UNSW Embryology

Neural Crest - WWW Links

© Dr Mark Hill (2009)

Acknowledgements

Introduction

The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, heart, endocrine, GIT) will have a contribution fron the neural crest cells. General neural development is also covered in another section of these notes (Neural).

Beside the spinal cord neural crest cells form the sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia). In the head region neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) and form many different structures.

ExternalWWW Links Relevant to Neural Crest Development

• Paul Kulesa's Homepage
  • Neural crest cell dynamics revealed by time-lapse video microscopy of whole embryo chick explant cultures. Kulesa PM, Fraser SE Dev Biol 1998 Dec 15;204(2):327-44
  • Excellent recent paper with timelapse videos
  • Also pages on
    • neural crest cell migration
    • segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain
• Society for Neuroscience
  • Brain Briefings
  • Brain Backgrounders
  • Definitions for common neuroscience terms
  • Journal of Neuroscience (see also Journals listed below)
    • current issue- table of Contents
    • search the Journal
• Comparative Brain Collection- Wisconsin/Michigan State Brain Collection
  • Adrianne Noe, Wally Welker, John Irwin Johnson
  • List of Species specimens
  • Human (Homo sapiens)
    • 8 Standard Views
• The Whole Brain Atlas
  • Keith A. Johnson, M.D. (keith@bwh.harvard.edu), J. Alex Becker (jabecker@mit.edu)
• See also Senses WWW Link Page
• Science Magazine Collection of Articles on development
• Virtual Hospital- Australia, USA
• March of Dimes Home Page
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Resource and Materials Guide
• Down Syndrome- Down Syndrome WWW Page
• The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education
  • CNS Pathology Index

Some Recent Findings

Brito JM, Teillet MA, Le Douarin NM. An early role for Sonic hedgehog from foregut endoderm in jaw development: Ensuring neural crest cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 1;103(31):11607-12. Epub 2006 Jul 25.

"The results may help to explain how some embryos, such as zebrafish, can achieve rapid pigmentation after fertilization, whereas others, such as mice, become pigmented only several days after birth." Hou L, Arnheiter H, Pavan WJ. Interspecies difference in the regulation of melanocyte development by SOX10 and MITF Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 103: 9081-9085

Two different findings on the reprogramming of melanoma cells, which have a neural crest origin, when transplanted between species into embryos.

Kulesa PM, Kasemeier-Kulesa JC, Teddy JM, Margaryan NV, Seftor EA, Seftor RE, Hendrix MJ. Reprogramming metastatic melanoma cells to assume a neural crest cell-like phenotype in an embryonic microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 27; [Epub ahead of print]

Lee LM, Seftor EA, Bonde G, Cornell RA, Hendrix MJ. The fate of human malignant melanoma cells transplanted into zebrafish embryos: assessment of migration and cell division in the absence of tumor formation. Dev Dyn. 2005 Aug;233(4):1560-70.

Reading

• Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Ch
• The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch
• Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch
• Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Ch
• Human Embryology Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch
• Additional References- Selected,
• Search PubMed- Medline

Computer Activities

UNSW Embryology:

• Neural Crest Abnormalities
• Neural Crest early embryo (stage 13/14)
• Neural Crest late embryo (stage 22)
• Selected Human (stage 22) high power

Embryo Images Unit:

• Neural Crest

Human Embryology Movies:

Video

References

Search PubMed:   

• Selected Lists of References from PubMed March 1999 search results are available for School of Anatomy computers without internet access. Computers with internet access can search from either Page 2 or PubMed Internet Access
  • Selected Research Articles and Reviews

• Martín García-Castro, Marianne Bronner-Fraser Induction and differentiation of the neural crest Current Opinion in Cell Biology 1999, 11:695-698.
  • excellent recent review on liver development. (source for references cited below)
• Baker CV, Bronner-Fraser M:
  The origins of the neural crest Part I: Embryonic induction.
  Mech Dev 1997, 69: 3&endash;11.
• Groves AK, Bronner-Fraser M:
  Neural crest diversification.
  Curr Top Dev Biol 1999, 43: 221&endash;258.
• LaBonne C, Bronner-Fraser M: Molecular mechanisms of neural crest formation. In Annu Rev Cell 1999, in press.
• Anderson DJ:
  Cellular and molecular biology of neural crest cell lineage determination.
  Trends Genet 1997, 13: 276&endash;280.
• Lee KJ, Jessell TM:
  The specification of dorsal cell fates in the vertebrate central nervous system.
  Annu Rev Neurosci 1999, 22: 261&endash;294.
• Vaglia JL, Hall BK:
  Regulation of neural crest cell populations: occurrence, distribution and underlaying mechanisms.
  Int J Dev Biol 1999, 43: 95&endash;110.
• Bronner-Fraser M, Fraser SE:
  Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells.
  Nature 1988, 335: 161&endash;164.
• Bronner-Fraser M, Fraser S:
  Developmental potential of avian trunk neural crest cells in situ.
  Neuron 1989, 3: 755&endash;766.
• Artinger KB, Chitnis AB, Mercola M, Driever W:
  Zebrafish narrowminded suggests a genetic link between formation of neural crest and primary sensory neurons.
  Development 1999, 126: 3969&endash;3979.
• Selleck MA, Bronner-Fraser M:
  Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions.
  Development 1995, 121: 525&endash;538.
• Bonstein L, Elias S, Frank D:
  Paraxial-fated mesoderm is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos.
  Development 1998, 192: 156&endash;168.
• Basler K, Edlund T, Jessell TM, Yamada T:
  Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: regulation of cell differentiation by dorsalin-1, a novel TGF beta family member.
  Cell 1993, 73: 687&endash;702.
• Liem KF, Tremml G Jr, Roelink H, Jessell TM:
  Dorsal differentiation of neural plate cells induced by BMP-mediated signals from epidermal ectoderm.
  Cell 1995, 82: 969&endash;979.
• Liem KF, Tremml G Jr, Jessell TM:
  A role for the roof plate and its resident TGFbeta-related proteins in neuronal patterning in the dorsal spinal cord.
  Cell 1997, 91: 127&endash;138.
• • Selleck MA, Garcia-Castro MI, Artinger KB, Bronner-Fraser M:
  Effects of Shh and Noggin on neural crest formation demonstrate that BMP is required in the neural tube but not ectoderm.
  Development 1998, 125: 4919&endash;4930.
• LaBonne C, Bronner-Fraser M:
  Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model.
  Development 1998, 125: 2403&endash;2414.
• Ikeya M, Lee SM, Johnson JE, McMahon AP, Takada S:
  Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors.
  Nature 1997, 389: 966&endash;970.
• Dorsky RI, Moon RT, Raible DW:
  Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway.
  Nature 1998, 396: 370&endash;373.
• Saint-Jeannet JP, He X, Varmus HE, Dawid IB:
  Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a.
  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94: 13713&endash;13718.
• Chang C, Hemmati-Brivanlou A:
  Neural crest induction by Xwnt7B in Xenopus.
  Dev Biol 1998, 194: 129&endash;134.
• Bang AG, Papalopulu N, Goulding MD, Kintner C:
  Expression of pax-3 in the lateral neural plate is dependent on a wnt-mediated signal from posterior nonaxial mesoderm.
  Dev Biol 1999, 212: 366&endash;380.
• Akitaya T, Bronner-Fraser M:
  Expression of cell adhesion molecules during initiation and cessation of neural crest cell migration.
  Dev Dyn 1992, 194: 12&endash;20.
• Nakagawa S, Takeichi M:
  Neural crest cell&endash;cell adhesion controlled by sequential and subpopulation-specific expression of novel cadherins.
  Development 1995, 12: 1321&endash;1332.
• Nakagawa S, Takeichi M:
  Neural crest emigration from the neural tube depends on regulated cadherin expression.
  Development 1998, 125: 2963&endash;2971.
• Erickson CA, Perris R:
  The role of cell&endash;cell and cell&endash;matrix interactions in the morphogenesis of the neural crest.
  Dev Biol 1993, 159: 60&endash;74.
• Liu JP, Jessell TM:
  A role for rhoB in the delamination of neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube.
  Development 1998, 125: 5055&endash;5067.
• Krull CE, Lansford R, Gale NW, Collazo A, Marcelle C, Yancopoulos GD, Fraser SE, Bronner-Fraser M:
  Interactions of Eph-related receptors and ligands confer rostrocaudal pattern to trunk neural crest migration.
  Curr Biol 1997, 7: 571&endash;580.
• Wang HU, Anerson DJ:
  Eph family transmembrane ligands can mediate repulsive guidance of trunk neural crest migration and motor axon outgrowth.
  Neuron 1997, 18: 383&endash;396.
• Debby-Brafman A, Burstyn-Cohen T, Klar A, Kalcheim C:
  F-Spondin, expressed in somite regions avoided by neural crest cells, mediates inhibition of distinct somite domains to neural crest migration.
  Neuron 1999, 22: 475&endash;488.
• Eickholt BJ, Mackenzie SL, Graham A, Walsh FS, Doherty P:
  Evidence for collapsin-1 functioning in the control of neural crest migration in both trunk and hindbrain regions.
  
• Stemple DL, Anderson DJ:
  Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest.
  Cell 1992, 71: 973&endash;985.
• Morrison SJ, White PM, Zock C, Anderson DJ:
  Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells.
  Cell 1999, 96: 737&endash;749.
• Sharma K, Korade Z, Frank E:
  Late-migrating neuroepithelial cells from the spinal cord differentiate into sensory ganglion cells and melanocytes.
  Neuron 1995, 14: 143&endash;152.
• Korade Z, Frank E:
  Restriction in cell fates of developing spinal cord cells transplanted to neural crest pathways.
  J Neurosci 1996, 16: 7638&endash;7648.
• Keirstead HS, Ben-Hur T, Rogister B, O'Leary MT, Dubois-Dalcq M, Blakemore WF:
  Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule-positive CNS precursors generate both oligodendrocytes and schwann cells to remyelinate the CNS after transplantation.
  J Neurosci 1999, 19: 7529&endash;7536.
• Kalyani A, Hobson K, Rao MS:
  Neuroepithelial stem cells from the embryonic spinal cord: isolation, characterization, and clonal analysis.
  Dev Biol 1997, 186: 202&endash;223.
• Kalyani AJ, Piper D, Mujtaba T, Lucero MT, Rao MS:
  Spinal cord neuronal precursors generate multiple neuronal phenotypes in culture.
  J Neurosci 1998, 18: 7856&endash;7868.
• Shah NM, Groves AK, Anderson DJ:
  Alternative neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by TGFbeta superfamily members.
  Cell 1996, 85: 331&endash;343.
• Varley JE, Wehby R.G, Rueger DC, Maxwell GD:
  Number of adrenergic and islet-1 immunoreactive cells is increased in avian trunk neural crest cultures in the presence of human recombinant osteogenic protein-1.
  Dev Dyn 1995, 203: 434&endash;447.
• Reissmann E, Ernsberger U, Francis-West PH, Rueger D, Brickell P, Rohrer H:
  Involvement of bone morphogenetic protein-4 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 in the differentiation of the adrenergic phenotype in developing sympathetic neurons.
  Development 1996, 122: 2079&endash;2088.
• Moore MW, Klein RD, Farinas I, Sauer H, Armanini M, Phillips H, Reichardt LF, Ryan AM, Carver-Moore K, Rosenthal A:
  Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF.
  Nature 1996, 382: 76&endash;79.
• Pichel JG, Shen L, Sheng HZ, Granholm AC, Drago J, Grinberg A, Lee EJ, Huang SP, Saarma M, Hoffer BJ, Sariola H, Westphal H:
  Defects in enteric innervation and kidney development in mice lacking GDNF.
  Nature 1996, 382: 73&endash;76.
• Sanchez MP, Silos-Santiago I, Frisen J, He B, Lira SA, Barbacid M:
  Renal agenesis and the absence of enteric neurons in mice lacking GDNF.
  Nature 1996, 382: 70&endash;73.
• Schuchardt A, D'Agati V, Larsson-Blomberg L, Costantini F, Pachnis V:
  Defects in the kidney and enteric nervous system of mice lacking the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret.
  Nature 1994, 367: 380&endash;383.
• Durbec PL, Larsson-Blomberg LB, Schuchardt A, Costantini F, Pachnis V:
  Common origin and developmental dependence on c-ret of subsets of enteric and sympathetic neuroblasts.
  Development 1996, 122: 349&endash;358.
• Cacalano G, Farinas I, Wang LC, Hagler K, Forgie A, Moore M, Armanini M, Phillips H, Ryan AM, Reichardt LF et al.:
  GFRalpha1 is an essential receptor component for GDNF in the developing nervous system and kidney.
  Neuron 1998, 21: 53&endash;62.
• Enomoto H, Araki T, Jackman A, Heuckeroth RO, Snider WD, Johnson EM Jr, Milbrandt J:
  GFR alpha1-deficient mice have deficits in the enteric nervous system and kidneys.
  Neuron 1998, 21: 2.
• Britsch S, Li L, Kirchhoff S, Theuring F, Brinkmann V, Birchmeier C, Riethmacher D:
  The ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors and their ligand, neuregulin-1, are essential for development of the sympathetic nervous system.
  Genes Dev 1998, 12: 1824&endash;1836.
• Pattyn A, Morin X, Cremer H, Goridis C, Brunet JF:
  The homeobox gene Phox2b is essential for the development of autonomic neural crest derivatives.
  Nature 1999, 399: 366&endash;370.
• Lo L, Tiveron MC, Anderson DJ:
  MASH1 activates expression of the paired homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, and couples pan-neuronal and subtype-specific components of autonomic neuronal identity.
  Development 1998, 125: 609&endash;620.
• Lo L, Morin X, Brunet JF, Anderson DJ:
  Specification of neurotransmitter identity by Phox2 proteins in neural crest stem cells.
  Neuron 1999, 22: 693&endash;705.
• Opdecamp K, Nakayama A, Nguyen MT, Hodgkinson CA, Pavan WJ, Arnheiter H:
  Melanocyte development in vivo and in neural crest cell cultures: crucial dependence on the Mitf basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper transcription factor.
  Development 1997, 124: 2377&endash;2386.
• Perez SE, Rebelo S, Anderson DJ:
  Early specification of sensory neuron fate revealed by expression and function of neurogenins in the chick embryo.
  Development 1999, 126: 1715&endash;1728.

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