Y Chromosome
Embryology - 21 May 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46, XY) and females have a pair of X chromosomes (46, XX). The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and contains 50 million base pairs encoding approximately 200+ genes. The Sry gene (location Yp11.3), found in 1990, encodes is responsible for male sex determination. SRY mutations lead to XY sex reversal in humans, and XX mice with an SRY transgene develop as fertile males. Interestingly, the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, has at least 6 full length copies of the Sry gene.[1]
Placental male mammals have SRY protein transcription factor that activates Sox9 for testes formation. SRY evolved as a hybrid gene of Dgcr8 expressed in the developing placenta and Sox3 expressed in hypothalamic development.
SRY encodes a 204 amino acid protein that is a member of the HMG (High mobility group) box class of DNA-binding proteins. Transcription factors bind to specific sites of DNA and regulates the transcription (expression) of other genes.
The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome was originally called the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY). This region consists of three different classes of euchromatic sequences:
- X-transposed
- X-degenerate
- ampliconic sequences
The Y and X chromosome are both transcriptionally silenced during spermatogenesis, at primary spermatocyte stage onward, by a process called meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). (More? Meiosis)
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Idiogram Chromosome Banding - The term refers to the light and dark pattern, seen after staining with a dye, of individual chromosomes identified in metaphase. It is only in meiosis and mitosis during metaphase that chromosomes can be easily identified, during the normal cell life (interphase) the chromosomes are unravelled and distributed within the nucleus in chromosome territories. A band is that part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from nearby regions by appearing darker or brighter with one or more banding techniques. | |
Genetic abnormality locations: 1-4 | 5-8 | 9-12 | 13-16 | 17-20 | 21-XY | sSMC | |
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Links: Genetics | Abnormal Development - Genetic |
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 21) Embryology Y Chromosome. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Y_Chromosome
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Y Chromosome <pubmed limit=5>Y Chromosome</pubmed> |
History
- 1916 - Bridges[2][3] describes the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster and shows that sex is determined by the X:autosome ratio
- 1923 - Painter[4] describes the Sex chromosomes in mammals - it is assumed that sex determining mechanism will be the same as Drosophila
- 1959 - Ford et al.[5] find a human XO and female - Turner's syndrome
- 1959 - Jacobs and Strong[6] find an XXY male - Kleinfelter's syndrome
- together these prove that the Y chromosome determines sex and not the X:autosome ratio
- 1989 XX males found that carry a very small portion of Y chromosomal DNA (60kb)
- using DNA from these males a search for the testis determining gene, TDF or TDY led to the isolation of the gene
- gene called SRY because it comes from the Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome. It is the molecular "switch" that determines sex in humans
Y Chromosome Genes
- Links: OMIM - acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase-like | OMIM - heat shock transcription factor, Y-linked 1 | OMIM - testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 5 | OMIM - sprouty homolog 3 (Drosophila)
Male Sex Determination
Sry (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene was found in 1990 on the Y chromosome and the first Sox gene identified, the sry gene encodes a "testis-determining factor" a 204aa protein (Mr 23884 Da).
Sry acts as a transcriptional activator (HMG type-high mobility group) binding to DNA and initiating male sex determination then regulating male development. The protein sequence is shown on this current page and the full genebank entry can also be seen. The sry protein has a HMG box that binds DNA by intercalating in the minor groove. Read about the mapping of the testis determining factor which is SRY.
The actual gene targets of SRY are still being determined but at least one downstream gene Sox9 has been identified. Another gene Dax1 (nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily member) when expressed as a transgene will antagonize Sry and also force dosage-sensitive sex reversal.
Sox
Sox is an acronym of "Sry-related HMG box" and there have now been identified at least eight groups of genes that belong to this family with different functions. (for review see[7]) The "HMG box" is a region that functions for DNA binding, DNA bending, protein interactions, and nuclear import or export.
The high mobility group (HMG) domain is a 79 amino acid protein region.
SRY Nuclear Import
A model for nuclear import of SRY from normal males and XY females. [8]
The distinct nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of SRY use different import pathways.
- cNLS - recognized by IMPβ, docks the transport complex at the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and is then translocation through. After nuclear entry of the complex, RanGTP binds to IMPβ to trigger release of SRY; DNA binding by SRY may also facilitate the release process.
- nNLS - mediates nuclear import through a novel pathway not utilizing conventional nuclear import factors such as IMPs but an unidentified "transport factor" (TF) suggested to be calcium-calmodulin.
Sry Target Genes
Cerebellin 4 precursor (Cbln4) - encodes a secreted protein expressed in Sertoli cells in the developing gonad.[9]
Androgen receptor - SRY interacts with and negatively regulates this receptor transcriptional activity.[10]
Testis-specific Protein Y Chromosome
Testis-specific Protein Y Chromosome (TSPY) is an ampliconic gene on the Y chromosome with an unknown function, though the protein that has been shown to interact with gonadoblastoma. A recent study suggests that TSPY serves as a repressor in androgen-induced tumor development in testicular germ-cell tumours (TGCTs).[11]
Pseudoautosomal Regions
These are two intervals of sequence identity at the tips of both the Y and X chromosomes, the human pseudoautosomal regions PAR1 and PAR2.[12] Loss of PAR1 has been associated with male sterility. |
References
- ↑ <pubmed>17408480</pubmed>| PMC1852568 | BMC Genet.
- ↑ <pubmed>17245850</pubmed>| PDF
- ↑ <pubmed>17245853</pubmed>| PDF
- ↑ <pubmed>17748214</pubmed>| Science
- ↑ <pubmed>13642858</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>13632697</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>17625949</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12764225</pubmed>| PMC165827 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
- ↑ <pubmed>19211811</pubmed>| PMC2804802 | Biol Reprod.
- ↑ <pubmed>11585838</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21041627</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>18398439</pubmed>
Online Textbooks
Search NLM Online Textbooks "Y chromosome" : Developmental Biology | Endocrinology | Molecular Biology of the Cell | The Cell- A molecular Approach
Reviews
<pubmed>20005972</pubmed> <pubmed>19699459</pubmed> <pubmed>18062864</pubmed> <pubmed>17237341</pubmed> <pubmed>15949865</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>21039604</pubmed> <pubmed>2030730</pubmed> <pubmed>1695712</pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search November 2010 "Y Chromosome" - All (11590) Review (1052) Free Full Text (2688)
Search Pubmed: Y Chromosome | SRY
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Ensembl Y Chromosome
- Genome View Y chromosome
- OMIM SRY
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 21) Embryology Y Chromosome. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Y_Chromosome
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G