Beginnings, Growth and DevelopmentThis is a web version of lecture slides. The audio recording will be also linked following the lecture.
Powerpoint slide sets from earlier Medicine and Science Lectures are also available.
More: This current box is an additional note that appears beneath each "slide" and contains additional information and links (both internal and external) to the current site relevant to the slide above.
Links: Systems Notes - Head and Neck | Systems Notes - Hearing Lecture Slides (2004) ANAT2300 Head Development | Lecture Slides (2003) ANAM1006 Head Development
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More: Note the great change beween the middle of embryological development to the end.
Links: Embryo Stages | Stage Comparison | Stage 14 | Stage 23
More: Externally the pharyngeal arches are initially the most obvious external feature. Sensory placodes are present on the surface (but not obvious). By stage 14 the sensory placode that contributes to hearing (otic placode) has already been lots from the surface and now lies in the mesenchyme in the neck region. The cervical sinus is a surface landmark shwing the region where arch 2 is growing down over the
Links: Embryo Stages | Stage Comparison | Stage 14 | Stage 23
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More: The cranial neural crest therefore contributes much of the underlying structure of the face. Rhombomeres are the transient segmentation of the hindbrain.
Links: Neural Crest Notes |
More:
Links: Sadler Image Bank - Pharyngeal Arches | Sadler Image Bank - Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | Embryo Images - Aortic Arch Vessels |
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More:
Links: Embryo Stage 12 | Embryo Stage 13 | Embryo Images - Pharyngeal Arch 1 and 2 early | Embryo Images - Pharyngeal Arch 1 and 2 later | Dev Biol - Jaw structure in the fish, reptile, and mammal |
Pharyngeal Arch 2
Arch 3 and 4
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More: Hyoid bone ossified from six centres (2 body, 1 for each cornu). Ossiification - late fetal in the greater cornua, then in the body, then postnatally (1-2 years) in the lesser cornua.
Links: Embryo Stage 13 |
Arch |
Nerve |
Muscles |
Skeletal |
Artery |
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1 (maxillary/mandibular) |
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mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid) |
mandible model malleus, incus Meckel's cartilage |
maxillary (terminal branches) |
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(hyoid) |
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facial expression ( buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, digastric posterior belly) |
stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone Reichert's cartilage |
stapedial (embryonic) corticotympanic (adult)
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Stylopharyngeus |
greater cornu of hyoid, lower part of body of hyoid bone |
common carotid, internal carotid (root)
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intrinsic muscles of larynx, pharynx; levator palati |
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneform cartilages |
4 - aortic arch, right subclavian 6 - ductus arteriosus, pulmonary (roots) |
POUCH |
Overall Structure |
Specific Structures |
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tubotympanic recess |
tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube |
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intratonsillar cleft |
crypts of palatine tonsil, lymphatic nodules of palatine tonsil |
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inferior parathyroid gland, thymus gland |
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superior parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial body |
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becomes part of 4th pouch |
More: The above table is not for you to learn by heart but an indication of the structures formed from each arch.
It is easy to remember that:
1st arch - about the mouth (chewing, jaw) and the external and middle ear.
2nd arch - about the face, hyoid and external and middle ear.
3rd arch - about the neck and endocrine.
4th arch- about the neck and endocrine.
Links: Arch Derivatives | Dev Biol - Some derivatives of the pharyngeal arches |
More:
Links: Head and Neck Abnormalities | Hearing Abnormalities | Abnormal Development - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Abnormal Ultrasound - Cleft Lip |
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1 Frontonasal prominence - Nasal (medial, lateral)2 Maxillary |
More:
Links: Face Development | Sadler Image Bank - Frontal aspect of the face 5 week and 6 week embryo | Sadler Image Bank - Frontal aspect of the face 7 week embryo |
More: Cleft lip and palate develop between the 4th and 8th week of gestation and is dominated by changes resulting in the formation of the nose. Palatal development occurs between the 7th and 12th week of gestation and is divided into the formation of the primary palate (prolabium), premaxilla and cartilaginous septum) and formation of the secondary palate (hard and soft palate). The animation above shows the early fusion of the primary palate in the human embryo between stage 17 and 18, going from an epithelial seam to the mesenchymal bridge.
Links: Face Development - Primary Palate | Face Development Abnormalities | Abnormal Ultrasound - Cleft Lip |
Derived from all pharyngeal arches contributing different componentsSomites - tongue muscle cellsSomitomeres - muscles of mastication |
More: The tongue develops "inside" the floor of the oral cavity, therefre it is not readily visible in the external views of the embryonic (Carnegie) stages of development. Somitomeres are the unsegmented mesoderm found in the head region, in a similar location to that of somites in the body.
Movie of the human head covering the Carnegie stages from 15 to 22. Note the images are not to scale.
Quicktime movie 179 Kb in new window.
Movie of the human head covering the Carnegie stages from 16 to 18.
Movie of stage 13/14 pig embryo sections showing the head region of the nasal placodes.
Face Development Overview (300 Kb)
Fetal Development Overview (800 Kb)
Development of the Tongue (187Kb)
Textbooks
Human Embryology (3rd ed.) Larson Chapter 12 pp 351-378
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 10 pp 201- 240
Online Textbooks
Developmental Biology (6th ed.) Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000. : Cranial neural crest cell migration in the mammalian head | Regions of the neural crest | Jaw structure in the fish, reptile, and mammal | Some derivatives of the pharyngeal arches |
Eurekah Bioscience Collection Chapters taken from the Eurekah Bioscience database. Eurekah.com and Landes Bioscience; 2003. : Cranial Neural Crest and Development of the Head Skeleton |
Clinical Methods (3rd ed.) Walker, H.K.; Hall, W.D.; Hurst, J.W.; editors Stoneham (MA): Butterworth Publishers; c1990 : 63. Cranial Nerves IX and X: The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves | The Tongue |
Anatomy of the Human Body Gray, H. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1918.
Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.) Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002.
Online Resources
Embryo Images Unit: Embryo Images Online | Craniofacial Development | Cell Populations | Pharyngeal Arches | Tongue | Nose and Upper Lip | Palate Development
Journals: GI Motility online (2006) Anatomy and development of oral cavity and pharynx| The Cleft Palate Journal
branchial arch (= pharyngeal arch) (Greek, branchia = gill) is a misnomer.
buccopharyngeal membrane (= oral membrane), apposition of ectoderm with endoderm with no mesoderm between. Lies at a ventral central depression (stomedeum). This external to internal junctionl region wiil break down, creating an opening and allows amniotic fluid to fill the foregut.
chondrocranium in humans, forms base of skull (in lower vertebrates encases brain).
cranial vault
pharynx
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© Dr M. A. Hill, 2007, Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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