The variety of bacterial infections that can occur during pregnancy is as variable as the potential developmental effects, from virtually insignificant to major developmental, abortive or fatal in outcome.
The bacterium Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative beta-proteobacteriacan which cause the disease Pertussis (Whooping Cough) can lead to infant mortality.
Pertussis vaccine was introduced in the United States in the mid-1940s, decreasing overall rate though pertussis remains endemic with epidemic peaks recurring every 3 to 5 years.Note that some infections may have historic or alternative common names, for example Pertussis ai also "whooping cough".
Page Links: Introduction | Some Recent Findings | Links | Gram Stain | Australian NHMRC Recommendations | WWW Links | References | Glossary
Harnden A, Grant C, Harrison T, Perera R, Brueggemann AB, Mayon-White R, Mant D. Whooping cough in school age children with persistent cough: prospective cohort study in primary care. BMJ. 2006 Jul 22;333(7560):174-7. Epub 2006 Jul 7.
First Combination Vaccine Approved to Help Protect Adolescents Against Whooping Cough USA Food and Drug Administration has approved booster immunization against pertussis (whooping cough) in combination with tetanus and diphtheria for adolescents. Pertussis is a highly contagious bacterial disease. (FDA 03 May 2005)
CDC (USA) - Pertussis | Medline Plus - Pertussis | Pertussis Vaccination: Use of Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Among Infants and Young Children Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) | WHO vaccines- Pertussis |
Bacterial staining procedure named after Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938). Generally divides bacteria into either:
Gram-positive bacteria purple crystal violet stain is trapped by layer of peptidoglycan (forms outer layer of the cell).
Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane prevents stain from reaching peptidoglycan layer in the periplasm, outer membrane then permeabilized and pink safranin counterstain is trapped by peptidoglycan layer.
Links: Medical Microbiology | American Society for Microbiology
The Australian NHMRC (1988) recommends neonates be assessed for follow-up care under the following conditions.
(see the NHMRC WWW Page)
CDC (USA)
Public Health Training Network Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (viewable Webcasts requires Media Player) |
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommendations
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (UK)
Infection and Pregnancy - study group recommendations (Jun 2001)
Commercial Site Diagnostic Kit Bordetella Pertussis
Links: Reviews | Articles | Online Textbooks | Search Textbooks | Search PubMed | Glossary
Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, Englund JA. Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 May;24(5 Suppl):S58-61.
Taranger J, Trollfors B, Bergfors E, Knutsson N, Lagergard T, Schneerson R, Robbins JB. Immunologic and epidemiologic experience of vaccination with a monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine. Pediatrics. 2001 Dec;108(6):E115.
Harnden A, Grant C, Harrison T, Perera R, Brueggemann AB, Mayon-White R, Mant D. Whooping cough in school age children with persistent cough: prospective cohort study in primary care. BMJ. 2006 Jul 22;333(7560):174-7. Epub 2006 Jul 7.
Cherry JD. The science and fiction of the "resurgence" of pertussis. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug;112(2):405-6.
Bass JW, Wittler RR. Return of epidemic pertussis in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 May;13(5):343-5.
Search PubMed
Search Oct2006 "Pertussis" 23,171 reference articles of which 1,150 were reviews.
Search PubMed: term = Pertussis | whooping cough
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These links require online access to Merck Manuals on Women's Health Issues. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual_home2/sec22/sec22.jsp
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see also Normal Childhood Development
You should look at normal development of the effected systems in the embryo. Development Notes
Alternatively, go on to look at Systematic Development of organs and tissues.
For those wanting to see dynamic processes of development (and have a reasonably quick connection) then the Movies pages are good for watching changes occur.
The study of human development has relied extensively on studying the process in other model animals. For those wanting to see the process of development in other species then the other embryos pages are a good start.
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Maternal bacterial infections can impact on normal development and in some cases directly by crossing the placental barrier and infecting the developing embryo, or indirectly due to the impact on the mother, for example the effects of fever.
Information on this page is provided for Educational Purposes Only.
Some text on this page modified from CDC Article Changes in Predominance and Diversity of Genomic Subtypes of Bordetella pertussis Isolated in the United States, 1935 to 1999
Often the developmental impact can be variable, depending on the time during development that the infection takes place, the "critical periods".
This page gives examples of a few known bacterial infections that can impact upon development (it is not a comprehensive list).
Information on this page is provided for Educational Purposes Only.
Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.