Talk:2009 Lecture 1

e historic background to Embryology. Historically, say pre-20th century, Embryology was not easily separated from Medicine, Anatomy and Physiology and other biological sciences. I have also divided, for brevity, into pre-20th century, pre-molecular (lets call it 70's) and the current molecular embryology.

See also a [../News/history.htm Timeline of Historical Embryology]

Long Ago

[page2.htm#Arabian_Medicine Arabian Medicine]

[page2.htm#Mediaeval Mediaeval]

[page2.htm#Great_Anatomists The Great Anatomists]

[page2.htm#Philosopher-Scientists Philosopher-Scientists]

[page2.htm#16c17c 16-17C Medicine]

A series of Anatomies from [page11.htm Early History 1600-1700].

[page2b.htm Harvey]

[page2c.htm Leeuwenhoek]

[page2.htm#18canatomy 18C Anatomy and Physiology]

19th Century

[page2.htm#19canatomy 19C Anatomy]

1880 - image excerpts from a historic study of German embryologist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) [page1880.htm Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen (1880)].

Leydig cells named after german zoologist Franz von Leydig (1821 - 1908). (Franz von Leydig)

[page4f.htm Evolution Theories] | [page4g.htm Evolution Darwin]

1824 - Rolando cut chemically hardened (fixed) pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination

1889 - Camille Golgi discovered a method of silver staining hardened brain tissues

[page5c.htm Brain and Mind]

[page5d.htm Brain Structure]

Early 20th Century

1914 - image excerpts from a historic study of [page1914.htm The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914],

1918 - links to images from [page1918.htm Anatomy of the Human Body by Gray, W 1918]

1935 - [page1935.htm Hans Spemann's 1935 nobel speech].

Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some [../Movies/historic.htm Historic Movies 1920-1960].

Late 20th Century

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the [#Nobel Nobel Prizes for Medicine]. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes.

Some key women in development [../Child/apgar.htm 1953 Virginia Apgar] and [page1965.htm 1965 Le Douarin].

1953 - [../Child/apgar.htm Virginia Apgar] Apgar Test.

1965 - Neural Crest Research [page1965.htm Nicole Le Douarin].

1978 - First IVF baby born

21st Century

2000 - Human Genome Draft

2001 talk given by Robert Winston "[page2001.htm Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century]".

2000 - Human Genome Complete

Also see [#WWW Links WWW Links] to other History of Medicine Resources, particularly Dr. Ian Carr's brief paper on The History of Childbirth, and Neonatology on the Web has a long list of historic Classic Papers in Neonatal Medicine.

Reading

Most Textbooks include Embryology Historic issues in the preface, opening chapter or within each chapter as a special section or highlighted text box. Therefore no specific chapter or page reference is shown for the texts below.

• Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson
• The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud
• Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud
• Essentials of Human Embryology Larson
• Fitzgerald

History of Science

by Henry Smith Williams

Book Sections: [page2.htm Index] | [page3.htm Arabian Medicine] | [page3a.htm Mediaeval] | [page2a.htm The great anatomists] | [page2b.htm The coming of Harvey] | [page2c.htm Leeuwenhoek][page2d.htm 16th and 17th Medicine] | [page2e.htm Philosopher-Scientists] | [page4.htm 18C Anat/Physiol] | [page4a.htm 18th C Anat/Phys Part 2] | [page4b.htm 18th C Anat/Phys Part 3] | [page4c.htm 19th C Anat/ Phys Part 1] | [page4d.htm 19th C Anat/ Phys Part 2] | [page4e.htm 19th C Anat/ Phys Part 3] | [page4f.htm Evolution Part 1] | [page4g.htm Evolution Part 2] | [page5.htm Medicine] [page5.htm Medicine 18thC] | [page5a.htm Medicine 19thC Pt1] | [page5b.htm Medicine 19thC Pt2] | [page5c.htm Brain and Mind] | [page5d.htm Brain Structure]

References

• [page11.htm Early history references 1600-1700]
• See [ref.htm Historic Reference Page]
• A HISTORY OF SCIENCE by Henry Smith Williams
• THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES by Charles Darwin

Nobel awards in Medicine

• The Nobel Prize Homepage has a searchable database and an annual table of awards.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 - discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death' Summary: "The human body consists of hundreds of cell types, all originating from the fertilized egg. During the embryonic and foetal periods, the number of cells increase dramatically. The cells mature and become specialized to form the various tissues and organs of the body. Large numbers of cells are formed also in the adult body. In parallel with this generation of new cells, cell death is a normal process, both in the foetus and adult, to maintain the appropriate number of cells in the tissues. This delicate, controlled elimination of cells is called programmed cell death."
• The discovery of Hox genes and other genes related to body pattern formation. The fly Antennapedia mutant during development the embryo incorrectly positions two legs (pedia) where antenna should have been positioned. The discovery of this mutant in opened up the field of developmental genes and this field has recently (1995) been rewarded with a Nobel prize in Medicine. See also [../OtherEmb/Fly.htm#antennapedia Fly Development notes]
• Award Details: "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
  • LEWIS, EDWARD B., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., * 1918
  • N√úSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut f√ºr Entwicklungsbiologie, T√ºbingen, Germany, * 1942
  • WIESCHAUS, ERIC F., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., * 1947

WWW Links

• • Hippocrates on the Web
    • Faculty of Medicine of the University of Manitoba.
    • Histories of Medicine on the web by Manitoba Authors
    • DYING TO HAVE A BABY - THE HISTORY OF CHILDBIRTH
      • by Dr. Ian Carr,  Professor of Pathology
  • Hannah Chair, History of Medicine, Queen's University
  • Karolinska Institute- History of Biomedicine
  • MEDICAL HISTORY ON THE INTERNET
    • only a list of links
  • Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
  • WWW Virtual Library - History of Medicine
  • Antique Medical Instruments- Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
  • Online Microscopes
  • Neonatology on the Web
    • Classic Papers in Neonatal Medicine- (A large list of historic texts available online)
      • An Essay upon Nursing and the Management of Children, from their Birth to Three Years of Age, Third Edition, by William Cadogan, 1749. == Glossary of Terms ==

[../Notes/Index/B.htm B] | [../Notes/Index/C.htm C] | [../Notes/Index/D.htm D] | [../Notes/Index/E.htm E] | [../Notes/Index/F.htm F] | [../Notes/Index/G.htm G] | [../Notes/Index/H.htm H] | [../Notes/Index/I.htm I] | [../Notes/Index/J.htm J] | [../Notes/Index/K.htm K] | [../Notes/Index/L.htm L] | [../Notes/Index/M.htm M] | [../Notes/Index/N.htm N] | [../Notes/Index/O.htm O] | [../Notes/Index/P.htm P] | [../Notes/Index/Q.htm Q] | [../Notes/Index/R.htm R] | [../Notes/Index/S.htm S] | [../Notes/Index/T.htm T] | [../Notes/Index/U.htm U] | [../Notes/Index/V.htm V] | [../Notes/Index/W.htm W] | [../Notes/Index/X.htm X] | [../Notes/Index/Y.htm Y] | [../Notes/Index/Z.htm Z]

• == Quick Links ==

History Pages:

Page 1 | [page2.htm 2] | [page3.htm 3] | [page4.htm 4] | [page5.htm 5]
[page3.htm Arabian Medicine] | [page3a.htm Mediaeval] | [page2a.htm The great anatomists] | [page2b.htm The coming of Harvey] | [page2c.htm Leeuwenhoek][page2d.htm 16th and 17th Medicine] | [page2e.htm Philosopher-Scientists] | [page4.htm 18C Anat/Physiol] | [page4a.htm Part 2] | [page4b.htm Part 3] | [page4c.htm 19th C Anat/ Phys Part 1] | [page4d.htm Part 2] | [page4e.htm Part 3] | [page4f.htm Evolution Part 1] | [page4g.htm Part 2] | [page5.htm Medicine] [page5.htm 18th] | [page5a.htm 19th Pt1] | [page5b.htm 19th Pt2] | [page5c.htm Brain and Mind] | [page5d.htm Brain Structure]

• • === UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 ===

UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G

• • === Internal Links History ===

Introduction[page11.htm Early History 1600-1700][page3.htm Arabian Medicine][page3a.htm Mediaeval][page2a.htm The great Anatomists][page2b.htm Harvey][page2c.htm Leeuwenhoek] [page2d.htm 16th and 17th Medicine][page2e.htm Philosopher-Scientists][page4.htm 18C Anat/Physiol] [page4a.htm Part 2] [page4b.htm Part 3][page4c.htm 19C Anat/Physiol] [page4d.htm Part 2] [page4e.htm Part 3][page4f.htm Evolution Part 1] [page4g.htm Part 2][page5.htm Medicine] [page5.htm 18C Medicine][page5a.htm 19C Medicine Part 1] [page5b.htm Part 2][page5c.htm Brain and Mind][page5d.htm Brain Structure][page11.htm Historical Anatomies][page1880.htm 1880 Wilhelm His][page1914.htm 1914 FW Thyng][page1935.htm 1935 Hans Spemann][../Child/apgar.htm 1953 Virginia Apgar][page1965.htm 1965 Le Douarin][page2001.htm 2001 Robert Winston][../education/education.htm Education]