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The Genetic Codes Compiled by Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Bethesda, MD Last update of the Genetic Codes: Sep 26, 1996

NCBI takes great care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is correct. Central to this effort is careful checking on the taxonomy of each record and assignment of the correct genetic code (shown as a /transl_table qualifier on the CDS in the flat files) for each organism and record. This page summerizes and references this work. The synopsis presented below is based primarily on the reviews by Osawa et al. (1992) and Jukes and Osawa (1993). Listed in square brackets [ ] (under Systematic Range) are tentative assignments of a particular code based on sequence homology and/or phylogenetic relationships. The print-form ASN.1 version of this document, which includes all the genetic codes outlined below, is also available here. Detailed information on codon usage can be found at the Codon Usage Database.

The following genetic codes are described here:   The Standard Code The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code The Yeast Mitochondrial Code The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code The Euplotid Nuclear Code The Bacterial "Code" The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code Blepharisma Nuclear Code

1. The Standard Code (transl_table=1) By default all transl_table in GenBank flatfiles are equal to id 1, and this is not shown. When transl_table is not equal to id 1, it is shown as a qualifier on the CDS feature.   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG   Click here to change format Initiation Codon: AUG   Alternative Initiation Codons (Prats et al. 1989; Hann et al. 1992) CUG, UUG

2. The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=2)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSS**VVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = --------------------------------MMMM---------------M------------ Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 2 Standard AGA Ter * Arg R AGG Ter * Arg R AUA Met M Ile I UGA Trp W Ter * Alternative Initiation Codon: Bos: AUA Homo: AUA, AUU Mus: AUA, AUU, AUC Coturnix, Gallus: also GUG (Desjardins and Morais, 1991) Systematic Range: Vertebrata   Comment: The transcripts of several vertebrate mitochondrial genes end in U or UA, which become termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent polyadenylation.

3. The Yeast Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=3)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWTTTTPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 3 Standard AUA Met M Ile I CUU Thr T Leu L CUC Thr T Leu L CUA Thr T Leu L CUG Thr T Leu L UGA Trp W Ter * CGA absent Arg R CGC absent Arg R Systematic Range: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Hansenula saturnus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994)   Comments: The remaining CGN codons are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and absent in Candida glabrata (= Torulopsis glabrata).   The AUA codon is common in the gene var1 coding for the single mitochonLIial ribosomal protein, but rare in genes encoding the enzymes.   The coding assignments of the AUA (Met or Ile) and CUU (possibly Leu, not Thr) are uncertain in Hansenula saturnus.   The codon UGA is rarely used and probably encodes Trp in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Sequence comparisons do not suggest other nonstandard codon assignments in this species.   The coding assignment of Thr to CUN is uncertain in Kluyveromyces thermotolerans Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994).

4. The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code (transl_table=4)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = --MM---------------M------------MMMM---------------M------------ Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 4 Standard UGA Trp W Ter * Alternative Initiation Codons: Trypanosoma: UUA, UUG, CUG Leishmania: AUU, AUA Tertrahymena: AUU, AUA, AUG Paramecium: AUU, AUA, AUG, AUC, GUG, GUA(?) (Pritchard et al., 1990) Systematic Range: Mycoplasmatales: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma (Bove et al., 1989); Fungi: Emericella nidulans, Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, Acremonium (Fox, 1987), Candida parapsilosis (Guelin et al., 1991), Trichophyton rubrum (de Bievre and Dujon, 1992), Dekkera/Brettanomyces, Eeniella (Hoeben et al., 1993), and probably Ascobolus immersus, Aspergillus amstelodami, Claviceps purpurea, and Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Protozoa: Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania tarentolae, Paramecium tetraurelia, Tetrahymena pyriformis and probably Plasmodium gallinaceum (Aldritt et al., 1989)]. Metazoa: Coelenterata (Ctenophora and Cnidaria) Comments: This code is also used for the kinetoplast DNA (maxicircles, minicircles). Kinetoplasts are modified mitochondria (or their parts).   This code is not used in the Acholeplasmataceae and plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) (Lim and Sears, 1992)

5. The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=5)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = ---M----------------------------MMMM---------------M------------ Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Comment: The codon AGG is absent in Drosophila. Differences from the Standard Code: Code 5 Standard AGA Ser S Arg R AGG Ser S Arg R AUA Met M Ile I UGA Trp W Ter * Alternative Initiation Codons: AUA, AUU AUC: Apis (Crozier and Crozier, 1993) GUG: Polyplacophora (Boore and Brown, 1994) UUG: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis Systematic Range: Nematoda: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis; Mollusca: Bivalvia (Hoffmann et al., 1992); Polyplacophora (Boore and Brown, 1994) Arthropoda/Crustacea: Artemia (Batuecas et al., 1988); Arthropoda/Insecta: Drosophila [Locusta migratoria (migratory locust), Apis mellifera (honeybee)] Comments: GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila (Clary and Wolstenholme, 1985; Gadaleta et al., 1988). AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus (Hoffmann et al., 1992).   "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA in both D. melanogaster (de Bruijn, 1983) and D. yakuba (Clary and Wolstenholme 1983), since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the "reading" of of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism ... is that the mRNA is "edited" to bring the AUA initiation into frame." (Fox, 1987)

6. The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code (transl_table=6)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYYQQCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 6 Standard UAA Gln Q Ter * UAG Gln Q Ter * Systematic Range: Ciliata: Oxytricha and Stylonychia (Hoffman et al. 1995), Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Oxytrichidae and probably Glaucoma chattoni. Dasycladaceae: Acetabularia (Schneider et al., 1989) and Batophora (Schneider and de Groot, 1991). Diplomonadida: Scope: Hexamita inflata, Diplomonadida ATCC50330, and ATCC50380. Ref.: Keeling, P.J. and Doolittle, W.F. 1996. A non-canonical genetic code in an early diverging eukaryotic lineage. The EMBO Journal 15, 2285-2290. Comment: The ciliate macronuclear code has not been determined completely. The codon UAA is known to code for Gln only in the Oxytrichidae.

tables 7 and 8 have been deleted

9. The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=9)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 9 Standard AAA Asn N Lys K AGA Ser S Arg R AGG Ser S Arg R UGA Trp W Ter * Systematic Range: Asterozoa (starfishes) (Himeno et al., 1987) Echinozoa (sea urchins) (Jacobs et al., 1988; Cantatore et al., 1989)

10. The Euplotid Nuclear Code (transl_table=10)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCCWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 10 Standard UGA Cys C Ter * Systematic Range: Ciliata: Euplotidae (Hoffman et al. 1995).

11. The Bacterial "Code" (transl_table=11)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = ---M---------------M------------MMMM---------------M------------ Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: None   Alternative Initiation Codons: GUG, UUG, AUU, CUG Systematic Range: Prokaryotes including the eubacteria (Kozak, 1983) and archaebacteria (Brown et al. 1989; Noelling et al., unpublished). Comments: UGA codes at low efficiency for Trp in Bacillus subtilis and, presumably, in Escherichia coli (Hatfiled and Diamond, 1993).   CUG is known to function as an initiator for one plasmid-encoded protein (RepA) in Escherichia coli (Spiers and Bergquist, 1992) and possibly in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Noelling et al., unpublished)   There is no record of AUU initition codon for the archaebacteria.

12. The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code (transl_table=12)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLSPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -------------------M---------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 12 Standard CUG Ser Leu Alternative Initiation Codons: CAG may be used in Candida albicans (Santos et al., 1993). Systematic Range: Endomycetales (yeasts): Candida albicans, Candida cylindracea, Candida melibiosica, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida rugosa (Ohama et al., 1993). Comment: However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear) code (Ohama et al., 1993).

13. The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=13)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 13 Standard AGA Gly G Arg R AGG Gly G Arg R AUA Met M Ile I UGA Trp W Ter * Systematic Range: Ascidiacea (sea squirts): Pyuridae (Durrheim et al. 1993; Yokobori et al., 1993)

14. The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=14)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 14 Standard AAA Asn N Lys K AGA Ser S Arg R AGG Ser S Arg R UAA Tyr Y Ter * UGA Trp W Ter * Systematic Range: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

15. Blepharisma Nuclear Code (transl_table=15)   AAs = FFLLSSSSYY*QCC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------------------- Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Click here to change format   Differences from the Standard Code: Code 10 GStandard UAG Gln Q Ter * Systematic Range: Ciliata: Blepharisma (Liang and Heckman, 1993)

Other Alternative Initiation Codons GUG, UUG (and possibly CUG) in the Archaea (Noelling et al., unpublished)   AUA, GUG, UUG, and AUC or AAG may be used (at least in experimental systems) by the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Olsen, 1987, and references therein).   ACG initiates translation of certain proteins in the adeno-associated virus type 2 (Becerra et al., 1985), the phage T7 mutant CR17 (Anderson and Buzash-Pollert, 1985), Sendai virus (Gupta and Patwardhan, 1988), and rice chloroplast (Hiratsuka et al., 1989). Also, it is the most effective non-AUG initiation codon in mammalin cells (Koepke and Leggatt, 1991).   CUG is the initiation codon for one of the two alternative products of the human c-myc gene (Hann et al., 1987).

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