This page links to movies of abnormalities of human development as detected by ultrasound (More? Abnormal Development). Ultrasound movies or images are now commonly seen by parents in the first trimester as a clinical non-invasive early method of embryo staging (ageing) and early detection of abnormalities. Later in the second and third trimester ultrasound as a method checking fetal growth and detection of developmental abnormalities. Ultrasound can also be used with other techniques to locate both embryo and placenta for other prenatal tests.
An ectopic pregnancy detected by ultrasound
The ultrasound technique can be used at any stage during pregnancy for embryo and placenta monitoring (More? about ultrasound). At the bottom of this current page is further ultrasound information and links to internet ultrasound sites.
Each movie can be viewed in two ways. Firstly, click the image or text link opens a new page with both the movie and a more detailed text description of features. Secondly, clicking on the quicktime link will open the movie alone on a new page.
Normal developmental ultrasound and features are listed on a separate page (More? Normal Ultrasound) all content is for educational use only.
Special thanks to Dr Andrew McLennan, Foetal Medicine Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital for original video materials.
Page Links: Introduction | Ectopic Pregnancy | Facial Cleft | Heart | Gastroschisis | About Ultrasound | Ultrasound Measurements | Other Ultrasound Applications | Ultrasound Links | References | Glossary |
The most common form of ectopic pregnancies are those that occur with premature implantation in the uterine tube, also called or fallopian tube or uterine horn.
Ectopic Pregnancy Ultrasound Movie
A common form of facial abnormality is that of cleft lip and palate. This is associated with the way in which the maxillary processes of the first pharyngeal arch must grow and fuse. A selection of different age fetuses with clefts are linked below (click image or movie link to open new page).
Facial Cleft 1 Ultrasound Movie
Facial Cleft 2 Ultrasound Movie
Facial Cleft 3 Ultrasound Movie
Gastroschisis is a developmental abnormality, which occurs as a body wall (abdominal wall) defect associated with evisceration of the intestine. There are several theories as to how this defect occurs, the most recent (Feldkamp etal., 2007) includes early abnormal folding of the body wall. (More? GIT Abnormalities)
In preparation - Detailed description and labelled images.
References: Feldkamp ML, Carey JC, Sadler TW. Development of gastroschisis: Review of hypotheses, a novel hypothesis, and implications for research. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Jan 17)
Different body tissues reflect sound waves differently. In ultrasound, a beam of sound waves (frequency 3 to 10 MHz) are passed through the body, the reflected waves are analysed by a computer, and an image is then generated on a display screen. The sound source is usually a transducer placed on the surface of the abdomen.
There can be number of different parameters, depending on gestational age, that are commonly recorded during an ultrasound procedure. These measurements (and ratios) include embryonic/fetal size and key lengths and sizes of specific structures, fetal membrane sizes/volumes, placental location/size. In addition, general body movements, including heartbeat, can be observed.
Embryonic/Fetal Size: crown-rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC)
Embryonic/Fetal Structures: femur length (FL), head circumference, nuchal translucency, heart size/rate
Fetal Membrane: gestational sac diameter (GS), yolk sac diameter (YS), meconium peritonitis, umbilical cord stricture
Placenta: location, size, umbilical cord stricture
(More? Obstetric Ultrasound Website Determination of gestational age and assessment of fetal size | Obstetric Ultrasound Measurements)
Ultrasound can be used for many different non-invasive clinical applications. Those abnormalities that relate to embryology include ovarian (ovarian cancer, hemorrhagic corpus luteum cyst) and uterine (uterine fibroids, rudimentary uterine horn, endometrial cancer)
These links are to external sites with information about ultrasound and require internet connection.
Some excellent fetal imaging from the 2 links below.
3D and Muliplanar Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Italy)
3D and Muliplanar Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Medical) (Italy)
Additional internet resources.
Obstetric Ultrasound by Joseph Woo
History of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology by Joseph Woo
Reviews
Keret D, Bronshtein M, Wientraub S. Prenatal diagnosis of musculoskeletal anomalies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 May;(434):8-15. Review.
Reviews
Swire MN, Castro-Aragon I, Levine D. Various sonographic appearances of the hemorrhagic corpus luteum cyst. Ultrasound Q. 2004 Jun;20(2):45-58. Review.
Togashi K. Ovarian cancer: the clinical role of US, CT, and MRI. Eur Radiol. 2003 Dec;13 Suppl 4:L87-104. Review.
Articles
Jain KA. Sonographic spectrum of hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. J Ultrasound Med. 2002 Aug;21(8):879-86.
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Ultrasound images and linked movies on this page represent abnormal development.
Some of the linked movie pages are still under development: movies may not be compressed, images and text may also be missing or incorrect.
Additional movies are in preparation and will be linked from each System Notes Abnormalites (page 2).
Normal development features are listed on a separate page Normal Ultrasound.
Special thanks to Dr Andrew McLennan, Foetal Medicine Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital for original video materials.
UNSW Embryology has many movies to show some of the dynamic changes that occur during embryonic development.
There also an about movies page which has technical details and terms listed.
Both Mac and PC computers require the Quicktime plug-in to be present in your browser or on your computer.
Internet users note that some of these movies are large and will take some time to download depending on your connection speed.
DVD users can find Quicktime on the DVD or the latest version can be downloaded from here Quicktime.
CD users note none of these movies are available on this version.
UNSW Embryology is for educational use only.
Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.