UNSW Embryology

Abnormal Development - Herpes Simplex Virus

© Dr Mark Hill (2009)

Acknowledgements

Introduction

There are different kinds of herpes virus, with two types of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

Type 1 (HSV-1) commonly causes "cold sores" in the area of the lips and mouth (not sexually transmitted) and some genital herpes cases.

Type 2 (HSV-2) causes most cases of genital herpes.

Herpes Virus, transmission electron micrograph (Image: CDC USA)

Page Links: Introduction | Some Recent Findings | Genome | References | WWW Links | Glossary

Herpes Simplex Virus Genome

The complete genomic sequence

References

Reviews | Articles | Search NCBI Bookshelf | Search PubMed

Reviews

Lopez-Bueno A, Villarreal LP, Almendral JM.

Articles

McGeoch DJ. The genome of herpes simplex virus: structure, replication and evolution. J Cell Sci Suppl. 1987;7:67-94.

Search NCBI Bookshelf: Bookshelf - Herpes Simplex Virus | Medical Microbiology - Herpes Simplex Virus

Search PubMed: Search May 2006 "Herpes Simplex Virus" 28,161 reference articles of which 2,281 were reviews. Search term = Herpes Simplex Virus

WWW Links

CDC Publications (USA)

Australia

World Health Organisation (WHO)

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

Glossary of Terms

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Other Infections

Below is a list of some known maternal (then fetal) infections that impact upon neurological development.

Only a very brief overview is given, for more details see Abnormal Development Notes or the listed internal and external links.

Cytomegalovirus

Viral infection causes systemic infection and extensive brain damage and cell death by necrosis.

NCBI Bookshelf (external link) Medical Microbiology: Cytomegalovirus | Search Medical Microbiology "Cytomegalovirus"

Herpes Simplex Virus

Viral infection causes systemic infection and extensive brain damage and cell death by necrosis.

NCBI Bookshelf (external link) Search Medical Microbiology "Herpes Simplex Virus"

Purulent Meningitus

Bacterial infection by E. coli or streptocci B. can cause vascular thrombosis involving choroid plexus which can effect CSF flow, and can cause hydrocephalus.

NCBI Bookshelf (external link) Search Medical Microbiology "Purulent Meningitus"

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma infection causes random necrosis throughout the brain and can cause hydrocephalus.

NCBI Bookshelf (external link) Medical Microbiology: 84. Toxoplasma Gondii | Figure 84-1. Girl with hydrocephalus due to congenital toxoplasmosis. | Search Medical Microbiology "Toxoplasmosis"

Australian NHMRC Recommendations

The Australian NHMRC (1988) recommends neonates be assessed for follow-up care under the following conditions.

(see the NHMRC WWW Page)

• Birthweight less than 1500g or gestational age less than 32 weeks
• Small-for-gestational-age neonates
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Apgar score less than 3 at 5 minutes
• clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction
• delay in onset of spontaneous respiration for more than 5 minutes and requiring mechanical ventilation
• Clinical evidence of central nervous system abnormalities ie., seizures, hypotonia
• Hyperbilirubinaemia of greater than 350umol/l in full term neonates
• Genetic, dysmorphic or metabolic disorders or a family history of serious genetic disorder
• Perinatal or serious neonatal infection including children of mothers who are HIV positive
• Psychosocial problems eg., infants of drug-addicted or alcoholic mothers.

Congenital abnormalities

These developmental abnormalities usually involve only small DNA mutations affecting individual or a few genes, two exceptions are the major chromosomal abnormalities usualy trisomy; trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) (also trisomy 9, 13, 15). Note that the occurance of chromosomal abnormalities also increases with increasing maternal age. There are many pamphlets providing information about prenatal diagnosis (see NSW State Health Publication Checking your baby's health before birth).

Finally

Each section of the notes covering early development and specific systems contain references to specific abnormalities (on Page 2 of each notes section). The best source for Australian statistical data is the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Perinatal Statistics Unit, UNSW which publishes "Congenital Malformations Australia" every 2 years. Be aware that some congenital abnormalities, by their nature, affect multiple systems. In the USA, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) keeps and publishes relevant statistical information. A very difficult issue in abnormal development are the many different Ethical implications.

This current page is a link to Normal and Abnormal Development and Population Data.

Where to Next?

You should look at normal development. Development Notes

Alternatively, go on to look at Systematic Development of organs and tissues.

Quick Links

Development Notes ----------------- Menstrual Cycle Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Placenta Serial Images Genes/DNA Molecular Dev Abnormal Dev Postnatal Dev Notes Index

System Notes ----------------- Heart/Cardiovascular Respiratory Coelomic cavity Gastrointestinal Tract Head and Neck Neural Neural Crest Eye Ear Nose Endocrine Urogenital Musculoskeletal Integumentary

Finally

For those wanting to see dynamic processes of development (and have a reasonably quick connection) then the Movies pages are good for watching changes occur.

Movies ----------------- Embryo Growth Carnegie Stages Ultrasound Images Stage 13/14 Embryo Stage 22 Embryo Heart Septation Neural Neural Crest Other Embryos Larsen Movies

Other Embryos

The study of human development has relied extensively on studying the process in other model animals. For those wanting to see the process of development in other species then the other embryos pages are a good start.

Other Embryos ----------------- Chicken Fly Frog Mouse Rabbit Rat Worm Zebrafish Guinea Pig

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