Introduction
The musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage and
is mainly mesoderm in origin with some neural crest contribution. Listed below are some of the resources used and
search buttons to carry out your own current search of external databases.
PubMed
Search PubMed database with selected terms:
CD Users note - Requires internet connection. Also searches can be combined using "History" or "Limits" option.
PubMed Papers
Human Bone Development
- Species comparison of postnatal bone growth and development.
Zoetis T, Tassinari MS, Bagi C, Walthall K, Hurtt ME.
Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003 Apr;68(2):86-110. Review. MH Comment: Excellent recent review of postnatal human bone development.
Paper gives an introduction to bone structure and terminology as well as tabulated comparisons of bone development (time) in humans and common laboratory animals (mouse, rat, rabbit, dog and monkey).
Muscle Development
The following are links to PubMed results from 1999 searches see also Muscle Review List (1999) and Somite Review List (1999)
- Francisco J Naya, Eric Olson MEF2: a
transcriptional target for signaling pathways
controlling skeletal muscle growth and
differentiation Current Opinion in Cell
Biology 1999, 11:683-688.
- Arnold H-H, Winter B:
Muscle differentiation: more complexity to
the network of myogenic regulators.
Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998, 8:
539-544.
- Currie PD, Ingham PW:
The generation and interpretation of
positional information within the vertebrate
myotome.
Mech Dev 1998, 73: 3-21.L,
Olson EN:
Transcriptional control of muscle development
by myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2)
proteins.
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1998, 14:
167-196.
- Black BL, Molkentin JD, Olson EN:
Multiple roles for the MyoD basic region in
transmission of transcriptional activation
signals and interaction with MEF2.
Mol Cell Biol 1998, 18:
69-77.
- Gerber AN, Klessert TR, Bergstrom DA,
Tapscott SJ:
Two domains of MyoD mediate transcriptional
activation of genes in repressive chromatin: a
mechanism for lineage determination in
myogenesis.
Genes Dev 1997, 11:
436-450.
- Puri PL, Sartorelli V, Yang XJ, Hamamori Y,
Ogryzko VV, Howard BH, Kedes L, Wang JY,
Graessmann A, Nakatani Y, Levrero M:
Differential roles of p300 and PCAF histone
acetyltransferases in muscle
differentiation.
Mol Cell 1997, 1:
35-45.
- Bailey P, Sartorelli V, Hamamori Y, Muscat
GE:
The orphan nuclear receptor, COUP-TF II,
inhibits myogenesis by post-transcriptional
regulation of MyoD function: COUP-TF II directly
interacts with p300 and MyoD.
Nucleic Acids Res 1998, 23:
5501-5510.
- Bailey P, Downes M, Lau P, Harris J, Chen
SL, Hamamori Y, Sartorelli V, Muscat GE:
The nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR
regulates differentiation: N-CoR directly
interacts with MyoD.
Mol Endocrinol 1999, 13:
1155-1168.
- Grayson J, Bassel-Buby R, Williams RS:
Collaborative interactions between MEF-2 and
Sp1 in muscle-specific gene interaction.
J Cell Biochem 1998, 70:
366-375.
- Kraine D, Bai G, Okamoto S, Carles M, Kusiak
JW, Brent RN, Lipton SA:
Synergistic activation of the
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1
promoter by myocyte enhancer factor 2C and
Sp1.
J Biol Chem 1998, 273:
26218-26224.
- Lakich MM, Diagana TT, North DL, Whalen
RG:
MEF-2 and Oct-1 bind to two homologous
promoter sequence elements and participate in
the expression of a skeletal muscle-specific
gene.
J Biol Chem 1998, 273:
15217-15226.
- Naya FJ, Wu C, Richardson JA, Overbeek P,
Olson EN:
Transcriptional activity of MEF2 during mouse
embryogenesis monitored with a MEF2-dependent
transgene.
Development 1999, 126:
2045-2052.
- De Angelis L, Borghi S, Melchionna R,
Berghella L, Baccarani Contri M, Parise F,
Ferrari S, Cossu G:
Inhibition of myogenesis by transforming
growth factor beta is density-dependent and
related to the translocation of transcription
factor MEF2 to the cytoplasm.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:
12358-12363.
- Wilson-Rawls J, Molkentin J, Black B, Olson
E:
Activated Notch inhibits myogenic activity of
the MADS-box transcription factor myocyte
enhancer factor 2C.
Mol Cell Biol 1999, 19:
2853-2862.
- Bennet AM, Tonks NK:
Regulation of distinct stages of skeletal
muscle differentiation by mitogen-activated
protein kinases.
Science 1997, 278:
1288-1291.
- Zetser A, Gredinger E, Bengal E:
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
promotes skeletal muscle
differentiation.
J Biol Chem 1999, 274:
5193-5200.
- Han J, Jiang Y, Li Z, Kravchenko VV,
Ulevitch RJ:
Activation of the transcription factor MEF2C
by the MAP kinase p38 in inflammation.
Nature 1997, 386:
296-299.
- Kato Y, Kravchenko VV, Tapping RI, Han J,
Ulevitch RJ, Lee J-D:
BMK1/ERK5 regulates serum-induced early gene
expression through transcription factor
MEF2C.
EMBO J 1997, 16:
7054-7066.
- Zhao M, New L, Kravchenko VV, Kat Y, Gram H,
Di Padova F, Olson EN, Ulevitch RJ, Han J:
Regulation of the MEF2 family of
transcription factors by p38.
Mol Cell Biol 1999, 19:
21-30.
- Yang C-C, Ornatsky O, McDermott JC, Cruz TF,
Prody CA:
Interaction of myocyte enhancer factor 2
(MEF2) with a mitogen-activated protein kinase,
ERK5/BMK1.
Nucleic Acids Res 1998, 26:
4771-4777.
- Clarke N, Arenzana N, Hai T, Minden A,
Prywes R:
Epidermal growth factor induction of the
c-jun promoter by a rac pathway.
Mol Cell Biol 1998, 18:
1065-1073.
- Ornatsky OI, Cox DM, Tangirala P, Andreucci
JJ, Quinn ZA, Wrana JL, Prywes R, Yu Y-T,
McDermott JC:
Post-translational control of the MEF2A
transcriptional regulatory protein.
Nucleic Acids Res 1999, 27:
2646-2654.
- Marinissen MJ, Chiariello M, Pallante M,
Gutkind JS:
A network of mitogen-activated protein
kinases links G protein-coupled receptors to the
c-jun promoter: a role for c-Jun
NH2-terminal kinase, p38s, and
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5.
Mol Cell Biol 1999, 19:
4289-4301.
- Yang S, Galanis A, Sharrocks AD:
Targeting of p38 mitogen activated protein
kinases to MEF2 transcription factors.
Mol Cell Biol 1999, 19:
4028-4038. K, Perlman H:
Cell cycle exit upon myogenic
differentiation.
Curr Opin Genet Dev 1997, 7:
597-602.
- Novitch BG, Mulligan GJ, Jacks T, Lassar
AB:
Skeletal muscle cells lacking the
retinoblastoma protein display defects in muscle
gene expression and accumulate in S and
G2 phases of the cell cycle.
J Cell Biol 1996, 135:
441-456.
- Sellers WR, Novitch BG, Miyake S, Heith A,
Otterson GA, Kaye FJ, Lassar AB, Kaelin WG
Jr:
Stable binding to E2F is not required for the
retinoblastoma protein to activate
transcription, promote differentiation, and
suppress tumor cell growth.
Genes Dev 1998, 12:
95-106.
- Zhang P, Wong C, Liu D, Finegold M, Harper
JW, Elledge SJ:
p21CIP1 and p57KIP2
control muscle differentiation at the myogenin
step.
Genes Dev 1999, 13:
213-224.
- Novitch BG, Spicer DB, Kim PS, Cheung WL,
Lassar AB:
pRb is required for MEF2-dependent gene
expression as well as cell-cycle arrest during
skeletal muscle differentiation.
Curr Biol 1999, 9:
449-459.
- Chin E, Olson EN, Yang Q, Shelton J,
Bassel-Duby R, Williams RS:
A calcineurin dependent transcriptional
pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber
type.
Genes Dev 1998, 12:
2499-2509.
- Calvo S, Venepally P, Cheng J, Bounanno
A:
Fiber-type specific transcription of the
troponin I slow gene is regulated by multiple
elelments.
Mol Cell Biol 1999, 19:
515-525.
- Esser K, Nelson T, Lupa-Kimball V, Blough E:
- The CACC box and myocyte enhancer
factor-2 sites within the myosin light chain
2 slow promoter cooperate in regulating
nerve-specific transcription in skeletal
muscle.
J Biol Chem 1999, 274:
12095-12102.
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Comments
This page contains links to references that relate to Development of the Musculoskeletal System.
Muscle and Bone really require separate Notes sections to cover in detail. Also remember the Neural crest contribution, particularly in the head region.
Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.
