presentation into a web archive or PDF.

==Getting Started==

The first step in participating in this trial and preparing your own online resource is to contact me, [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au Dr Mark Hill].

* This is a purely educational site with no commercial affiliations or content.

{{Educational Warning}}

{{Glossary}}

[[Category:Help]]

Cloud Embryology

2011-08-16T06:47:40Z

MarkHill: /* 3. Links and your content remain permanently available */

[[File:Clouds 02.jpg|thumb|300px|The "Cloud" Embryology Concept]]
==Introduction==

:'''''"Cloud embryology is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable embryology resources"'''''

This embryology resource has now been online since 1997 and transferred to the new Wiki format in 2009. The 1997 site was purely a website with no interaction available to the reader other than playing and controlling animations. The 2009 site initially was a transfer and reformatting of the original content pages. This was enhanced by addition of quizzes and followed by student online collaborative project work.

This is the next developmental step.

==The Problem==
During the course of this project there have been numerous requests for reuse of content by students, researchers and educators for many different educational purposes. In many cases this has been easy to allow, but in others there were copyright issues controlling how content could be correctly reused.

==The Solution==

:'''''If you are an educator with access to the internet then you can now prepare your presentation here!'''''

Beginning 2011 I am trialling the access of educators from Universities and High Schools to prepare their own online presentations from the vast resources (5,000 uploaded files) already available on this Embryology website.

# There is no complex programming.
# The content is already uploaded on the site.
# Links and your content remain permanently available.

===1. There is no complex programming===

* The website is a Wiki-based format.
* This software is easy to use, proved to be stable and continuously updated.
* There are online [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] to get you started.
* In many cases you can simply use the existing content, cut-n-paste and adapt to your purposes.

===2. The content is already uploaded on the site===
* There are Medical, Science and General Education pages with clearly identified content.
* The search window can be used to find specific content (text, images and animations).
* The [[Special:Categories|Categories]] group content by topic.
* The [[Glossary_of_terms|Glossary]] has simplified explanations of embryology terms and acronyms, with linked resources.
* The [[Movies]] page links to both [[Flash_Movies|Flash]] and [[Quicktime_Movies|Quicktime]] versions of all animations and movies.

===3. Links and your content remain permanently available===
* Your work will be highly visible, identifiable as your work, and you can also choose to receive feedback.
* The site is part of an ongoing educational resource.
* All content is available on the internet.
* All versions of your work are available, earlier versions can be accessed, accidental edits can be undone.
* No one can edit your work without your knowledge.
* Create [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Cloud_Embryology&printable=yes Printable versions] for handouts.
* Work offline by converting you presentation into a web archive or PDF.

==Getting Started==

The first step in participating in this trial and preparing your own online resource is to contact me, [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au Dr Mark Hill].

* This is a purely educational site with no commercial affiliations or content.

{{Glossary}}

[[Category:Help]]

Cloud Embryology

2011-08-16T06:46:57Z

MarkHill: /* 3. Links and your content remain permanently available */

[[File:Clouds 02.jpg|thumb|300px|The "Cloud" Embryology Concept]]
==Introduction==

:'''''"Cloud embryology is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable embryology resources"'''''

This embryology resource has now been online since 1997 and transferred to the new Wiki format in 2009. The 1997 site was purely a website with no interaction available to the reader other than playing and controlling animations. The 2009 site initially was a transfer and reformatting of the original content pages. This was enhanced by addition of quizzes and followed by student online collaborative project work.

This is the next developmental step.

==The Problem==
During the course of this project there have been numerous requests for reuse of content by students, researchers and educators for many different educational purposes. In many cases this has been easy to allow, but in others there were copyright issues controlling how content could be correctly reused.

==The Solution==

:'''''If you are an educator with access to the internet then you can now prepare your presentation here!'''''

Beginning 2011 I am trialling the access of educators from Universities and High Schools to prepare their own online presentations from the vast resources (5,000 uploaded files) already available on this Embryology website.

# There is no complex programming.
# The content is already uploaded on the site.
# Links and your content remain permanently available.

===1. There is no complex programming===

* The website is a Wiki-based format.
* This software is easy to use, proved to be stable and continuously updated.
* There are online [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] to get you started.
* In many cases you can simply use the existing content, cut-n-paste and adapt to your purposes.

===2. The content is already uploaded on the site===
* There are Medical, Science and General Education pages with clearly identified content.
* The search window can be used to find specific content (text, images and animations).
* The [[Special:Categories|Categories]] group content by topic.
* The [[Glossary_of_terms|Glossary]] has simplified explanations of embryology terms and acronyms, with linked resources.
* The [[Movies]] page links to both [[Flash_Movies|Flash]] and [[Quicktime_Movies|Quicktime]] versions of all animations and movies.

===3. Links and your content remain permanently available===
* The site is part of an ongoing educational resource.
* All content is available on the internet and identifiable as your content.
* All versions of your work are available, earlier versions can be accessed, accidental edits can be undone.
* No one can edit your work without your knowledge.
* Your work will be highly visible, identifiable as your work, and you can also choose to receive feedback.
* Create [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Cloud_Embryology&printable=yes Printable versions] for handouts.
* Work offline by converting you presentation into a web archive or PDF.

==Getting Started==

The first step in participating in this trial and preparing your own online resource is to contact me, [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au Dr Mark Hill].

* This is a purely educational site with no commercial affiliations or content.

{{Glossary}}

[[Category:Help]]