This page contains a number of selected external Pancreas References and links to searchable reference databases. Note that new reference materials are constantly being added and the student interested in the latest findings should carry out their own search of the current NCBI Pubmed database.
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Morphogenic development of the pancreas in the staged human embryo. Park HW, Chae YM, Shin TS Yonsei Med J 1992 Jun;33(2):104-8 "The Carnegie stage is widely applied in the field of human embryology, and it is more logical to analyze the embryos by this stage than CR length or menstrual age. In this study, the early development of the pancreas is studied by tissue observation and reconstruction using serial sections of 33 human embryo ranging from Carnegie stages 11 to 23. The dorsal pancreas develops from the dorsal wall of the duodenum in stage 12, and the ventral pancreas from the proximal part of the cystic primordium in stage 13 or 14 as a single epithelial thickening, but in one case, as a bilateral thickening which contains some isolated spaces. The rotation of the ventral pancreas starts in stage 15, and completes in stage 17. Surrounding connective tissue differentiates in stage 18."
Distribution and Function of the Adhesion Molecule BEN during Rat Development. Stephan JP, Bald L, Roberts PE, Lee J, Gu Q, Mather JP Dev Biol 1999 Aug 15;212(2):264-277 "It is well established that the notochord influences the development of adjacent neural and mesodermal tissue. Involvement of the notochord in the differentiation of the dorsal pancreas has been demonstrated. We show that Ag 2117 regulates the pancreatic epithelial cell growth through the ras and Jun kinase pathways. In addition, we demonstrate that Ag 2117 is able to regulate the expression of the transcription factor PDX1, required for insulin gene expression, in embryonic pancreas organ cultures."
Search PubMed: Pancreas Development
Jensen J. Gene regulatory factors in pancreatic development. Dev Dyn. 2004 Jan;229(1):176-200. Review.
St-Onge L, Wehr R, Gruss P. Pancreas development and diabetes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1999 Jun;9(3):295-300. Review.
"The past few years have seen an increase in interest about the molecular and genetic events regulating pancreas development. Transcription factors such as Pdx1, p48 and Nkx2.2 have been shown to be essential for the proper differentiation of exocrine and endocrine tissue; however, pancreas development also involves intricate interactions between the pancreatic epithelium and its surrounding mesenchyme. Signalling factors emanating from the notochord have been shown to repress Sonic hedgehog expression in the endoderm whereas signals originating from the pancreatic mesenchyme determine the proportion of exocrine to endocrine tissue. Understanding the molecular and genetic events underlying pancreas development also opens the door for devising new therapeutic strategies against pancreatic diseases such as diabetes and cancer."
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This page contains some selected Pancreas development references for background reading on the topic.
Note that all searches require an internet connection, are provided by others, and are not part of the UNSW Embryology CD.
Also note that as the internet is always changing, some search links may eventually cease to function.
Contact me if you have any recent topics or links that may be relevant.
Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.